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Ghana Museums & Monuments Board (GMMB)

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Ghana Museums & Monuments Board (GMMB) Cultural Heritage in Ghana Nicholas Ivor Ghana Museums & Monuments Board Ghana Museums & Monuments Board (GMMB). • It was established in March 1957 • It is the state institution responsible for the protection, conservation and management of the nation’s material cultural heritage for education, appreciation and understanding of the public. Categories of Immovable Heritage • Forts and Castles (34) • Ashanti Traditional Buildings (10) • Ancient Mosques • Chiefs Palaces • Town Defence walls • Graveyards • Old Merchant Houses • Memorial Parks & Gardens • Sacred Groves • Settlements • Shipwrecks Sites inscribed on Unesco World Heritage List • Forts and Castles (1979) • Ashanti Traditional Buildings (1980) Legal Instruments • National Liberation Council Decree (NLCD 337) of 1969 • Executive Instrument (E.I. 29) of 1973 • Executive Instrument (E.I. 42) of 1972 • Executive Instrument (E.I. 113) of 1969 St. Georges Castle, Elmina • Built by the Portuguese in 1482. • It is the oldest European building in Sub- Saharan Africa. Slave Dungeon Cape Coast Castle • Originally a small Swedish Trading Post constructed in the 1653 • Changed hands from theSwedish to the Danes, the Fetu People to the Dutch and finally the British (1660). • It was British headquarters until the late 19th Century. • It now houses a museum and the offices of the Ghana Museums & Monuments Board Male Slave Dungeon Museum Gallery Fort St. Jago, Elmina • Built by the Dutch in 1662 to protect the Elmina Castle which they captured from the Portuguese. Fort Groot Fredericksburg, Princess Town • Built in 1683 by the Brandenburgers. • It is being operated as a guest house but with rights of public access for purposes of tours. Fort St. Anthony, Axim (Western Region) • Built in 1515 by the Portuguese and • Taken over by the Dutch in 1642 • Open to the public Fort San Sebastian, Shama (Western Region) Started as Dutch Lodge in 1526 and Built into a Fort by the Portuguese in 1540. English Fort ,Komenda • Built in 1708 by the English. • It was transferred to the Dutch in 1868. • It is partly in ruins Archaeological Research Fort Amsterdam, Abandze Built by the English in 1631 and occupied by the Dutch from 1665-1868. Preserved as a ruin. Ussher fort, Accra Built by the Dutch in 1642 Used by the British when they took over Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah founder of independent Ghana was released from this prison. Currently houses offices of the Conservation Division of GMMB. Archaeological Excavations within the Fort Yaw Tano Shrine (Before restoration) • One of the 13 surviving examples of Asante Traditional Architecture with outstanding universal values. • A World Heritage Site. Yaw Tano Shrine After restoration Exhibition at Yaw Tano Shrine Larabanga Mosque (Northern Region) • First Mosque to be constructed in the Ghana. • It is a gazetted National Monument with unique Architectural features. • It remains an active religious site and a major place of pilgrimage for the Ghanain Muslim community. Wa-Naa’s Palace (Upper-West Region) • A gazetted National Monument • Restoration works have been suspended due to a protracted chieftaincy dispute. Gwollu Defence Wall • 250 year old wall built by the Sisalla King and the people of Gwollu to protect their city from slave raiders. Nalerigu Defence Wall • Some 200km South East of Gwollu, in the Northern Region Is This Ruin Of Another Wall – the Nalerigu Walls built by the Mamprusi King against Slave Raiders Old Dutch Cemetery • The Cemetery was established in 1806 for the Dutch Governors who died on the coast . • Some prominent citizens of Elmina have also been buried. Du Bois Mausoleum of the great Pan Africanist and the Black literary giant Du Bois is one of the new efforts to preserve and promote sites that have linkages to the heritage of slavery. Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum, Accra • A National Monument • The final resting place of the first President of Ghana and a Pan- Africanist. Slave Cemetery, Salaga (Northern Region) • Has been declared an archaelogical site and earmarked for excavation and research. Tano Sacred Grove • Was documented in 1996. • The grove is nestled within a semi-deciduous forest and encloses a cluster of striking sandstone rock formation • Ecotourism activities are environmentaliy friendly and generate income opportunities by conserving local ecosystems. Canopy walkway, Kakum National Park • The canopy walkway, African’s first and only rainforest walkway. • It is a 350 metre long suspended bridge made up of six tree-platform that reach the height of 30 metres above the forest floor. Grinding Stones At Paga Slave Camp • These groves were the results of repeated grinding of food. • Groves were used as bowls from which the slaves would eat their meals ‘Slave River’ (Donko Nsuo) at Assin Manso • Some 50 Miles From The Castles Of Cape Coast & Elmina Is The “Slave River” From Which Slaves Drank And Were Also Given Their Last Bath Before The Final March To The Coast Entrance to the Slave River Graves of two slaves, Samuel Carson & Crystal at Assin Manso (Central Region) • In 1989, the skeletal remains of Samuel Carson (USA) and Crystal (Jamaica), were brought back home after centuries in strange lands and reburied after a state funeral close to The Slave River (Donko Nsuo). This burial site, which was also a Slave cemetery has become a site of remembrance and pilgrimage Frederiksgave plantation • This project is the result of years of Historical – Archaelogical research undertaken by Dr. Yaw Bredwa- Mensah of the University of Ghana on the Frederiksgave plantation. It is a collaborative initiative between • The National Museums of Denmark • The Archaeology Department, University of Ghana • Ghana Museums & Monuments Board • Located in the foothills of the Akuapem mountains near the Sesemi village • About 27 km from the coast • Latitude 5º 45’ N Longitude 0º 15’ W Objectives • To undertake research and archaeological excavations to elucidate the social and living conditions of the enslaved Africans who cultivated the plantation. • To restore and protect architectural and all other features on the plantation for cultural tourism • To establish a museum in one of the rehabilitated stone buildings on the plantation. Artifacts recovered will constitute the basis for the museum. Features on the Site • A Plantation House and two small structures that probably served as a kitchen and a washroom respectively. • The Slave Village • Perennial Spring (The Source of Hope) Due to farming activities and bush fires the forest cover at the source of the spring is almost depleted. The people of Sesemi village depend on the spring for their water needs especially during the dry season • Stone quarry and mud pit - Associated with the construction of the plantation house. Enslaved labour was used to quarry stones and dig soil to prepare mud mortar and plastering material. - 2 large pits are evident on the plantation site References • Bredwa-Mensah Y. Global Encounters: Slavery and Slave Lifeways on Nineteenth Century Danish Plantations on the Gold Coast, Ghana. Journal of African Archaeology Vol 2 (2), 2004, pp 203-227 • Bredwa-Mensah Y. 2002. Historical-archaeological Investigations on the Frederiksgave plantation, Ghana: A case study of slavery and plantation life on a nineteenth century Danish plantation on the Gold Coast. Unpublished thesis, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra. Shipwrecks Along The Coast of Elmina,Ghana • Underwater Archaeological research along the coast of Elmina in the Central Region of Ghana started in 2003 by the Department of Anthropology of Syracuse University,USA in close collaboration with: • The Archaeology Department of the University of Ghana • Ghana Museums & Monuments Board Contributions • First Cultural Inventory of Submerged Sites in West Africa. • A Comprehensive Understanding of our Data Set. • Predictive Factors for Further Site Locations • An Evaluation of Methodologies for Site Identification. • A Tangible Connection to Ghana’s Past that Promotes the Protection of Submerged Cultural Sites. Andrew T. Pietruszka, M. A. Doctoral Candidate Remote Sensing: Side-scan Sonar Sampling of Selected Sites • Mapping • Surface Collection • Intensive Sampling Thank You.
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