A ARMAÇÃO DO CONCRETO NO BRASIL História Da Difusão Da

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A ARMAÇÃO DO CONCRETO NO BRASIL História Da Difusão Da Roberto Eustaáquio dos Santos A ARMAÇÃO DO CONCRETO NO BRASIL História da difusão da tecnologia do concreto armado e da construção de sua hegemonia Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação: “Conhecimento e Inclusão Social”, da Faculdade de Educação da UFMG, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de doutor Linha de Pesquisa: História da Educação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Bernardo Jefferson de Oliveira Belo Horizonte MARÇO DE 2008 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Elaborada pela Biblioteca da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Santos, Roberto Eustaáquio dos S237a A armação do concreto no Brasil: história da difusão do sistema construtivo concreto armado e da construção de sua hegemonia / Roberto Eustaáquio dos Santos. – Belo Horizonte, 2008. 327f.: il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Bernardo Jefferson de Oliveira Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Educação. Bibliografia. 1. Concreto armado – Inovações tecnológicas – Brasil. 2. Construção de concreto armado - História. I. Oliveira, Bernardo Jefferson de. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Educação. III. Título. CDU: 624.012.45 Bibliotecária – Eunice dos Santos – CRB 6/1515 2 Tese defendida e aprovada em __ de Março de 2008, pela banca examinadora constituída pelos professores: ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Bernardo Jefferson de Oliveira – UFMG ________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Lucíola Licínio de Castro Paixão Santos – UFMG ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Roberto Luís de Melo Monte-Mór – UFMG ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Roberto Luiz Torres Conduru – UERJ ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Carlos Garcia Durand - UNICAMP 3 À memória de Messias 4 Agradecimentos Ao professor Bernardo Jefferson de Oliveira, pela orientação; Aos professores Roberto Conduru e Lucíola Paixão Santos, pelos comentários e observações na banca de qualificação; À professora Margarete de Araújo Silva, por ter me chamado atenção, desde sempre, para o problema das tecnologias construtivas; Ao pessoal do MOM (grupo de pesquisa Morar de Outras Maneiras, da EA-UFMG), especialmente, Denise Morado, Ana Paula Baltazar e Sulamita Lino; Ao pessoal da FaE-UFMG, especialmente as professoras Cynthia Greive Veiga e Thaís Nívia Fonseca de Lima, que ministraram a disciplina “Tendências do Pensamento Educacional: História”; aos professores Luciano Mendes de Faria Filho e Maria Cristina Soares de Gouvêa e também aos colegas do grupo de História da Educação – Aline , Fabiana, Leo, Monica, Silvia e Tuca – que com suas questões e sugestões ajudaram na formatação deste trabalho; À Pro-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, pela bolsa de estudos de seu Programa Permanente de Capacitação Docente; Aos funcionários da Biblioteca da PUC-Minas, pela presteza e eficiência na busca de textos e informações, especialmente, Jane Mota Lopes e Eunice dos Santos; À Moema Brandão da Silva, chefe da Biblioteca da EA-UFMG, pela colaboração no levantamento das revistas; À Francisca Helena da Silva Rocha, por sua dedicada assistência; À Carlota e Antonio, pelo carinho e pela paciência; À Silke, por muita coisa: pela inspiração, pelo espírito crítico, pelo rigor e, sobretudo, por sua inquebrantável disposição em discutir e levantar questões. 5 Sumário Índice de ilustrações............................................................................................ 9 Lista de abreviaturas ..........................................................................................12 Resumo ..............................................................................................................13 Abstract ..............................................................................................................14 Introdução..................................................................................................................15 A difusão da tecnologia do concreto armado no Brasil.......................................15 Naturalização do concreto..................................................................................20 Organização do trabalho ....................................................................................22 Pressupostos e referências teóricas...................................................................25 Tecnologia..........................................................................................................25 Construção Social da Tecnologia.......................................................................25 Mudança tecnológica e poder ............................................................................27 Profissionalização e tecnologia ..........................................................................35 Difusão de tecnologia .........................................................................................38 Instituições e Campo ..........................................................................................43 Histórias .............................................................................................................48 Revistas brasileiras de arquitetura, engenharia e construção ............................54 Capítulo 1 ..................................................................................................................65 1.1. Atraso e hegemonia ....................................................................................65 1.2. Entre discursos e realidades .......................................................................69 Capítulo 2 ..................................................................................................................78 2.1. Tecnologia pré concreto armado.................................................................79 Tecnologia importada .........................................................................................82 Alvenaria higiênica .............................................................................................89 Mão-de-Obra Importada .....................................................................................91 6 Industrialização periférica e dependência tecnológica .......................................96 Ciência da engenharia para a cidade capitalista ................................................99 2.2. História oficial do concreto armado ...........................................................112 O surgimento do concreto ................................................................................114 Teoria e prática do concreto armado no contexto da produção .......................120 Capítulo 3 ................................................................................................................123 O racional e o irracional no espaço construído no Brasil..................................124 Nacionalização .................................................................................................126 3.1. Movimento Moderno e Escola Brasileira do Concreto...............................131 Arquitetura Moderna e a constituição do campo ..............................................131 Arautos do modernismo ...................................................................................138 Gregori Warchavchik ........................................................................................139 Lucio Costa ......................................................................................................154 Engenharia Nacional ........................................................................................171 3.2. Ensino e Pesquisa.....................................................................................181 O Estado moderniza o ensino ..........................................................................182 Batalha perdida ................................................................................................201 Tecnologia da adaptação .................................................................................209 3.3. Profissão e Lei...........................................................................................223 O CREA e a perícia do técnico neutro..............................................................230 Legislação urbana para o concreto armado .....................................................235 Capítulo 4 ................................................................................................................237 4.1. A CASA por ela mesma ............................................................................240 4.2. O concreto armado pel’ A Casa .................................................................243 O concreto e a intensificação da atividade construtiva.....................................244 Diplomados do concreto...................................................................................250 Sofisticação de meios e instrumentos ..............................................................259 7 Divulgação do cálculo estrutural.......................................................................261 4.3. Indústria do cimento ..................................................................................272 4.4. Moderno popular .......................................................................................283 4.5. Concreto na construção imobiliária ...........................................................289 Casa Operária, Casa Econômica,
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