The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More Information

Home , Blanaid Salkeld

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information

The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism

The story of Irish modernism constitutes a remarkable chapter in the movement’s history. This volume serves as an incisive and accessible overview of that brilliant period in which Irish artists not only helped create a distinctive national literature but also changed the face of European and Anglophone culture. This Companion surveys developments in modernist poetry, drama, fi ction, and the visual arts. Early innovators, such as Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Jack B. Yeats, and James Joyce, as well as late modernists, including Elizabeth Bowen, Samuel Beckett, Flann O’Brien, Má irt í n Ó Cadhain, and Francis Bacon, all appear here. But this volume ranges beyond such iconic fi gures to open new ground with chapters on Irish women modernists, Irish American modernism, Irish-language modernism, and the critical reception of modernism in Ireland.

Joe Cleary is a Professor of English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and a Visiting Professor of English at Yale University. He is the author of Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Confl ict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland (2007). He has also co-edited (with Claire Connolly) The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2005) and (with Michael de Nie) a special issue of É ire-Ireland on empire studies. He has previously served as director of the Notre Dame Irish Seminar in Dublin and was a visiting professor at Notre Dame in 2000. His articles have appeared in Textual Practice , South Atlantic Quarterly , Boundary 2 , Modern Language Quarterly , Field Day Review , É ire- Ireland , and other journals. He is currently working on books on modernism, empire and world literature and on a study of twentieth-century Irish cultural criticism.

A complete list of books in the series is at the back of this book.

THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO IRISH MODERNISM

EDITED BY JOE CLEARY National University of Ireland, Maynooth

32 Avenue of the Americas, New York , NY 10013-2473, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107655812 © Joe Cleary 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism / edited by Joe Cleary. pages cm. – (Cambridge Companions to Literature) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-03141-8 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-65581-2 (paperback) 1. Modernism (Literature) – Ireland. 2. English literature – Irish authors – History and criticism. I. Cleary, Joe (Joseph N.) editor of compilation. PR 8755. C 36 2014 820.9′11209417–dc23 2014002502

ISBN 978-1-107-03141-8 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-65581-2 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

Notes on Contributors page vii Acknowledegments ix Developments in Irish Modernism – Chronology, 1845–1969 xi

Introduction 1 Joe Cleary

PART I FORMATIONS

1. Intellectual and Aesthetic Infl uences 21 Jean-Michel Rabaté

2. European, American, and Imperial Conjunctures 35 Joe Cleary

3. The Irish Revival and Modernism 51 Ró n á n McDonald

4. Style and Idiom 63 Barry McCrea

PART II GENRES AND FORMS

5. W. B. Yeats and Modernist Poetry 77 Laura O’Connor

6. James Joyce and the Mutations of the Modernist Novel 95 Emer Nolan

7. Modernist Experiments in Irish Theatre 111 Ben Levitas v

Contents

8. Visual Modernisms 128 Luke Gibbons

PART III CONSTITUENCIES

9. Women and Modernism 147 Anne Fogarty

10. Irish Language Modernisms 161 Louis De Paor

11. Irish American Modernisms 174 Joe Cleary

PART IV DOMESTIC RECEPTIONS, WORLD IMAGINATIONS

12. Critical Receptions of Literary Modernism 195 Enda Duffy

13. Irish Modernist Imaginaries 206 Michael Valdez Moses

Further Reading 221 Index 229

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

JOE CLEARY is Professor of English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and Visiting Professor of English at Yale University. His previous publications include Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Confl ict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine (2002); The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish Culture , co-edited with Claire Connolly (2005); and Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland (2007).

LOUIS DE PAOR is Director of the Centre for Irish Studies at the National University of Ireland, Galway. Previous publications include Faoin mBlaoisc Bheag Sin: An Aigneola í ocht i Scé alta Mhá irt ín U í Chadhain (1991), An Paró iste Mí or ú ilteach/ The Miraculous Parish: Rogha Dá nta/Selected Poems, Má ire Mhac an tSaoi (editor, 2011), and M íor ú ilt an Chleite Chaoin: Rogha D á nta Liam S. G ó gan (editor, 2012).

ENDA DUFFY is Professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of The Subaltern Ulysses (1994) and The Speed Handbook: Velocity, Pleasure, Modernism (2009), which won the Modernist Studies Prize for Best Book in 2010. With Maurizia Boscagli, he is a co-editor of Joyce, Benjamin and Magical Urbanism (2010).

ANNE FOGARTY is Professor of James Joyce Studies at University College, Dublin, and founder with Luca Crispi of the Dublin James Joyce Journal . She is a co- editor, with Timothy Martin, of Joyce on the Threshold (2005); with Morris Beja of Bloomsday 100: Essays on “Ulysses” (2009); with É ilí s Ní Dhuibhne and Eibhear Walshe of Imagination in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning Creative Writing in Ireland (2013); and with Fran O’Rourke of James Joyce: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (2014).

LUKE GIBBONS is Professor of Irish Literary and Cultural Studies at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. His publications include Cinema and Ireland , co-authored with Kevin Rockett and John Hill (1988); Transformations in Irish Culture (1996); The Quiet Man (2002); Edmund Burke and Ireland: Aesthetics, Politics and the Colonial Sublime (2003); and Gaelic Gothic: Race, Colonialism and Irish Culture (2004).

vii

Notes on Contributors

BEN LEVITAS is Reader in Theatre History at Goldsmiths, University of London. His previous publications include The Theatre of Nation: Irish Drama and Cultural Nationalism 1890–1916 (2002), Irish Theatre in England (2008, co- edited with Richard Cave), and W. B. Yeats in Context (2009, co-edited with David Holdeman).

BARRY MCCREA is Professor of English and Comparative Literature and Keough Family College Chair of Irish Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of a novel, The First Verse (2005), as well as In the Company of Strangers: Family and Narrative in Dickens, Conan Doyle, Joyce, and Proust (2011) and Languages of the Night: Minor Languages and the Literary Imagination in 20th- Century Ireland and Europe (2014).

R ÓN Á N MCDONALD holds the Australian Ireland Fund Chair in Modern Irish Studies at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, where he is Director of the Global Irish Studies Centre. His publications include Tragedy and Irish Literature (2002), The Cambridge Introduction to Samuel Beckett (2007), and The Death of the Critic (2008). He is President of the Irish Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand.

MICHAEL VALDEZ MOSES is Associate Professor of English and an Affi liated Member of the faculty in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is the author of The Novel and the Globalization of Culture (1994), editor of The Writings of J. M. Coetzee (1993), and co-editor with Richard Begam of Modernism and Colonialism: British and Irish Literature, 1899–1939 (2007). He is co-editor of the journal Modernist Cultures .

EMER NOLAN is Senior Lecturer in English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. She is the author of James Joyce and Nationalism (1995) and Catholic Emancipations: Irish Fiction from Thomas Moore to James Joyce (2007).

LAURA O’CONNOR is Associate Professor at the University of California, Irvine. She is the author of Haunted English: The Celtic Fringe, the British Empire, and De-Anglicization (2006), and she has published widely on modern Irish poetry in English and Irish, and on bilingualism and translation.

JEAN-MICHEL RABATÉ is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania since 1992, a curator of the Slought Foundation, an editor of the Journal of Modern Literature , and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has authored or edited more than thirty books on modernism, psychoanalysis, and philosophy.

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My fi rst thanks go to all of the contributors to this volume; I would like to acknowledge their hard work and scholarly care in bringing this Companion to completion. I want to express special gratitude to those who went an extra mile to offer comradely critical commentary on the chapters of fellow contributors working on cognate topics in the volume. I also greatly appreciate the support of Ray Ryan, Literature Editor at Cambridge University Press, who commissioned the study and who offered sound advice along the way. Thanks, too, to Louis Gulino and Caitlin Gallagher at the Press for their courteous assistance as the project developed. Cormac Deane was a fastid- ious copy editor who sharpened the work of all involved. Among the many colleagues or friends who offered timely encouragement or welcome second readings when they were most needed I would especially like to mention Jed Esty, Luke Gibbons, Kevin Honan, Colleen Lye, Breandá n MacSuibhne, Catherine Morris, and Kevin Whelan. Emer Nolan in Maynooth and Barry McCrea, then at Yale, acted as sage counsellors or wry commentators at vexed moments. For ongoing stimulus and support more generally I must also thank my colleagues in the English departments at NUI Maynooth and Yale University. While preparing this volume, I was fortunate to be able to teach seminars on Irish and Anglophone modernisms to students at both of the aforementioned institutions. I learned a great deal in the process from all involved, but would like to thank Jordan Brower, Julia Chan, Niamh Cunningham, Margaret Deli, Bridget English, Paul Franz, Seo Hee Im, Edward King, Fidelma Mahon, Chris McGowan, Tess McNulty, Michelle Taylor, and Tomas Ungar for particularly memorable responses. Gemma Murphy and Conor Cleary were conscripts to this volume, but their steady encouragement and good humour were absolutely essential to its completion. A project such as this is ultimately made possible not only by the imme- diate contributors but also by the many generations of critics and writers

Acknowledgements

who have helped to crack at least some of the conundrums of Irish modernism. It would be pleasant to think that this study, completed on the one hundredth anniversaries of the publication of James Joyce’s Dubliners and W. B. Yeats’s Responsibilities , might be taken as a small salute to acknowledge that longer history of intrepid scholarship and sometimes brilliantly disputatious critical activity. The subjects and views represented in this col- lection are inevitably partial and cannot be representative of such a diver- sity of critical activity, but one’s sense of appreciation of all those who have written so well on Irish modernists or Irish modernism may nonetheless be recorded here. My interest in Irish and European modernisms was fi rst whetted by Fr. Peter Connolly’s trenchantly erudite lectures at what is now NUI Maynooth, and then later reanimated by Edward Said’s elegantly illuminating seminars at Columbia University. To these two exceptionally intelligent and impas- sioned teachers I would like to pay a personal tribute.

Maori uprising in New Zealand; Texas the United States annexes California Gold Rush; fi New settlers arrive at Dunedin, Zealand sovereignty over India in hands beginning of of British monarch, British Raj establishes the Dominion of Canada International Historical Events in India; War First British-Sikh Revolutions across Europe; Act places Government of India British North American Act ; J. ; J. ;

; On the

The Condition Peer Gynt Peer

Das Kapital I ; Charles Dickens, ; Charles Dickens, ser ; Richard Wagner, Wagner, ; Richard Principles of Political Principles of Political ü of the Working Class in Working of the England Tannha The Communist Manifesto Mill, S. Economy and Son Dombey Matthew Arnold, of Celtic Literature Study Henrik Ibsen, published International Cultural and Intellectual Events Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx, Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events DEVELOPMENTS IN IRISH MODERNISM – CHRONOLOGY, 1845–1969 1845–1969 DEVELOPMENTS IN IRISH MODERNISM – CHRONOLOGY, commences; leaves 1 million people dead and compels 1 million to emigrate Brotherhood (IRB) American founded; its counterpart – the Fenian Brotherhood (The Fenians) – founded in the United States Irish Historical Events The Great Famine (–1852) Irelander rebellion Young Irish Republican Fenian Rising Date 1845 1848 1858 1867 xi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information La becomes French Mahatma Gandhi born 1948) (d. Empress of India; Battle the Little Bighorn Marseillaise national anthem; First telephone exchanges established in London International Historical Events Council (–1870); Vatican First Franco-Prussian War Queen Victoria proclaimed War; The British–Zulu

;

A Daisy Miller Peer Gynt Peer House A Doll’s War and Peace War ; Charles Dickens, ; Charles Dickens, Revue Celtique Chapters and Chapters ; Gustave Flaubert, Gustave Flaubert, Sentimental Education on the Irish Land Speeches Question The Mystery of Edwin Drood founded premieres in Christiania premieres in Copenhagen; Henry James, International Cultural and Intellectual Events Leo Tolstoy, Mill, S. J. Henrik Ibsen, Henrik Ibsen, Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events rst public suffrage Church of Ireland; Ladies National Association for the Repeal of Contagious Disease Act formed in London (branches later opened in Ireland by 1871) launched in Dublin; First Land Gladstone’s Act; fi meeting in Dublin; Married Women’s Property Act Association founded League founded in Mayo; campaign to extend Royal University Act to women Irish Historical Events Disestablishment of the Home Rule movement Suffrage Dublin Women’s Irish National Land Date 1869 1870 1876 1879 xii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) continued ( First meeting of Indian National Congress; Opening of Statue York Liberty in New Africa Company; Eiffel South completed Tower becomes Italian colony; U.S. Bureau of Census declares the American frontier closed (–1885) Britain annexes Upper Burma; Cecil Rhodes launches the British The dismissal of Bismarck; Eritrea Franco-Russian Entente Berlin Conference on Africa Berlin Conference on

; é

as, as,

é ; Jos mile The É ; Peter ; A , é Beyond Beyond

The Princess ; Jean Mor Hedda Gabler Queen of

; Thomas Hardy, ; Thomas Hardy, Hedda Gabler and The Golden Bough ; Mark Twain, Twain, ; Mark ; Henry James, ; Henry James,

; William ; William Morris, Money , “Our , America”; Paul í sies phane Mallarm é é Po Bostonians Casamassima Henrik Ibsen, published; Emily Dickinson, Poems News From Nowhere Tchaikovsky, Spades Symbolist Manifesto St premieres in Munich; Zola, of the d’Urbervilles Tess Mart Tahiti Gauguin goes to live in rebours Finn Huckleberry Good and Evil J. G. Frazer, Frazer, G. J. Henrik Ibsen, Henrik Ibsen, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Friedrich Nietzsche,

; The The Soul A Drama in A Drama and

The Picture of The Wanderings The Wanderings

; Standish O’Grady, ; Standish O’Grady, of Oisin opened; National Library Art and of Science Museum opened Dorian Gray of Man under Socialism George Bernard Shaw, Quintessence of Ibsensism Muslin Tory and the Toryism Democracy W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. W. Art Gallery Belfast City Oscar Wilde, Oscar Wilde, George Moore, George Moore, to damage Charles Stewart Parnell exposed the Irish Parliamentary Party Redmond becomes leader of the Parnellites founded; Fenian dynamite campaign in Great Britain Rule Bill to House of rejected Commons, by House of Lords; Act Contagious Diseases repealed Pigott forgeries attempting split in Fall of Parnell, Death of Parnell; John Gaelic Athletic Association Gladstone presents Home 1889 1890 1891 1884 1886 xiii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information rst re Brothers invent the è ntgen’s discovery of X-rays ntgen’s ö Alfred Webb, M.P. for Waterford Waterford for M.P. Webb, Alfred elected president of Indian West, National Congress Wilhelm Republic; Transvaal R British Labour M.P.; Pan-Slav British Labour M.P.; conference held at Cracow Lumi cinematograph; Natal granted responsible self-government; Swaziland annexed by the Transvaal Conviction of Dreyfus for treason; The Jameson Raid into the International Historical Events Keir Hardie becomes fi Exhibition in Chicago; World ;

à ; H. ; H. ;

lude é The Pr ; Rudyard Resurrection Socialism: Its Bayou Folk Bayou

The Time The Time Machine Barrack-Room Barrack-Room Jude the Obscure Jude (second part 1896) re Brothers; Thomas re Brothers; s-midi d’un faune è è lm projection by the l’apr Lumi Hardy, Wells, G. Gustav Mahler, Symphony Nutcracker Suite Nutcracker Kipling, Ballads Growth and Outcome Claude Debussy, First fi International Cultural and Intellectual Events Peter Tchaikovsky, Morris, William Kate Chopin, ; ;

é ; W. E. ; W. ; W. B. ; W. Modern Countess Discords premieres Salom The Land of An Ideal The A History of premiere in The Rose Keynotes published; W. W. published;

; Douglas Hyde, ; Douglas Hyde, The Celtic Twilight The Celtic and Importance of Being Ernest Husband London founded; W. B. Yeats and Yeats B. founded; W. Lady Gregory, Cathleen Yeats, B. Lecky, H. Ireland in the Eighteenth Century “On the Necessity for De-Anglicising the Irish People” Oscar Wilde, published; George Egerton, Yeats, George Moore, Painting Yeats, B. W. Desire Heart’s in London Oscar Wilde, Oscar Wilde, Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events National Literary Society Gaelic League founded; George Egerton, rst Irish labour rst Irish Trade Union Trade rst Irish London Belfast; Belfast Labour Party (fi party) formed Second Home Rule Bill; Disturbances in Belfast; Home Rule Bill passes in House of Commons; Union Congress Trades meets in Belfast Irish Agricultural Organisation Society; fi Congress meeting Trial of Oscar Wilde in Wilde of Oscar Trial Irish Historical Events Ulster Convention in Gladstone introduces Horace Plunkett founds 1895 Date 1892 1893 1894 xiv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) rst continued ( les the rst modern rst patent application widespread famine in India; First Zionist Congress launches the Basel Programme to resettle Jewish people in Palestine Spain over Cuba; the Fashoda Incident; Boxer uprising in China; the Curies discover radium and plutonium; fi Zeppelin airship built (–1902) world’s fi world’s for a system of telegraphy using Hertzian waves; fi Athens Olympiad held in Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee; Victoria’s Queen United States declares war on Outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War War Anglo-Boer Outbreak of the Guglielmo Marconi fi

; The : H. G. G. : H. Theory of ,

Uncle é The Seagull ; Henry James, ; Henry James, Heart of mile Zola, mile Zola, Resurrection ; Rudyard É ; Rudyard Kipling, ; Rudyard Kipling, ; Kate Chopin, ; Kate Chopin,

; Arthur Symonds, What Maisie Knew The War of the Worlds of the War The premieres in Moscow; rst commercial motion phane Mallarm Divagations “Recessional”; Kipling, Henry James, Gallery) opened Art (Tate in London; “J’Accuse”; Thomas Hardy, Poems Wessex of the Screw Turn The Wells, Darkness The Symbolist Movement in The Symbolist Movement Literature Awakening Burden”; White Man’s “The Anton Chekhov, Vanya Leo Tolstoy, Thorstein Veblen, the Leisure Class premieres in St. Petersburg; premieres in St. fi picture exhibition given in New York é National Gallery of British Joseph Conrad, St Anton Chekhov, Anton Chekhov,

and

Literary Literary

Zeitschrift Zeitschrift ; G. B. Shaw, Shaw, B. ; G. The Ballad of Salom The Wind The Wind r celtische Philologie r celtische ü Reading Gaol Wagnerite The Perfect Profession Warren’s Mrs published; John Eglinton, et al., Yeats, B. W. Ideals in Ireland Among the Reeds Literary Theatre premieres in Paris; Kuno Meyer founds f Oscar Wilde, Oscar Wilde, Yeats, B. W. Establishment of the Irish Oscar Wilde, Oscar Wilde, granted to women in from Westminster Anglo- protest at the John Boer War; MacBride raises Irish Brigade to aid Transvaal the Boers Party founded, secretary Party founded, James Connolly Local government vote Michael Davitt withdraws Irish Socialist Republican 1898 1899 1896 1897 xv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information rst meeting of Cecil Rhodes; fi of the Committee Imperial Defence Workers Union formed; Boxer Workers rebellion crushed in China; First Pan-African Conference in London Nigeria becomes British Protectorate The South African War ends; death War African The South International Historical Events International Ladies’ Garment Australian Federation established; ,

é ; ; V. ; V. The ; ; Jos ;

Rebellion Tosca ; William ; William Ariel ; Rudyard When We When We , Imperialism premieres in Lord Jim

ó premieres in

The Immoralist What is to be Done? , Kim , Varieties of Religious Varieties Gide, Gide, é I. Lenin, Lenin, I. Hobson, A. J. Euclides da Cunha, in the Backlands James, Experience Henrik Ibsen, Henrik Ibsen, Dead Awaken London; Sigmund Freud, Interpretation of Dreams Giacomo Puccini, Enrique Rod established; Anton Chekhov, Three Sisters Moscow; Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks Kipling Andr International Cultural and Intellectual Events Joseph Conrad, Nobel Prize in Literature

; Alice The Last of the premieres in Cathleen ni George Moore The Leader

; death of Oscar of Irish Literary Theatre; of Irish Literary Augusta and Yeats B. W. Gregory, Houlihan Dublin; Lady Gregory, of Muirthemne Cuchulain Shaw, B. published; G. Profession Warren’s Mrs premieres in London; John Yeats, B. Moran’s Moran’s Milligan, Fianna Wilde founded; Alice Milligan, of Hugh The Deliverance O’Neill Emergence of Ulster branch Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events P. First number of D. Theatre Ulster Literary rst in); fi é ireann; Queen É founded (later becomes Sinn F meeting of Inghinidhe na h visits Dublin Victoria by Edward II Irish Historical Events Cumann na nGaedheal Queen Victoria succeeded Date 1900 1901 1902 xvi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) continued ( ight by rst airborne fl Women’s Social and Political Women’s Union; fi Brothers; British Wright the complete conquest of Northern Nigeria second wave of Jewish War; immigration to Palestine; Panama Canal opens Emily Pankhurst founds the Beginning of Russo-Japanese

; The ; Georg ; Henry ; Edwin The Cherry y The Souls of ; Henry James, ; Henry James, Nostromo

The Great Train Train The Great ; E. D. Morel, Morel, D. ; E. premieres in The Metropolis and The Golden Bowl the Black Folk the Black The Ambassadors Porter, S. Robbery Trade Slave Congo Simmel, Mental Life Anton Chekhov, Orchard Moscow; Giacomo Puccini, Madame Butterfl James, W. E. B. Du Bois, Du Bois, B. E. W. Joseph Conrad, ; ; ;

r ; ú

; Jack opens The Fall The Fall The The Infant In the Shadow th, th, premieres in On Baile’s On Baile’s The County of In the Seven Woods In the Seven Woods In the Seven premieres in

Society founded; An T Society founded; An T B. W. Gloine founded; Yeats, Synge, M. J. of the Glen Dublin; George Moore, The Untilled Field Yeats, B. Mayo Yeats, Strand Synge, M. Dublin; J. to the Sea Riders Shaw, B. in Dublin; G. Other Island Bull’s John premieres in London; Mary Swanzy, Michael Davitt, in Ireland of Feudalism Arthur Griffi Resurrection of Hungary: for Ireland A Parallel Irish National Theatre Irish National B. Abbey Theatre opens; W. Yeats, B. W. Act passed in House of Commons; University of Dublin (Trinity College) announces that it is to award degrees women Government Buildings in Merrion Square, Dublin starts (–1922); Limerick pogrom against Jews Wyndham Land Purchase Wyndham Construction of 1903 1904 xvii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information decree Ne Temere on mixed marriages; Women’s Women’s on mixed marriages; Federation League founded in the United Kingdom; self- governing (white) colonies declared British Dominions Curzon initiates partition of Bengal; Swadeshi movement formed in India Istanbul; Henry Ford produces T Ford; King Leopold Model transfers Congo from his private possession to Belgium Revolution in Russia; George Pius X issues Young Turks revolution in Turks Young International Historical Events ;

é ; Henry ections premieres Votes for Votes Refl Salom ; ; Rabindranath String Quartet ; August Strindberg, Les Demoiselles The Education of k, k, Home and the World Home and the newspaper founded ó ; Gertrude Stein, ; Gertrude Stein, la Bart Picasso, Picasso, d’Avignon The Ghost Sonata in Stockholm; Henri Bergson, Evolution Creative Adams, Henry Adams Women in London No. 1 No. Three Lives Tagore, Georges Sorel, é B Richard Strauss, Richard Strauss, Cubist exhibition in Paris; Pablo International Cultural and Intellectual Events

The Rising ; James Joyce, ; James Joyce, Deirdre Man and The Well of the Well The The Playboy premieres in ; D. P. Moran, Moran, P. ; D. ; Jack B. Yeats, Yeats, ; Jack B. ; George Moore, ; George Moore, premieres in Dublin; Elizabeth Yeats; Dublin Elizabeth Yeats; Municipal Gallery of Art founded by Modern Hugh Lane; Katherine Saints Yeats, B. W. premieres in Dublin; Shaw, B. G. Superman Wilde’s London; Oscar Profundis of Irish The Philosophy Ireland The Lake Aranmore The Man from World of the Western premieres in Dublin (riots at Abbey Theatre); Augusta Gregory and Douglas Hyde, of the Moon Chamber Music Cuala Press founded by J. M. Synge, Synge, M. J. Synge, M. J. Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events in é in party founded é General Workers’ General Workers’ Union established; Irish Franchise Women’s League founded in Belfast; Sinn F protest disrupts Irish Parliamentary Party meeting in Dublin Irish Transport and Irish Transport Dockers and Carters strike Irish Historical Events Sinn F 1908 1907 Date 1905 xviii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) continued ( rst ight across the United States; in China and establishes provisional republic; fi fl Agadir international crisis at (–1925) Du Bois founds B. E. W. National Association for Advancement of Coloured in the United People (NAACP) States Revolution ends imperial regime U.S. troops occupy Nicaragua U.S. Mexican Revolution begins; ; ; ; ; ; ; Arnold under

; H. G. Wells, Wells, G. ; H. Three Lives Howards End Howards The Firebird : Mohandas J. : Mohandas J. Personae Soul and Form ; Women Writers Writers ; Women Five Orchestral Orchestral Five cs, cs, rst complete English complete rst (English, 1912) (English, Hind Swaraj á ; Gustav Mahler, ; Gustav Mahler, The Freewoman nberg, nberg, ö on Violence Suffrage League founded Dora Marsden founds and edits patronage of Harriet Shaw fi Weaver; translation of Nietzsche published and Manifesto of Futurism”; Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, Sch Pieces 9 No. Symphony Tono-Bungay Gandhi, Forster, M. E. Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London; Georges Braque, and Candlestick Violin Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali F. T. Marinetti, “The Founding Marinetti, T. F. Igor Stravinsky, Georg Luk

; ; The ; James Grania The Fly on The Fly

Hail and Selections Handbuch Handbuch Labour in Irish The Tinker’s The Tinker’s The Green premieres (3 vols –1914);

; Jack B. Yeats, Yeats, ; Jack B. Cecil Thurston, Cecil Thurston, the Wheel Wedding in London; Rudolf Thurneysen, des Altirischen Helmet and Other Poems Thurston, Katherine Cecil Max of our Land Felons Connolly, History Farewell Augusta Gregory, Kuno Meyer, Ancient Irish Poetry from J. M. Synge, Synge, M. J. Yeats, B. W. George Moore, Ireland dissolved V accession of George Anti- in Westminster; Home Rule agitation in northern Ireland; Irish Association Vigilance founded; Statue of Charles Stewart Parnell Gaudens Augustus St. by unveiled in Dublin Royal University of Death of Edward II and Home Rule Bill introduced 1909 1910 1911 xix

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information Native National Congress (later African National Congress); the Wars beginning of the Balkan in the Balkans; War in Britain; Acts Africa Native Lands South Africans of passed to deprive right to own land International Historical Events African Formation of the South Suffragette demonstrations Violent ; Three nberg, nberg, ö

; Edmund Sons and a Recherche a Recherche (–1927); l ; Karl magazine in Death in À ; Harriet Monroe Phenomenology Poetry ; Igor Stravinsky, ; Igor Stravinsky, ; Arnold Sch Psychology of the Psychology Venice Pierre Lunaire Jung, Unconscious founds Chicago du temps perdu Lawrence, H. D. Lovers The Rite of Spring Alban Berg, (ballet); Pieces Orchestral Husserl, wins Rabindranath Tagore Nobel Prize for Literature; International Exhibition of Art (Armory Show) Modern opened by John Quinn in Russian Futurist York; New Manifesto published International Cultural and Intellectual Events Thomas Mann, Marcel Proust,

Pygmalion Pygmalion Irish Folk- published; Augusta Gregory, History Plays Vienna premieres in Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events Shaw, B. G. Shaw, B. G.

and Ulster Solemn League and Covenant signed; sinking of the Titanic unionized workers in Volunteers Dublin; Irish founded; Irish Citizen Army founded Irish Historical Events formed Ulster Volunteers Great Lockout of Date 1912 1913 xx

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) continued ( migration of African Americans begins from the southern U.S. (–1916); British conquest of troops Mesopotamia; U.S. occupy Haiti (–1934) Battle of the Somme; Great World War I (–1918) commences War World Armenian genocide begins ;

; The ; Amy ; Robert th, th, ; Virginia ; Virginia ; H. D., D., ; H. ; D. W. W. ; D.

The Gertrude Imperialism General Theory General ; Harriet Shaw Course in Course ; Ferdinand Some Imagist ) ; Henry Cowell, ; Henry Cowell, (originally Blast; ; D. W. Griffi W. ; D. Intolerance The Underdogs The Voyage Out The Voyage North of Boston Tender Buttons Tender (3 vols –1917); Mariano th, th, of Relativity de Saussure, Linguistics General Griffi Sea Garden Dynamic Motion Stein, Stein, Frost, Margaret Anderson founds Little Review becomes editor of Weaver The Egoist Freewoman Economy and World Woolf, Lawrence, H. D. Rainbow The Birth of a Nation ed., Lowell, Poets Azuela, Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein, Founding of Nikolai Bukharin, ; n ; W. ; W. á

; The ; Se

; Thomas Pagans Ireland’s Ireland’s Dubliners A Portrait of the A Portrait At The Hawk’s At The Hawk’s Men of the West Men of the The Lying-in-State The Lying-in-State Lusitania , introduced by W. B. B. W. introduced by , performed in Dublin; Ernest Boyd, Ernest Boyd, Renaissance Literary W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. W. Responsibilities dies in sinking of the RMS MacDonagh’s opens in Dublin; Jack B. Yeats, Rossa of O’Donovan Man Young Artist as a Yeats, B. Well Cuala Press publish of Certain Noble Plays Japan Yeats, Jack B. Yeats; Act Double Jockey Keating, James Joyce, James Joyce, art collector, Hugh Lane, James Joyce, torpedoed by suspended at outbreak Cumann War; of Great “The na mBan founded; Curragh Incident” assemble Volunteers in Phoenix Park; RMS Lusitania German submarine off coast of Kinsale Third Home Rule Bill 25,000 National Easter Rising 1914 1915 1916 xxi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information rms Armistice on November 11; start (–1920) War of Russian Civil creates the League of Nations; Amritsar Massacre; division Austro-Hungarian of the Third Empire; establishment of International Congress States enters World War I; War States enters World Balfour Declaration confi British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine The Allies and Germany sign The Peace Conference in Versailles Versailles Peace Conference in International Historical Events Bolshevik Revolution; United ; ;

; My ; V. I. ; V.

; Henry ; George ; Ezra Pound, ; Ezra Pound, Introduction ; Lytton ; Lytton ; Amy Lowell, ; Thomas Hardy, ; Thomas Hardy, Poems Eminent Victorians Prufrock and Prufrock Pierrot and The Tides The Tides of

The Funeral Imperialism: The ntonia Manifesto”; Gerard Manley Hopkins, Strachey, Madman’s “A Lu Hsun, Cather, Willa Diary”; Á by Walter Gropius; Pablo Walter by Picasso, Harlequin Collected Poems Hugh Selwyn Mauberley Other Observations Lenin, Highest Stage of Capitalism Sigmund Freud, to Psychoanalysis Cowell, Manaunaun in Modern Tendencies American Poetry Grosz, Tristan Tzara, “‘Dada Tzara, Tristan Bauhaus founded at Weimar Weimar Bauhaus founded at International Cultural and Intellectual Events Eliot, S. T.

Ulysses ;

Exiles The Wild The Wild Swans The Wild The Wild Swans ; Dublin Drama ; John Eglinton, ; John Eglinton, begins serialization in Little Review at Coole League founded at Coole Anglo-Irish Essays James Joyce, James Joyce, Yeats, B. W. Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events Yeats, B. W. in victory é rst woman to ve years; Irish ireann established É il in General Election; Franchise granted to women over 30 in Britain and Ireland; Countess Markievicz elected fi British Parliament but does not take her seat of War and Irish Independence commences (–1921) announces Home Rule to be passed in Ireland but six northeastern counties to be excluded for fi Convention held in Dublin á D Irish Historical Events David Lloyd-George Sweeping Sinn F 1919 Date 1917 1918 xxii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) rk ü continued ( (Comintern); First Pan-African Congress meets in Paris achieve the vote; Britain given Transjordan, Mandate over Iraq, Palestine; Chinese Communist Atat Party founded; Kemal abolishes Ottoman sultanate begins in India led by Gandhi (–1922); New Economic Policy in the USSR Women in the United States Women Non-Cooperation Movement ; ; ; ; The

; Bliss Poems ; Georg ; Paul Klee, ; Paul Klee, Women in Women eld, eld, Anna The Scream

Six Characters Six Characters premieres in Beyond the Beyond The Economic Three Musicians Theory of the Novel premieres in New cs, cs, ; Eugene O’Neill, ; Eugene O’Neill, á J. M. Keynes, Keynes, M. J. Consequences of the Peace Pleasure Principle Luk Lawrence, H. D. Love Emperor Jones Edith Wharton, New York; Age of Innocence The Katherine Mansfi and Other Stories Angelus Novus Author of an in Search premieres in Rome; Pablo Picasso, Edvard Munch, Marianne Moore, Eugene O’Neill, Christie York. Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud, Luigi Pirandello,

The Three and Michael Michael Heartbreak published; George Heloise and ; Mainie Jellett, ; Mainie Jellett,

premieres in New Four Plays for Four Plays House York Robartes and the Dancer and Dancers Moore, Abelard Girl in Blue Graces G. B. Shaw, Shaw, B. G. Yeats, B. W. and Tans” to suppress Tans” and IRA; “Bloody Sunday”; Government of Ireland Act passed to provide Northern and Southern Ireland with separate parliaments; anti- Catholic riots in Belfast Northern Ireland Parliament opened by George V First enrolments of “Black First enrolments of Anglo-Irish Treaty; 1920 1921 xxiii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ation and collapse of German currency Italian Prime Minister; Britain recognizes “independence” of the Kingdom Egypt but maintains control of foreign policy Escalation of postwar infl International Historical Events Benito Mussolini becomes ; ; ; Anna Drums The ; T. S. ; T. ; Bertolt The The Jacob’s Jacob’s Tractatus Tractatus History and premieres premieres ; Jean Toomer, Toomer, ; Jean cs; (–1939); British The Waste Land The Waste á

Baal ; Bertolt Brecht, ; Bertolt Brecht,

Bertrand Russell, Bertrand Russell, Prospects of Industrial Civilisation Cane F. Scott Fitzgerald, Scott Fitzgerald, F. Beautiful and the Damned Woolf, Virginia Room in the Night in Moscow; Ludwig Wittgenstein, Logico-Philosophicus Eliot founds and edits Criterion Broadcasting Company (BBC) founded; Eugene O’Neill wins Pulitzer Prize for Christie Class Consciousness Brecht, in Leipzig; Le Corbusier, Architecture a New Towards International Cultural and Intellectual Events Eliot, S. T. Georg Luk

Earth- ; G. B. B. ; G. ; W. B. ; W. n O’Casey, n O’Casey, á A Lake A Lake Saint Joan Ulysses ; Mainie Jellett and ; Mainie Jellett, ; Mainie Jellett, Later Poems Back to Methuselah Back Yeats, Yeats, Shaw, York; premieres in New Dorothy Macardle, Bound Nude Standing Female Nobel Prize; Se The Shadow of a Gunman premieres in Dublin; Shaw, B. G. York; premieres in New Yeats, Jack B. Regatta Evie Hone exhibitions in Dublin Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events James Joyce, receives the Yeats B. W. il á rms partition; ireann; establishment approved in D É of Irish Free State confi begins War Irish Civil (–1923); Northern Ireland Parliament V opened by George League of Nations; Cumann na nGaedheal party founded; Act Censorship of Films introduced Irish Historical Events Anglo-Irish Treaty Irish Free State joins Date 1922 1923 xxiv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) rst continued ( nes rst televised Dominion status and allows Dominions to opt out of treaties signed by the United Kingdom minority Labour government in Britain; Gandhi fasts against Hindu-Muslim riots; death of Lenin I. V. Baird transmits fi image Imperial Conference defi Zinoviev letter published; fi Locarno Conference; John Logie ; ;

The é ; ;

;

; Lewis The ; Andr ; Virginia ; Virginia Seven Pillars Pillars Seven The Making ; D. H. H. ; D. Three Dancers The Magic ; Alain Locke, The Trial ; Alban Berg, The Golden Day ; Ho Chi Minh, ; Ho Chi Minh, Mein Kampf The Plumed ; E. M. Forster, Forster, M. ; E. ; Henry Cowell, ; Henry Cowell, Twenty Love Poems Poems Love Twenty ; Sergei Eisenstein, ; Sergei Eisenstein, ; Ernest Hemingway, ; Ernest Hemingway, Mrs. Dalloway Mrs. premieres (with Paul Palimpsest olonization on Trial olonization on Lawrence, Lawrence, Serpent Also Rises The Sun Mumford, Lawrence, E. T. of Wisdom C Mountain to India A Passage “The Breton, Surrealist Manifesto”; Eugene O’Neill’s Chillun Got All God’s Wings Pablo York; Robeson) in New Neruda, and a Song of Despair Pablo Picasso, Franz Kafka, Scott Fitzgerald, F. Great Gatsby The New Negro Woolf, Gertrude Stein, of Americans Wozzeck Banshee Battleship Potemkin H. D., D., H. Thomas Mann, Thomas Mann, Adolf Hitler, A An

premieres The Plough Juno and Juno premieres in n Keating, n Keating, á

; Se n O’Casey, n O’Casey, n O’Casey, n O’Casey, and the Stars riots ensue in in Dublin, Abbey Theatre the Paycock Dublin; Daniel Corkery, The Hidden Ireland Yeats, B. W. Nobel Prize; Vision Allegory á á Se Se Shaw receives the B. G. ireann begins il party founded É á amon de Valera; Valera; amon de É of Irish Boundary Commission to determine partition boundary between Free State and Northern Ireland powers revoked by Radio broadcasting First meeting, in London, in London, First meeting, Boundary Commission Fianna F 1924 1925 1926 xxv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information Antonio Gramsci sentenced to 20 years by Italian Special Tribunal Colonial Oppression holds international conference in Brussels Start of First Soviet Five Year Plan; Year Start of First Soviet Five International Historical Events League against Imperialism and ; ; ; ; A

The God’s God’s é

The ; Eugene ; D. H. H. ; D. ; Federico Time and Time ; Andr

; Martin Le temps Nadja The Gypsy ; Laura Riding Being and Time Being and October Lady Chatterley’s Chatterley’s Lady (posthumous); ; Claude McKay, ; Claude McKay, To The Lighthouse To é Breton, Breton, Voyage to the Congo Voyage ; Radcliffe Hall, ; Radcliffe Hall, a Lorca, a Lorca, é í Ballads Home in Harlem Gide, Andr Arts and Sciences founded Virginia in the United States; Woolf, Marcel Proust, retrouv Benjamin begins Walter Arcades Project Heidegger, Lewis, Wyndham Man Western eds., and Robert Graves, of Modernist Poetry Survey Johnson, Weldon James Negro Seven Trombones: Verse Sermons in The Threepenny Opera premieres in Berlin; Sergei Eisenstein, Lawrence, Lover of Loneliness Well Garc International Cultural and Intellectual Events Academy of Motion Pictures Weill, Bertolt Brecht and Kurt

n ; á ;

; Se é Peer Gynt Peer Salom Anna Livia Pomes Penyeach Pomes The Tower ; Jack B. Yeats, Yeats, ; Jack B. The Silver Tassie The Silver ; Mainie Jellett, ; Mainie Jellett, rst production by the O’Casey, O’Casey, rejected by Abbey Theatre; James Joyce, Plurabelle Dinner Hour on the Docks Religious Composition fi Gate Theatre: Oscar Wilde, staged in Dublin Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events James Joyce, Yeats, B. W. assassinated new Northern Ireland Parliament Building at Stormont Irish Historical Events Kevin O’Higgins Foundation stone laid for Date 1927 1928 xxvi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) ies continued ( in Paris by Francophone Amy Johnson fl intellectuals; Australia from London to world economic crisis and the Great Depression Launch of Negritude movement Wall Street Crash heralds start of Wall ; ; Mass mulo Black Black ó ; blin, blin, Banjo ; R ö

; Robert ; Ernest The (premieres ; William ; William Problems of A Room of ; Max Weber, Weber, ; Max Civilisation and a Barbara A Farewell to A Farewell ñ ; Alfred D ; F. R. Leavis, Leavis, R. ; F. As I Lay Dying As I Lay Do (–1943); T. S. Eliot, Eliot, S. T. (–1943);

The Man Without Without The Man ; Claude McKay, ; Claude McKay, O’Neill wins Pulitzer Prize for Interlude Strange York) in New Spirit of Capitalism Musil, Qualities Ash Wednesday Faulkner, Johnson, Weldon James Manhattan Civilisation and Minority Culture Awards (Oscars) established; Awards Art Museum of Modern York; (MoMA) opened in New Second Surrealist Manifesto; Faulkner, William Sound and the Fury Hemingway, Arms Woolf, Virginia Own One’s Berlin Alexanderplatz Gallegos, Bakhtin, M. M. Poetics Dostoevsky’s Its Discontents The Protestant Ethic and the Academy of Motion Pictures Sigmund Freud,

; The ; Gate Blind The Last The Silver The Silver ; Jack B. ; Jack B. ; W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. ; W. premieres in ; W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. ; W. ; Jack B. Yeats, Yeats, ; Jack B. Poems Power Station Power

premieres in premieres in Dublin; n O’Casey, n O’Casey, á September Pound for Ezra A Packet Se Tassie Shaw, B. London; G. Apple Cart Denis Johnston, Warsaw; “No”! Says The Old Lady premieres in Dublin; Louis MacNeice, Fireworks Tone’s Going to Wolfe Grave Whoroscope Window upon the Words Pane Brian Coffey and Denis Devlin, Yeats, Theatre moves to buildings at Rotunda Hospital; Irish Folklore Institute founded Elizabeth Bowen, Elizabeth Bowen, Samuel Beckett, Act passed in the Irish Free State; Proportional representation abolished for parliamentary elections in Northern Ireland; Shannon Hydro-Electric scheme begins to the Council of League of Nations; First Free State censorship board appointed Censorship of Publications Irish Free State elected 1929 1930 xxvii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information illegal and Gandhi arrested; Iraq becomes independent; the atom is split at Cambridge University Britain abandons the gold Westminster standard; Statute of recognizes constitutional equality of the Dominions with Britain Indian National Congress declared International Historical Events Japan invades Manchuria; , í

; ; ; Brave Brave

The Journey to Journey premieres The Waves ; Louis- The Dance Mourning line, line, ; Salvador Dal é premieres in ; Edmund Wilson, Wilson, ; Edmund ; Bertolt Brecht, ; Bertolt Brecht, The Radetzky The Radetzky The Sleepwalkers ; Aldous Huxley, Aldous Huxley, ; Becomes Electra Hermann York; in New Broch, Henri Matisse, Woolf, Virginia Sackville-West, Vita Edwardians Castle Axel’s of Memory The Persistence March New World The Mother Berlin; William Faulkner, August Light in Ferdinand C the End of Night International Cultural and Intellectual Events Eugene O’Neill, Joseph Roth, ; To the To Proust premieres in The Dreaming , T. S. Eliot: A Eliot: S. T. , ; Thomas ; Death of Augusta ; Death of

W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. W. of the Bones Dublin; Daniel Corkery, Anglo-Irish Synge and Literature MacGreevy Study with other writers found Academy of Irish Letters; Elizabeth Bowen, North Gregory Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events Samuel Beckett, Yeats B. W. Shaw and B. G.

Irish Press rst Fianna il government under amon de Valera Valera amon de á issued nGaedheal government ends and fi F É formed; International Eucharistic Congress; Army Comrades Association (Blueshirts) founded; Northern Ireland parliament buildings at Stormont formally open Irish Historical Events First number of years of Cumann na Ten Date 1931 1932 xxviii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information ) continued ( hrer”; Chinese ü Nuremberg Laws passed in Germany Germany Communists’ “Long March” begins Italian invasion of Abyssinia; Italian invasion of Hitler becomes Chancellor of “F Hitler becomes ; ; ;

The Clear ; g; Jean The ; Dmitri é ; Mulk Raj Men

Banana The ; Zora Neale Symphony No. No. Symphony Malraux, Malraux, é ; Ezra Pound, ; Ezra Pound, premieres in Mules and Men Auto-da-F Auto-da-F Murder in the The Use of Poetry The Use of Poetry Gods After Strange ; Marianne Moore, ; Marianne Moore, The Untouchable

; Andr Voyage in the Dark Voyage ; Dorothy Richardson, ; Dorothy Richardson, Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral; Elias Canetti, Shostakovich, 1 Horizon Selected Poems Hurston, and the Use of Criticism Gertrude Stein, Alice B. of Autobiography Toklas Human Condition Anand, Claude McKay, Bottom Lewis, Wyndham Art Without of Readin C. B. A. The Rhys, ed., Nancy Cunard, Negro Anthology T. S. Eliot, Eliot, S. T. T. S. Eliot, Eliot, S. T. Eliot, S. T. ; ; ; ; The

; Kate

Hello, Hello, The House Irish The Ante- A Morning More Pricks More Pricks ; Louis premieres Poems Poems and (alias The Winding The Winding Collected Poems Man of Aran Man of Mary Lavelle

; Samuel Beckett, ; Samuel Beckett, ; W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. ; W. and O’Brien, O’Brien, Yeats, Jack B. John Eglinton, Portraits Literary Stair Blanaid Salkeld, Eternity! than Kicks “Recent Belis”) “Andrew Irish Poetry”; Robert Flaherty, Kate O’Brien, Room Resurrection Thomas in Dublin; MacGreevy, in Paris Bones Echo’s MacNeice, W. B. Yeats, Yeats, B. W. Samuel Beckett, Elizabeth Bowen, ireann É il á of Allegiance to the of British Crown passed in D agreement coal” designed to regulate Irish dance by clergy, police and judiciary Vote to remove the Oath Vote Anglo-Irish “cattle and Act, The Dance Halls 1933 1934 1935 xxix

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03141-8 - The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism Edited by Joe Cleary Frontmatter More information zaro á rdenas nationalizes the oil á to the Sudetenland; Franco begins Catalonian offensive L War; in Spanish Civil C business in Mexico (–1939); Great Arab Revolt (–1939); Great breaks out against British rule in Palestine “National Mao Zedong calls for to create Salvation Progam” united front against Japanese invasion Munich crisis over German claims International Historical Events breaks out War Spanish Civil Shanghai falls to Japanese forces, la ; ;

é ; ; ; Piet ; B Their

; ; Charles Absalom, Absalom, The Arab The Arab Blasting Alexander The Years Nausea

; Dylan Thomas, Thomas, ; Dylan Composition in ; Jomo Kenyatta, ; Jomo Kenyatta, In Parenthesis Modern Times !; Djuna Barnes, !; Djuna Barnes, ve Poems ve Violin Concerto Violin ; C. L. R. James, James, R. L. ; C. k, k, ó Bart Sergei Eisenstein, Nevsky Jacobins The Black George Antonius, Awakening Mount Kenya Facing Exhibition held in London; Faulkner, William Absalom Nightwood Twenty-fi Chaplin, Mondrian, Red and Blue Lewis, Wyndham and Bombardiering: (1914–26) Autobiography Woolf, Virginia Zora Neale Hurston, God Watching Were Eyes Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean-Paul Sartre, International Cultural and Intellectual Events International Surrealist David Jones,

; A In

;

; ; Brian , revised , The and Murphy The Oxford Intercessions Purgatory

A Vision New Poems ; Louis MacNeice Third Person Coffey, Coffey, Book of Modern Verse, Verse, Book of Modern 1892–1935 Yeats, version; Jack B. Race in Hy Brasil Memory of Boucicault and Bianconi Auden), H. (with W. from Iceland Letters Denis Devlin, Yeats, B. W. premieres in Dublin; Samuel Beckett, Elizabeth Bowen, Death of the Heart Irish Modernist Works and Works Irish Modernist Related Cultural Events edits Yeats B. W. Yeats, B. W. Yeats, B. W. rst President Frank Ryan joins Frank Ryan republican government forces in Spain introduces new Constitution of Ireland of the Gaelic League, becomes fi of Ireland amon de Valera Valera amon de Irish Historical Events Left-wing Irish unit under É founder Douglas Hyde, Date 1936 1937 1938 xxx