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Diamondiaal Compendium

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Diamondiaal Compendium DIAMONDIAAL COMPENDIUM A circular community for the future (S)ACT-Group 1689 Alexander Boedijn Anne Tjallingii Anouk Stam Carlotta Meriggi Mona Regad Preface In this compendium, we put together a collection of detailed information about numerous sustainable technologies in relation to water, energy and food production. These sustainable technologies could be implemented in the future community Diamondiaal, in order to make it an off-grid and circular community. In this document, all working mechanism are explained, together with their advantages and disadvantages. Taking that information into account, we assessed how feasible the technologies would be for the community Diamondiaal by ranking them. This technical compendium could be of great help in the decision-making process of what technologies to implement in the community. Decisions that need to be taken in terms of technologies, are dependent on the priority setting: it is more important to create a circular community that is completely off the grid? Or is it more important to build the community together with all inhabitants and create a high level of solidarity? Both choices would also have consequences for the costs. There are several people and organisations we would like to thank. First of all, we would like to thank Amal Abbass-Saal, director of Inspiratie Inc. and founder of the future community Diamondiaal. Furthermore, we would like to thank Astrid Hendriksen, our connection between Wageningen University and Inspiratie Inc. Finally, we would like to thank Nora Sutton, who guided us with her expertise, and Gerard Jagers op Akkerhuis, who coached us as a team. 1 Table of content INTRODUCTION _____________________________________________________________________________ 5 EXISTING COMMUNITIES _____________________________________________________________________ 7 QUARTIER VAUBAN, FREIBURG, GERMANY __________________________________________________________ 7 DE CEUVEL, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS ________________________________________________________ 8 SCHOONSHIP, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS _______________________________________________________ 9 VERENIGING AARDEHUIS, OLST, THE NETHERLANDS ___________________________________________________ 10 HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN _______________________________________________________ 11 MEETINGS WITH EXPERTS AND STAKEHOLDERS _________________________________________________ 12 FABCITY _________________________________________________________________________________ 12 EXPERT MEETING WITH PROF. DR. IR. ZEEMAN _______________________________________________________ 14 VISITING INSPIRATIE-INC ______________________________________________________________________ 15 QUALITATIVE CONSTRAINTS _________________________________________________________________ 17 GENERAL DIVISION OF THE LAND WITHIN OOSTERWOLD _________________________________________________ 18 CONSTRAINTS REGARDING ECOLOGY ______________________________________________________________ 18 CONSTRAINTS REGARDING SOIL AND WATER _________________________________________________________ 19 LANDSCAPE _______________________________________________________________________________ 20 QUANTITATIVE CONSTRAINTS ________________________________________________________________ 21 HOUSEHOLD REQUIREMENTS: ENERGY AND WATER __________________________________________________ 21 GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS ____________________________________________________________________ 23 WATER AND HUMANS ______________________________________________________________________ 27 WATER HARVESTING ________________________________________________________________________ 27 WATER TREATMENT _________________________________________________________________________ 31 WATER STORAGE ___________________________________________________________________________ 36 FOOD AND WATER _________________________________________________________________________ 38 HYDROPONICS _____________________________________________________________________________ 38 AQUAPONICS _____________________________________________________________________________ 39 HUMAN AND FOOD ________________________________________________________________________ 41 COMPOSTING _____________________________________________________________________________ 41 GREENHOUSE (ALSO GLASSHOUSE OR HOTHOUSE) _____________________________________________________ 44 VERTICAL FARMING _________________________________________________________________________ 46 WINDOW FARMING _________________________________________________________________________ 48 COLD FRAME ______________________________________________________________________________ 49 ENERGY AND HUMAN ______________________________________________________________________ 50 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY ______________________________________________________________________ 51 SOLAR PANELS FOR ELECTRICITY _________________________________________________________________ 53 WIND POWER _____________________________________________________________________________ 56 ANAEROBIC DIGESTER SMALL-SCALE ______________________________________________________________ 58 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) _____________________________________________________________ 61 HEAT PUMP ______________________________________________________________________________ 63 2 WOODCHIP BURNERS ________________________________________________________________________ 65 BIOMASS GASIFICATION ______________________________________________________________________ 68 BIOMASS FURNACE FOR RECOVERING CO2 FROM FLUE GASES _____________________________________________ 70 WATER AND ENERGY _______________________________________________________________________ 71 BUFFERS _________________________________________________________________________________ 71 HEAT EXCHANGERS _________________________________________________________________________ 73 MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS _______________________________________________________________________ 74 EXPLANATION SCENARIOS ___________________________________________________________________ 77 RECOMMENDATIONS _______________________________________________________________________ 83 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF EACH SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY ________________________________________________ 83 SOIL AND BUILDING RESTRICTIONS _______________________________________________________________ 83 PHONE APPLICATION FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION WITHIN DIAMONDIAAL INHABITANTS __________________________ 83 FOCUSSING IN THE DETAILS ____________________________________________________________________ 83 REFERENCES ______________________________________________________________________________ 84 3 TABLE 1. GENERAL DIVISION OF THE LAND IN OOSTERWOLD ACCORDING TO THE MUNICIPALITY ..................... 18 TABLE 2. GAS CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS. .................................................................... 21 TABLE 3. ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN THE NETHERLANDS. ..................................................................................... 22 TABLE 4. WATER DEMAND IN THE NETHERLANDS. .............................................................................................. 23 TABLE 5. COMPARISON OF ROOFING MATERIALS RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS .......................................................... 29 TABLE 6. SPF AND QUSABLE FACTOR VALUES SUGGESTED BY EUROSTAT.. .................................................... 64 TABLE 7. COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTAINED IN VARIOUS TYPES OF FUELS. MC = MOISTURE CONTENT .... 65 TABLE 8. REVIEW OF FUEL STORAGE OPTIONS. .................................................................................................. 66 TABLE 9. AMOUNT OF BIOMASS NEEDED FOR HOUSEHOLD HEATING IN THE DIAMONDIAAL VILLAGE. ................ 67 TABLE 10. GRADING OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPARISON. ............................................................ 76 FIGURE 1. LAND DIVISION AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENTS OF THE DIAMONDIAAL PLOT. ...................................... 5 FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SYSTEMS USED IN DE CEUVEL ............................................... 8 FIGURE 3. SUSTAINABILITY PLAN FOR THE SCHOONSHIP AMSTERDAM ................................................................ 9 FIGURE 4. OVERVIEW OF ENERGY, WATER AND WASTE FLOWS IN HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD. ................................. 11 FIGURE 5. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A UASB. ..................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 6. AREA PLANNED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OOSTERWOLD. ............................................................. 18 FIGURE 7. AVERAGE, MONTHLY RAINFALL IN THE NETHERLANDS. ..................................................................... 24 FIGURE 8. DAILY SUM OF GLOBAL RADIATION. THIS DATA REPRESENTS THE AVERAGES PER MONTH FROM THE PERIOD 1951 – 1980. ................................................................................................................................. 25 FIGURE 9. AVERAGE, YEARLY WIND SPEED FROM DATA GATHERED BETWEEN 1981-2010. ............................. 25 FIGURE 10. MONTHLY, MEAN TEMPERATURE IN THE NETHERLANDS. ................................................................ 26 FIGURE 11. EXAMPLE OF A ROOF HARVESTING SYSTEM WITH TRANSPORT AND STORAGE FACILITIES .............. 28 FIGURE 12. EXAMPLE OF THE LAYERED COMPONENTS OF A GREEN ROOF. ....................................................... 30 FIGURE 13. DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS. ..........................................................
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