© 2018 American University Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. No part of this background guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without express written permission from the American University Model United Nations Conference Secretariat.

Please direct all questions to [email protected] Zarina Neff Chair

Hello delegates and welcome to the Alphabet Committee!

I am Zarina Neff and I am one of the two chairs in this committee. I am a second year student here at the American University and I am in the School of International Services. I am majoring in National Security with a regional focus on Eurasia. I am also minoring in Global Health because I believe that you cannot have peace and security in a country without healthy people! Besides focusing on my studies, I am also the president of the Central Asian Club here at AU, a member of AmeriMUNC and WIRC, an active member at The Security Network at AU, and enjoy looking through Instagram’s high fashion accounts on my free time. I am one proud Uzbek girl and love telling people about Uzbekistan! Fun fact, if I was not majoring in IR, I would be studying Neurology.

Now in terms of the committee, we understand that while this is a crisis based committee with frequent crisis updates coming in, we want to make sure that everyone stays diplomatic and professional with one another during debate. We will be tackling real life issues concerning the advancements of technology and how these developments will impact the future. We hope that you will be analyzing these issue by looking closely at how different entities in a country utilizes these developments, how they impact the relations between certain countries, and lastly how technological developments impact international business and finance. Erik and I want to make sure that you stay on track but we also want to make sure that you leave the conference with funny slogans and puns. With this being said, welcome to the Alphabet Committee and we hope you enjoy AmeriMUNC!

Best, Zarina Neff Erik Hansen Chair

Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Alphabet Committee! My name is Erik Hansen, and I'm a sophomore from Setauket, NY. Here at American, I’m pursuing my Justice and Law major in the School of Public Affairs and a minor in Communications in the School of Communication. I’m new to Model UN, but I was a crisis analyst for AmeriMUNC’s last conference WIRC. I am so excited to work with all of you in committee! Our mission is to assess and mitigate as crisis ensues in a world of technological advances and interconnectedness like never before. I know that all of you are well equipped to both maximize profits while protecting customers and clients. We face many threats from authoritarian governments, to privacy concerns, meeting customer expectations, and competition to maintain our front running as the industry’s leader. This background guide is comprehensive, but I sincerely implore you to gather your research before committee as you learn both about your roles but the environment in which we act, we don’t live in a vacuum! But above all else come with a positive attitude and a sense of eagerness for our very exciting congregation. I’ll already know this will be a great experience! Don't hesitate with any questions; I’m here to help y'all! Best regards, Erik Hansen 03 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC. 01 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

ABOUT Alphabet Inc.

Alphabet is a multinational conglomerate based in the Silicon Valley. Its influence has spread all across the globe and has made Alphabet a household company name. Alphabet is the parent company of Google and many of Google’s former subsidiaries This guide explores various factors that affect Alphabet’s development.

Alphabet, Inc., headquartered in Alphabet includes 26 Mountain View, California, is an subsidiaries (deliberately, as this is the American holding company that number of letters in the English comprises Google and many of its alphabet), Google the most subsidiaries. The company serves as a recognizable one. Each business has its parent to organizations in several fields- own CEO, all of whom report to Larry technology, investment capital, Page. Some of the most prominent research, and science among them. It branches under Alphabet include was created in August 2015 in order to Calico (fights age-related disease), streamline the process of Internet Google Ventures (funds new services but also to grant companies companies and ideas), Fiber (provides under Google that were unrelated to high-speed internet), Nest (invents technology, such as driverless cars and ‘smart home’ products), Jigsaw anti-aging research, greater autonomy (counters global and political issues among themselves. When the with technological solutions), and organization was created, current Waymo (develops self-driving Google CEO Larry Page moved to technology). A few others include become CEO of the entire Alphabet Chronicle, which prevents cybercrime; project, while Sundar Pichai took over Dandelion, which offers geothermal Page’s role at Google. Google is still the heating installation; CapitalG, a venture largest branch under Alphabet, and capital fund; DeepMind, a British continued, largely without change, artificial intelligence company; Sidewalk since 2015 to be the consumer-focused Labs, an urban infrastructure brand in charge of Youtube, Android, improvement project; and Verily, the Maps, and its other familiar endeavors. research organization with a focus on 06

life sciences. The move to bring each of motivation, and retention of employees these companies under Alphabet was and affiliates of Alphabet. The done to increase accountability, Nominating Committee identifies and according to Page, and Ruth Porat, now evaluates individuals who could the CFO of Alphabet, was brought in potentially be strong Board members, from Wall Street to implement this by and the Executive Committee serves as structuring Alphabet to give investors a the primary administration to approve clearer understanding of how well each specific corporate actions not already of the subsidiaries is performing outlined in the charter on Alphabet’s individually. website. Within each of these main With regards to autonomy and goals, the committees can review and purview of the Alphabet Board of make recommendations to the Directors, their responsibilities and executive offers, fully investigate any capabilities differ depending on which matters brought to their attention, of the four board committees they monitor spending or performance belong to; the Audit Committee, (whichever pertains to their committee), Leadership Development and and establish short- and long-term Compensation Committee, Nominating performance goals and expectations. and Corporate Governance Committee, and Executive Committee each have different ranges of powers. The Audit Committee’s primary focus is to oversee the accounting and financial reporting process, while the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee handles the compensation,. 02

Alphabet’s Expanding Influence the last quarter alone. In the past several years, increased Overall Alphabet has seen its digital advertising revenue as well as a expansion bulwarked by an ambitious highly diversified field of apps and business strategy that shows services have driven Alphabet’s consistence in its core products and expansion. Alphabet and its subsidiary services (like Google’s search engine Google currently boast several services and advertising), while also with over one billion monthly active encouraging additional investment in users (MAU) including YouTube, advanced and experimental services Chrome, Maps, Gmail and the Google like cloud software. Alphabet’s Play Store. All of these apps serve as penchant to invest in research and platforms for digital Google ads, while development of new technology will Alphabet’s Android operating system continue to pay off as the company allows Google to get both ads and its expands, especially with experimental own apps in front of more users on their services such as Android operating browsers or smartphones. YouTube has systems for self-driving cars and cloud been especially crucial in Alphabet’s software already showing promising market expansion, the video platform signs in terms of revenue and investor has made use of more advanced interest. software to target ads to specific audiences, and to collect data about Alphabet’s Role in the Global Market the most effective ads based on user Alphabet’s recent expansion into other interaction. This advanced software has fields and services, coupled with an had a tangible effect on YouTube’s impressive growth in revenue over the revenue for Alphabet; independent past several quarters has allowed the analysis by Baird Wealth Management company to pursue a much larger role estimates that YouTube will generate in the global market. One area where $15 billion for Alphabet in 2019. Alphabet has beat other technology companies is establishing a business Alphabet’s expansion has also been foothold in the highly restrictive aided by increased investment and Chinese market. While the so-called development of outside non-advertising “Great Firewall” maintained by the services. In the first quarter of 2018 Chinese Government restricts Alphabet doubled its investments Alphabet’s Google search engine, the expenditures in the field of cloud parent company has made some computing and memory services, an headway in China by partnering with area that has been extremely popular local Chinese tech companies and with tech investors in recent years. startups. Alphabet has partnered with Alphabet’s investment in the Beijing based smartwatch maker non-advertising services has Mobvoi, which relies on Google substantially paid off for the company’s software to power its line of watches growth; cloud services, Alphabet and Bluetooth speakers. Several manufactured hardware, and the Chinese companies including Mobvoi Google Play store saw a 36.5% also use TensorFlow (Google’s set of increase in revenue to $4.4 billion in development tools) to design and 08

commitment to the core businesses that have helped Alphabet succeed. This commitment to stratification in its different businesses have helped “Alphabet’s redesigned Alphabet succeed in a variety of corporate governance diverse global markets. Alphabet’s model under Pichai has search and advertising services have given the CEO’s of remained extremely popular in Europe, where they compete with domestic different Alphabet companies for users and investment, subsidiaries greater especially in tech heavy countries like autonomy to pursue Germany and the United Kingdom. In research and addition, Alphabet’s emphasis on development of new modern and emerging technologies technologies, while also has helped it enter software markets in pushing Alphabet’s core South America, India, and other areas that have seen high economic activity revenue generators into and growth in the tech sector in recent new markets worldwide. “ years. Overall, Alphabet’s redesigned corporate governance model under modify their software. Alphabet hopes Pichai has given the CEO’s of different that these small initiatives will pay off in Alphabet subsidiaries greater the long run through greater access to autonomy to pursue research and the massive Chinese market (China is development of new technologies, currently the second largest economy while also pushing Alphabet’s core in the world).A program called revenue generators into new markets “Dragonfly” aims to bring a version of worldwide. Alphabet’s role in the global Google’s search engine to China that market has been substantially boosted adheres to the strict government by this model, and continued censorship currently present. investment in modern technology as Alphabet’s smaller partnerships with well as additional ventures into new Chinese companies have been used to markets like India and China could establish a beachhead for this program greatly help the company in the future. to become a reality in China. The Alphabet Board of Directors should Under Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai, the certainly consider the successes of a company has also reorganized its stratified business model and leadership and corporate governance technology investment when charting a structure to allow its subsidiaries to course for future Alphabet ventures. become more global. Pichai has stressed the importance of an interconnected Alphabet business model, with all of its independent subsidiaries prioritizing investment and research into new fields and technologies, while also showing a 06

Rise of Technological Advances in complete simple tasks such as adding Artificial Intelligence up numbers on a calculator to How has the rise in AI, such as programming a military drone to map unmanned aerial vehicles, affected out the mountainous terrains of warfare? Afghanistan. When it comes to the Background: military, however, the latter is more If a country has the means to common. As of early 2000, more and build their military, they will. It is without more governments with developed a doubt that most governments with militaries have slowly been developing, stable GDP’s have the capability of selling, and using armed drones to using their money towards building a carry out some of their duties. The stronger, more secure, and stable largest manufacturers, dealers, and military. The most common way that consumers of such weapons include governments might do this is through China, Israel, and the United States. technology. The way countries are able Such developments and deals have to build such strong militaries is by lead the current military revolution to researching and looking into Artificial slowly transition from the Information Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence or AI Revolution (Sixth Revolution) to the are technology that have the ability to Autonomous Revolution (Seventh compute codes and complete tasks on Revolution). In the likelihood that the their own, usually with little to no help United States, Israel, and/or China from humans. Essentially, these AI are develop an Autonomous Weapons robots and they come in many shapes. System or AWS (an AI that virtually We actually use robots everyday to does not need the assistance of a human to carry out the code it was 02

programmed to conduct. An AI that schools in remote areas. While the UN operates completely on its own with advocates for drone usage postwar and only a switch of a button and sensors), conflict to provide humanitarian aid, it is some implications include but are not important keep in mind that other limited to “autonomous weapons, bodies of the UN have an opposite swarms of robotic vehicles in multiple view towards them. domains, self-organizing defensive On the other hand, the Security systems, automated weapons, big data Council and the Disarmament and analytics, and machine and International Security Committee deep-learning programs” (Hoffman 20). (DISEC) oppose the usage of drones in This means that the future of warfare war because strikes caused by armed may include very little to no troops on drones cause just as much, sometimes the front line from some of the prestige even more, damage as combating on militaries in the world. This is due to the foot. In 2014, at the United Nations fact that they have already taken some Human Rights Council adopted a of the human decision-making aspect resolution which called upon drone away when utilizing drones in strikes. In transparency and accountability. This conclusion, leading countries to find resolution was sponsored by Pakistan, ways to further extract a person from a state which has experienced quite a causing long-term damage in war few drone strikes from the United zones. States, in which they titled “Ensuring UN Action use of remotely piloted aircraft or When looking at the issue from a UN armed drones in counter-terrorism and perspective, it is important to keep in military operations in accordance with mind that each body will have its own international law, including international opinions on whether or not drones will human rights and humanitarian law.” positively or negatively affect warfare. If This resolution highlighted the most the issue is looked at postwar or important aspect to controlling drones post-conflict, drones can be beneficial and regulating them on an international in many ways. From a humanitarian level. The resolution states that it “calls perspective, UNICEF would say that upon States to ensure transparency in drone usage is beneficial and is their records on the use of remotely encouraged whenever possible. That is piloted aircraft or armed drones and to because drones can get through conduct prompt, independent and broken or unstable infrastructure and impartial investigations whenever there deliver the aid package an individual or are indications of a violation to a group might need. Second, just like international law caused by their use.” drones are used during war to map out This will then ensure that countries an area, they can also be beneficial for such as the US, China, and Israel gathering data and imagery after provide a record of the quantity of natural disasters occur in order to drones they are currently developing locate missing people and which area and using just so it will be easier for the was tremendously impacted. And last UN to keep track of and have its but not lest, they can help with WiFi bodies, the Security Council, DISEC, connection by providing Internet access and the UNHRC, help regulate them. to those in refugee camps and 05 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

iKey Words: and revenge by disgruntled ● Artificial Intelligence employees. Hacking whether for ● Autonomous Weapon Systems personal gain (black hat) or consultant ● Crimes against Humanity work for security purposes (white hat) has created a new theatre of warfare for companies, nations, and individuals. Outsourcing Cyber-Warfare to The role of black hat, white hat, and non-state Actors even grey hat hackers have a degree In a world awash with physical and of variability by intent and access, virtual security risks, various actors malicious and unauthorized or assisting have capitalized on these “weak and authorized. However, on the world links” for a variety of reasons. Such stage various, many groups have motivations include account theft, received support from governments stealing personal or financial data, making the question of an act of war or compromising computing assets for an act of terrorism, murky. For instance, use in other crimes, extortion, t consider a nation is providing intellectual property theft, resources to cyber terrorists, and these espionage, cyber-warfare, terrorism, individuals launch an assault on energy pranks, protest hacking infrastructure in another country. Is this (hacktivism),and revenge by an act of terrorism by the black hat disgruntled group or an act of war by the country employees. Hacking whether for implicated? personal gain (black hat) or consultant work for security purposes (white hat) has created a Additionally, in the same way, that new theatre of warfare for terrorism in the past 20-30 years companies, nations, and individuals. struggled to garner a proper definition The role of black hat, white hat, and so too does cyber-warfare struggle to even grey hat hackers have a grasp a clear and operational definition degree of variability by intent and as well as substantive punishments and access, malicious and unauthorized response protocols. The current US or assisting and authorized. Military policy characterizes “acts of However, on the world stage significant consequence” would be various, many groups have received dealt with on a case by case basis and support from governments making might even require congressional the question of an act of war or an assessment. Attacks are quick and do act of terrorism, murky. For instance, not follow any rules of conventional consider a nation is providing warfare. In a world absent of a UN resources to cyber terrorists, and Cyber Security Council and many these individuals launch an assault countries cases, well versed military on energy infrastructure in another leadership in cyber-warfare, country. Is this an act of terrorism by vulnerabilities are many, and weak the black hat group or an act of war points are exploited. by the country implicated? 06

Outsourcing cyber warfare seems to election, this interference although not accomplish two goals: keeping the an explicit “cyber attack,” threatened nation providing resources state sovereignty as a regime change unaccountable in the scope of was occurring. Key to this conversation international law and the subtle goals about state involvement in a cyber accomplished nonetheless. The UN’s attack executed by a non-state actor is definition, as per General Assembly plausible deniability. Envision an resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December assault by State A to State B via Group 1974, restricts such acts of aggression 1. State B must have indiscernible proof as being of the conventional sense in that State A executed the assault, at which physical forces by Country A least to maintain legal discourse for any invade Country B. The Tallinn Manual legitimate interstate responses and 2.0, a non-binding academic study, subsequent actions. Whether or not provided the next best thing to a State A is directly involved or not, Geneva Convention to both outlining plausible deniability complicates the cyber aggression and its application situation as proof is still necessary, at with the current international law. As far least in the context of legitimate as this definition is concerned, it countermeasures. This inability fails to constituted a cyber-attack as interfering both deter any future assaults or disabling vital infrastructure, striking regardless of the perpetrator and sets a healthcare networks and buildings, precedent of its cost to benefit ratio inhibiting transportation capabilities that being more favorable than conventional may contain people, and attempts to warfare. At least if someone is standing penetrate opposing military networks. point blank with a weapon, there's a In the scope of the Russian “meddling” physical actor responsible. of the US Presidential Cyber-warfare, one could 07 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

infer, is the long range weapon of the group, Guardians of Peace (GOP). The 21st century, even if the physical group ordered the withdrawal of the proponents are short range. The film from theaters and US Intelligence situation becomes even more agencies align North Korean with the complicated with the involvement of a threatened terrorist attacks on movie third party non-state actor Group C. theaters and the first hack. The hack on How do countermeasures and Sony Pictures leaked a multitude of international law account for a proxy information within the corporation's group orchestrating an attack off of network. The data was, according to an State A’s hardware and without State Israeli Institute for National Security A’s sanction or knowledge? The Studies: personal data of company conceptualization of framing in employees, such as salaries, Social cyberspace is both real and alarming, Security numbers, and emails were especially considering the made public; company servers and consequences of conventional warfare computers were hacked, in the nuclear age. interrupting work at the company for Case Study: about a week; and scripts and various Let us turn attention to the state with versions of new movies in production at one of the largest defensive budget Sony were leaked to the internet (INSS). and arsenals in the world: the United A cyber Pearl Harbor is just as real as States and three such cyberattacks subtle acts of subterfuge consistently costing millions, disrupting lives, and reoccurring. However, there is merit at failing to assure the security of both the constant chipping away at the integrity US Government and private data. of a nation’s data security, However, first, a note on the modernity infrastructure and confidence in its day of data systems in the US, they are to day life. Perhaps even more horribly outdated and consistently damaging is the implications of civil unreliable to secure data. The 2014 liberties, especially after Sony agreed attack on Sony Pictures exemplifies to reshape the plot and movie theaters cyber aggression in response to a chose not to premiere the film. In an civilian company based in a state. They interconnected world, security must be also characterize potential censorship, adapted to combat these threats which causing arguably more damage in seemingly are so difficult to stop, deter, addition to the initial attack. Recalling and defend against the Charlie Hebdo attacks of 2015 and Globalization the string of bombs and shooting Emerging Market Economy following the Charlie Hebdo Globalization has allowed for newspaper’s publishing of Muhammad information, technology, textiles, ideas, caricatures and cartoons, free speech entertainment, and most important and the right of the press was awash in political and economic relations to grow a period of fear, uncertainty, and chaos. stronger. With the high speed of The Sony Pictures attack was also in globalization, new markets arise, response to the film “The Interview” allowing for smaller countries to join in which evolved around a comedic on the international economic, trade, assassination plot of North Korean leader Kim Jung Un by the hacker. 08

Market Economy: A system where the laws of supply and demand direct the production of goods and services.

and stock sphere. This is referred to as economies would. This means that the emerging market economy. An countries such as Malaysia, Brazil, emerging market economy simply Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia [just to means that a less developed country is name a few] will not have the same transforming into a more developed standards for conducting business, country through socio-economic security regulations, or strict accounting means. Thus, this indicates that measures. They will simply excel in countries in East and South Asia are on infrastructure, such as a physical the rise to becoming the next big financial one which includes banks, a markets in the global economy. stock exchange, and a unified currency. It is important to note, however, how With such growth, comes wealth. emerging market economies come Emerging market economies have about. As stated above, countries that allowed for investors to put their money are considered to be emerging market into projects which they see are economies have the ability to form producing great outcomes while still some sort of market exchange and allowing the developing markets to have an existing regulatory body. In have full control of their assets. In addition, an emerging market economy addition, connecting to globalization, includes a country’s economy having emerging markets allow for greater some sort of liquidity in the local debt international growth because it allows and equity in markets. Furthermore, for domestic businesses to outsource because emerging market economies some of their income instead of pooling derive from smaller, developing it all from their home market. With this countries, it is important to keep in mind expansion, it also allows goods and that they will not have the same market services to have a longer “shelf” efficiency as larger, developed 09 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

expectancy in the international market. Case Studies: Indonesia There is also greater risk management Indonesia is a sovereign country because it will allow domestic part of the Southeast Asian region, one companies to still stay in business if of the largest island countries in the they were to ever run into world, consisting of over 13,000 smaller environmental or political problems in islands, and is the world’s 4th most their home markets. And the most populated country in the world. It is also important part of the impact of the fastest growing economy in terms globalization and the rise of emerging of its emerging markets. In 2013, market economies, include the Indonesia’s market has grown profitability of exchange rate. If one exponentially, exceeding that of India major, developed country were to be and China’s. This is due to Indonesia’s the main exchange and trade partner, investment of the share of their GDP, then the set exchange rate would be which meant that 32% of their economy set to their currency to eleviate any was flourishing due to investments. fraud and mishaps from happening. This was all possible due to domestic While globalization has allowed markets investing in their own country, for these emerging markets to grow, leading to raise their GDP levels. they have also permitted some However, it has been suggested that in setbacks. One of the major setbacks of order for Indonesia to expand emerging markets include government completely, the report states that they and political risks, exchange rate risk, would need to export more of their cultural complications, and running into shares out instead of keeping them environmental issues. Businesses and within their realms. That way, if organizations looking to invest in these anything were to happen to the shares, markets should keep in mind that it would not crush the economy. In governments of the emerging markets addition, due to an exceptionally high can set any precedent which can increase in shares of investment in negatively or positively impact any form GDP, Indonesia was able to raise their of trade and investment. Furthermore, income per capita by 8 to 9 percent. businesses may not end up as popular Thus, Indonesia’s low government in one country as they would have been debt, resilient economic growth, and in another, leading to more lose than exceptional fiscal managements have gain in profits. Likewise, brands looking led the country to rise as the leading to invest in emerging markets, may not emerging market in the Southeast fully understand the culture they will be Asian region. doing business with, which may lead to Indonesia’s central government miscommunications and altercations. As has made it a goal to improve stated earlier, certain governments may infrastructure and manufacturing decide to pull away from a company or markets while steering the economy brand if their project plans were to get away from relying heavily on raw in the way of or cause any materials. As of 2018, Indonesia has environmental problems in the become an even bigger hotspot for emerging market economies. emerging markets to arise because of the credit rating they received from international financial services 10

companies. These companies include the late 1990s, their location regarding Standard & Poor, Fitch Ratings, and China and India, they have low labor Moody’s. It is important to note, costs, and they are open to new however, that the private sector is infrastructure industries and hesitant on investing in manufacturing maintenance. With the help of large industry because of how much the private business groups and country has relied on raw materials to state-owned enterprises, Indonesia has maintain the GDP. Furthemore, as successfully risen to the top as an stated above, this hesitation can pull emerging market economy by Indonesia out of the exporting realm if improving the landscape of the country, private sectors are not willing to increasing the GDP, and income per accomodate to not only the ever capita by providing jobs. changing world economy, but also the commodity prices and liquifying their Possible questions: funds. Is a green economy possible in It may be important to note why South Asia? Indonesia is seeing success in the Can smaller South Asian global market while surrounding countries sustain/maintain a green countries are not. Indonesia was and economy while China is imposing new still continues to rise as an emerging infrastructures with the New Silk Road? market economy due to the following What has the UN done for and reasons: abundant and diverse natural with emerging market economies? resources, rapidly expanding middle Has UNEP stepped in to provide class and young people, political assistance with any environmental stability, prudent fiscal management issues? since their last economic collapse in 11 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

What has the UNDP done? What about the IUCN? Does the UN seem to The Right to be Forgotten help or cause further problems As globalization expands when investors seek out emerging interconnectedness both physically and markets? virtually, cyberspace has proven to be Should the IMF provide any an infinite record book. As more and funding for emerging markets? Should more people rely on virtual resources emerging markets be allowed to for information, censorship has been a receive funding from the IMF and the central political issue in the digital age. World Bank? Ironically, the digital coin has two sides: Should the emerging market censorship by both private individuals economies look at the structure of the and large conglomerates like states or World Bank and IMF to see what they corporations and the “right to be can do to improve their own banks? forgotten.” The permanence of Could health issues in the information online has been a country affect its ability to rise up to testament to civil liberties as physical become a successful emerging market? copies can be destroyed, digital copies (keeping Indonesia in mind) prove to be resilient as they spread Key Words: through the Internet like wildfire. Liquidity However, in this digital age, many posts equity have proven to be damaging to emerging market economy professional careers and can possibly lead to criminal charges. This broadcast of behaviors has sparked entire markets for companies Old Row and 12

amendments perpetuate its creation Barstool Sports, sparking millions of and existence. The Fourth Amendment followers (and views) on social media, prohibits unlawful searches and yielding a line of merchandise, seizures without “probable cause” and podcasts, and even hiring interns. Thus, the First and Fifth Amendments protect the “right to be forgotten” has sparked outline privacy protections in their a conversation regarding its role in the focus for individual autonomy. Like realms of civil liberties and human Supreme Court, Justice Louis D. rights. Brandeis said in his co-authored article “Right to Privacy,” the right to privacy is Intrinsic human rights and civil “the right to be let alone.” In this digital liberties have been made the forefront age, the reaches of the Internet expand of contemporary politics as different infinitely upon a finite world. This right regime types either support, deny, or to privacy in American jurisprudence repress these freedoms. However, and its global legal implications show does the right to be forgotten to meet t perhaps one of the most fundamental such essentials outlined in the United civil liberties in a world awash of stimuli, Nations Universal Declaration of Human pumped with images and idols. For if Rights such as that, “Everyone has the one cannot escape society into the right to life, liberty, and security of realms of one's own realm excessing person.” Granted the lingering of past an expectation of privacy, then where poor decisions, bankruptcies, criminal can one look for privacy? histories, or many other unwanted Now how does the right to be attachments to given person's forgotten play in with these limitations? reputation, comes the possibility to First, let's clarify the right to forget and even further censorship the Web. For if the right to be forgotten. Antoon De every actively seeks to delete every Baets outlined in his article “A negative aspect of the Internet about historian’s view on the right to be their image or reputation, is that not a forgotten,” the subtly in Article 19 of the sort of “mob censorship”? Surely, there United Nations International Covenant must be limits to control for unintended on Civil and Political Rights. The article consequences and implications. in question dictates that individuals be free from “any form of effort to coerce American jurisprudence and the holding or not holding of any the Bill of Rights have an exciting opinion is prohibited. Freedom to history with the role of precedent express one’s opinion necessarily and civil liberties especially as the includes the freedom not to express American democracy has one’s opinion.” He inquiries that, “if enfranchised specific demographics. there is a right to memory, then there is The Supreme Court has ruled on also right to forget and, hence, no duty limits on many civil liberties and the to remember can be imposed on right to privacy had been one of the others.” The right to be forgotten, in De most controversial. Although not Baets’ view, is: explicitly stated in the US Constitution, several of the 13 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

A Google search of “Mario Costeja González” proliferated a legal inquiry regarding the right to privacy and data protection in Court of Justice of the European Union

A radical variant of the right to These proceedings had been privacy. Like the duty to resolved and were no longer revenant remember imposed on others, thus imposing on him this burden of the right to be forgotten carries people executing a Google search and an element of coercion: when limiting their business with him. By successfully applied, its net Directive 95/46/EC, the law about data result is that the person protection is clear: exercising it diminishes, if not Whereas data-processing censors, the right to information systems are designed to serve of others. If it does, it affects the man; whereas they must, right to free expression. whatever the nationality or At face value, it may benefit the specific residence of natural persons, individual, but it can infringe outside respect their fundamental rights that person’s sphere, therefore as De and freedoms, notably the right Baets infers, censorship of sorts. to privacy, and contribute to Case Study Europe economic and social progress, A Google search of “Mario trade expansion and the Costeja González” proliferated a legal well-being of individuals. inquiry regarding the right to privacy It is the right to privacy that governed and data protection in Court of Justice the Court’s decision in data protection of the European Union. Mario Costeja and prompting an order to Google and González’s name and image via a other search engines who operated in Google search were met by “a the jurisdiction of the European Union real-estate auction connected with (EU). Individuals may request to have attachment proceedings for the their “right to be forgotten” exercised recovery of social security debts.” (in so many words), and thus far 14

according to a Guardian report, organizations and the world press for “650,000 requests to remove certain its constant use of censoring the websites from its [Google] search Internet. North Korean leader Kim Jung results.” In the same article, referencing Un, as well as his predecessors, have Google’s transparency report and a consistently for several decades heavily research paper published in February censored the general populace and 2018, stated that Google had "received restricted immigration and travel to and requests to remove more than 2.43 fro. However, what is censorship? million URLs since the end of May 2014, Firstly, to define censorship is and it has removed about 43 percent of integral to any analysis of it and its them.” A press release from Viviane implications. Merriam Webster defines Reding during the 2010 European Data the verb censor as “to examine to Protection and Privacy Conference also suppress or delete anything considered elaborated on the pertinence of privacy objectionable” (Merriam-Webster). The matters and data protection. Her goals rationale fort censoring reflects the in both her article and the conference information it is suppressing. as a whole were to “protect their data; Subsequent rationales for censorship enhancing the Single Market include morality, withholding military dimension; reinforcing data controllers' intelligence, political censorship and responsibility.” She characterized a withholding information as to prevent quote, “God forgives and forgets, but rebellion, religious censorship, and the Web never does!.” In conclusion, corporate censorship. The reoccurring the right to be forgotten as we progress theme as far as censorship goes is this into the digital age this fine line sense of self-preservation and between censorship and the right to perception by others. It’s also about privacy persists. Whereas some seek to power. In the literature discussing expunge past transgressions of censorship in the world today and even irrelevance, others may be infringed dystopian accounts to a degree upon by a broader framework of highlight this sense of power. limiting freedoms of expression and “Fahrenheit 451” by Ray Bradbury association. describes a world emerged in Censorship censorship as “firemen” burn illegal As ideas, technologies, and books to control and “equalize” the philosophies extend and connect populace. A quote from the novel people on the world stage there reads: “We must all be alike. Not everyone comes the matter of regulating this born free and equal, as the constitution connection. The role of censorship says, but everyone made equal . . . A can be a dangerous tool for regimes book is a loaded gun in the house next seeking to control their citizenry as door. Burn it. Take the shot from the well as a mechanism to uphold weapon. Breach man’s mind traditional values and everything in (Bradbury).” between. The scope of the The power dynamic in this dystopian “negative” aspects of censorship novel, published in 1953, shifted and relays this tone of withholding convinced people of the apparent information to abate people. The “danger” of books perpetuating the Chinese government has recently most vulnerable populations: the been critiqued by both international 15 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

misinformed and the ignorant. Fiction internationally. The mechanisms are as aside, censorship has characterized the follows: first technical blocking through worst of regimes and governments “IP blocking, DNS tampering, and URL ranging from Nazi Germany to the blocking using a proxy,” research result Soviet Union and beyond. In 1933, the removal, the takedown of websites infamous series of book burnings through a direct access regulators destroyed many books by Freud, Mann controlling web pages subsequent and other “questionable” authors. The “legality” and registration, and the burning held in Berlin gathered a crowd introduction of self-censorship by the of 40,000 people and the Propaganda populace itself. Additionally, the Minister Joesph Goebbels delivered a OpenNet Initiative describes four points speech describing the right of the control such as the “Internet backbone students to clean up the debris of the (which can affect the country as a past” whole), Internet Service Providers Secondly, for globalization one (ISPs), the filtering of content by must relay the concept of Internet technical or induced means in censorship. Permanently, referring to institutions and finally the installation of censorship as the suppression of censoring or filtering software on “objectionable” information, of course, individual computers. governments, institutions, and On the opposite side of the spectrum of corporations would extend this information accessibility, is leaking omission or deletion to the Internet. The information. As countries have OpenNet Initiative describes several of deployed the use of espionage and these mechanisms to limit what can be covert operations, especially in the reached on the Internet and how it is 20th and 21 centuries, the voluntary accomplished leaking, or blackmailing to do so, has 16

created a great many security threats of day, found to violate for many nations. Americans’ rights…It is the first These individuals who leak, dependent of many.” upon on perception, can either be The actions of Edward Snowden reflect patriotic whistleblowers or treasonous matters of national security and the traitors. No one in contemporary politics omission of information at least in the has been as controversial in this debate classified sense. They also give way for than former NSA employee Edward a conversation regarding the use of Snowden. Snowden leaked NSA files in mass surveillance and if the general 2013 detailing extensive reports of data public should be privy to it. While mass collections by the NSA on millions of surveillance and data collections of Americans. After a federal judge ruled large swaths of the populace may against the NSA’s practice concluding protect national security and prevent of its unconstitutionality, Snowden threats both domestic and foreign, it released a press release stating: may very well deteriorate the right to I acted on my belief that the privacy of innocent civilians. Reflecting N.S.A.’s mass surveillance back upon the motives for censorship programs would not withstand a as stated previously, the goals of the constitutional challenge, and NSA surveillance project are, consistent that the American public with leaked files, "Sniff it All", "Know it deserved a chance to see these All", "Collect it all", "Process it All", issues determined by open "Exploit it All", and "Partner it All". courts…Today, a secret program authorized by a secret court was, when exposed to the light 17 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

Case Study; Google In March 2018, a series of files from Google characterized a company struggling with free speech, a free Internet and censorship. The files detail a commitment to free speech consistent with its policies, yet it struggles in countries like China where censorship is so heavy. A Stanford report reiterates Google and Chinas complicated history. According to the document, China successfully had Google block searches to sensitive topics like the Tiananmen Square massacre and the Taiwan t independence movement. However, this agreement failed in 2010. Google had then rejected Chinese government requests to block content as it was inconsistent to the companies values. Google had deployed a strategy to bypass censoring technology in China by redirecting “all hits to www.google.cn to www.google.com.hk, a Hong Kong-based domain outside of China's jurisdiction” (https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts /cs201/projects/2010-11/FreeExpression VsSocialCohesion/google_policy.html). Google has since then published a tool, Google Transparency, which graphically displays the requests by governments to Google to request Internet censorship. It also graphically displays the reasons behind the requests and can be view for specific timeframes. Google, it seems, warned in the documents of governments one would not think would seek to censor information. However, regardless of whether or not information is censored or not if the economic principle of supply and demand describes anything, its that people tend to want what they cannot have. Herein lies the irony. 22

Great Chinese Firewall: reflecting their degree of Internet The Great Firewall of China freedom (among other criteria) and (GFC) is according a Bloomberg article, China scores the worst. According to “A joint effort between Freedom House, China has a government monitors and the population of 1.39 billion people in 2018 technology and telecommunications and “China was the world’s worst companies compelled to enforce the abuser of internet freedom in Freedom state’s rules” (Bloomberg). China has on the Net for the fourth consecutive had an interesting history involving the year” (Freedom House). The Central role of censors in mitigating and Propaganda Department of the suppressing information. As communist Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has Chinese has, since the 1960s and perhaps the most notable role in the 1970s, tightened the restrictions on process of censoring media and information and what is consistent with information. The CCP “sets guidelines the Party’s standards it has a broad over the Chinese media, film, drama, impact on many forms of media. Today, art, news, literature and education, and the Chinese Internet is drastically disciplines those who break the rules different from what the rest of the world on what can and cannot be presented uses and accesses. Absent of content in these mediums” (Brady). President like Facebook, Google, YouTube, or Bill Clinton in 2000 once stated, even the New York Times, the Chinese referring to Chinese internet populace is operating under a regime censorship, as “sort of like trying to nail which actively seeks to monitor content Jello to the wall” (Foreign Policy). on the Internet. Freedom House, an However, it seems that Lu Wei, aka independent watchdog organization, China’s internet czar, and the has collected data on 65 countries charismatic head of the Central 23 BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHABET INC.

Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs user and the target are outside has succeeded in doing just that. the censored area. According to the Foreign Policy article, Finally, packet dropping published in 2016, China first began schemes or deep packet censoring in the 1990s “with the inspection and keyword filtering introduction of early forms of the permanently discard internet internet, and picked up slowly in the traffic, and the hosted content is 2000s, as China began to block foreign made inaccessible. social media sites, slowly what came to All in all the Great Firewall is maintained be known as the Great Firewall of by sophisticated software and censorship” (Foreign Policy). dedicated institutions that proactively The mechanisms for censoring in censor information on the Internet. China, culminating into the Ironically, the most restrictive unprecedented Great Firewall are nation of Internet content is a United many, and they vary in sophistication. Nation Security Council Member and Thousand Eyes, a network intelligence has signed the International Covenant blog, reports three such technical on Civil and Political Rights. China’s components as “IP blocking, DNS constitution states “Citizens of the tampering and hijacking, collateral People’s Republic of China enjoy damage DNS, and deep packet freedom of speech, of the press, of inspection and keyword filtering.” IP assembly, of association, procession blocking is the prevention of an IP and demonstration.” However, this address, specific or a group, from does not mean a good deal given the accessing web content. DNS tampering Communist Party’s control of the is: Chinese judiciary. The United Nation’s When a DNS server accepts and Universal Declaration of Human Rights uses incorrect information from states in Article 19: a host that has no authority Everyone has the right to freedom of giving that information. This opinion and speech; this right includes erroneous information could freedom to hold opinions without then be used to change and interference and to seek, receive and reroute the numeric Internet impart information and idea through addresses for Web access, any media and regardless of frontiers. electronic mail, and file transfers Reflecting on these two figments and to arbitrary sites chosen by an cornerstones of international law, it is intruder. inconsistent in the stark reality of This tactic is often deployed Chinese censorship. concurrently with IP blocking. A China is censoring domestically and collateral damage DNS is described as: has even sought to censor in Iterative queries to different neighboring countries like Tibet and level of name servers, multiple Taiwan. At face value, China actively name servers distributed in seeks to shape its narrative given its different locations and dynamic economic, political and military might. and anycast routing, are all One must note that China was formerly factors which may cause a under foreign control for a significant query to transit a censored period as seen with the Boxer Rebellion network, even though both the 24

in 1840 until the Communist victory in China has successfully gotten some 1949. Now, it frequently seeks to major business to fall in line with change and control how the rest of the China’s policies on what can be said of world view and describes China. An the regime. NPR article describes this phenomenon first with the Durham University debate in which students held a public forum discussing China’s potential threat risk to the West. The Chinese Embassy had reached out to the student’s union requesting one of the speakers not speak. The speaker in question, according to NPR, is “Anastasia Lin, a former Miss World Canada. Lin is also a human rights activist and a practitioner of Falun Gong, a spiritual meditation group banned by the Chinese government.” A Chinese official at the Embassy reportedly threatened that if Lin did speak then, “the U.K. might get less favorable trade terms after Brexit” (NPR). Beijing’s goal it seems, consequential to other clumsy threats, is to undermine the West and compete systematically. Although the threats against the student’s union failed, Alphabet| POSITION 001 Ruth Porat Chief Financial Officer

Date of Birth: 11/25/1957 Home Country: United Kingdom

Biography

Currently the Chief Financial Officer of Alphabet Inc. and its subsidiary Google, Ruth Porat was born to a Jewish family in 1957 in Sale, Cheshire, England and moved with her family to Cambridge, Massachusetts at a very young age. Porat’s nationality is recognized as American, but she holds dual-citizenship between the US and the UK. While in Massachusetts, her father worked as a research fellow in Physics at Harvard University until he relocated the family to Palo Alto, California to work at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. In terms of education, Porat attended Stanford University and achieved a BA in Economics and International Relations. She went on to obtain a Masters of Science in Industrial Relations from the London School of Economics as well as an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Porat has held various positions in the economic sector throughout her career. She began at Morgan Stanley in 1987 and left to work at Smith Barney before returning to serve as Vice Chairman of Investment Banking at Morgan Stanley. She held this position from 2003 to 2009 as well as the Global Head of the Financial Institutions Group from 2006 to 2009. Porat is widely known for creating the European debt financing that is said to have said Amazon from collapsing due to the dot-com meltdown of 2000. Similarly, Porat led the Morgan Stanley team in advising the US Department of the Treasury on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac during the financial crisis. She also assisted the New York Federal Reserve Bank with AIG. Having been serving Google as CFO since 2015, Porat has been credited with greatly growing the company’s share price and was named the 25th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes in 2017. As for board positions, Porat is a vice chair on the Board of Trustees of Stanford University as well as a member of the Board of Directors of Standford Management Company, the Borrowing Advisory Committee of the US Treasury, the Board of Directors of The Council on Foreign Relations, the board of Trustees of the Economic Club of New York, and the Bretton Woods Committee. She also holds a membership with the Adversary Council of the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution. Alphabet| POSITION 001

In 1983, Porat married Anthony Paduano, a partner in the law firm of Paduano & Weintraub, has three children, and the family currently resides in Palo Alto. The godmother of her children was also her financial partner during the Internet investment banking age, Mary Meeker. Porat recognizes herself as a Democrat and has been an open supporter of Hillary Clinton through both her campaigns for president. While her net worth is not known publicly, Google is paying Porat a $650,000 salary in addition to a $5 million signing bonus, a $25 million new hire grant, and a $40 million biennial grant in 2016.

Overt Powers

As the CFO of Alphabet & Google, you hold immense power over the financial ongoings of the corporation. You have direct oversight into the balance sheets of the two organizations, directly reporting this back to the board at large. In addition to your responsibilities as CFO, you are an acting member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. This means it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management (technically including yourself). You and the boards goal is to secure the competitive edge of Alphabet as you look towards expanding into Asia. Alphabet| POSITION 002 Philipp Schindler Chief Business Officer

Date of Birth: 11/25/1971 Home Country: Germany

Biography

Born in Dusseldorf, Germany in 1971, Philipp Schindler has held the position of SVP & Chief Business Officer at Google since 2015 but has worked for Google since 2005. He is in charge of sales activities for Google and Youtube, both globally and regionally, the global technology and consumer operations, the product-sales strategy and go-to-market teams for all monetization products, and the partnership teams for Android and Chrome. Before this, Schindler held numerous other positions within Google such as the head of Google’s Global Sales and Operations as well as the Google business in Northern and Central Europe. Schindler is well liked by those above and below him at Google. He is very often said to be kinder, gentler, and more positive than most executives are known for being and many wonder if his younger age is to be accredited.

However, Schindler has not always been at Google. He first served as head of marketing at CompuServe in Germany, a subsidiary of AOL Inc, before moving up the ladder to Senior Vice President at AOL Germany. This position required him to run the marketing and sales activities and serve on the management board. This role made him responsible for one of the largest marketing and sales budgets in the nation and it was within this position that he was awarded the Golden Effie and many other awards.

For schooling, Schindler studied business administration at the European Business School in Germany, earning a Diplom Kaufmann degree with distinction. At 26, he joined Bertelsmann’s junior staff program. In this program, Schindler was able to focus on new media activities within the company’s global corporate strategy unit. He currently lives in Menlo Park, California with his wife and 3 children. Although his exact yearly income is unknown, it is believed that his current position is worth tens of millions of dollars a year with share price performance impacting the final figure greatly. Alphabet| POSITION 002

Overt Powers

As the CBO, it is your job to work with the other branches of Alphabet in order to coordinate product launches, generalized strategy for each level of business administration, product-sales, global technology and consumer operations, along with bridging the gap between the different facets of the conglomerate. You serve as an acting member on the Alphabet Board of Directors, meaning it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management (such as yourself). This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 003 Jim Campbell Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

Date of Birth: 4/18/1956 Home Country: United States

Biography

Jim Campbell, 62, currently serves as Alphabet Inc.’s Vice President Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer and has filled this position since February of 2016. As Controller, Campbell oversees the company’s business and financial operations and performs financial analysis, develop financial planning processes, as well as implements overall business plans. Additionally, he has responsibility for the $3.5 billion “Other Bets”, the investment into new business initiatives and ventures, reporting segment at Alphabet. When first coming to the company, Campbell received a $250,00 signing bonus and, today, he is receiving a $475,00 salary. Additionally, he was given two equity grants worth 43.5 million that he can exercise annually. Alphabet came forward saying that it's hire of Campbell was part of a company wide effort to being enforcing tighter finanical disclicpiline to the company’s projects, especially those that are outside of the core business focus. Campbell is regarded as highly skilled in internal audit, international business, accounting, mergers & acquisitions, systems, risk management, and finance accounting

Before beginning his career, Campbell received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a concentration in business accounting and finance from California State University. He also holds a CPA license, which is the accounting profession’s highest standard of competence as well as a symbol of achievement and assurance of quality. Prior to his role at Alphabet Inc, Campbell was employed by Intel for many years. From 1990 to 1993, he served as a Microprocessor Group Controller and then from ‘93 to ‘98 as the Director of Finance Systems. From 1998 to 2002, Campbell was residing in Europe in order to fulfill his position of Intel’s European Director of Finance and Operations where he was responsible for global accounting and international finance operations. He was then promoted to the Vice President of Finance and Corporate Controller.

Alphabet| POSITION 003

Outside of business, Campbell is involved in numerous organizations. He is a member of the Financial Executives International Committee on Corporate Reporting, the Executive Committee of CCR, the FASB Emerging Issue Task Force, and the PCAOB Standing Advisory Group. Additionally, he sits on the Board of Trustee of the Portland chapter of the World Affairs Council, a council looking to bring global connections and positive international relations to different areas of the United States.

Overt Powers

As the current VP of Corporate Controller & Principal Accounting Officer business and financial operations you develop necessary financial planning processes, as well as implement broad stroke business plans. Most uniquely, you oversee the “Other Bets” section of the Alphabet balance sheet. In this subsection, Alphabet works with some of its varying subsidiaries to advance the companies R&D in a multitude of industries. Finally, you serve as an acting member on the Alphabet Board of Directors, meaning it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management (such as yourself). This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 004 David Drummond Senior Vice President of Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer

Date of Birth: 7/19/1963 Home Country: United States

Biography

Called the “World’s Luckiest Lawyer”, David Drummond, 55, is an American businessman and executive who lives in San Francisco, California. He currently serves as the Senior Vice President of corporate development and Chief Legal Officer for Alphabet Inc since October 2, 2015. Drummond first began his career by obtaining a Bachelor’s degree in history from Santa Clara University and then his JD from Stanford Law School. After earning his law degree, Drummond became a partner at the law firm of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. In this position, he assisted nurmoura technology companies by managing issues pertaining to mergers, acquisitions and initial public offerings. It was this job that initially introduced Drummond to the world of Google. In 1998, the firm assigned him to work with the on the rise company’s founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Drummond became Google’s first outside counsel with this role and would join the company in 2002, leading the global teams for legal, public policy, communications, and product quality operations.

Drummond’s current position within Alphabet entitles him to many important duties. He assists the company in navigating the ever increasingly hostile regulatory environments in Brussels, Washington, as well as in Asia with the specification of China. He also helps spearhead Google and Alphabet $32 million racial justice portfolio. Additionally, Drummond serves as Chairman of Google’s investment branches, Google Ventures and CapitalG. With this large of a role, Drummond is reported to have received a calculated compensation of $664,252 for the 2017 fiscal year.

Beyond Alphabet, Drummond spreads his influence to many other companies. He sits on the board of directors of the mental health non-profit, Crisis Text Line, is an advisor of PacketTrap Networks Inc, as well as serving as a director of Next autoworks Company, V-Vehicle Company and Rocket Lawyer Inc. Even still Drummond is an investor and advisor at Ozy Media Inc., an independent director of KKR Management LLC since March 14, 2014, and has even served as a director of SSI Investments II Limited since February of 2000. Until 2016, Drummond was also a board member of Uber, but was asked to step down due to overlapping issues between the company and Alphabet. Alphabet| POSITION 004

Drummond has manage to escape getting caught up within controversies as many other executives tend to find themselves. However, an issue arose in 2004 when he began an extramarital relationship with Jennifer Blakely, a senior contract manager in the legal department and on of his subordinates at Google. Their relationship was kept secret from the company until Blakely gave birth to a son in 2007 and had to be disclosed. The couple experienced backlash from Google, who was forced to intervene and promptly moved Blakley to a position not of her speciality in the sales department. Blakey was open with sharing that she felt that the company mishandled the issue as she experienced consequences while Drummond did not. Therefore, she left Google and ended the relationship, inciting a lengthy custody battle in which she gained custody of their son.

Overt Powers

As the head for Alphabet’s corporate development, it is your job to work within the framework of the company to advance the social well-being of its employees. This includes working to improve gender and racial equality, better benefits etc. As chief legal council, it is your role to make sure Alphabet is always taking the necessary legal precautions to secure beneficial contracts, protect intellectual property and comply with both local, state, and national regulations. You serve as an acting member on the Alphabet Board of Directors, meaning it is your job to work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management (such as yourself). This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 005 Eric Schmidt Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 7/19/1963 Home Country: United States

Biography

Eric E. Schmidt was born in Virginia and is the son of Wilson Emerson Schmidt, a professor of international economics at Virginia Tech and Johns Hopkins University who also worked at the U.S. Treasury Department during the Nixon Administration. He went to Princeton University and graduated with a Bachelor degree in engineering. He then went on to U.C. Berkeley earning a Master’s and PhD in Computer Engineering.

In March 2001, Schmidt joined Google's board of directors as chairman, and became the company's CEO in August 2001. At Google, Schmidt shared responsibility for Google's daily operations with founders Page and Brin. Prior to the Google going public in the stock market, Schmidt had responsibilities typically assigned to the CEO of a public company and focused on the management of the vice presidents and the sales organization. According to Google, Schmidt's job responsibilities included "building the corporate infrastructure needed to maintain Google's rapid growth as a company and on ensuring that quality remains high while the product development cycle times are kept to a minimum." On December 21, 2017, Schmidt announced he would be stepping down as the Executive Chairman of Alphabet. Shortly after stepping down, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that Schmidt would be joining as a visiting innovation fellow.

Schmidt has been a Non-Executive Director at The Economist Group Limited since 2013. He serves as a Director of InSight Venture Partners and as a Director of Civis Analytics, Inc. He serves as a Member of Advisory Board of Carnegie Mellon University and GTI Group LLC. He also serves as a Trustee of the Mayo Clinic. Since 2008, he has been a Trustee of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Dr. Schmidt also serves as a Trustee of Menlo School. He served as a Director of Apple Inc. from August 29, 2006 to July 31, 2009.

Alphabet| POSITION 005

Schmidt was an informal advisor and major donor to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, and even campaigned for President Obama. He was a candidate for the Chief Technology Officer position, which President Obama created in his administration and was also considered for Commerce Secretary. After President Obama won in 2008, Schmidt became a member of President Obama's transition advisory board and then a member of the United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Schmidt has also served on Google’s government relations team. The Secretary of Defense under President Obama, Ash Carter, appointed Schmidt as chairman of the DoD Innovation Advisory Board in early 2016.

Overt Powers

While you are no longer the executive chairman of Alphabet, you remain on the board of directors. In this capacity you play an integral role working with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. As the former chairman, you continue to hold quite a significant amount of sway over other in the room due to your many years of expertise. Alphabet| POSITION 006 Karim Temsamani President of Asia-Pacific Regional Operations

Date of Birth: 3/20/1974 Home Country: France

Biography

Karim Temsamani, 44, is the current president of the Asia-Pacific sector at Google and has held this role since 2013. In this position, Temsamani oversees all of Google’s sales and operations in the region. He is therefore in charge of directing the strategy for all sixteen continental offices, along with regional business strategy for products including Google Maps, Google Apps for Business, as well as Youtube and adSense among many others. Before this position, Temsamani headed the Global Mobile Sales department from 2010. Before coming to Google, he held senior positions in differing Australian media companies such as Who Weekly at Time Inc., South Pacific, Fairfax Media Limited, and Time Inc.

Temsamani is French born and earned a degree from the European Business School Paris in International Affairs. He currently resides in Singapore, working at the Google headquarters, with his wife, Penelope. Penelope is a financial commentator and the daughter of Ian Joyce, a successful businessman. Temsamani has been very open about his beliefs that the spread of propaganda and misinformation is a global problem, not just a problem restricted to the US. As president of Google’s Asia-Pacific region, Temsamani helps decide the winner of the APEC Digital Prosperity Award yearly. This award is presented to individuals who better the economic sector through technological developments, such as the 2018 winner Crystal Kewe of Papua New Guinea.

Overt Powers

As the President of the Asia-Pacific Region for Google, it is your job to manage all the companies sales and operations in the region. This includes developing strategy for the sixteen offices across the continent and direct regional business strategy for products such as Google Maps, Google Apps for Business, as well as Youtube and adSense among many others. It is important to note that you are the president of this region for Google, not Alphabet as a whole. However, you simultaneously serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. In this position work with the rest of the board in order to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company.

Alphabet| POSITION 007 Diane Greene CEO of Google Cloud

Date of Birth: 10/15/1955 Home Country: United States

Biography

Diane B. Greene was born in 1955 in Rochester, New York. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1976 with her bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering. Having grown up in Chesapeake Bay with a love for the sea, this influenced her choice to then attend MIT to pursue her master’s in naval architecture. After packing up and spending a decade in Hawaii designing windsurfing equipment, she would earn a second master’s from the University of California, Berkeley, in computer science. While at Berkeley, she met her husband, Mendel Rosenblum, a professor of computer science at Stanford; they currently reside in the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California. The couple has two children, but Greene has refused to release any information as to their ages, hobbies, or schools, as she believes her work in the tech industry, not her family life, should be the focus of all interviews and media attention. As Rosenblum’s alma mater is the University of Virginia, both have donated millions of dollars to the mathematics program at UVA’s College of Arts and Sciences.

Before founding her own startup, Greene worked for a multitude of successful companies in Silicon Valley, such as Silicon Graphics, Sybase, and Tandem. In 1998, Greene and Rosenblum co-founded VMWare, the first company of its kind to utilize what is now called ‘x86 architecture,’ the technology commonly used today in cloud-computing. The company was acquired by Dell EMC in 2004 for an unexpected cash offer of $625 million. Later, in 2008, Greene was famously let go as CEO from the company after its financial performance plummeted, and her husband resigned later that same month. VMWare is still operating today under CEO Pat Gelsinger, but Greene has since moved on and was named to Google’s Board of Directors in 2012, occupying the 10th seat on the board and replacing Arthur D. Levinson. Throughout this time, she was a speaker at YCombinator, a startup accelerator company that now invests in familiar programs such as Dropbox, Airbnb, and Reddit. Also during this time, she was granted the honor of judging the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, a $1 million award granted biennially for those who make global impact through their contributions to the field of engineering. In 2015, Greene founded another startup, Bebop, which she kept

Alphabet| POSITION 007 highly private from the general public, only revealing that it developed training management software. Alphabet, the parent company of Google, acquired the startup in 2016 for $380 million and brought Greene into her current position as CEO of Google Cloud in the process. When Greene began at Google Cloud, the company lacked the strong infrastructure, peer networking, security controls, and audit logs it has today. Greene has not only strengthened and improved all of these aspects, but is working tirelessly with a wide range of enterprises--not just regular consumers--to encourage them and help them adapt to using the Google Cloud. Not only does she work closely with new and current startups, but also with old companies whose development predated the Internet, such as Home Depot, who must now go through digital transformations to remain competitive. Greene is patient, thoughtful, and self-removed, taking a steady, long-game approach, rather than considering what would make Google look best in the short run.

Overt Powers

As the head of Google Cloud, you are a major player in the future of both Google and Alphabet as a whole. With technology continuing to improve in sophistication and integration within the daily lives of everyday citizens, cloud computing expands in relevance through its array of tangible applications. In addition to overseeing this section of the company, you also serve as on the Alphabet Board of Directors. This means you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 008 John Doerr III Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 6/12/1951 Home Country: United States

Biography

John Doerr was born in June of 1951 in St. Louis, Missouri, as one of five siblings. He attended Rice University, where he obtained both a B.S. and a master’s of Electrical Engineering, and then attended Harvard University for his M.B.A. His wife, Ann Doerr, was also an electrical engineering student at Rice, and the two of them currently reside in Woodside, California, with their two children, Mary and Esther. The couple are active philanthropists with a venture capitalist approach; they have signed the Giving Pledge, a campaign which encouraged high-net-worth individuals such as themselves to donate to charitable causes over their lifetimes. Doerr has said the issues about which he is most passionate and financially supportive are those such as transforming public healthcare, fighting climate crisis, and improving public education. The couple has also donated over $1 million to their oldest daughter’s private school in Palo Alto to support technological education and computer labs. This daughter, Mary, is entering her senior year and is equally passionate about climate change, having started her own foundation called Inconvenient Youth to galvanize her peers against the human contribution to global warming. Outside of technological and philanthropic work, Doerr has authored a self-help book entitled Measure What Matters, a book about goal-setting and executing.

Doerr joined Intel Corporation in 1974 and eventually rose to become one of their best employees. He joined his current company, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, in 1980, backing many now-successful companies like those of Jeff Bezos (Amazon) and Scott Cook (Intuit). He led Kleiner’s $150 million investment in Twitter, claiming he understands the importance of handheld technology and media, and also announced with Steve Jobs the $100 million iFund, which is now the biggest investment pool in the industry. Also in his time at Kleiner, he famously mentored Ellen Pao, previous CEO of Reddit and current executive of non-profit Project Include. While beginning his career investing in the “next big thing” in technology, he founded his own startup, Silicon Compilers, a software company, as well as @Home, a cable internet service.

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Doerr’s central idea in his book is about OKRs, or Objectives and Key Results. When Google was still a small startup, Doerr introduced this idea to Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the founders, who agreed that writing down succinct goals with specified timelines would be crucial to their growth and success. This model is still used today, thanks to Doerr, and used more efficiently than any other Silicon startup. He has been on the board since 1999, while also serving on the boards of Amyris Biotechnologies and Erly.

As a board member of the Obama Foundation, which seeks to serve globally, Doerr has some political influence in Africa, where the Foundation has set up a year-long initiative to develop the next generation of leaders in the country. He also meets with citizens and civic leaders from Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Singapore, and New Zealand, giving him a better cultural understanding of the firsthand problems these countries face and the potential solutions their own citizens feel would be best.

Overt Powers

As one of the founding members of Alphabet, you continue to carry significant clout within the company. This can be seen by some of the practices mentioned above. In your current role as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors you work in close proximity with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 009 Kavitark Shriram Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 9/03/1956 Home Country: India

Biography

Kavitark Ram Shriram, who often goes by Ram Shriram, grew up in Chennai, India. He graduated from Loyola College, Chennai, of the University of Madras, a prestigious college in India, with a bachelor’s degree in Math. He is married with two daughters, and currently lives in Menlo Park, California. At the current age of 61, his net worth is around $2.2 billion.

When Ram Shriram moved to the United States in 1994, he joined Netscape, a former subsidiary of AOL, as an executive. Shriram stayed in the technology field, becoming an investor and board member of Google while it was in its earliest stages. He also joined Amazon’s first founder’s board as an executive member in 1994. His investment companies are typically sold to larger companies for major payouts, usually guaranteeing him shareholder status. Most of his $2.2 billion fortune comes from selling companies, such as Netscape and an early e-commerce company, Junglee, that was sold to Amazon, and selling the stock he acquires from various business ventures. His most recent business ventures include sitting on the boards of many small startup companies, such as Paperless Post, an online card invitation service; Gusto, an online HR service provider; and InMobi, a mobile advertising company. In order to fund and support these startups, he founded his own firm in 2000 known as Sherpalo. As an early supporter of Google, Ram Shriram was gifted a large portion of its stock, most of which is now sold, although he continues to serve on the executive board of Google’s parent company Alphabet.

Ram Shriram has many influential personal connections and a long history of donations. In 2014, Shriram made a $57 million donation to Stanford in order to build a new bioengineering building on campus. The ties to Stanford extend past the large donations, however. Shriram is a Stanford trustee and his wife, Vijayaletchumy "Vijay" Shriram, is a member of the advisory council of the Stanford Graduate School of Education and is currently on the board of directors for Stanford's public charter school, East Palo Alto Academy. In addition to multiple fellowship opportunities offered to students and a lot of funding, Shriram also credits Stanford alumni with much of his success. Google co-founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, are Stanford alumni, and both received half a million dollars from him following the success of Google in its early stages, since he became involved in the project when it was being run by Stanford PhD students.

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Much of his international work deals with Indian nonprofits to which he donates large amounts of money. Shriram has been a proponent of Magic Bus and Roshni, two organizations that aim to advance the education opportunities of girls in less developed countries. Through the Dhanam Foundation, he has donated $1.5 million to the USC School of Cinematic Arts (SCA), part of Stanford, to create need-based scholarships for its graduate students. He also is an avid financial supporter of the Sapling Foundation, which owns and operates the TED Global Conference.

Overt Powers

You have been with this company from the beginning into the giant it is today. As such, you not only are great friends with the other members, but they trust your judgment on difficult decisions due to your experience in the industry. You not only serve on the executive board for Google, but you also serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. In this role you work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 010 Ann Mather Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 4/10/1960 Home Country: United Kingdom

Biography

Ann Mather, who was born on April 10th, 1960, grew up in Stockport, United Kingdom. She is a British citizen who frequently works out of American businesses internationally. She earned her masters’ degree in geography and land economy from the University of Cambridge. From being the only or first female member of many of the executive boards she belongs to, she is a champion of increased opportunities for women in leadership roles.

Following her graduation from Cambridge, Mather began working for the major auditing company, KPMG. In 1984, she began working for Paramount Pictures. During this time, she also had a brief stint working for Alico, which is now a part of MetLife insurance. Through travelling the world for Paramount, she became involved in the Walt Disney Studios company, which landed her a job creating an international theatrical distribution section for Disneyland Paris. As she held more executive positions within Walt Disney Studios Los Angeles from 1993 to 1999, she became a contender for bigger roles. She was named executive vice president and chief financial officer at Village Roadshow Pictures, and shortly after in 1999 was named Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and company secretary of Pixar Studios. She held the position at Pixar until 2004. After her job with Pixar, she was invited to join a plethora of other executive boards, filling roles from board representative to vice president. These companies are incredibly influential, and include the likes of Alphabet, MGM Holdings Inc., Netflix, Shutterfly, Arista Networks, and Airbnb. Her current positions include serving as Chairman of the audit committee of the Board of Directors for Alphabet, lead director for MGM Holdings Inc., and as an Independent Director of Netflix. In terms of international connections, her work in Disneyland Paris and the amount of travelling she has done through Paramount Pictures leaves her well connected to multiple cities, such as New York, which helped her to become well connected globally. She has also served as the Director of Central European Media Enterprises since April 2004, making her very well connected, especially within the European sphere of influence.

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Being on the Google Board of Directors, having experience working for Pixar, and holding leadership roles within multiple corporations means that Mathers is exceptionally well connected. It also means she is used to being the only woman in a generally male dominated world. Given her experience, she has hosted multiple lectures on the importance of women in executive roles in order to try and make a change to the gender imbalance that exists.

Overt Powers

As a member of both the Google and Alphabet Board of Directors, you have an incredibly important role in pushing the trajectory of the company in whichever way you see most applicable. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial (you are on the Audit subcommittee) and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 011 Susan Wojcicki YouTube CEO

Date of Birth: 9/05/1968 Home Country: United States

Biography

Susan Wojcicki graduated with honors from Harvard University. Wojcicki holds an MS in Economics from the University of California at Santa Cruz and an MBA from the University of California, Los Angeles from. She has dual citizenship in the United States and Poland. Her sister is Anne Wojcicki, cofounder of DNA testing site 23andMe and ex wife of Google cofounder Sergey Brin. Susan Wojcicki has been CEO of YouTube since February 2014.

Wojcicki first joined Alphabet, then just Google, in 1999 as the first marketing manager. She was actually Google’s 16th employee and was the force behind the infamous Google doodles. Wojcicki later became head of advertising at Google. She also served as Vice President of Product Management at Google and was responsible for the product management of AdSense as well as Google Book Search, Google Video and the syndication of Google products to partners worldwide. She also product-managed the licensing of web search, site search and enterprise to Google's first customers and was responsible for the initial development of Google Image Search. Wojcicki was one of the biggest advocates for Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of YouTube in 2006. (YouTube is now worth an estimated $90 billion.)

Some of Wojcicki’s main focuses as CEO of YouTube have been keeping disturbing content (such as ISIS beheading videos) and fake news off the website. During her time as CEO, YouTube has tightened its policy on videos it regards as potentially violating its policies on hate speech, violent extremism, and other content YouTube deems as too inappropriate for their website. (Some of these policies introduced under Wojcicki have gained criticism from YouTubers, who say the policies infringe on their creativity and right to free expression).

Wojcicki also oversaw the development and release of new YouTube applications and experiences designed to cater to users interested in family, gaming, and music content. She has directed and signed off of various projects like the launch of YouTube’s advertisement-free subscription service, YouTube Premium (formerly

Alphabet| POSITION 011 known as YouTube Red), and its internet television service YouTube TV. Since Wojcicki took on the role of CEO, YouTube’s percentage of female employees has risen from 24 to nearly 30 percent.

Prior to being at Alphabet, she worked at Intel and served as a management consultant at both Bain & Company and R.B. Webber & Company. Earlier, she served as a Product Manager and Developer for the educational software company MagicQuest. Wojcicki served as a Director of HomeAway, Inc. from 2011 to December 13, 2012.

Aside from being CEO of YouTube, Wojcicki is involved in a number of other things. She is a member of the UCLA Anderson Board of Visitors. Wojcicki is an Advisor at Google Ventures, which is Google’s venture capital firm that invests in tech companies that think outside the box. Wojcicki has also been an Independent Director of salesforce.com since December 5, 2014. She was on Time's list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2015. In 2018, Wojcicki ranked #10 on Fortune's list of Most Powerful Women.Wojcicki has also advocated for several causes of interest to her, like the expansion of paid family leave, aiding Syrian refugees, countering gender discrimination at technology companies, getting girls interested in computer science, and prioritizing coding in schools.

Overt Powers

As the CEO of YouTube you oversee all of the day to day operations that take place within the company. YouTube remains one of the most important elements of Google, and therefore one of the most important proponents of Alphabet. You are in charge also of the longer term strategies for YouTube, such as some of the original content and movie streaming that has begun to take shape over recent years. Additionally, you act as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. This means you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 012 Alan Mulally Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 8/04/1945 Home Country: United States

Biography

Alan Mulally has been the Director of Alphabet Inc. since July 9, 2014. Mulally is a Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of England's Royal Academy of Engineering. He has both a Bachelor's and Master's of Science degrees in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from the University of Kansas. Mulally also earned a master's in Management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a 1982 Alfred P. Sloan Fellow.

Within Alphabet he is part of the Board of Directors Audit Committee. The Audit Committee of Alphabet oversees Alphabet’s accounting and financial reporting processes, monitors Alphabet’s relationship with its independent auditors, and provides oversight regarding significant financial matters. He is on this committee with Ann Mather and Roger Ferguson.

Mulally served as the CEO and President of Ford Motor Company from September 1, 2006 to July 1, 2014. Ford struggled in the 2007 recession but returned to profitability under Mulally, and was the only American major car manufacturer to avoid needing a bailout by the federal government.

Prior to joining Ford in September 2006, Mulally served as an Executive Vice President of The Boeing Company since August 2002. He was the President and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Inc. from September 1998 to September 5, 2006 and from August 2002 to September 5, 2006. He was responsible for all of Boeing's commercial airplane programs and related services. He also served as an Engineer and Program Manager on its 727, 737, 747, 757 and 767 airplanes; Vice President of Engineering and General Manager of The 777 Program. Mulally started at Boeing in 1969.

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He previously served as co-chairman of the Washington Competitiveness Council, and sat on the advisory boards of NASA, the University of Washington, the University of Kansas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. He served as the President of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and currently is president of the AIAA charitable foundation, which helps STEM students with scholarships. Mulally was also the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Aerospace Industries Association. He has also been an Independent Director of Carbon3D Inc. since May 2015. Carbon3D is a technology company that manufactures and develops 3D printers.

Mulally served on the President’s Export Council, which was formed in 2010 to advise U.S. President Barack Obama on export enhancement and ways to encourage companies to increase exports and enter new markets. Mulally was considered for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration but that job went to ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson.

Overt Powers

As a member of both the Alphabet Board of Directors, you have an incredibly important role in pushing the trajectory of the company in whichever way you see most applicable. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial (you are on the Audit subcommittee) and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 013 Demis Hassabis CEO of DeepMind Artificial Intelligence

Date of Birth: 9/27/1976 Home Country: United Kingdom

Biography

Demis Hassabis was born in London, England on July 27, 1976. Hassabis has been programming computers since he was eight years old, programming his first computer to play Othello. He applied his genius to chess, where he competed in international competitions, before switching to pursuing artificial intelligence at the age of 17. He joined the computer games company Bullfrog Productions, where he learned to design through the game Syndicate, and became the head programmer of the critically acclaimed Theme Park. He attended Cambridge and graduated with honors with a degree in computer science. He has a wife and two children.

After graduating from Cambridge, he joined Lionsgate Studios, where he became the head programmer for the game Black and White in 2001. One year after working on Black and White, he founded his own company called Elixir Studios. Soon after, he created his first video game from his new company entitled Republic: The Revolution. Following the success of this game, his company launched the game Evil Genius, which solidified his gaming development deals with Microsoft and Vivendi. After gaining success in the areas of video games, he decided to begin his ventures into AI through studying the human brain. He began studying neuroscience at the University College London, and earned his Ph.D in 2009. The company that he is most well known for is DeepMind Technologies. This company, which is founded around using AI to “solve the problem of intelligence,” aims to integrate AI into every possible aspect of life. Hassabis combined his knowledge of neuroscience and technology to work on what he calls “artificial general intelligence.” To begin this venture, him and his colleagues worked on creating computer software that can complete video games, creating the Deep Q-Network, that can play computer games at a “superhuman level” (the computer using this technology plays on the premise of achieving the highest possible score). DeepMind was purchased by Alphabet for $6.5 billion in 2014, and Hassabis was able to keep his CEO position with the company.

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Following his success in the Pentamind World Championship five years in a row, he won the championship in Decamentathlon and became the world team champion of the game Diplomacy. He followed this stint into competitive video gaming with six successful seasons of World Series Poker. After earning his Ph.D in neuroscience, he completed postdoctoral fellowships at Harvard and MIT, creating valuable connections with both universities. He was a Welcome Fellow at the UCL Neuroscience Unit for several years, focusing on autobiographical memory and amnesia, coauthoring papers which appeared in several scientific publications. He is linked to the Chinese corporation Go, which created a game so difficult that only AI could play. Hassabis’ AI beat the European AI in 2015.

Overt Powers

As the CEO of DeepMind Intelligence, you have the ability to use all the resources at the disposal of the company to conduct and perform all actions you feel are necessary to advance you mission of integrating AI into all aspects of life. This therefore means most of your resources are geared towards R&D, but again, exactly how they are structured is up to you. Additionally, you serve as a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors. In this role, you have the incredibly important task of helping push the trajectory of the company in the direction you see most appropriate. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability and profitability of Alphabet in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 014 Marie Lamothe Managing Director for Consumer Goods & Branding

Date of Birth: Home Country: Canada

Biography

Marie-Josée Lamothe is a well-accomplished Canadian citizen with a background in technology, the beauty industry, and marketing. For education, she completed INSEAD's (Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires--European Institute for Business Administration) L'Oreal general management program in France, earning bachelor's degrees in economics and mathematics, with honors, from the University of Montreal. She currently resides in Montreal and has three kids.

Marie-Josée Lamothe is most known for her work in international business. She has been a prominent face in international business and branding for decades, working in consumer product marketing for over 20 years. She began this extensive international career by working with the company Clairol, a hair care brand. She then transferred to the French personal care company, L’Oreal, for 12 years. During these 12 years, she led the marketing development of the thirty brands owned and operated by L’Oreal both in Canada and internationally, and helped these brands to increase their e-commerce presence. She increased the online presence of these brands through marketing and e-commerce for several years, eventually gaining leadership over a marketing portfolio that included companies such as Maybelline New York and Giorgio Armani.

Between her experience in marketing, leadership, and digital presence, Lamothe caught the attention of Google Canada who, after she retired from L’Oreal, hired her as the Managing Director of Branding at Google Canada and Managing Director of Google Quebec. She held the titles of General Manager for Google Canada Brand Strategy and Executive Director of Google Quebec. She was also made a co-chair with Stephen Bronfman of the Centraide of Greater Montreal’s Campaign 2018. She says that she’s never considered herself to be a “tech-savvy” person, and that her work through Google is done because of her strong background in marketing and working on relations between companies. Lamothe is also a member of the board of directors for several non-profit organizations. For example, during her time at Centraide, she helped to launch TechAide, which is a group of advocates that organize charitable events for the new, growing technology sector in Montreal.

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Through her work in marketing, Lamothe is very well-connected in Paris, France. She worked in Paris and with Parisian companies through L’Oreal for 12 years before returning to strictly Canadian business with Google/Alphabet. Her connections forged through her largest marketing profile, which included Maybelline New York and Giorgio Armani, give her connections to those organizations and their affiliates as well. Lamothe is very charitable, and focuses her side-work into improving the lives and standard of living for all Canadians, specifically those in Montreal.

Overt Powers

It is your job to lead the business strategy & development for partners and brands within the following sectors: Consumer Products Goods, Automobile, Food, Beverage and Restaurants,Branded Apparels, Fashion, Government, Energy, Pharmaceuticals, Travel and Entertainment. You are the person that works in coordination with other executives in order to maintain healthy and advantageous partnerships. As Alphabet looks to maintain their competitive edge when moving into Asia, working with other companies and governmental heads will play a critical role, and it will be one you have to fill. In addition, you serve as a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors, where you work towards pushing the trajectory of the company in direction you see most appropriate. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company.

NOTE: While it is recognized Marie-Josee Lamothe no longer functions in her capacity within Alphabet as of August of 2018, for the purposes of this simulation, delegates will operate as though she still remains in her previous position. Alphabet| POSITION 015 Juniper Downs Director of Public Policy and Government Relations, YouTube

Date of Birth: 1/02/1975 Home Country: United States

Biography

Juniper Downs, born in January of 1975, grew up in a small town in South Carolina and revealed in later interviews that her favorite subject growing up was literature, as this gave her perspective on other families, other parts of the world, and human nature. The area of town in which her family resided was not highly affluent or secure, so sports were her refuge during adolescence. She cites her parents as a strong source of emotional and creative support. Later, Downs received her bachelor’s degree in Cultural Anthropology from Brown University in 1997 and her J.D. from New York University in 2005, graduation from both schools magna cum laude. She was active in the public sector during her time in law school, mentoring juvenile offenders, teaching legal skills in women’s prisons, and working on a documentary about public basketball courts, the findings of which were later published in the New York Times. She currently resides in Oakland, California, with her three-year-old daughter and five-year-old son.

Downs began her legal career with the American Civil Liberties Union, specializing in cases that dealt with public school students facing discrimination or first-amendment violations. During this time, she also helped to plan a multidisciplinary public policy campaign to combat the school-to-prison pipeline. After her stint with the ACLU, she went to work as the Lead Deputy County Counsel in the Social Justice and Impact section at the Santa Clara County Counsel. In this position, she took a multi-million dollar case against pharmaceutical companies to the Supreme Court, ran the Educational Rights project to foster educational access for disenfranchised youth, and drafted ordinances that were later adopted by the County Board of Supervisors on a wide range of issues, including obesity, immigration, and the flaws of the criminal justice system. This stint lasted from 2008 to 2012, and she then went on to become a Senior Policy Advisor at Google from 2014-2017. During this time, she led content policy development to set guidelines for issues like hate speech and online harassment, and also was at the forefront of policy issues for emerging products and new technology.

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Downs is now the Head of Policy for Youtube, a position which requires quite similar responsibilities to her previous job at Google. Her job includes making decisions on how to combat hate speech, harassment, and freedom-of-speech infringements on the platform, as well as testifying in court cases regarding this content. She monitors extremist content--child pornography, conspiracy theories, hate mongers, and terrorist propaganda--and is the head of decision-making for global strategies on how to deal with these issues. Her recent work involves investments in the veracity of content, or, in other words, ensuring the trustworthiness of news content that is posted in order to combat sensational, and often embellished, headlines. She has been criticized for allowing Alex Jones, Infowars host and right-wing conspiracy theorist, to remain on the platform despite his troubling and highly controversial claims, but has simply said that Youtube must maintain a balance between “anything goes” content and the control and regulation of free speech.

Downs’ international reach is palpable, as Youtube operates in 80 countries around the world. She has spoken on the difficulty of navigating “complex regulatory landscapes,” or different rules about content in each country. In addition, many of her legal cases come from France and other European countries, so Downs is highly familiar with the legal systems in these areas.

Overt Powers

As YouTube continues to grow in size and influence, so to do the issues of balancing hate speech and free speech, online harassment, along with other programming related complications. It is your job as the Head of YouTube policy to work on combating these every growing roadblocks. You also have some sway related to Adsense, and the monetization of content on the platform, particularly when it comes down to determining what material can be profitable, and what is an infraction on community guidelines. You also serve one the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 016 Sundar Pichai Chief Executive Officer of Google

Date of Birth: 9/10/1972 Home Country: India

Biography

Pichai was born in July of 1972, in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India to a staunchly middle-class family. His mother was a stenographer and his father was an electrical engineer. He went to school in India and earned his degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in metallurgical engineering, and then received an M.S. from Stanford in Material Sciences and an MBA from the Wharton School of Business in Pennsylvania. He was named a Distinguished Alumnus from the Indian Institute; he was also named both a Siebel Scholar at Stanford and a Palmer Scholar at Wharton. He is married to Anjali Pichai, who he met at IIT while she was studying chemical engineering. She is considered a huge factor in his success, as she was the one who advised him to stay with Google despite other promising career offers. The couple has two children: a daughter, Kavya, and a son, Kiran, and they currently reside in Los Altos Hills, California, but also own multiple properties in India.

Pichai began in management consulting for McKinsey and Company, working in product management and engineering before joining Google in 2004. He has been with Google ever since, so his previous work in other fields and companies is not extensive.

Pichai began at Google in 2004, initially working on Google’s search toolbar to give Internet Explorer and Firefox easier access to Google Search. He then developed Google Gears and Google Pack, and soon had the idea that Google should have its own browser. After being shot down by CEO Eric Schmidt, he was able to convince Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and played a pivotal role in the development in Google Chrome, which launched in 2008. This launch paved the way for a whole new round of products, including Chromebooks and Chromecast. In 2008, he was promoted to Vice President for product development, and began rising further and further up the ranks at Google. In 2012, he was named Senior Vice President. The next year, he was put in charge of the Android subdivision after creator Andy Rubin’s departure, and when Google formed Alphabet, Inc., in 2015, he was named CEO of Google under this conglomeration of “slimmed-down” subdivisions. He was suggested as a contender for Microsoft’s CEO in 2014, an offer which was eventually passed on, in addition to receiving offers from Twitter and Yahoo. He was awarded a large portion of shares in Alphabet in 2016, which rose his net worth and took his holdings up to $650 million.

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Google operates in 100 countries around the world, so Pichai’s global work is extensive. The company is in an exploration stage of launching search products in China, but no definitive plans have been made yet, so tensions are high and negotiations are tentative.

Overt Powers

As the acting CEO of Google, it goes without saying you are one of the key figures in this operation. While you don’t have the autonomy or authority to simply dictate anything you would like, you do sit atop the totem pole. Overseeing large corporate integrations, operations, and planning are all essential elements of your role. While not only acting as Google’s leader, you likewise serve as a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors. While in this role you have the same institutional powers as other members, you do serve as an impactful voice seeing as you are the head of Alphabet’s keystone business. You must continue to work with others in order to maintain both Google and Alphabet competitive edge intact as you look towards becoming more integrated in the Asian market. Alphabet| POSITION 017 John Green YouTube Influencer, Philanthropist, and Co-founder of Complexly

Date of Birth: 8/24/1977 Home Country: United States Biography

John Green is a New York Times bestselling author, vlogger/YouTuber, writer, producer, editor, and educator. Green was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, but has lived in Alabama, Michigan, and Florida. Green graduated from Kenyon College in 2000 with a double major in English and religious studies. After graduating from college, Green spent five months working as a student chaplain at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, while enrolled at the University of Chicago Divinity School (although he never actually attended the school). His plan was to become an Episcopal priest, but his experiences of working in a hospital with children suffering from life-threatening illnesses inspired him to become an author. Green lives in Indianapolis, Indiana with his wife, Sarah Urist Green, whom he married in 2006. The couple have two children together.

John Green has written many popular books such as Looking for Alaska, An Abundance of Katherines, Paper Towns, The Fault in Our Stars, and Turtles All the Way Down. He was the 2006 recipient of the Michael L. Printz Award, a 2009 Edgar Award winner, and has twice been a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Green’s books have been published in more than 55 languages and over 24 million copies are in print. Green is also an active Twitter user with more than 5.4 million followers. Green is one of the highest paid authors in the world, having earned $26 million in 2014 alone.

John Green is also a very popular and influential figure on YouTube. He and his brother, Hank Green, have a series together called Vlogbrothers which they started in 2007 and has amassed over 3 million subscribers with over 711 million views on their channel. Through the Vlogbrothers channel, the Green brothers launched their Project for Awesome which encourages YouTubers and viewers create innovative videos promoting their favorite charity in hopes of raising money and awareness. In 2017, Project for Awesome raised over $2 million. John Green also runs the educational YouTube channel Crash Course which is used in schools and by students around the globe to help them with various subjects from U.S. History to English to Psychology and more. The Crash Course channel has over 7 million subscribers and has received over 600 million video views.

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Alphabet| POSITION 017

Green also owns an online video production company, Complexly LLC. Green and his brother Hank are the CEOs of Complexly which owns the Vlogbrothers channel, Crash Course, and 17 more YouTube channels that serve to entertain, educate, and advocate for a variety of issues and causes. In Green’s words, Complexly is a company that help people understand complex issues and strives to create a world where everyone imagines things complexly.

John Green and his brother Hank Green also co-founded the online video event VidCon, which has been held annually in California since 2010. Thousands of online video creators, viewers, and industry people head to the Anaheim Convention Center to discuss and celebrate online video. VidCon was acquired by Viacom in 2018.

Overt Powers

While on the surface it may not seem it, you hold the key to one of the most important and largest elements of Alphabet’s future growth strategy. The YouTube community stretches across all different class, racial, and religious barriers, making it one of the most wide reaching content producing platforms the internet has. As one of the largest influencers on said platform, you constitute an important player in this developing community. You additionally serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 018 Casey Neistat YouTube Influencer, Philanthropist, and Owner of 368

Date of Birth: 3/25/1981 Home Country: United States Biography

Casey Neistat is an American director, producer, and YouTuber. He was born in New London, Connecticut but later moved to New York City, where he still lives to this day. When Neistat was 17 he had his first child, Owen, with his then girlfriend Robin. Neistat is now married and has two more kids with his current wife. Neistat first gained international exposure in 2003 for a three-minute film, iPod's Dirty Secret, criticizing Apple's lack of a battery replacement program for the iPod. The film received national media attention and brought broad attention to Apple's policy towards iPod battery replacements.

Casey Neistat started to post daily vlogs on YouTube on March 26, 2015. In one of his early vlogs, "The Vice President, Outer Space and the Baby," Neistat stated that he sees his vlogs more as a forum as opposed to a daily journal. On January 19, 2016 Neistat posted his 300th vlog. On September 6, 2016, Neistat won GQ's "New Media Star" Man of the Year Award. As of July 13, 2018, Neistat has released 936 vlogs including other films on his YouTube channel since its creation on February 15, 2010. The subject matter of the films varies greatly, and most feature Neistat. On August 23, 2015, Neistat reached 1 million subscribers which increased to 4 million by August 2016, 5 million by October 2016, 6 million by December 2016, 7 million by April 2017, then 8 million by October 2017, 9 million by February 2018, and 10 million by July 2018. Neistat’s channel has received over 2.3 billion views.

On July 8, 2015 Neistat announced in one of his vlogs that he and Matt Hackett were building a video sharing app called Beme. Beme would allow it’s users to produce unedited 4 second videos, that would get instantly uploaded and shared with the user's subscribers, without the ability to review the video. Within eight days of the app's release, Beme users had shared 1.1 million videos and logged 2.4 million reactions. On November 28, 2016, CNN announced that it would acquire Beme, reportedly for US $25 million. On January 25, 2017, Neistat announced in a YouTube video that he and Matt Hackett had severed their ties with CNN and Beme.

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On April 5, 2018, Neistat announced a new project: 368, a creative space for creators to collaborate. On April 12, CEO of Patreon Jack Conte announced a potential collaboration with Neistat on the project. In addition to his career in television and film, Neistat also directs television commercials, having worked with Samsung, Nike, Google, J.Crew, and Mercedes-Benz.

Overt Powers

While on the surface it may not seem it, you hold the key to one of the most important and largest elements of Alphabet’s future growth strategy. The YouTube community stretches across all different class, racial, and religious barriers, making it one of the most wide reaching content producing platforms the internet has. As one of the largest influencers on said platform, you constitute an important player in this developing community. Through 368, you are at the forefront of content creator relations. You additionally serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 019 Jared Cohen CEO of Jigsaw

Date of Birth: 11/20/1981 Home Country: United States

Biography

Cohen was born in Weston, Connecticut, in November of 1981 to a family therapist father and real-estate agent mother. His family practiced Judaism and he spent a lot of time with his extended family members; as a result, his paternal grandmother told him stories of her travels to Cuba and Iran, which sparked his interest in international affairs. In high school, he not only excelled in academics but was also a star football player and painter, but all of these interests were outweighed by his fascination with politics. When he attended Stanford University for his undergraduate degree, he simultaneously pursued his interests of government and technology, interning at the US State Department, majoring in history and political science and minoring in African studies. He was also a recipient of the Rhodes scholarship, which allowed him to receive his master’s degree in international relations from Oxford University in England. During his travels to over 103 countries, he found time to learn Swahili, Arabic, and a number of other Persian languages. He is now married to Rebecca Zubaty, who serves as vice president of software company Mark43. They currently reside in New York City. Aside from Cohen’s work in geopolitics and technology, he also serves as a juror in multiple categories at the Tribeca Film Festival for fun.

After his internship with the US State Department and graduation from college, Cohen was hired by former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to serve as a member of the Policy Planning staff under the Bush administration. He was the youngest member of the staff and was one of the few kept on by Hillary Clinton when she took over the position. During his time on staff, he began to integrate social media into the State Department’s toolkit, which Condoleezza Rice wrote later paid off greatly when Twitter and Facebook picked up speed and popularity in the Middle East. Also during this time, Cohen became an advisor to Richard Holbrooke, the special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. After serving the position from 2006-2010, he left and was appointed an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, where his work focuses on countering extremism and radicalization. He still holds the position today.

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Alphabet| POSITION 019

Shortly after this appointment, he was also appointed the first director of Google Ideas (which later became Jigsaw). Throughout all of this time, Cohen was also authoring several books. The first was published in 2006, entitled One Hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. The second, Children of Jihad, was published in 2007, and he and Google executive chairman Eric Schmidt co-authored The Dark Side of the Digital Revolution in 2013.

Cohen describes the subsidiary of Alphabet as building “tools to make the world safer.” As CEO, his goal is to address geopolitical challenges with technology, and he believes those challenges can’t be solved from behind a computer. He and his team have ventured to Iraq and beyond to interview ISIS defectors, talk with Macedonian internet trolls, and immerse themselves in current Pashtun issues. He claims that these trips have given him a valuable international network, as he humanized himself not as the tech giant across the world but as a real person who cares about the issues in their countries. His focus, he says, is not on getting Jigsaw to generate an enormous profit-it’s more philanthropic in its goals, and he wants the tech industry to help the government communicate more because it has more modernized tools to do so. TIME Magazine named him one of the world’s 100 Most Influential People in 2013 for his work.

Overt Powers

Currently serving CEO of Jigsaw, it is your job to work with the resources provided to you and contained in the parameters set to you by Alphabet to try and facilitate Jigsaw’s growth. As stated above, unlike many of your fellow executive's your main purpose is not to expand Jigsaw into a massive money making machine, but rather position your company as a complex problem solving think tank. This is no easy feat, as it requires working with often nuanced even abstract concepts and molding them to fit the harsh political, social, and economic realities of today. In conjunction with your role as Jigsaw CEO, you also serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 020 Elizabeth Warren Democratic Politician

Date of Birth: 6/22/1949 Home Country: United States

Biography

Warren was born in June of 1949 in Oklahoma City, and grew up in Norman, where her father was as a maintenance man and her mother did catalog-order work. When her father suffered a heart attack, Warren had to begin waiting tables at age 13 to help the family out financially. She earned a debate scholarship at age 16 and attended George Washington University, but transferred to the University of Houston and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in speech pathology in 1970. The move to Texas was sparked by her marriage to her high-school sweetheart, Jim Warren, at age 19, with whom she had two children and later divorced in 1978. She attended Rutgers University in New Jersey, where she earned her law degree and began teaching, and then embarked on a career as a law school professor at University of Houston, University of Texas at Austin, University of Pennsylvania, and eventually Harvard, where in 1980, she met and married Harvard legal scholar Bruce Mann. According to her older family members, Warren has Native American ancestry and has released DNA testing to prove it, but she has been highly criticized by personal opponents, Donald Trump, and Cherokee Nation as falsifying her heritage to advance her way through school by taking advantage of minority quotas. She currently serves as a member of the US Senate from Massachusetts.

In Texas, she first worked as a special-education teacher before earning her law degree from Rutgers. After she obtained her degree and began a long career of professorship, she became an expert in bankruptcy law. She testified before Congressional committees about the financial issues facing Americans, and became a national figure in 2008 when she chaired the Congressional Oversight Panel for TARP, a program to rescue American financial institutions. Barack Obama chose not to appoint her as the permanent director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, as he feared Republicans would block her appointment. Nevertheless, she remained a liberal public figure, and in 2011, she ran for the US Senate seat last held by Ted Kennedy, campaigning as an advocate for the middle class, and won, taking office in 2013 as the first woman representing Massachusetts in the Senate. She has authored several books, including The Fragile Middle Class, The Two-Income Trap, and her personal memoir, A Fighting Chance.

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Alphabet| POSITION 020

As a prominent figure in Democratic politics, economic debates, and feminism, Elizabeth Warren has enormous pull in the technology world, international relations, and beyond. She recognizes the power of technology, as she used Facebook to post a viral video of herself reading a letter by Coretta Scott King opposing Jeff Sessions’ 1986 federal nomination as a manner of protesting Sessions’ appointment as attorney general in Trump’s administration. She also is a major proponent of the development of infrastructure, technology, and communications tools to improve quality of life for the middle class.

Overt Powers

You serve as a member on the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Note that as a high profile politician you bring not only clout and policy related input, but an outside perspective to the board. Alphabet| POSITION 021 Kenichiro Yoshida Chief Executive Officer of Sony

Date of Birth: 10/10/1959 Home Country: Japan

Biography

Born in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, in October of 1959, Kenichiro Yoshida is the Director, President, and CEO, Representative Corporate Executive Officer of the Sony Corporation. The Sony Corporation is a conglomerate that deals with electronics, both for the consumer and for companies, gaming, entertainment services, and more, and has its headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Kenichiro Yoshida was only recently appointed to his role in the highest levels of managing this large conglomerate, but his thirty years of previous experience with Sony and similar companies indicates decades of expertise in the area of electronics.

Kenichiro Yoshida first joined the company that would ultimately name him CEO, the Sony Corporation, in April of 1983. In June of 1988, he began working in the Sony Network Sales Corporation, a subsection of the conglomerate. After switching to the Network Sales Corporation, Kenichiro Yoshida branched out from the Tokyo headquarters and began working for the Sony Corporation of America in June of 1990. From 1994 to 1998, he switched between different roles, including working for the Finance Division and Investor Relations Division, before landing his first leadership role within the company. In June of 1998, Kenichiro Yoshida became the General Manager at the CEO Strategy Office for Sony, a step forward in his journey to running the company. He began earning other titles within the company, such as SVP (Officer in charge of corporate planning), President and Representative Director, and Group Executive, all of which showed strong variety in both his areas of interest and his areas of expertise. In June of 2014, Kenichiro Yoshida became the director of the Sony Corporation. In April of the following year, he became executive deputy president and CFO, where he began making bold moves and suggestions for running the company that other CFOs had not before attempted. Most of these were large financial moves that were aimed at pulling the company out of a slump. He ultimately becoming the President and CEO of Sony in April of 2018, at the age of 58. Widely considered to be one of the most dedicated Sony employees of all time, he has so far proved himself to be a valuable asset to the Sony Corporation as their CEO.

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Alphabet| POSITION 021

Many within the Sony Corporation describe Kenichiro Yoshida as quiet, but fierce. After leading the company in a variety of different areas, including finance and marketing, he is widely regarded as one of the first Sony CEOs to have so much varied experience within the company.

Overt Powers

As the CEO of Sony, your main control is that over your daily operations, along with larger more broad sweeping initiatives including investor relations, corporate cooperation, internal development, and competitive advantage. In addition to your role in Sony, you serve a supporting role as a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Note that as a prominent Asian businessman you bring a unique voice and perspective to this company as it looks towards expanding operations into this region. Alphabet| POSITION 022 Ma Huateng Founder and CEO of Tencent

Date of Birth: 10/29/1971 Home Country: China

Biography

Ma Huateng was born on October 29th, 1971 in Badagang, Dongfang County, China. He is considered to be one of the richest businessmen and investors in the world as the founder of Tencent. Tencent is an Chinese-based technology and internet company, and has subsequently made Ma Huateng one of the most important men in region. Through first serving as a software engineer before moving up to founding and becoming CEO of Tencent, Ma Huateng has been dedicated to his crafted, cultivating nearly 20 years experience in tech related fields.

After graduating from Shenzhen University, Ma Huateng took his first step into computer science with a job at China Motion Telecom Development, where he developed software which would eventually be used in pagers, as well as working on a spectrum of telecommunications projects. After a brief stint at Shenzhen Runxun Communications Co. Ltd., he founded Tencent with four of his alma mater classmates in 1998. Through this company, he launched an instant messaging service known as OICQ (Open ICQ) that gathered over a million users within its first year, thrusting Tencent into the public eye. However, this preliminary success was short-lived when AOL, American Online, sued Tencent for violating intellectual property rights through the names of OICQ. As a result, Tencent released its own independent portal, QQ.com. After moving their instant messaging service to this portal, Ma Huateng put stock on the market for Tencent which sold immediately, making him one of the wealthiest people in China.

Since this early success, Tencent has expanded to fields of medicine and computer science through “internet hospitals” and forums. Ma Huateng has expanded not only his business ventures, but his work into politics, serving in the 12th National People’s Congress. He continues to be a major voice for internet freedom, along with free speech which has put him in the crosshairs of the Chinese communist party.

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Alphabet| POSITION 022

Overt Powers

As the CEO of Tencent, your main control is that over your daily operations, along with larger more broad sweeping initiatives including investor relations, corporate cooperation, internal development, and competitive advantage. As a Chinese politician, you must also keep in the back of your mind the constituency you represent, in order to ensure their interests are being properly represented, even in the world of business. In addition to your role in Tencent/politics, you serve a supporting role as a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors. Here, you must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Note that as a prominent Asian businessman you bring a unique voice and perspective to this company as it looks towards expanding operations into this region. Alphabet| POSITION 023 Roger Ferguson Member of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 10/29/1951 Home Country: United States

Biography

Roger W. Ferguson Jr. was born on October 29, 1951, in Washington D.C. His parents sent him to the elite Sidwell Friends School, a private school in D.C., whose alumni include Sasha and Malia Obama, Chelsea Clinton, Al Gore III, and President Nixon’s daughters. After graduating from the Sidwell Friends School in 1969, Ferguson enrolled in Harvard University where he studied economics during the day and cleaned dorm bathrooms at night. Ferguson enjoyed Havard so much that he not only graduated with a B.A in economics in 1973, but also graduated with a J.D from Harvard Law School in 1979, and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1981.

After earning his law degree, Ferguson thought he wanted to be a lawyer. His first job out of college was as an attorney for Davis Polk & Wardwell, where he worked from 1981 until 1984. Ferguson reflected on this period in his life by saying “because I was older, I was able to put the pressures of being a first-year lawyer into context.” Although Ferguson was a talented lawyer, he soon realized that he didn’t want to be an attorney and instead pursued his interest in economics. This realization in 1984 led him in to become the Director of Research and Information Services at McKinsey & Company, a consulting firm that serves businesses, governments, NGOs, and nonprofits. Ferguson’s outstanding work at McKinsey & Company caught the attention of President Bill Clinton, who in 1997 selected Ferguson as a member of the Board of Governors at the U.S Federal Reserve, a post given to only the brightest minds in economics. Ferguson, an African-American, told Bloomberg that his goal had been to be a governor of the Federal Reserve since he was 15. This is because Andrew Brimmer, the first African-American Governor of the Federal Reserve, was nominated when Ferguson was this age. Ferguson once again excelled at his job at the Federal Reserve and was appointed Vice Chairmen of the Board of Governors in 1999 to a four-year term.

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Alphabet| POSITION 023

In 2003 Harvard degree holders elected Ferguson to the schools Board of Overseers for a six-year term. As a member of the Board of Overseer’s, Ferguson helped set the University’s agenda, made recommendations about the quality and direction of Harvard’s programs and research, and helped select new members of the Harvard Corporation. After his term ended at the Federal Reserve in 2006, Ferguson accepted a job offer as Head of Financial Services at Swiss Re, an insurance company based in Switzerland, but he departed from the company after two years. Ferguson said that the early departure was because he thought it was inappropriate for a former bank regulator to then become a banker.

In 2008 Ferguson was appointed as the President and CEO of The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America-College Retirement Equities Fund, which is commonly referred to as TIAA for short. TIAA is a company that provides financial services for academic, medical, research, cultural, and governmental organizations. Although TIAA has long been a reputable company, it came under fire in 2017 after lawsuits were filed claiming that the company pushed clients into risky investments that generated higher fees and more revenue. Although the claims have legitimacy, neither TIAA nor its CEO faced significant consequences, and Ferguson was appointed to the Board of Directors at Alphabet Inc in 2016, the parent company of Google. Ferguson received a warm welcome at Alphabet Inc from the executive chairman, Eric Schmidt, who said: “He [Ferguson] has a long record of distinguished and thoughtful service in the private and public sectors, and deeply understands how technology can improve the lives of people around the world.”

Overt Powers

As a member of both the Alphabet Board of Directors, you have an incredibly important role in pushing the trajectory of the company in whichever way you see most applicable. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial (you are on the Audit subcommittee) and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company. Alphabet| POSITION 024 John Hennessy Chairman of the Alphabet Board of Directors

Date of Birth: 9/22/1952 Home Country: United States

Biography

John L. Hennessy, who is sometimes referred to the “godfather of Silicon Valley,” was born on September 22, 1952, in Huntington, New York, and was one of six children. His father was an aerospace engineer, and his mother was a school teacher. He attended Villanova University, where he would graduate with a B.E in electrical engineering in 1973. Having a knack for engineering, Hennessy decided to attend S.U.N.Y Stony Brook for graduate school. He would graduate from S.U.N.Y Stony Brook with an M.S in Computer Science in 1975 and would continue to get a Ph.D. from the same school in 1977.

That same year Hennessey would enter academia as an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University, where he excelled in his research. In 1981 Hennessy convinced a few colleagues to begin research on a project called the Reduced Instruction Set Computer, which today is commonly referred to as RISC. The creation of the RISC was a significant milestone in technological engineering as it increases the performance of computers while also decreasing their price. Hennessy used the invention of RISC to raise capital and co-found MIPS Computer Systems in 1984. Hennessy’s innovative spirit didn’t stop with RISC, as his research from 1984 through 1987 produced FLASH and DASH; multiprocessor systems for computers that revolutionized the tech industry.

In 1987 Stanford, in light of Hennessy's milestones is technological innovation, appointed Hennessy as the first Willard R. and Inez Kerr Bell Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Hennessy continued to be employed as a professor at Stanford, eventually becoming Dean of Stanford School of Engineering from 1996 until 1999, and would be appointed as University Provost in 1999 for one year.

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Alphabet| POSITION 024

In 2000 Hennessy was appointed as the 10th President of Stanford and held the position until 2016. During his tenure as university president Hennessey focused on increasing financial aid and developing new initiatives in multidisciplinary research.

Other than being a co-founder of MIPS Computer Systems, Hennessy is also the founding board chair of Aethos Communications, who was an early pioneer in wifi technology. Hennessy is also a sitting board member of Cisco, Alphabet Inc., and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Overt Powers

As the Chairman for the Alphabet Board of Directors, you have to conduct the boards meeting, helping to set the agenda and topics of discussion. This means you occupy perhaps the most influential role on the board. Along with everyone else, your role is to evaluate different proposals which push the trajectory of the company and must assess each based on its merit. You must work with the rest of the body to monitor the business choices being made by the upper echelons of management, to ensure they are conducted with the the sustainability of the company in mind. This includes reviewing the financial (you are an Audit subcommittee member) and other monumental business decisions, in order to make sure they are in the best interest of Alphabet. You have an equal vote on the board, as well as acting as a public face for the company.