DOCSLIB.ORG

Affordable Eco-Homes Winston Churchill Trust Travelling Fellowship Senior Lecturer in Human Geography September 2011 Low Income Environmental Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Affordable Eco-Homes Winston Churchill Trust Travelling Fellowship Senior Lecturer in Human Geography September 2011 Low Income Environmental Solutions Report by Dr Jenny Pickerill Affordable eco-homes Winston Churchill Trust Travelling Fellowship Senior Lecturer in Human Geography September 2011 Low income environmental solutions Summary of key findings This is an initial report from an academic research project looking at Eco-building involves more than technical changes to construction; it ways we can make eco-housing more affordable. Its key findings are involves cultural shifts in how we consider our houses and homes. that: There are dynamic relationships between physical structures and indi- vidual behavioural practices, culture, history and place. We need both a technical assessment of materials and methods used, and a social assessment of people’s choices and decisions in There are many simple ways to make eco-housing more affordable, order to understand eco-housing. including: There is a diverse variety of eco-housing worldwide. The definition Reducing the size used in this report is that an eco-building minimises resource use (in Simple design and avoiding the use of unnecessary technol- construction and life-cycle) while also providing a comfortable envi- ogy ronment in which to live. The USA has a long-standing and established Designing affordability in at the start eco-building culture, whereas eco-building has only existed in Thai- land in the last decade. Designing in modular units so that a building can be extended at a later stage We already have the technical knowhow, and many working exam- Internal open plan design to enable maximum flexibility ples, to build resilient eco-houses in Britain. However, ecological Using the space between buildings building methods remain marginalised and often mis- Building collectively understood. Sharing common facilities and infrastructure Sharing the cost of the land Eco-building will only be adopted if it offers what peo- Avoiding the use of experts ple demand from a house and Participating in the debate about new planning regulations to that they can live how they ensure that eco-building is permissible. want to within it. Careful choice of materials Less durable houses The success of eco-housing is only as great as the behaviour Using pre-fabricated elements or existing structures of the people who live in it. Avoiding a purist approach Construction and technology Ensuring design is aesthetically pleasing cannot compensate for exces- A hybrid ecohouse at Lama Foundation, New Mexico Using hybrid combinations of materials sive energy use. Planning favours buildings which conform to existing styles and norms There remains a perception that building an eco-house is more and building regulations need to be negotiated. costly, whereas figures for the lifecycle costs of buildings have proved that in the long term they are actually cheaper. More invest- Eco-building is gendered in that is it perceived to be a male domain ment may be required upfront but it pays off in costing less to run where men are presumed to be better builders, more men than women throughout its lifetime. actually build and women find their ideas and contributions to eco- building are often belittled. Socially constructed notions of gender have Living sustainably has been associated with forgoing (doing without) determined that strength is the most important attribute required for many elements of contemporary life. However, a good eco-house is building, which is not true. actually more comfortable. The replication of eco-build techniques worldwide has less to do with It is not technology, or even politics, which is holding us back in whether the build actually worked or its cost, but is influenced by the building more eco-houses, it is deep rooted cultural and social con- less quantifiable factors of foreign importation of ideas, the appeal of ventions in how we live and what we expect houses to do for us. the aesthetics, open discussion of failure, a critical mass of support, Choices of building materials are made according to complex com- assertive pioneers, and people understanding how their existing houses promises between cost, local availability, skills and expertise re- work. quired, suitability for climate, ecological properties, maintenance Further research work is needed on how people understand their requirements and cultural attachments to certain forms. Thus eco- houses, how eco-build approaches are replicated, post-occupancy materials need to satisfy many criteria before they are adopted. evaluations and the cultural dimensions of eco-building. Affordable eco-homes Aims of research This report identifies the preliminary findings from a one year (March 2010 to March 2011) research project on Contact low cost eco-housing. The aim of the project was to understand how to encourage more affordable eco- Dr Jenny Pickerill housing in Britain by learning from examples at home and overseas. [email protected] The aims of the research were to: +44 (0)7964737994 Department of Geography Identify successful examples of low cost eco-housing University of Leicester across a variety of different environments and con- University Road texts. Leicester LE1 7RH Understand how such developments have overcome United Kingdom any problems they faced (such as planning, local resis- tance, finance, or using non-conventional materials). Green Building Blog: Identify common successful strategies in creating http://naturalbuild.wordpress.com/ affordable eco-homes which could be adopted in (contains reports on each case study) Britain. Personal website: The main focus of this work thus far has been on new www.jennypickerill.info builds and on small scale projects. It includes retrofitting, community and individual builds, radical and more con- ventional approaches. However, it does not include large-scale commercial or state-led developments. an eco-building minimises resource use (in construction and life-cycle) while also providing a comfortable environment in which to live Brighton Earthship, UK Defining eco-building What is affordable housing? The broad definition used in this report is that an eco- What is affordable greatly depends on average incomes building minimises resource use (in construction and life and what people expect to have to spend on a house. -cycle) while also providing a comfortable environment According to government criteria, affordable housing is in which to live. In other words, a good eco-building defined through a formula of local income levels and balances our need for comfort with ecological impact. local house prices. Its basic premise is that it should be An extremely ecological house that provides no comfort low enough for those on the lowest incomes to afford. does not satisfy our human need for a home. Determining what is actually affordable, however, is very difficult. Currently many people are unable to This can be achieved in numerous ways and there is a afford to buy a house, and others secure 25 years of breadth of approaches between buildings which use debt to buy one. technology to reduce their environmental impact and those which rely upon natural materials and a low im- This research starts from the premise that even bor- pact lifestyle. The more natural buildings can actually rowing three times your annual income for a house is have a negative carbon footprint because materials like not low cost housing (instead there are examples of eco straw actually store CO2. Eco-building thus requires -houses built for just £3,000). ‘Cheap’ housing should Peninsula Park Commons, careful consideration of location, materials, resource use, also not mean low quality. However, people might be Oregon, USA toxicity, durability, reclamation potential, biodiversity, prepared to pay a little more for a house which costs aesthetics, relation to community, and the ongoing dy- less to run and is good quality—increasing purchase namic relationships between people and their homes. costs to save on life-cycle costs. As such we need to continue to critically question what ‘affordable’ should actually mean and examine ways to create better low Page 2 cost homes. September 2011 What is wrong with current housing in Britain? High environmental impact: salary. Despite being average design. Traditional terrace houses not rapidly growing or declining) Housing – both in construction figures which hide the huge dis- are often dark and only have our household composition is and use – consumes significant parity in incomes and house small windows to the south. changing and there is increased amounts of energy and contrib- values evident across Britain, our demand for more single occu- utes at least 25% of all carbon houses are still very expensive Poor inflexible internal design: pancy dwellings. emissions in Britain. Of residen- and many simply cannot afford a Our houses have historically been small, but they are also Our houses are not built for cli- tial CO2 emissions in a house over house. Even if they can they are 50% is used for space heating and saddled with debt for on 25 restrictive internally. Few are mate change: The Met Office 20% for water heating. More- years average. open plan and instead have lay- predict that temperatures will over, the construction industry is outs which no longer suit con- rise in Britain with increasing responsible for one-fifth of total It is of poor quality and not en- temporary life. More than half a heatwaves and fewer frost days. UK waste. Despite lots of state- ergy efficient: As many as 20% of million people in Britain live in At the same time we will have led environmental housing initia- our existing houses are not ther- overcrowded conditions. increased rainfall, more intensive tives and legislation there has mally efficient in that they leak rain showers, a rise in sea level, heat. As a result we use a lot of Limited possibilities for retrofit- coastal surge events and more been a slow update of eco- ting: Although it would clearly be building. expensive energy trying to heat storms. In other words, we need them and many people suffer preferable to retrofit existing to be prepared for flooding, Our housing is very expensive: In from fuel poverty (when more houses rather than build anew, storms and heat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diamondiaal Compendium
    DIAMONDIAAL COMPENDIUM A circular community for the future (S)ACT-Group 1689 Alexander Boedijn Anne Tjallingii Anouk Stam Carlotta Meriggi Mona Regad Preface In this compendium, we put together a collection of detailed information about numerous sustainable technologies in relation to water, energy and food production. These sustainable technologies could be implemented in the future community Diamondiaal, in order to make it an off-grid and circular community. In this document, all working mechanism are explained, together with their advantages and disadvantages. Taking that information into account, we assessed how feasible the technologies would be for the community Diamondiaal by ranking them. This technical compendium could be of great help in the decision-making process of what technologies to implement in the community. Decisions that need to be taken in terms of technologies, are dependent on the priority setting: it is more important to create a circular community that is completely off the grid? Or is it more important to build the community together with all inhabitants and create a high level of solidarity? Both choices would also have consequences for the costs. There are several people and organisations we would like to thank. First of all, we would like to thank Amal Abbass-Saal, director of Inspiratie Inc. and founder of the future community Diamondiaal. Furthermore, we would like to thank Astrid Hendriksen, our connection between Wageningen University and Inspiratie Inc. Finally, we would like to thank Nora Sutton, who
    [Show full text]
  • Earthship’ Based on Monitoring and Thermal Simulation
    Learning from ‘Earthship’ based on monitoring and thermal simulation Martin Freney, Veronica Soebarto and Terry Williamson University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ABSTRACT: This paper describes research which investigates the thermal performance of Earthship, an autonomous, earth-sheltered housing concept that claims to require no active heating or cooling systems despite extreme climatic conditions. This research aims to test these claims through monitoring and thermal simulations. The study involves monitoring the indoor conditions in an Earthship home in New Mexico USA and uses the measured data to calibrate a computer model used to simulate the thermal performance of the home. A second part of the study compares Earthship thermal performance located in a temperate climate in Australia with that of buildings incorporating different wall construction materials such as strawbale, rammed earth, and brick veneer. Results from both of these studies substantiate the claims. The effect of including a greenhouse, earth-berm, and internal wall material is also explored and quantified. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the scope for reducing home energy use through the use of Earthship design principles and construction methods and the viability for building these houses in the Australian suburbs. Conference theme: Buildings and Energy Keywords: Earthship, thermal performance, monitoring, simulation INTRODUCTION The Earthship was developed by US architect Michael E Reynolds due to his concerns about the negative effects of conventional housing on the environment and on peoples’ health and wellbeing. He argued that reliance on centralised energy systems “give us acid rain, radioactive waste and powerlines lacing the earth” and that conventional housing is “non-functional” (Reynolds 1990) - and therefore dangerous - when centralised utilities for electricity, water, and sewage treatment are compromised as they often are by natural disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth-Sheltered Houses ENERGY Let’S Assume You’Re in the Market for a Beginning Your Project, and Cost—Will New Home
    DOE/GO-10097-373 FS 120 ENERGY February 1997 EFFICIENCY AND RCLEARINGHOUSE ENEWABLE Earth-Sheltered Houses ENERGY Let’s assume you’re in the market for a Beginning Your Project, and Cost—will new home. Let’s further assume that, like answer some questions you may have. many other people, you’re concerned Once you’ve decided on an earth- about the limited supplies of domestic oil sheltered house, the sections on Design, and gas, the unpredictable cost, and the Construction Considerations, including loca- environmental price tag attached to the tion, climate, site, and soils, and Construc- continued use of these fuels. tion Materials can help you make the house a reality. Is there any way to reconcile your con- cerns and still build your dream home? Advantages The solution might lie in earth-sheltered There are many advantages to earth- housing. These structures offer many sheltered construction. An earth-sheltered energy-efficient features and are often home is less susceptible to the impact of designed to use solar energy for heating extreme outdoor air temperatures, so you and cooling. Some designs make use of won’t feel the effects of adverse weather recycled materials in their construction. as much as in a conventional house. Tem- peratures inside the house are more stable If you do your homework, earth-sheltered than in conventional homes, and with less construction can be an attractive and temperature variability, interior rooms rewarding choice in housing. The follow- seem more comfortable. ing sections—Advantages, Disadvantages, NREL / PIX02909 This house in Tempe, Arizona, uses earth-sheltered construction methods to help decrease cooling costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthship – a New Habitat on Earth for Quality Life
    1st International conference on Quality of Life June 2016 Center for Quality, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac EARTHSHIP – A NEW HABITAT ON EARTH Tea Spasojevic-Santic1) FOR QUALITY LIFE Daniela Stanojlovic2) Abstract: The general view is that people have good quality 1)IMS Institute, Serbia, of life when they meet their basic needs for shelter, food and [email protected] water. An earthship is a type of passive solar house made of 2)University of Novi Sad natural and recycled materials. Behind the earthship Faculty of Technical Sciences, concept is 40 years of research and thousands of built self- Serbia, [email protected] sufficient buildings that are green in its materials and energy efficiency. The quality of life of its residents is reflected in a state of wellbeing as they live- off- grid, without bills, growing their own food and living in a harmony with themselves and with nature. Therefore, this paper shows that the Earthship concept is an excellent example of a sustainable quality of life. Keywords: Earhtship, New Habitat, Quality of Life 1. INTRODUCTION We have decided to focus solely on academic journals in this research and after We have a lot of opportunities to use or applying two more filters (selection of reuse construction, demolition and other types of publication and time frame of past 10 years) - waste, but we are using just a small part of it. At new result was 19 articles. The next step was to the same time, we are putting huge pressure on read carefully titles and abstracts and to discard natural resources demanding new construction all those articles that do not fit to our scope, materials and the Worldwatch Institute predicts theme and subject.
    [Show full text]
  • The Earthship
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Student Showcase Sustainable UMass 2020 New Shipment Just in! The Earthship Amanda Anderson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ sustainableumass_studentshowcase Anderson, Amanda, "New Shipment Just in! The Earthship" (2020). Student Showcase. 31. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/sustainableumass_studentshowcase/31 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sustainable UMass at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Showcase by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Anderson 1 Amanda Anderson Final Research Paper Sandy Litchfield December 4th, 2019 New Shipment Just in! The Earthship No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it.i Earthships are an underrated aspect in architecture and design because they not only challenge the status quo, but because they also create new options for sustainable living that integrates structures within nature. Although they are extremely energy efficient and environmentally friendly, earth homes can be further improved. Architect’s need to investigate options that include building with more light and open spaces so that residents don’t feel as if though they are living in one large dark basement. Ventilation and lighting difficulties can be prevalent, as well as the risk of mold and possibly radioactive material build up. An architect’s own level of environmental awareness greatly affects earth architecture, reflecting the designers’ individual personality, in addition to site specific issues that controls each decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Nations Earthship Is 'Radically Sustainable' Living
    3 • ❱ LOCAL NEWS ❱ FEATURE REPORT BRANT NEWS Six Nations earthship is ‘radically sustainable’ living Shelter made from natural and recycled materials provides affordable, environmental homes 2016 AUGUST 11, | THURSDAY, not like a moral thing, it’s a JEFF TRIBE [email protected] logical thing.” FOR BRANT NEWS Northern Canadian First Nations reserves contain a hwehhoh (Flower) combination of great need, Doxtador’s new available land and oppor- Oearthship is tunity, says Reynolds, who designed to provide solid is frustrated by the often- and sustainable shelter lengthy process of acquir- dovetailing beautifully ing building permits for with First Nations teach- unconventional designs. ings of respect for Mother “The kind of activity that Earth. needs to take place on this But its construction has planet at this time doesn’t provided the Sixth Line, need three years to get Six Nations grandmother of permits – we need to do it five much more than that. yesterday,” he said. “It’s been an awesome The independent nature experience and just kind of of reserves offers a stream- gives me another outlook lined process. that there still is people Ohwehhoh (Flower) Doxtador is currently living in a 1971 house trailer with her daughter and five grandchildren, but is looking forward to the addition of a new earthship. She was recommended as a worthy recipient to Earthship Canada’s Marianne Griffith through ‘a friend “They go over here and out there who have a heart, of a friend of a friend.’ PHOTO BY JEFF TRIBE say, ‘do it here,’” Reynolds some humanity to give and said.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOTECTURE VILLAGE Thematic Research Paper
    BIOTECTURE VILLAGE Thematic research paper Abstract To reduce the environmental impact of built environment, a circular approach needs to be implemented on all levels. Resources often travel great distances to their consumers, which leads to an inefficient and wasteful supply chain. Thus, by moving to localized production of all resources needed to sustain a small village can be greatly reduced. This research intends to explore the possibilities of a self-sufficient village applying known technologies to all energy and material flows. Achieving full autarky is therefore a key aspect of the plan. The demands of water, food and energy will be researched and from this a quantified plan will emerge that can serve as design guidelines. The village will be placed in the Dutch sub-urban context of Parkstad, which is known for population decline and changing demographics. This region will be presented by IBA as a regional incubator of sustainable innovations by the year 2020. It is therefore essential to attract people of all age groups to seize this opportunity and collaborate for a sustainable and diverse living environment. Colophon Research paper: Biotecture village Written by: Bernard Oussoren Student number: 4017919 Tutor Architecture: Annebregje Snijders Tutor Research: Jan Jongert As part of: Master of Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Faculty of Architecture Julianalaan 113 2628 BL, Delft Personal Information: Doelenstraat 125 2611 NS, Delft [email protected] +31 (0)6 50 53 58 50 January 2017 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Methodology 2 3. Context 3 3.1 Heerlen 4 3.2 Location 5 3.2.1 Eco-village situation 5 3.2.2 Locational properties 6 3.3 Program of Requirements 7 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthship Architecture in Punta Cana Gabriela Villalobos University of Florida
    ____________________________________________________ Earthship Architecture in Punta Cana Gabriela Villalobos University of Florida Faculty mentor: Jocelyn Widmer, Texas A&M University Abstract Earthship, developed by Michael Reynolds in the 1970s, is an experimental architectural design that seeks sustainable housing. This movement is known for using passive solar methods, earth sheltered facades, and recycled materials for building. This paper explores the possibility of applying this architecture that was originally developed in North America, in the tropical areas of the Dominican Republic. The eastern area of the Dominican Republic, Punta Cana, is the home of a growing informal population due to the booming service sector’s demand to support tourism development. Earthship architecture focuses on small scale homes satisfying the need for multi-family and single-family housing in the area; however, Earthship was designed for dryer climates that go through considerable seasonal temperature changes. Extensive research shows that to accommodate Earthship homes in Punta Cana is unadvised. Building a thermal wall has not had significant benefits on climates with little daily temperature changes. Making an earth-berm building would make the humidity overwhelming, and the transparent south facade would overheat the inside spaces. Background The eastern area of the Dominican Republic is home to one of the Caribbean’s most luxurious tourism destinations (Punta Cana), but it is also home to a growing informal population due to the increased demands in the construction and service sectors to support this tourism development. As a result, there are several informal urban areas in the region where people have migrated from all over the island of Hispaniola to have access to robust employment opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Renewable Energy Toolkit
    Community Renewable Energy Toolkit Foreword The purpose of this toolkit is to contribute towards the achievement of Scotland’s renewable energy targets by galvanising and guiding community groups to find ways of maximising community involvement and benefits from renewable energy. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Who is this Toolkit for? ....................................................................................................................... 5 Community needs ............................................................................................................................... 5 Your Community’s Requirements ....................................................................................................... 6 A range of possibilities ........................................................................................................................ 6 Section 1: Energy, Renewable Energy and Carbon Basics ................................................................... 8 1.1 Energy basics ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2 Energy rating ................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Energy consumption ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1.4 Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Earthship Biotecture Academy to Educate Students from Around the World
    www.earthship.com michael reynolds S USTAINABLE A UTONOMY F O R E VERYONE Michael Reynolds has been a world leader in sustainable architecture for over 40 years. He designs and builds fully self-sufficient homes made from a significant amount of natural and recycled materials. These homes are called Earthships and have been built around the world. Earthships heat and cool themselves passively, produce their own electricity, collect their own water, treat their own sewage and grow a significant amount of their own food. Michael is responsible for design and systems evolutions, leading his team on disaster relief projects, adapting building techniques to suit any climate it the world and teaching the philosophy behind living harmoniously with the planet. He is the initiator of three Earthship Communities, author of seven books, subject of the feature length documentary Garbage Warrior and the drafter of the Sustainable Development Testing Sites Act. In 2011 he founded the Earthship Biotecture Academy to educate students from around the world. History Michael Reynolds came to Taos, New Mexico after finishing Architecture School in 1969. At the time Taos was still the “Wild West” with a pioneer spirit and no building regulations. Inspired by television news stories on the problem of trash and the lack of affordable housing, Michael created the “can brick”. 10 empty cans wired together, 4 flat and four unflattened, wired together to make a free brick, a free unit of space with which to build. Continuous experimentation with these ideas eventually evolved into what is now known as Earthships. Solar Heat The walls of an Earthship are built with used automobile tires rammed with earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted
    Feasibility of Translating Earthships in Africa and Future Design Considerations MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY by JUL 252017 Sade Kailani Nabahe LIBRARIES ARCHIVES Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2017 0 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author ... Signature ............................. Department of Mechanical Engineering May 24, 2017 Certified by.........................Signature redacted ........... (Maria Yang Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Signature redacted Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ................. Rohit Karnik Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Officer 1 Feasibility of Translating Earthships in Africa and Future Design Considerations by Sade Kailani Nabahe Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on May 25, 2017 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACT Earthships are passive solar buildings with renewable power, water harvesting, and sewage systems, designed to be off grid with minimal reliance on public utilities, and use recycled and natural materials. Due to high initial capital cost and resources needed, earthships have primarily been implemented in developed countries. However, the self-sufficiency earthships offer through their subsystems presents an opportunity for
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Earthship Model Viable As Affordable Eco Housing in Scotland?
    Earthship Communities Research Project October 2004 Is the Earthship model viable as affordable eco housing in Scotland? A collaborative project between Funded by The Innovation Programme, Energy Saving Trust Table of Contents Page 1.0 Executive Summary 2 2.0 Background on the Study Partners 3 3.0 Rationale/Methodology 3.1 Earthship Fife 4 3.2 Earthships as Affordable Eco Homes 4 3.3 Market Demand for Earthships & Perceived Barriers 4 3.3.1. Primary Data – Questionnaire Survey 4 3.3.2 Secondary Data – Review and Analysis of enquiries and requests for support for implementing Earthship projects received by SCI 5 4.0 Results of Feasibility Study 4.1 Earthship Design, Adaptations for Scotland & Material Costs 5 4.2 Planning & Building Control Issues 6 4.2.1 Planning & Building Control Assessment 8 4.2.2 Type Approval 9 4.2.3 Other Regulatory Issues to Consider 9 5.0 Findings 5.1 Earthship Fife – the Case Study 10 5.2 Earthships as Affordable Eco Homes 12 5.3 Results & Findings - Market Demand for Earthships & Perceived Barriers 13 6.0 Conclusion 6.1 Earthship Fife – the Case Study 15 6.2 Earthships as Affordable Eco Homes 15 6.3 Market Demand for Earthships & Perceived Barriers 15 6.3.1 Primary Data – Questionnaire Survey 15 6.3.2 Secondary Data 16 7.0 Next Steps 16 Appendices See Separate Document 1 1.0 Executive Summary The Earthship Communities Research Project is a collaborative project between Sustainable Communities Initiatives (SCI), Earthships Moray (ESM) and South Ayrshire Council (SAC) and investigates whether the Earthship model is viable as affordable eco housing in Scotland.
    [Show full text]