Salil Shetty July 22, 2015 Secretary General Amnesty International

Steven W. Hawkins Executive Director Amnesty International USA

Amnesty International Board of Directors

Dear Mr. Shetty, Mr. Hawkins and the Amnesty International Board of Directors:

We write to you in light of Amnesty International’s “Draft Policy on Sex Work” to be reportedly submitted for consideration at its International Council Meeting in Dublin, from 7-11 August 2015, and which endorses the full decriminalization of the .1

The signatories below represent a wide breadth of national and international human rights advocates, women's rights organizations, faith-based and secular organizations and concerned individuals, deeply troubled by Amnesty’s proposal to adopt a policy that calls for the decriminalization of pimps, owners and buyers of sex — the pillars of a $99 billion global sex industry.2 Most importantly, the signers include courageous survivors of the sex trade whose authority of experience informs us about the inescapable harms the sex trade inflicted on them and guides us toward finding meaningful solutions toward ending these human rights violations.

Amnesty International was the first and most prominent organization to bring the concept of human rights to the global community. Although Amnesty was late in understanding that women’s rights are human rights and incorporating this concept in its mission, it was nevertheless seen as a beacon in mobilizing the public to ensure governments’ implementation of the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The “Draft Policy on Sex Work3” flies in the face of this historical reputation.

We firmly believe and agree with Amnesty that human beings bought and sold in the sex trade, who are mostly women, must not be criminalized in any jurisdiction and that their human rights must be respected and protected to the fullest extent. We also agree that, with the exception of a few countries, governments and law enforcement grievously violate prostituted individuals’ human rights. However, what your “Draft Policy on Sex Work” is incomprehensibly proposing is the wholesale decriminalization of the sex industry, which in effect legalizes pimping, brothel owning and sex buying.

Growing evidence shows the catastrophic effects of decriminalization of the sex trade. The German government, for example, which deregulated the industry of in 2002, has found that the sex industry was not made safer for women after the enactment of its law.4 Instead, the explosive growth of legal in has triggered an increase in sex trafficking.5

1 Amnesty International, 32nd International Council Meeting, Circular No. 18, 2015 ICM Circular: Draft Policy on Sex Work; AI Index: ORG 50/1940/2015 2 International Labour Organization, Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour (Geneva: ILO, 2014), http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf 3 Amnesty uses the term “sex work,” a term invented by the sex industry and its supporters to mainstream and normalize the inherent violence, degradation and dehumanization that defines prostitution. It is not a term that complies with the principles of human rights or with international law. 4 German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Report by the Federal Government on the Impact of the Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes (), (Berlin: 2007), https://ec.europa.eu/anti- trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/federal_government_report_of_the_impact_of_the_act_regulating_the_legal_situation_of_prostitutes_2007_en_1.pdf 5 Seo-Young Cho, Axel Dreher and Eric Neumayer, “Does Legalized Prostitution Increase ?,” World Development 41 (2013): 75-76, http://www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/neumayer/pdf/Article-for-World-Development-_prostitution_-anonymous- REVISED.pdf 1

Decriminalization of the sex trade renders brothel owners “businessmen” who with impunity facilitate the trafficking of very young women predominantly from the poorest countries of Eastern Europe and the Global South to meet the increased demand for prostitution. For instance, the 2002 German deregulation law spawned countrywide brothel chains that offer “Friday-night specials”6 for men who have license to purchase women for sexual acts that include acts of torture.7 This prompted mainstream news outlets to tag Germany the “Bordello of Europe.” 8 Last year, leading trauma experts in Germany petitioned their government to repeal the 2002 law, underlining the extensive psychological harm that serial, unwanted sexual invasion and violence, which are among the hallmarks of prostitution, inflicts on women. Harm reduction is not enough, they explain; governments and civil society must invest in harm elimination.9

Additionally, reports indicate that the Netherlands has also seen an exponential increase in sex trafficking that is directly linked to that government’s decriminalization of the sex industry in 2000.10 The Dutch government confirms such links.11 Up to 90%12 of the women in Amsterdam’s brothels are Eastern European, African and Asian women who are being patronized by predominantly Caucasian men. Without a vibrant sex industry, there would be no sex trafficking.

Amnesty appears to shape its opinion about the sex industry primarily from the perspective of the HIV/AIDS sector, including UNAIDS.13 As worthy as their global work is, it is evident that these groups have very little understanding, if any, of violence against women and the intersectionality of race, gender and inequality. Defending the health and human rights of women is significantly more complex than the single aim of protecting individuals from HIV/AIDS, however critical. The primary goals of UNAIDS and other agencies that support limited harm reduction policies in the sex industry seem far more concerned with the health of sex buyers than the lives of prostituted and sex trafficked women. On the other hand, medical professionals, including gynecologists and mental health providers, confirm that regardless of how a woman ends up in the sex trade, the abuse, sexual violence and pervasive injuries these women endure at the hands of their pimps and “clients,” lead to life-long physical and psychological harm — and, too often, death.14

Moreover, international laws and covenants15 recognize the abuse of power over acutely vulnerable populations — the poor, the incested, the transgendered, the homeless — as a tool for the purpose of

6 Nisha Lilia Diu,“Welcome to Paradise: Inside the World of Legalised Prostitution,” The Telegraph, January 8, 2015, http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/welcome-to-paradise/ 7 For a list of ‘sexual services’ the German brothel chain Pascha offers in , , , and Graz, go to http://www.pascha.de/en/ 8 Cordula Meyer, Conny Neumann, Fidelius Schmid, Petra Truckendanner and Steffen Winter, “Unprotected: How Legalizing Prostitution Has Failed,” Der Spiegel, May 30, 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/human-trafficking-persists-despite-legality-of-prostitution-in-germany-a-902533-3.html Jim Reed, “Mega-brothels: Has Germany become the ‘bordello of Europe’?,” BBC, February 21, 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26261221 9 “TraumatherapeutInnen gegen Prostitution!” EMMA, September 25, 2014, http://www.emma.de/artikel/traumatherapeutinnen-gegen-prostitution-317787 10 Daalder, A. L. (2007). Prostitution in The Netherlands since the lifting of the brothel ban [English version]. The Hague: WODC / Boom Juridische Uitgevers, https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/1204e-engelse-vertaling-rapport-evaluatie-opheffing-bordeelverbod.aspx 11 Wim Huisman and Edward R. Kleemans, “The challenges of fighting sex trafficking in the legalized prostitution market of the Netherlands,” Crime, Law and Social Change 61.2 (2014): 215-228. Naftali Bendavid, “Amsterdam Debates Sex Trade,” The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324049504578543370643627376 12 KLPD (Korps Landelijke Politiediensten) – Dienst Nationale Recherche (juli 2008). Schone schijn, de signalering van mensenhandel in de vergunde prostitutiesector. Driebergen. 13 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work (Geneva: United Nations, 2012) http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/JC2306_UNAIDS-guidance-note-HIV-sex-work_en.pdf 14 See two interviews, respectively conducted by Taina Bien-Aimé, with German trauma expert Dr. Ingeborg Kraus in “Germany Wins the Title of ‘Bordello of Europe’: Why Doesn’t Angela Merkel Care?” The Huffington Post, May 27, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taina-bienaime/germany-wins-the- title-of_b_7446636.html; and Dr. Julia Geynisman, founder of the Survivor Clinic in “’If You Build It, They Will Come’: The Survivor Clinic Tackles Sex Trafficking in New York City,” The Huffington Post, July 14, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taina-bienaime/if-you-build-itthey-will- _b_7785724.html 15 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational , Palermo, 15 November 2000, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2237, p. 319; Doc. A/55/383 2

exploitation. Disenfranchised women of color, including Aboriginal, Native, First Nations, African- American and “Scheduled Castes” women, are overwhelmingly represented among the prostituted and the sex trafficked.16 Every day, we combat male access to women’s bodies through power and control, from female genital mutilation to forced marriage; from domestic violence to violation of reproductive rights. The exchange of money for such access does not eliminate the violence women face in the sex trade. It is unfathomable that a human rights organization of Amnesty’s stature is failing to recognize prostitution as a cause and consequence of gender inequality.

A primary way of protecting the human rights of commercially sexually exploited individuals is to provide comprehensive services and exit strategies, should they opt to leave the sex trade, and to hold their exploiters accountable. A number of governments have already passed legislation that reflects this gender and human rights framework.17 In a 2014 resolution, the European Parliament also recognized prostitution as a form of violence against women and an affront to human dignity, urging its members to pass laws that decriminalize solely those who sell sex and criminalize solely those who purchase it.18

Consequently, should Amnesty vote to support the decriminalization of pimping, brothel owning and sex buying, it will in effect support a system of gender apartheid, in which one category of women may gain protection from sexual violence and sexual harassment, and offered economic and educational opportunities; while another category of women, whose lives are shaped by absence of choice, are instead set apart for consumption by men and for the profit of their pimps, traffickers and brothel owners. Neither the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, nor international law excepts any human being from enjoying a life free of violence and of dignity.

Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty, once said: “The candle burns not for us, but for all those whom we failed to rescue from prison, who were shot on the way to prison, who were tortured, who were kidnapped, who ‘disappeared.’ That is what the candle is for.”

Amnesty's reputation in upholding human rights for every individual would be severely and irreparably tarnished if it adopts a policy that sides with buyers of sex, pimps and other exploiters rather than with the exploited. By so voting, Amnesty would blow out its own candle.

We implore Amnesty to stand on the side of justice and equality for all.

Sincerely yours,

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), New York, 18 December 1979, United Nations Treaty Series, vol.1249, in which Article 6 urges member States to “take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women.” The UN General Assembly Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 2 December 1949, A/RES/317 states that “prostitution is incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endangers the welfare of the individual, the family and the community.” 16 Cherry Smiley, “Real change for aboriginal women begins with the end of prostitution,” , January 14, 2015, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/real-change-for-aboriginal-women-begins-with-the-end-of-prostitution/article22442349/ 17 These set of laws, currently known as the “Nordic Model,” were passed by Sweden (1999), South Korea (2004, with modifications), Iceland (2008), Norway (2009), Canada (2014, with modifications), Northern Ireland (2015). Other jurisdictions debating the enactment of the “Nordic Model” in their legislatures include France, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania and certain jurisdictions in the United States. 18 Report on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality, European Parliament Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, 4 February 2014 available from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A7-2014- 0071+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN#title1

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Magdy Abdel-Hamid Rev. Dr. Cheryl Anthony Egyptian Association For Community Judah International Participation Enhancement USA Egypt APT (Act to Prevent Trafficking) Tahira Abdulla Ireland Pakistan Martha Lucía Arcila A. Peter Abetz MLA Parliament of Western Australia Mirela Arqimandriti Australia Executive Director, Gender Alliance for Development Center Adopt Nordic WA Albania Australia Roxana Arroyo Mohammed Ali President, Fundación Justicia y Género Human Rights Activist and Board Member, Costa Rica Feminist Initiative Oslo Norway Billy B. Ashby USA Leila El Ali Executive Director, Association Najdeh Muriel Salmona, Doctor of Psychiatry, (member of IFE-EFI) President Lebanon Judith Trinquart, Doctor of Legal Medicine, General Secretary Coralie Alison Association Mémoire Traumatique et National Director of Operations, Collective Victimologie Shout France Australia Gertrud Åström Nancy Allen President, Hela HUT AB Human Trafficking Freedom Coalition Sweden USA Holly G. Atkinson, M.D., FACP Benedict Alnaes Director, Human Rights Program Human Rights Activist and Board Member, Arnhold Global Health Institute at Mount Sinai Feminist Initiative Oslo USA Norway Colleen Atwood USA

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Élaine Audet Cynthia Bellinger Writer and Editor, Sisyphe.org Restoring Our Community Media Arts Network Canada USA

Seher Aydar Samantha Berg Leader, Anti-racism Center, Oslo Women’s Liberation Front (WoLF) Norway USA

Jackie Aziz Stina Bergsten Secretary to Director of Mission, St. Joseph’s Founder and Board Member, Feminist Initiative Hospice Party Oslo UK Norway

Bagong Kamalayan Survivors’ Collective Taina Bien-Aimé The Philippines Executive Director, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women – International Laure Banks USA Greater Allen Cathedral USA Julie Bindel Journalist and Feminist Campaigner, Board Member, SPACE International Founding Member and Community Engagement UK Coordinator, EVE (formerly Exploited Voices now Educating) Collette N. Bishop, MSW Canada The Organization for Prostitution Survivors (OPS) and Seattle Therapy Alliance (STA) Laure Banks USA Greater Allen Cathedral Aud Karin Bjørn Christine Baranski Executive Committee Member and Board USA Member, The Women's Front of Norway Norway Barbara Bares USA Emily Blunt UK Angela Bassett USA Susan Bolotin USA Hélène Bédard La Maison de Marthe Canada

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Anne Bonfiglio Dana Buchman Executive Director, Partnership for Student USA Advancement USA Ted Bunch Co-Founder, A CALL TO MEN Helle Borgen USA Feminist Spokesperson and Vice President, Red Party of Norway Judith Buckman Norway South Jersey National Organization for Women (NOW) – Alice Paul Chapter Lise Bouvet USA Collectif Resources Prostitution France Susie Tomkins Buell USA Debra Boyer, PhD Executive Director, Organization for BUKLOD Survivors – Olongapo Prostitution Survivors The Philippines USA Francesca Burack Jane Bradley Enterprising and Professional Women – NYC USA (EPW-NYC) USA Mar Brettmann, PhD Executive Director, BEST (Businesses Ending Autumn Burris Slavery & Trafficking) Founding Director, Survivors for Solutions USA USA

Sally Ann Brickner, OSF Twiss Butler Justice, Peace, and Integrity of Creation USA Coordinator, Congregation of Sisters of St. Agnes Rev. William Caban USA Templo Candelero de Oro

Lydia Cacho Jimmie Briggs Author and Activist; Winner – Amnesty Founding Executive Director, ManUp International Human Rights Award (2008), Campaign, and Current Executive Director, Amnesty International U.S.A Ginetta Sagan LOVE (Leave Out Violence) Award (2009) and Women of the World

Thompson Reuters Award for Bravery in Tina Brown Journalism (2012) UK/USA Mexico 6

Laure Caille John Converset General Secretary, Libres MarianneS (LMS) Director, Office of JPIC, North American France Province, Comboni Missionaries USA Campaign to End Rape and Truth About Rape UK Chris Cooper USA Pilar Gonzalez Cano Member, RENATE (Religious in Europe Marianne Cooper Networking Against Trafficking & Exploitation) USA Spain Lawrence Couch Micheline Carrier Director, National Advocacy Center of the Editor, Sisyphe.org Sisters of the Good Shepherd Canada USA

Rev. Dr. Michael Carrion Ziba Cranmer Evangelical Covenant Church and National Executive Director, Demand Abolition Latino Evangelical Coalition USA USA Sr. Colette Cronin Vednita Carter The Institute of Our Lady of Mercy Founder and President, Breaking Free, Inc. UK USA Rev. Adrian Dannhauser, -Kline Chair, Task Force Against Human Trafficking USA for the Episcopal Diocese of New York USA Michelle Chapman Youthful Solutions Wendy Davis Director, Rooms of our Own CEDAW Watch UK The Philippines Sr. Joan Dawber, SC Luce Cloutier Executive Director, LifeWay Network Anthropologist and Consultant USA Canada Michèle Dayras Margaux Collet SOS Sexisme Osez le féminisme! France France

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Sr. Lynda Dearlove rsm Danny Diaz women@thewell Love Gospel Assembly UK USA

Elizabeth F. Defeis Rossana Dimarca Professor of Law, Seton Hall School of Law Member of Parliament and Feminist USA Spokesperson, Swedish Left Party Sweden Dr. Stephen M. De Luca, Esq. Chairman, Legislative/Policy Committee, NJ Winifred Doherty Coalition Against Human Trafficking Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the USA Good Shepherd Worldwide Jonathan Demme USA Domestic Violence Advocacy Service Ireland Michelle Madden Dempsey Professor of Law, Villanova University School Robert Douglas of Law SCO USA USA

Grace Hightower De Niro Catherine J. Douglass USA USA

Monique Dental Jennifer Drew Founding President, Réseau Féministe Consultant, Scottish Women Against “Ruptures” Pornography France UK

Claire Desaint Geneviève Duché Vice President, Association Réussir l'égalité President, l’Amicale du Nid Femmes-Hommes (REFH) France France Rose Dufour Ph.D., Fatoumata Siré Diakité Anthropologist and Executive Director, La Executive Director, Association pour le Maison de Marthe Développement de la Femme and ACTPEW Canada Mali Martin Dufresne Zéromacho Québec Canada

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Jaha Dukureh Matthew B. Ezzell, PhD Founder and Executive Director, Safe Hands for Associate Professor of Sociology Girls Department of Sociology & Anthropology USA/The Gambia James Madison University USA Lena Dunham USA Alda Facio Expert Member on L.A.C., Working Group on Linda Emond the Issue of Discrimination Against Women, USA Human Rights Council Costa Rica EMMA Magazine Germany Madge Fahy Social Questions Committee, Diane English Catholic Women's League of Victoria and USA Wagga Wagga Australia Rev. Que English NYC Faith-Based Coalition Against Human Natasha Falle Trafficking and Domestic Violence Sex Trade 101 USA Canada

Rev. Tim English Melissa Farley, Ph.D., Executive Director, Bronx Christian Fellowship Prostitution Research & Education USA USA

Mary Enright, DMJ Rev. Grant Finlay USA Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress (UAICC) Tasmania Jean Enriquez Australia Executive Director, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women – Asia Pacific (CATW- Anna Fisher AP) UK The Philippines Catherine A. Fitzpatrick Eve Ensler Writer and Translator Playwright and Founder, V-Day USA USA Mark Flynn European Women’s Lobby – French Chapter Christ United Methodist Church France USA

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Marie-Hélène Franjou Myani Gilbert Public Health Doctor Master of Social Work Student, University of France Washington USA Margot Franssen, OC Co-Chair, National Task Force on Sex Cheryl Glover Trafficking of Canadian Women and Girls Union Grove Missionary Baptist Church Canada USA

Pierre Fritsch Molly Gochman France Stardust Fund USA Paulo Fuller The Philippines Margeaux Gray Survivor Advocate, Motivational Speaker, Artist Sr. M. Cordis Ganslmeier National Survivor Network Sisters of Our Lady of CharityProvinzleiterin, USA Germany/Albania Sr. Margaret Gonzi Kate Ganz Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the USA Good Shepherd Malta Pat Gartlan Nordic Model Australia Coalition (NorMAC) Aneta Grabowska and Amnesty International Australia Mary Grey Australia RENATE (Religious in Europe Networking Against Trafficking & Exploitation) Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Poland USA Catríona Graham Mariam Garuba, M.D. Anti-Trafficking Awareness Officer, Immigrant USA Council of Ireland Ireland Sarah Gavron UK Diane Guilbault Vice President, Pour les droits des femmes du Julia Geynisman, M.D. Québec (PDF Québec) Founder, Survivor Clinic, and Obstetrics and Canada Gynecology, New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell Med Center USA

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Ruchira Gupta Yasmeen Hassan Founder and President, Apne Aap Women Global Director, Equality Now Worldwide, and Professor, New York Worldwide University India Anne Hathaway USA Lynda Haddock UK Dr. Anita Heiliger Sociologist, Gender Studies/Violence Rev. Kate Haggar Prevention, KOFRA (Communication Center Minister of Religion for Women in Work and Life) and Initiative Australia Stop Sexkauf Germany Marie Hélène Halligon, OLCGS Main Representative for Congregation of Our Rev. Dr. Peter Heltzel Lady Charity of the Good Shepherd, Good Micah Institute Shepherd International Justice and Peace Office USA (Vienna) and Core Member, RENATE (Religious in Europe Networking Against Rosen Hicher Trafficking and Exploitation) Survivor and Abolitionist Activist France Marche Pour L’Abolition France Lilian Halls-French Co-President, Euromed Feminist Initiative IFE- Adriane Hill EFI New York Theological Seminary France USA

Jalna Hanmer Kaethe Morris Hoffer UK Executive Director, Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation Ingrid Halvorsen USA Human Rights Activist and Board Member, The Women's Front of Norway Matthew Holloway - BSocSc (Couns) Norway Secretary, Nordic Model Australia Coalition (NorMAC) Marcia Gay Harden USA Ingrid Hörnebo Advisor, Norwegian Parliament, and Rev. Maria Harrero Representative, The Norwegian Socialist Left His Grace Fellowship Party USA Norway

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Klein Huhuette Margarita Jankauskaitė France Center for Equality Advancement Lithuania R. Evon Idahosa, Esq. Founder/Executive Director Aurora Javate-de Dios PathFinders Justice Initiative, Inc. Board Chair, Coalition Against Trafficking in USA/Nigeria Women – International The Philippines Gerald Imperial The Philippines Rodrigo Jiménez Co-Director, Women, Gender and Justice Ashley Byrd Program, United Nations Latin American Carolyn Carney Institute for Crime Prevention Calvin Chan Costa Rica Cristina Chapelle Emily Craig Lone Alice Johansen Tim Craig Senior Advisor, Secretariat of the Shelter Daniela Lancara Movement Norway Ashish Mathew Norway R. York Moore Douglas Paillere Sarah Jones InterVarsity Christian Fellowship USA USA Guðrún Jónsdóttir Irish Countrywomen’s Association Spokeswoman, Stígamóta Ireland Iceland

Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation Boriana Jönsson Ireland Euromed Feminist Initiative IFE-EFI France Katie Irwin NJ Coalition Against Human Trafficking Rev. Dr. Emma Jordan-Simpson USA Concord Baptist Church USA Ghada Jabbour Co-Founding Member and Head of the Daisy Z. Alvarez Juarez Exploitation & Trafficking in Women Unit, Venezuela KAFA (enough) Violence & Exploitation Lebanon

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Lyne Jubinville Computer Science Professional and Treasurer, USA Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec) Canada USA

Borbala Juhász Owen Kline Hungarian Women’s Lobby USA Hungary Rita Kohli Jennifer Kay Tools for Change Sex Trafficking Survivors United Canada USA Dr. Ingeborg Kraus Miyuki Kawachi Scientists for a World Without Prostitution University of the Philippines Germany The Philippines Cathrine Linn Kristiansen Anne Kelleher First Name, Feminist Initiative Oslo, and Board Communications, RENATE (Religious in Member, The Women's Front of Norway Europe Networking Against Trafficking and Norway Exploitation) Ireland Lisa Kudrow USA Constance Kennedy, CSJ Co-Chair of Coalition, Religious Congregations Iluta Lace - to Stop Human Trafficking (CRC-STOP), Director, Marta Resource Centre for Women Social Justice Committee, Congregation of St. Latvia Joseph USA Yeun Lagadeuc-Ygouf France Dr. Renate Klein FINRRAGE (Australia) and Amnesty Lee Lakeman International Australia QLD Branch Member Canada Australia Barbara Arminio La Mort Inge Kleine Benedictine Academy Abolish Prostitution Now and Abolition 2014 USA Germany

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Felicity Langton Catherine Lee Chair, Collective Shout Founder, Justice for Women program at Australia University Maine School of Law, and Managing Director, Lee International, Climate Change Kylla Lanier Advisory Services Deputy Director, Truckers Against Trafficking USA USA Jimmy Lee Imam Khalid Latif Executive Director, Restore NYC The Islamic Center at New USA USA Leila Lesbet Sr. Hannah Rita Laue OP Women’s Rights Activist, Special Education Dominican Sisters of Bethany, Sv. Jazepa Technician klosteris Canada Latvia Hannah Hartman Aye Sithu Htun (a) Mary Eunan Lawrence Dylan Walker Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Let My People Go Good Shepherd USA

Annette Lawson OBE Dr. Helen Liebling Chair, The Judith Trust, Senior Lecturer in Clinical Immediate Past Chair, National Alliance of Psychology/Associate of African Studies Women’s Organisations (NAWO) Centre, Coventry University UK UK

The Lebanese Women Democratic Gathering Martha Linehan, IMT, CDP (RDFL) Organization for Prostitution Survivors (OPS) Lebanon USA

Simone LeConte-Parker Phyllida Lloyd Berean Community and Family Life Center UK USA Rachel Lloyd Founder/CEO, GEMS USA

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Marta López JoAnn Mark, ASC Designada Regional para América Latina y el Executive Director, Partnership for Global Caribe-OIJPBP, Congregación Nuestra Señora Justice de la Caridad del Buen Pastor USA

Shelia Lynch Stella Marr Daughters of Mary and Joseph, California Sex Trafficking Survivors United USA USA

Angela Lytle Margaret Martin Executive Director, Women’s Human Rights Director, Women's Aid Institute, Center for Women Studies in Ireland Education, University of Canada Micheline Mason UK Isla MacGregor Whistleblowers Tasmania, Nordic Model Maureen Master Australia Coalition (NorMac) Lawyer and Graduate Student researching Australia Prostitution, MSt Programme in International Human Rights Law, University of Oxford Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge UK Founder and Board Member, Embrace Dignity South Africa Josua Mata Secretary-General, SENTRO (Workers’ Center) Aïssata Maïga The Philippines Project Coordinator, Institute for Security & Development Policy Jacques Mattinette Sweden La Maison de Marthe Canada Manchester Feminist Network UK Stacey McCaig

Valerie Marchese Sr. Ethna McDermott USA Province Leader for Ireland, Congregation of our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd Elizabeth Margoshes Ireland USA Maureen McGowan, rgs HandCrafting Justice, Inc. USA

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Síle McGowan HFB Rachel Moran Religious Institute of the Sisters of the Holy Author and Co-Founder, SPACE International Family of Bordeaux, Member, APT Ireland (Act Ireland to Prevent Trafficking Ireland) Ireland Michele Morek, OSU Coalition Coordinator, UNANIMA International Karen McHugh USA CEO, Doras Luimni Ireland Robin Morgan The Sisterhood is Global Institute Louise McLeod USA Women Graduates-USA USA Laura Morie Certified Senior Advisor, Rotary District 5370 Sarah McMahon Canada, Governor Elect Psychologist and Founder, BodyMatters Canada Australasia Australia Johanne Morneau La Maison de Marthe Sandra McNeill Canada Justice for Women UK Stacey Morse USA Jane McVeigh USA Marianne Mouchikhine Member, Collctif Libertaire Anti Sexiste Jessica Minhas (CLAS) Founder and CEO, I'll Go First France USA Carey Mulligan Asunción Miura UK Spain Belinda Munoz Rev. Gil Monrose USA th Mt. Zion Church of God 7 Day USA Jonathan Nambu The Philippines Florence Montreynaud Encore féministes! France 16

Andrea Salwen Kopel, Executive Director Torill Nustad Maria Mostajo, President Executive Committee and Board Member, The Pamela Kling Takiff, Advocacy Leadership Women's Front of Norway Chair Norway National Council of Jewish Women New York Section (NCJW NY) Ellen O’Malley-Dunlop USA CEO, Dublin Rape Crisis Centre Ireland National Council of Jewish Women USA Terry O'Neill National Organization for Women Chris Troy USA Danelia NY CityServe Lise Østby USA Senior Advisor, The Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs Sr. Taskila Nicholas Norway Opportunity Village Nepal Nepal Hannah Pakula USA Ana Maria R. Nemenzo International Committee Member, World March Clydie Pasia of Women, Philippines The Philippines The Philippines Pavee Point Lene Nilsen Ireland Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsman and Board Member, Feminist Initiative Oslo Michelle Pernini Norway USA

Joan Nissman Kat Pinder USA Survivor Activist and Amnesty International Australia, QLD Branch Committee Member Clare Nolan Australia Good Shepherd International Justice Peace Training Facilitator, Sisters of the Good Shepherd USA

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Maudy Piot The RadFem Collective President, Association Femmes pour le Dire, UK Femmes pour Agir France Rape Crisis and Sexual Abuse Counselling Centre, Sligo, Leitrim & West Cavan Kent R. Pipes Ireland President, The Affordable Homes Group, Inc. USA Jody Raphael Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center, Imelda Poole DePaul University College of Law President, Mary Ward Loreto Foundation, and USA President, RENATE (Religious in Europe Networking Against Trafficking and Janice G. Raymond Exploitation) Professor Emerita, University of Massachusetts, Albania Amherst USA Dianne Post Attorney Anne Ream USA Voices and Faces USA Carol Pregno RGS, Province Leader Central South US Province Theresa Rebeck Sisters of the Good Shepherd USA USA Diane Redsky Caroline Price, rgs Executive Director, Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Social Justice Coordinator, Congregation of Our Centre, Inc., and Former Project Director, Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd National Task Force of Sex Trafficking of Australia/New Zealand Women and Girls in Canada, and Canada Pierre-Guillaume Prigent France Red Youth Norway Anna Quindlen USA Rev. Llloyd Reid Jr Greater Mt. Bethel Pentecostal Tabernacle The Rev. Alison J. Quin USA Christ the King Episcopal Church USA RENEW Foundation The Philippines

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Jorunn Friis Reset Malika Saada Saar Secretary, The Women's Front of Norway Executive Director, Human Rights Project for Norway Girls (Rights4Girls) USA Lina Alvarez Reyes Founder, Feminist Initiative Youth Norway Rev. Raleigh Sadler Board Member, Feminist Initiative Oslo Missionary Baptist Worldwide Shea M. Rhodes Director, Villanova University School of Law Mary Salter Institute to Address Commercial Sexual USA Exploitation USA Samaritana Transformation Ministries The Philippines Lesley Rimmel Core Faculty Member, Gender and Women's Rev. Addie Sanders-Banks Studies Program, Oklahoma State University The Groundswell Group USA USA

Rev. Dr. Raymond Rivera Sanlaap Latino Pastoral Action Center India USA Jeanne Sarson Amy Robinson Persons Against Non-State Torture USA Canada

Caitlin Roper Viktoria Saxby Campaigns Manager, Collective Shout Political Advisor, The Center Women of Australia Sweden Sweden Janica Rosales The Philippines Marjorie F. Saylor Survivor, Survivor Leader Network of San Anne Rothing Diego (SLNSD) and Runaway Girl, Inc., S.M.E. Women's Rights Activist and Board Member, USA The Women's Front of Norway Norway Jean Schafer Co-Director, SDS Hope House, Inc. Deborah Rush USA USA

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Deborah Schatz Dawn Shaw National Council of Jewish Women, Essex Secretary, Social Questions Committee, County Section Catholic Women's League of Victoria and USA Wagga Wagga Australia Kay Asbjørn Knutsen Schjørlien Writer, Feminist and Representative, Norwegian Rameen N. Sheikh Socialist Left Party in Oslo. President, Red Youth Oslo Norway Norway

Madeleine Schultz Louise Shohet Author, Journalist and Human Rights Activist USA Norway Line Schou The Hon. Dr Jocelynne A. Scutt Founder and Board Member, Feminist Initiative Barrister and Human Rights Lawyer, Party Oslo Visiting Professor and Senior Fellow, Norway United Kingdom, United States & Australia Australia Shanta Shrestha Beyond Beijing Committee Kyra Sedgwick Nepal USA Dr. Carla Sinz Susan M. Seeby, CSA USA General Councilor, Congregation of Sisters of St. Agnes Michèle Sirois USA Présidente, Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec) Barbara Seidle Canada Founder, The Hannah More Project USA Sisters of the Holy Family of Bordeaux Ireland Bonnie Shapiro Northern New Jersey Chapter of National Daisy Elizabeth Sjursø Organization for Women (NOW) Executive Committee Member and Board USA Member, The Women's Front of Norway Norway

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Tina Skotnes Rev. Penny Stephens Executive Committee Member and Board Chaplain, St. Joseph’s Hospice Member, The Women's Front of Norway UK Norway Major Katie Stoops Susan L. Smalley, Ph.D. Salvation Army Professor Emeritus, UCLA and Board Member, USA Equality Now USA Mgr. ThLic. Blanka Stráníková and Klára Marie Stráníková Liz Smith Czech Republic Australia Meryl Streep Eris Smyth USA Australia Katarina Storalm Pastor Michelle Soto Women’s Rights Activist and Leader, Ottar Fierce Woman Found Ministries, Inc Norway USA Agnete Strøm Hannah Sorkin Human Rights Activist and Board Member, The USA Women’s Front of Norway Norway Space Allies Japan Rose Styron USA Srabani Sarkar Neogi South Kolkata Hamari Muskan Maria Svensson India Acting Chairwoman, Feminist Initiative Sweden

Johanne St-Amour Gwénola Sueur Canada General Secretary, SOS les Mamans France Kestia St Juste Kay’s Music Studios LLC Annie Sugier USA Présidente, Ligue du Droit International des Femmes (LDIF) Gloria Steinem France USA Fumi Suzuki Japan

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Lucy S. Takagi, PsyD Glòria Casas Vila USA Plataforma Catalana pel Dret a No ser Prostituïdes Pil Teisbo Spain Executive Committee Member and Board Member, The Women's Front of Norway Jonathan Walton Norway New York City Urban Project Director, InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, and Director Donna Izzard and Founder, the LoGOFF Movement Jacqui Powell USA The 3W Life USA Simone Watson Prostitution Survivor and Director, Nordic Emma Thompson Model Australia Coalition (NorMac) UK Australia

Anita Toner David Wayne President, Catholic Women’s League of Survivor Advocate, Hope Hollow Exploitation Victoria and Wagga Wagga Victim Assistance and Consultation Services, Australia and Member of National Survivor Network/ Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking Meagan Tyler USA Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW)-Australia Sr. Barbara Wells, RGS Australia Sisters of the Good Shepherd Toronto, ON Rev. Naomi Tyler-Lloyd Canada Trinity Baptist Church Ali Wentworth Yasmin Vafa USA Co-founder and Director of Law & Policy, Human Rights Project for Girls (Rights4Girls) Karin Werkman USA Institute for Feminism and Human Rights Sweden Maria Narcisa Vicanco Valarezo Spain Rebecca Whisnant University of Dayton Mélusine Vertelune USA Member, Collectif Libertaire Anti-Sexiste, Marche Pour L’abolition France 22

Allison Williams Andrée Yanacopoulo USA Board Member, Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec) Bronwyn Williams Canada Member, Nordic Model Australia Coalition (NorMAC) Theresa Yeh Australia Tapei Women's Rescue Foundation Taiwan Rev. Jesse Williams Convent Avenue Baptist Church Jungsook "Grace" Yoon USA Executive Director, Korean American Family

Rev. Roslyn Willis Service Center (KAFSC) Accepted Ministry USA USA Youth and Students Advancing Gender Equality Debra Winger India USA Youth and Students Advancing Gender Equality Kate Winslet The Philippines UK Theresa Symons Women and Gender Institute, Miriam College Good Shepherd Services The Philippines Malaysia

Shannon Wong Teresa Ulloa Ziaurriz Orange County Legislator Regional Director, Coalition Against USA Trafficking in Women – Latin America and the Caribbean Mexico

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