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Poetry in Northern Ireland and the Second World War

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Poetry in Northern Ireland and the Second World War Durham E-Theses On 'the Edge of a Crumbling Continent': Poetry in Northern Ireland and the Second World War SMITH, AMY How to cite: SMITH, AMY (2014) On 'the Edge of a Crumbling Continent': Poetry in Northern Ireland and the Second World War, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10945/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 On ‘the Edge of a Crumbling Continent’: Poetry in Northern Ireland and the Second World War Amy Beth Smith Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of English Studies Durham University 2014 2 Abstract This thesis proposes that nineteen forties Northern Ireland was not a cultural desert, as has often been assumed. It draws on an extensive range of neglected archival and published sources to argue that a diverse and vibrant community of poets, united by shared political and aesthetic interests, formed in Belfast during the Second World War. As the conflict encroached on individual imaginations and on Northern Ireland, these poets became concerned with establishing an enduring body of imaginative literature which was appropriate to their region. To date, this thesis provides the most comprehensive assessment of poetry written in Northern Ireland during this decade and is, therefore, a significant contribution to assessments of post-partition culture. The thesis follows a chronological trajectory, beginning by tracing the roots of this poetic community to the legacy of the preceding generation of poets. Then, John Hewitt and W.R. Rodgers’s regional and political commitments of the immediate pre-war period are examined. Their shared interest in regional poetics was in creative tension with Louis MacNeice’s cosmopolitan aesthetic. Patrick Maybin’s pacifist protest poetry reveals the group’s anti-establishment bias. A survey of the publishing opportunities available to these poets is followed by an evaluation of Robert Greacen’s anthologies, which were designed to promote a local literary revival. Analysis of poetry by May Morton and Freda Laughton demonstrates the key roles played by women in this milieu. Finally, Roy McFadden’s attempt to connect pacifist, neo-romantic, and regional ideas is discussed, leading to a consideration of his post-war poetry and the links between these writers and the Ulster Renaissance of the nineteen sixties. Close analysis of the work of these poets uncovers a varied and energetic literary milieu which formed the foundations of the subsequent flowering of poetry in Northern Ireland. 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 I. Outline of thesis .................................................................................................... 9 II. Critical assessments of nineteen forties Northern Ireland ................................. 13 III: Poetry in mid-century Northern Ireland ........................................................... 22 Chapter One: John Hewitt: Socialism and Regionalism on the Edge of War ......... 34 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 34 I. Interwar literary culture ...................................................................................... 35 II: Discovering a ‘strange new China’ ................................................................... 48 III: Shelley Wang ................................................................................................... 54 IV. Towards regionalism ........................................................................................ 66 Chapter Two: W.R. Rodgers’s Poetic Voice, Pilots, and Politics ........................... 71 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 71 I: Rodgers in Northern Ireland ............................................................................... 73 II: Rodgers’s critical reception ............................................................................... 84 III: The Airman ...................................................................................................... 90 IV. ‘[I]magination and pity’ ................................................................................. 102 Chapter Three: ‘[S]omewhat alien to Ulster’?: Reading and Publishing Louis MacNeice in Northern Ireland ................................................................................. 108 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 108 I. Hewitt: MacNeice as a cultural critic ............................................................... 111 II. Reading MacNeice and Hewitt in Lagan ........................................................ 124 III. Greacen and McFadden: modernity, the city, and war .................................. 130 IV. Publishing MacNeice in Contemporary Irish Poetry .................................... 144 Chapter Four: Patrick Maybin: Remembering the First World War ..................... 148 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 148 I: Pre-war pacifism ............................................................................................... 152 4 II: ‘Pacifist’s regress’ ........................................................................................... 161 III: From the forces ............................................................................................ 1655 Chapter Five: Robert Greacen: Anthologizing the Renaissance ............................ 175 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 175 I. Publishing in Northern Ireland during the mid-twentieth century .................. 1766 II. Poems from Ulster (1942): beginning to shape an ‘Ulster’ voice ................... 185 III. Northern Harvest (1944): a more inclusive approach.................................... 196 IV. Irish Harvest (1946): rejecting the Irish mode .............................................. 202 V. Contemporary Irish Poetry (1949): an act of consolidation ........................... 209 Chapter Six: Women ‘with a wreath of words’: May Morton and Freda Laughton .................................................................................................................................. 215 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 215 I. Women in Northern Ireland’s literary milieu ................................................... 216 II: May Morton ..................................................................................................... 231 III: Freda Laughton .............................................................................................. 240 Chapter Seven: Roy McFadden, Pacifism, and Regionalism ................................ 250 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 250 I. The New Apocalypse and active pacifism ........................................................ 252 II: The Cuchulain poems: protesting against war ................................................ 264 III. Writing the region .......................................................................................... 273 Coda: The Legacy of the Poetry of the Second World War .................................... 282 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 304 Appendix 1: Chronology ......................................................................................... 311 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 319 5 Illustrations Figure 1 Cover of Robert Greacen, ed., Poems from Ulster, (Belfast: Erskine Mayne, 1941)………………………………………………. p. 186 Figure 2 Cover of Robert Greacen, ed., Irish Harvest: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (Dublin: New Frontiers, 1946)..……………….. p. 203 6 Abbreviations FL Roy McFadden, Flowers for a Lady (London: Routledge, 1945) GCP Robert Greacen, Collected Poems, 1944-1994 (Belfast: Lagan Press, 1995) HCP John Hewitt, The Collected Poems of John Hewitt, ed. by Frank Ormbsy (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1991) JHC University of Ulster: John Hewitt Collection MFC Queen’s University Belfast: Roy McFadden Collection MFCP Roy McFadden, Collected Poems, 1943-1995 (Belfast: Lagan Press, 1996) MNCP Louis MacNeice, Collected Poems, ed. by Peter McDonald (London: Faber, 2007) PRONI Public Records Office of Northern Ireland RCP W.R. Rodgers,
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