World Bank Document

Lagos State Ministry of Commercial Agriculture The World Bank, NIGERIA Agriculture & Cooperatives Development Project

Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

Public Disclosure Authorized

For the Commercial Agriculture Development Projects at the ARAGA FARM SETTLEMENT, Poka, Epe, Lagos State (Final Report)

APRIL 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...... 8 LIST OF PLATES ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF TABLES ...... 10 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 14 CHAPTER ONE ...... 181 INTRODUCTION...... 18 1.0 Background ...... 18 1.1 Tasks of the Consultant ...... 192 1.2 Objectives of the Study ...... 20 1.3 Scope of the Study ...... 21 CHAPTER TWO ...... 225 LAGOS STATE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE PROJECT ...... 22 2.1 Background ...... 225 2.2 Development Objective and Approach in Lagos ...... 23 2.3 Project Justification and Design Principles ...... 23 2.3.1 Key Performance Indicators ...... 23 2.3.2 Project Components ...... 23 2.3.2.1 Agricultural Production and Commercialization ...... 24 2.3.2.1 Rural Infrastructure ...... 24 CHAPTER THREE ...... 25 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 25 3.1 Introduction ...... 25 3.2 Federal and Lagos State Environmental Regulatory Bodies ...... 26 3.3 Sectoral EIA Guidelines...... 26 3.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 30

3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.0.1) ...... 30 3.4.2 OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats ...... 32 3.4.3 OP 4.09 - Pest Management ...... 33 3.4.4 OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement ...... 34 3.5 International Guidelines and Conventions ...... 35 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 35 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 36 4.1 Introduction ...... 36 4.2 ESIA Requirements ...... 37 4.2.1 Screening ...... 37 4.2.2 Scoping ...... 37 4.3 ESIA Process ...... 38 4.4 Baseline Study Methodology ...... 38 4.8 Existing Conditions ...... 40 4.5 Mapping of the Project Area ...... 39 4.6 Socio-economic Survey ...... 39 4.6.1 Impact Significance Assessment ...... 40 4.6.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude ...... 40 4.6.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity ...... 41 4.7 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts ...... 42 4.8 Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 42 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 43 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION ...... 43 5.1 Description of Environmental Setting ...... 43 5.2 Physical Environment ...... 44 5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology ...... 44 5.2.1.1 General Climate and Meteorology ...... 45 5.2.1.2 Precipitation and Humidity ...... 46 5.2.1.3 Temperature ...... 46 5.2.1.4 Wind Speed and Direction ...... 46 5.2.2 Air Quality and Noise Level ...... 47 5.2.3 Ambient Noise Level ...... 50 5.2.4 Topography ...... 48

5.2.5 Regional Hydrogeology ...... 49 5.2.5.1 Surface Hydrogeology of the Study Area ...... 50 5.2.5.2 Subsurface Hydrogeology of the Study Area ...... 50 5.2.6 Water Quality ...... 50 5.2.7 Soil Quality ...... 52 5.2.7.1 Soil Texture ...... 54 5.2.8 Geology ...... 54 5.2.8.1 Regional Geology ...... 54 5.2.8.2 Stratigraphy ...... 55 5.2.8.3 Local Geology of the Project Site ...... 56 5.2.9 Soil ...... 57 5.2.10 Surface and Ground water Hydrology ...... 57 5.3 Biological Environment ...... 60 5.3.1 Ecosystem ...... 60 5.3.2 Vegetation ...... 60 5.3.2.1 Plant Characterization / Identification ...... 59 5.3.2.2 Plant Physiognomy ...... 59 5.3.2.3 Inventory of Economic Crops ...... 59 5.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources ...... 60 5.4 Socio-cultural Environment ...... 62 5.4.1 Administration ...... 62 5.4.2 Socio economic Facilities ...... 62 5.4.3 Ethnic groups ...... 62 CHAPTER SIX ...... 63 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS ...... 63 6.0 Introduction ...... 63 6.1 Methodology ...... 64 6.1.1 Data Collection Sampling Methodology ...... 65 6.2 Description of LGA and Host Community ...... 65 6.3 Results and Discussions ...... 66 6.3.1 Demographic Profile ...... 66 6.3.2 Population Size ...... 66 6.3.3 Age Profile ...... 68

6.3.4. Sex Profile ...... 69 6.3.5 Families and Households ...... 69 6.3.6 Marital Status ...... 69 6.3.7 Family Types ...... 70 6.3.8 Residential Status of Respondents ...... 71 6.3.9 Duration of Living in Farm Settlement ...... 72 6.3.10 Educational Status of Respondents ...... 72 6.3.11 Employment Status of Respondents...... 73 6.3.12 Income Status of Respondents ...... 74 6.3.13 Housing Characteristics ...... 74 6.3.14 Health Records ...... 76 6.3.15 Social and Health Infrastructure...... 76 6.3.16 Main Sources of Domestic water ...... 80 6.3.17 Resources and Cultural Properties ...... 78 6.3.18 Social Impacts ...... 79 6.3.19 Environmental degradation ...... 80 6.4 Contribution of the CADP to development ...... 80 6.5 Conclusion ...... 80 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 82 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE .... 82 7.1 Methodology for Impact Identification ...... 82 7.2 LSCADP and Associated Activities ...... 82 7.3 Project activities and potential environmental and social impacts ...... 82 7.3.1 Positive Impacts of the Project on the Agricultural Sector ...... 83 7.3.2 Negative environmental and socio-economic impacts ...... 84 7.3.7 Impacts Associated with Agricultural Development and Commercialisation ...... 85 7.3.8 Cumulative Impacts of the Project ...... 85 CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 90 PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 90 8.0 Introduction ...... 90 8.1 Best Available Control Technology ...... 91 8.2 Operations and Maintenance of Farm Access Roads ...... 91 8.2.1 Air quality and noise ...... 91

8.2.2 Water quality ...... 92 8.2.3 Ecology and biodiversity ...... 92 8.2.4 Wildlife and forestry ...... 93 8.2.5 Socioeconomic and community health ...... 93 8.3 Operations and maintenance of Rural Energy ...... 94 8.3.1 Socioeconomic and community health ...... 94 8.3.2 Ecology and biodiversity ...... 95 8.4 Operations and maintenance of other intervention projects ...... 100 CHAPTER NINE ...... 98 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 99 9.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 99 9.2 Organizational Responsibility ...... 103 9.3 ESMP Measures ...... 104 9.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan ...... 105 9.3.2 Waste Management Plan ...... 107 9.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan ...... 108 9.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan ...... 111 9.3.5 Water Management Plan ...... 111 9.3.6 Chemical Management Plan ...... 112 9.3.7 Air Quality Management Plan ...... 114 9.3.8 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan ...... 115 9.3.9 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan ...... 115 9.3.10 Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 117 9.3.11 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan ...... 117 9.3.12 Social Investment Plan ...... 118 9.3.13 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan ...... 119 9.3.14 Community Health & Safety Plan ...... 120 9.3.15 Stakeholder Engagement Plan ...... 121 9.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan ...... 122 9.3.17 Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan ...... 122 9.3.18 Training Programmes ...... 122 9.4 Monitoring ...... 123 9.5 Implementation Schedule ...... 124

CHAPTER TEN ...... 125 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 125 REFERENCES ...... 127 APPENDICES ...... 130

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1: The ESIA Process …………………………………………...……………….………38

Figure 5.1.1: The project area with associated landuse and landcover ……..…...………...46

Figure 5.2.8.1: Generalised Geological map of Dahomey Basin ……………..……………..57

Figure 5.2.8.2: Generalised Stratigraphic cross (N–S) across the Dahomey Basin ……..……..58

Figure 5.2.8.3.1: Geological Map of Lagos area …..……………………………………….59

Figure 6.3.2.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Lagos State ……..…….………70

Figure 6.3.2.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Epe LGA ………………….……….70

Figure 6.3.3.1: Age Profile of Respondents …………………………………………..………..72

Figure 6.3.4.1: Sex Profile of Respondents …………………………………………..………..72

Figure 6.3.6.1: Marital Status ………………………………………………………...………....72

Figure 6.3.7.1: Size of Households ……………………………………….………….……….74

Figure 6.3.14.1: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households ……………...…….79

Figure 6.3.17.1: Community Environmental Issues ………………………..…………..………82

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.2.4.1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies …………...... …….……..37

Table 5.1: Summary of Climate Characteristics of the Study Area …………..….…….48

Table 5.2 Air Quality Determinants in and around the Study Area …………………..………..49

Table 5.3: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Concentration ……………..……..50

Table 5.4: Ambient Noise Level around the Study Area …………………………..…….….50

Table 5.5: Aquifer Distribution in the Eastern Dahomey Basin (coode Blizard et al, 1997) …………………………………………..………..51

Table 5.6: Aquifer units of the project site …………………………………..……….53

Table 5.7: In-situ parameters for surface water in the project area ……………..……..53

Table 5.8: Anions, cations and Hydrocarbons in water samples of the project area …………………………………………………………..………..53

Table 5.9: Heavy metals in water samples from the project area ……………………………54

Table 5.10: population densities of microorganisms in water samples ……………...…….54

Table 5.11: Physical Characteristics of soil from the project area ……………………..……..55

Table 5.12: Heavy Metals in soil from the project Area ……………………………..……..55

Table 5.13: Organic Matter Classes …………………………………………..………..55

Table 5.14: The stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin ……………………………..……..57

Table 5.15: List of economic crops …………………………………………..………..61

Table 5.16: Mammals Recorded in the Project Area …………………………………....62

Table 5.17: Birds of the project Area ……………………………………..…………...... 63

Table 5.18: Reptiles and Amphibians reported to be present in the area ………..…………..63

Table 6.3.8.1: Residential Status of Respondents …………………….……..……………….74

Table 6.3.9.1: Duration of Living in Farm Settlement ………….…………...……………75

Table 6.3.10.1: level of Education of Respondents …………….………………..……….……76

Table 6.3.11.1: Main Occupation of Respondents ………….…………………..……….……76

Table 6.3.12.1: Income Status……………………………………………………..……………..77

Table 6.3.13.1: Type of building ……………………………………………..…..…………78

Table 6.3.15.1: Refuse Disposal ……………………………………………..….………….80

Table 6.3.16.1: Main Sources of Domestic Water ………………………………...………….81

Table 7.4.1.2: Potential Impact Matrix …………………………………………...……….91

Table 8.3.1.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for rural energy power ………………………………………………………………………..…..99

Table 8.4.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for other intervention projects ……………………………………………………………………..…..100

Table 9.1.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Farm Access Roads ……………………………………………...…………..……….104

Table 9.1.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for other intervention projects ………………………………………………….…...….106

Table 9.1.3: Cost Analysis of ESMP Measures …………………..…………….………..107

Table 9.5.1: Tentative ESMP Development Schedule ……………………..……..……..127

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CAD - Commercial Agricultural Development CADP - Commercial Agricultural Development Project LSCADP - Lagos State Commercial Agricultural Development Projects cfu - colony forming units COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CV. - Coefficient of Variation dB - decibel DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMAWR - Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment g - gram GPS - Global Positioning System Ha - Hectare hr/h - hour

H2S - Hydrogen sulphide ISO - International Standard Organisation kg - kilogramme km - kilometer L - litre LASEPA - Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency LGA - Local Government Area m - metre max - maximum

12 mg - milligram min - minimum mm - millimeter N - North NOx - Nitrogen Oxides NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit oC - Degree Celcius % - per cent ppm - parts per million PPP - Public Private Partnership Pt-Co - Platinum Cobalt SS - Suspended Solids TDS - Total Dissolved Solids THB - Total Heterotrophic Bacteria THF - Total Heterotrophic Fungi TOC - Total Organic Carbon TSP - Total Suspended Particulate TSS - Total Suspended Solids WHO - World Health Organization > - greater than < - less than μm - micrometer

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Lagos State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank Assisted Commercial Agricultural Development Project to finance the State Commercial Agriculture Project. Under the auspices of Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, the projects were developed as infrastructure support towards enhancement of agriculture productivity, expansion and exposure of the rural areas to modern techniques of agriculture. In particular, the project objective is to improve the investment avenue for agri-business and establish all-encompassing PPPs aimed at enhancing farm productivity and value addition in the selected value chains (poultry, rice and aquaculture). These initiatives cover two sub-components namely networks of farm access roads and rural energy.

Description of Project Activities : OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 - Natural Habitats and OP/BP 4.09 – Pest Management. It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank safeguard policies, However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard Policies shall supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of discrepancy.

Biophysical Environment The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covered general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, regional hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and wildlife resources. In this regard, most parameters measured This assessment covered the proposed project activities financed by WBACADP at Araga Farm Settlement, Poka, Epe, Lagos. As it was documented during the field survey, the proposed interventions‟ projects by LSCADO at the Farm Settlement (AGRIC-YES) include: construction and rehabilitation of farm access road; power generation inform of provision of transformer and installation facilities; rural water supply; drainage system; provision of tricycles to trainees and provision of 20,000 birds; smoking kiln, miller, fingerlings were also included.

Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESIA ESMF, PMP and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the triggered policies of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. ESIA is identified

14 as all-encompassing EA for any proposed development project. It addressed the adverse environmental impact of the LSCADP proposed intervention projects with a view to enhance project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for agricultural development in the state.

Socio-economic Characteristics In summary, the population of farmers in Araga Farm Settlement and its surroundings is characterized by high proportion of young farmers (trainees) within the settlement, comprising people of 18 to 45 years, high proportion of single households, high proportion of households and individuals comprising couples with children (2-4); the community of the study area is characterized by low income group including trained farmers; and the relatively low level of income.

Consultation with Stakeholders Public consultations were held with the local communities and all other interested/affected parties including the project donors. These consultations identified the key issues and concerns of all parties and addressed them with reference to the proposed sub-projects activities. The consultations included vulnerable groups within the community, specifically the poorest of the poor, elderly, widows and widowers, and women. Besides, the local governments and the Commercial Agriculture Development Association (CADA) provided all relevant materials and information regarding the proposed projects prior to the consultation.The Stakeholders meeting which took place on the 19th march 2013 addressed the concern of the Stakeholders in the area of

15 the government delay and sustainability of the project. They were informed of the Triparte funding arrangement of the project which allayed their fears.

Potential Environmental and Socio-economic Impact The mainly negative impacts that may directly or indirectly be attributed to LSCADP intervention projects include flooding, improper waste management, erosion and decline in soil fertility. On the other hand, the mainly positive impacts that will be attributed to the project interventions include poverty Alleviation, investment opportunity for young farmers and other investors and employment creation for young school leavers.

Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Measures were stated to mitigate the impacts of the project on the stakeholders in the project area. All identifiable components of the environment and social sphere were considered with respect to the projects implemented at the Araga Farm Settlement in order to streamline the adverse impacts on the stakeholders. With respect to all the intervention projects, the best available control technology was stated as the principal mitigation measure while there are others stated for the specific impact. Proper waste disposal systems, planting of fire-resistant trees, speed limit indications and speed breaker, controlled chemical application, integrated vegetation management, engagement of the community on health, safety and environment, amongst others were stated as mitigation measures.

Risk Mitigation Measures Risks Risk Mitigation Measures Risk Rating with Mitigation To project development objective Lack of sustainability of sub- Attention to economic viability of the sub-projects and M projects after the project has maintenance of infrastructure through the use of the OPRC closed and/or the grant is approach in the design of the project. Creation of innovative ended, and lack of products through linking commercial farms with financial maintenance of infrastructure institutions (i.e. supply chain financing, future markets, crops as provided under the project. collateral and graduation of the commercial farmers from the Matching Grant Scheme). Government commitment to Investment in public information, stakeholders awareness raising M the project falters due to and communication about the approaches and results of the Project. change in policy and orientation towards agriculture commercialization.

Counterpart contributions Federal Government and States agreed to counterpart contributions H not paid on time, or are and this will be closely monitored during implementation. irregular. Collusion and/lack of Random audits ex-post will be conducted by CADA in addition to M transparency and the financial statement audit with focus on the utilization of the accountability in the matching grant that funds spent on intended purpose and management of funds at the beneficiaries will receive value for their money. Details of these are beneficiary level. documented in the FPM under community participation. The TOR for the audit is included in the PIM. Procurement Risks. Random audits ex-post and spot-checks of accounts by CADAs to M Insufficient confirm grants are used for the intended purpose. (i) Procurement knowledge and experience and implementation training will be provided to key staff during with Bank procurement may project implementation; (ii) experienced Procurement Specialist cause delays in project will be hired to assist and coordinate the states‟ procurement implementation functions and provide on-the-job training to the state officials; (iii) intensive supervision of the agencies‟ staff by the Bank field office Procurement Specialist. Overall Risk Rating M

Environmental and Social Management Plan The environmental and social management plan prepared for this study is project-based. The ESMP highlighted the impacts vis-à-vis the mitigation, the monitoring approach and the agency responsible for apt follow-up of the provisions. A cost estimate of ($11000) was provided for as the cost implication for the application of the proposed measures. Further, a coherent implementation schedule was provided which is a technique for implementing the provisions of the ESMP with designed period of implementation.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The identified impacts are minor, the recommended mitigations are able to address the issues enhancing minimal or no effect on the environment. Undoubtedly, Commercial Agriculture Development Projects will be highly positive therefore, it is highly recommended that the proposed project should be implemented as it will certainly enhance agricultural productivities. However, more are still being expected to further enhance productivities of the trainees particularly with respect to: health centre/clinic; better means of transportation for agricultural produce; waste management facilities; better remuneration for farmers (trainees); timely loan and credit facilities to the farmers; and egg processing facilities for making powdered egg.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background

Agricultural development considered to be the dominant theme of Lagos agricultural policy under the new Public Private Partnership (PPP) programme. This particularly placed the private investor in a strong role of transforming agriculture from a low-productivity subsistence-based sector to one characterized by high-productivity, integrated value chains, and extensive value addition in order to enhance food security in the Lagos state.

In this regards, the Lagos State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank Assisted Commercial Agricultural Development Project to finance the State Commercial Agriculture Project. This project is under the responsibility of the Lagos Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The project objective is to improve the investment avenue for agri-business and establish all-encompassing PPPs aimed at enhancing farm productivity and value addition in the selected value chains (Poultry, Rice and Aquaculture).

The project interventions and activities prompted the environmental assessment policy (OP.4.01). The impacts covered small scale and site specific infrastructure investment projects associated with category B projects of the World Bank as well as generated sections of the Environmental Assessment Regulations of the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). It therefore necessitates the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The ESIA takes into consideration the range of the project activities and institutional arrangements for project implementation to safeguard the Environment. As a result of the anticipated impacts of operational stage of the intervention, LSCADP engaged the service of an independent consultant to investigate the impacts of her micro projects intervention.

In general, the intervention project which in this sense concerns rural infrastructure will assist to close the infrastructure gaps and to enhance agricultural commercialization. This component covers two sub-components namely networks of farm access roads and rural energy. The former will link feeder roads to State and Federal roads through Outputs and Performance Based Road Contracts while the latter will finance the rehabilitation and maintenance of rural energy, 18 including provision of transformers and extension of lines from the main transmission lines to commercial farmers and agro-processing facilities in collaboration with the Power Sector Reform Project. Other aspect of the specific project includes:

1. Farm Access Roads;  Improvement/Infrastructure  Operation of farm access road within the settlement;  Operation of lateritic access roads leading to farm lands  Operation of light/small-scale bridges

2. Power Supply Infrastructure;  Transformers equipped with facilities such as up-risers, HT poles;  Replacement of damaged/faulty transformers  Development and rehabilitation of damaged/faulty HT poles;  Maintenance of power supply infrastructure  Rural electrification projects  Expansion and rehabilitation of power facilities, etc.

3. Automatic Battery Cages;  Operation of farm inputs  Operation of new battery cages with automatic watering system.  Operation of technical guide on battery cage maintenance.  Modern poultry management practice.

4. Aquaculture Inputs;  Farm input such fingerlings for aquaculture. Regarding agricultural development, poultry, rice and aquaculture are in the value chain being supported by the Commercial Agriculture Development Project in the State. This study site is an institute focusing on production of rice, poultry produce (eggs, chicken etc.) and fish.

1.1 Tasks of the Consultant

Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) is a key aspect of many agricultural development applications recommended under the Lagos State Commercial Agricultural Development Project. This technique is meant to assist in understanding the potential environmental and social impacts (positive and negative) on the environment, the affected farmers and farm settlements, and the beneficiary. The tasks of this ESIA study are to:

 Thoroughly document ecological baseline conditions (existing environmental conditions) of the study area and the socio-economic conditions of the affected communities and farmers including beneficiaries.

 Place the ecological baseline conditions of the sites in the context of the surrounding region.

 Inform, obtain and address contributions from stakeholders including relevant authorities and the public.

 Assess in detail, the environmental and social impacts resulted from the project

 Identify mitigation measures that would reduce the significance negative impacts or enhanced benefits of LSCADPs.

 Meet the requirements of the environmental regulatory agencies in Nigeria and Lagos state in particular as well as international best practice (WB, EPA) for project of this nature.

 Identify and assess potential environmental and socials impacts of the projects.

 Identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts, of the projects and recommend measures for mitigation.

 Review and develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

 Prepare an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report compliant to the relevant authorities (WB, EPA, FMEnv., LASEPA etc.) and detailing findings and recommendations.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The ESIA for the LSCADP interventions will help address the adverse environmental impact of the project implemented, enhance project benefits, and introduce standards of good environmental practice in the existing and proposed project intervention for agricultural development in the state. The primary objectives of the ESIA are to:

 Identify the significant adverse environmental and social impacts resulting from the LSCADP interventions;

 Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified by providing the technical details of each impact , and providing implementation schedule;

 Define the responsibilities of project proponents, contractors and other role players, and effectively communicate environmental and social safeguards issues among them;

 Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented; and

 Identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for implementation.

1.3 Scope of the Study

The scope of work covers the assessment of impacts of the CADP interventions at Araga Farm Settlement, Epe Local Government Area (LGA). The focus of the intervention at the settlement is to enhance agricultural productivity, food security under the stipulated value chain, and o improve farmers‟ standard of living through empowerment of next generation farmers for sustainable agricultural development in the State.

The environmental and social issues that have been specifically considered within this ESIA include:  the state of rehabilitated farm access roads and it impacts on physical and human environment;  the impacts of energy intervention on livelihood and productivity of the farmers  the impacts of interventions on physical and human environment, and socio-economic activities of the beneficiaries, project affected farmers and communities;  Solid and liquid waste management and minimization;  Noise level;  Human and vehicular movement; and  Traffic/vibration management.

CHAPTER TWO

LAGOS STATE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE PROJECT

2.1 Background Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Association (LSCADA) has implemented some projects intended to boost agricultural productivity and living standard of her farmers. In order to achieve one of the Millennium Development Goals (that is, to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger) and increase agricultural output in the state, the association has decided to implemented some germane intervention projects in this regard. The approach adopted is based on examination of similar drives in some parts of the country with philosophy that increased agricultural production translates to greater food production and ensuring national food security for the nation.

In line with this, Lagos State Government is adopting a new approach of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in which complementary and targeted public support serves to facilitate private investment in the agriculture sector. A major thrust of the new approach centres on enhancing the role of commercial agriculture and strengthening agricultural value chains. Under the programme, the Government is seeking to broaden and deepen private sector investment in agriculture. Note that the programme is already occurring but can be augmented in many ways.

Innovative institutional arrangements between large scale investors and small-holders can generate mutual benefits and provide effective mechanisms for bolstering small-holder productivity. For instance, out-grower schemes provide linkages between vertically integrated plantations and surrounding small-holders. Contract farming arrangements can provide benefits for input and output dealers and small-holder farmers.

To this end, the Government is keen to develop agriculture through public private partnership and provide support to encourage the development of nucleus investment arrangements for the benefit of local smallholder farmers.

2.2 Development Objective and Approach in Lagos

CADP is a comprehensive five-year project developed by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR) in collaboration with the World Bank and other stakeholders. This is to help participating small and medium scale commercial farmers to access improved technology, infrastructure, finance and output markets. The project interest is on commercial agriculture development in Nigeria.

The project development objective is to improve the investment climate for agri-business and establish inclusive PPPs aimed at increasing on-farm productivity and value addition in the selected value chains (Poultry, Aquaculture, and Rice) which was based on comparative advantage and the contribution to agricultural growth. The main outcome of the project was an improved investment climate that delivers high productivity and food security in Lagos agricultural setting.

2.3 Project Justification and Design Principles

The basic strategy of this project is to improve the business environment for agriculture to become more successful by gradually shifting from subsistence to commercial agriculture. The Project will strive to sustainably boost the incomes of target beneficiaries, through the value chain approach with strong emphasis on stakeholder participation.

2.3.1 Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators for Lagos CADP are: i. 25% Increase in total production and processing of the targeted value chains (rice, poultry and aquaculture) among participating small and medium scale commercial farmers. ii. 30% Increase in total sales of agricultural products under the targeted value chains (rice, poultry and aquaculture) among participating small and medium scale commercial farmers.

2.3.2 Project Components

The project has two components namely:

2.3.2.1 Agricultural Production and Commercialization The objective of this component is to improve the adoption of existing and new agricultural technologies by commercial farmers and processors along the selected value chains. The component has four sub-components: i. Technology Demonstration and Adoption ii. Support to Staple Crop Production Systems iii. Market Facilitation and iv. Capacity Building

2.3.2.1 Rural Infrastructure The project will assist to close the infrastructure gaps to enhance agricultural commercialization by providing resources for the construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of network of selected farm access roads using the Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPRC) concept and connecting commercial farms to rural electrification. This component covers two sub-components: (i) Network of Farm Access Roads and (ii) (ii) Rural Energy.

CHAPTER THREE

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 Introduction

The environment has emerged as one of the most topical issues of contemporary times. This is in realization of the ever-increasing negative environmental impacts of rapid industrial and infrastructural development. As natural resources are being exploited at rates unprecedented in human history, the quality of the environment deteriorates and many of the development projects become unsustainable. This has therefore necessitated the enforcement of relevant environmental protection laws in order to protect and restore the Nigerian environment.

The requirement for an Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and WB policies geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her citizens. This report was prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF, RPF and IPMP that were prepared and disclosed by CADP in Nigeria.

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN) of 1999 provides the general thrust of the nation‟s environmental policy through S. 20 that provides: “The State shall protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life of Nigeria.” Consequently, subsidiary laws and regulations have been made and international conventions and other instruments entered into pursuant to the constitution‟s set objectives.

These include:  Laws and regulations, standards, policies, codes and recommended practices relating to the Infrastructural Development by the Nigerian Government and its Agencies such as the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning.  International guidelines and conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory.  National Policy on Environment (1989) and as reviewed in 1999

3.2 Federal and Lagos State Environmental Regulatory Bodies

The bodies responsible for environmental regulation at Federal and state levels include:  Federal Ministry of Environment (1999 Presidential Directive; and  The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act No 25 of 2007. With regard to sewage and domestic effluent control there are Federal Regulations and State Sanitation Laws. Some of these regulations include:  The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution control in Nigeria (March, 1991), which is the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution;  The National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 of 1991, which makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti-pollution equipment, makes provision for effluent treatment.  The National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations S.I.9 of 1991, which imposes restrictions on the release of toxic substances and stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution, it also makes it mandatory for existing industries and facilities to conduct an environmental audit;  The National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations S.I.15 of 1991, which regulates the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes from municipal and industrial source.  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1991.

3.3 Sectoral EIA Guidelines

In September 1995, FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) published Sectoral EIA Guidelines for Infrastructural Projects. The Guidelines are for any project that involves:

 Coastal Development Project;  Port and Harbour Development Project;  Railways;  Roads and Highways;

 Airports;  Urban development project;  Domestic water supply and sanitation project; and  Electrification projects.

Statutory Limits for Effluents and Gaseous Emissions: The Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991) provides interim permissible limits as protective measures against indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated industrial effluents into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters.

Air Quality Standards: There are ambient air quality limitations and standards in Nigeria enforced by the FMENV, NESREA and LASEPA. Laws:  Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act. Cap 165, LFN 1990 seeks to prevent the authorized dumping or depositing of harmful waste on water or land and criminalizes the act of transporting, dumping and depositing harmful waste on land or water. The Decree‟s provisions make it clear that management of a corporate body may be liable for the offence.  Criminal Code Act Cap 77 LFN 1990. The Act specifies that fouling of water bodies is a criminal offence.  Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990. This legislation put an end to absolute ownership of land by the individual and community and vests “all land comprised in the territory of each state (except land vested in the Federal Government or its agencies) solely in the Governor of the State, who would hold such land in trust for the people.”

Lagos State Ministry of Environment and Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Project (LSCADP) Edicts

All the States in Nigeria have power to make laws with respect to the environment under the Constitution. This is because the subjects relating to the environment are contained in the concurrent legislative list.

Lagos State established the State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) in 1996. The edict spells out clearly the functions and authority of the agency, and also imposed restrictions on the release of toxic materials into the environment as well as responsibilities of industries whose operations are likely to negatively impact the environment. Specific functions of the agency include:  monitoring and controlling of disposal of wastes generated within the State;  monitoring and controlling of all forms of environmental degradation from agricultural, industrial and government operations;  monitoring of surface, underground and potable water, air, land and soils within the State to determine the pollution level as well as collect baseline data;  Co-operating with federal, state and local governments on matter and facilities relating to environmental protection

The Agency is empowered to apply enforcement measures to make regulations to control water, air, soil and noise pollution; effluent discharge standard and waste management. The edict also empowers the Agency to combat environmental degradations in manufacturing premises and government operations; analyses samples of any substance found in any premises searched, etc.

Lagos Waste Disposal Board Edict The Waste Disposal Board was established in 1977 by vide Edict No.9 of April, 1977 to coordinate refuse disposal activities in Lagos State. Initially it was mandated to take charge of general environmental sanitation and the collection, disposal, and management of domestic refuse.

Subsequently, it was assigned the responsibility of cleaning primary and secondary drains, collection and disposal of industrial wastes, flood relief activities, and the collection and disposal of scrap and derelict vehicles.

Lagos Urban & Regional Board and Town Planning Authority Edict

To control and regulate indiscriminate development in the state, the LASG established the Urban & Regional Board and Town Planning Authority in 1997. Specific functions of the board include:

 Formulate state policies for urban and regional planning and development, including spatial location of infrastructural facilities.  Advise state government, initiation of and prepare regional and sub-regional plans for the state;  Outline development plans and other physical development plans and schemes embracing spatial distribution of major roads, location of industrial, commercial, residential as well as recreational facilities.  The establishment and operation of an effective development control organ on state lands  The provision of technical assistance to the local government;

The edict also emphasize that each Local Government Area are to establish planning authorities which shall be responsible for preparing town, rural and local plans and control development activities within its area of jurisdiction.

The edict further stipulates that developers shall submit an environmental impact assessment report in respect of applications for residential land in excess of half an hectare and/or development in excess of 4 floors; factory building; commercial buildings; places of worship and petrol service stations.

 Lagos State Environmental Law, 1994  Lagos State Sanitation Edict, 2004  The Lagos State Town and Country (Building Plan) Regulations of 1986  Lagos State Urban and Development Regional Planning and Development Law of 2005

Other Statutory Regulations, Legislations and Guidelines related to infrastructural Development activities in Nigeria include:  Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992,  National Guidelines for Environmental Audit in Nigeria, 2011,  Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control 1991,  Guidelines on Hazardous Chemicals Management 1998,  Guidelines on Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides 2001,  National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems, and

 Blueprint on Environmental Enforcement: A Citizens Guide.

3.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies

World Bank Safeguards Policies provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and have been an important instrument for building a sense of ownership among local populations. The World Bank‟s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are cornerstones of its support to sustainable poverty reduction and therefore ensure that Environmental and Social issues are evaluated in decision making towards reducing and management of project/programme risk. The process inherently provides mechanisms for Consultations and Disclosure of Information to the public and relevant stakeholders.

The CADP has been categorized as B implying that the expected environmental impacts are largely site-specific, that few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and that mitigation measures can be designed relatively readily. The environmental assessment for a Category B project, • examines the project‟s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, • recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, and • recommends measures to improve environmental performance The World Bank has 10 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational policies include: • OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment • OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats • OP 4.09: Pest Management • OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement • OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples • OPN 11.03: Cultural Property • OP 4.36: Forests • OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams • OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters • OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas

The LSCADP proposed intervention project activities triggered the Bank Policy OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment (EA). A screening exercise was carried out by the LSCADP to determine whether the World Bank OP 4.12 would be triggered by her intervention initiatives through the deployment of some impact indicators and it was concluded that the Bank‟s OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement had not been triggered by the project. In essence the need to conduct an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) study is not necessary. ESMF, PMP and RPF are the instruments used to address the triggered policies of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. The report is prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF disclosed and prepared by CADP.

3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.0.1) OP 4.01is triggered by the LSCADPs‟ proposed project activities which allows the use of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) as EA safeguard instrument. This becomes pertinent when “a project consists of a programme and/or series of sub-projects, which impact(s) can be determined and identified” before project appraisal. In this regard LSCADA projects fall within these categories and therefore triggered by the WB policy. Lagos State Commercial Agriculture development Projects are dominated by the expansion of the farm access roads and rural electrification, the facilitation of and improvements in the selected value chain (aquaculture, poultry farming and rice production) in the ever expanding Lagos state.

The OP 4.01 requires among others that screening for impacts is carried early, in order to determine the level of EA to assess and mitigate potential adverse impacts. The Bank‟s project screening criteria group projects into three categories.  Category A - Detailed Environmental Assessment;  Category B - Initial Environmental Examination and  Category C - Environmental Friendly

The EA ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design, including public consultation process, especially for Category A and Category B projects. The OP 4.01 is applicable to all components of Bank financed projects, even for co-financed components. However, the LSCADPs classified within the Category B of the OP 4.01.

The World Bank and Nigeria‟s EA requirements and operational procedures were harmonized early on the CAD projects with the development of the ESMF which sets out requirements & responsibilities for sub-project-specific. Going by this, ESMP has been developed and incorporated at the point of implementation of subproject in response to the objectives of good practice, particularly, in the following respects.  An early consideration of the environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage);  Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;  Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and  Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design.

The main levels of environmental Assessment following screening and scoping under the Nigerian Regulations are that:  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) required;  Partial/ Preliminary Environmental Assessment Required;  No Further Environmental Assessment required  This corresponds in principle to the World Bank‟s Environmental Assessment requirements of Category B.

3.4.2 OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and expects LSCADP to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.

The OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats) issue includes identification of (a) natural habitat issues and special needs for natural habitat conservation, including the degree of threat to identified natural habitats (particularly critical natural habitats), and (b) measures for protecting such areas in the context of the country's development strategy. The major natural habitat issues include identification of important natural habitat sites, the ecological functions they perform, the degree

32 of threat likely to impose by proposed activities, priorities for conservation, and associated recurrent-funding and capacity-building needs.

It also expects to take into account the views, roles, and rights of groups, including local nongovernmental organizations and local communities, affected by Bank-financed projects. Also part of the issue is to involve affect people in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating such proposed projects. Involvement may include identifying appropriate conservation measures, managing protected areas and other natural habitats, and monitoring and evaluating specific projects. The Bank encourages governments to provide such people with appropriate information and incentives to protect natural habitats.

3.4.3 OP 4.09 - Pest Management To manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the World Bank supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed projects, the LSCADP addresses pest management issues in the context of the project‟s environmental assessment.

This involves the use of various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides: economic and sector work, sectoral or project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and investment projects and components aimed at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. Under the World Bank policies, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices and the development, and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The World Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach.

In this regard, the World Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental friendly methods. Where environmental methods alone are not effective, the World Bank may finance the use of pesticides for control of disease vectors. This is based on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed projects:

(a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects. (b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species. (c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment (d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.

3.4.4 OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term hardship, impoverishment, and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. For these reasons, the overall objectives of the World Bank‟s policy on involuntary resettlement are the following:

 Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.  Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the proposed project to share in project benefits.  Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

As it was established, the Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Projects including the proposed intervention projects did not trigger involuntary resettlement. The summary of World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project activities is shown in Table 3.4.2.1 below.

Table 3.2.4.1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies Policy Summary of core requirements Triggered OP 4.01 - Screen early for potential impacts and select appropriate Yes Environmental instrument to assess, minimise and mitigate potentially Assessment adverse impacts OP 4.04 – Do not finance projects that degrade or convert critical Yes Natural Habitats habitats. Support projects that affect non- critical habitats

only if no alternatives are available and if acceptable mitigation measures are in place OP 4.09- Support integrated approaches to pest management. Yes Pest Management Identify pesticides that may be financed under the project and develop appropriate pest management plan to address risks OP 4.12- Assist displaced persons in their effort to improve or at No Involuntary least restore their standards of living. Avoid resettlement Resettlement where feasible or minimise. Displaced persons should share in project profits

3.5 International Guidelines and Conventions

Nigeria is a signatory to several international conventions and treaties that promote the maintenance of a viable environment and achieving sustainable development. The Federal Ministry of Environment is the Focal Point and Designated National Authority for the implementation of a number of the international conventions. The ones relevant to the project at hand are:

 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, 1997  Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992  Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 (Ratified 1991).

It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank safeguard policies, However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard Policies shall supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of discrepancy.

CHAPTER FOUR

GENERAL METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a description of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (ESIA) process adopted for the Lagos Commercial Agricultural Development Projects (LSCADPs) at Araga Farm Settlement. The procedure used is represented in the flow chart below. (Figure 4.1.1)

Figure 4.1.1: The ESIA Process Source: Adapted from ESIA Approach and Methodology (TAP, 2012)

4.2 ESIA Requirements

The integration of environmental and social considerations into the operational stage of LSCADP is an essential part to understand the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the interventions and its contribution towards sustainable agricultural development. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is internationally accepted as being effective way of achieving this integration in a method that is efficient and also meets the requirements of regulators, project financing institutions, civil society and project affected communities, i.e. the stakeholders.

4.2.1 Screening Screening is the first step in the ESIA process. It confirms the need (or otherwise) for an ESIA by appraising the type of project and its associated activities throughout its lifecycle in the context of its biophysical, socio-economic, policy and regulatory environments. Given the location, scale and planned activities associated with CADP, it has been concluded that the project should be subject to an ESIA under the Category “B”, and the ESIA should take account of applicable national and international legislation, which was addressed in Policy, Regulatory and Administrative Framework Chapter.

4.2.2 Scoping Scoping is a high level assessment of anticipated “interactions” between project activities and environment „receptors‟. Its purpose is to focus the ESIA on key issues and eliminate certain activities from the full impact assessment process based on their limited potential to result in discernable impacts. To arrive at a conclusion to “scope out” an activity/event, a mixture of expert scientific judgement based on prior experience of similar activities and events and, in some instances, scoping level quantification/numerical analysis (e.g. emission and discharge inventories and generic modelling) is used.

Based on the findings and results of these reviews, investigations and consultations, the ESIA Team identified:

• Potential project related environmental and socio-economic impacts relationships between LSCADP activities and environment; and

• where the extent, depth and/or quality of environmental, socio-economic and/or technical data is insufficient for the ESIA process, thus identifying additional work to complete the ESIA.

4.3 ESIA Process

Since the assessment was based on proposed projects aiming at boosting the agricultural output, the study focused on the construction and operational characteristics and the potential impacts on the environment and socio-economic activities of the affected persons. The key steps taking for the ESIA include:

 Pre-study activities: This stage establishes the environmental, social and cultural considerations in advance of detailed studies. This study also involves collation of relevant secondary data for the ESIA.  The ESIA study: This stage concerns with the field survey. It involves site visit to gather environmental and socio-economic data on project affected communities and their 1surroundings. Integral to this study is the development of measures to mitigate and reduce or remove adverse impacts.  The post-study stage: This stage concerns with the preparation of ESIA report. It involves the analysis, presentation and interpretation of primary and secondary data acquired, and the production of ESIA report.

4.4 Baseline Study Methodology

For the impact assessment of the CADP, a wide range of methodologies were employed. This section aims to provide an overview of all methodologies utilised for each of the environmental and socio-economic impacts assessment as well as providing criteria from which the current quality and importance of features can be evaluated. A good understanding of the baseline is important to understanding the nature and importance of the project impacts.

4.8 Existing Conditions In order to identify potential impacts, an understanding of the existing conditions was established regarding the LSCADPs and proposed project activities. This was based on primary data acquisition by the employed experts and consultants. Base on the empirical study, the projects

38 have mainly impacted positively. However, the LSCADP would likely affect the following receptor groups: Biological/Ecological; and Socio-Economic/Human.

4.5 Mapping of the Project Area

Mapping of the study area and the intervention projects by the LSCADP was implemented using archival satellite images and in situ GPS data collection. Essentially, data used for capturing spatial details of the project area were based on location of the project area cum identification of specific intervention projects. Garmin GPS with high level of accuracy was used to collected in situ data particularly on projects such as Farm Access Roads, Rural Electrification projects (including high tension lines, and location of electric transformers), location of automatic battery cages amongst others.

ArcGIS 10.1 was used as the mapping software as well as for image preparation and processing for mapping. The images used were extracted from spatially-enabled Google Earth Pro which is a high spatial resolution image archive. The final maps produced are image maps detailing the building and environmental details of the project area as well as the captured intervention projects.

4.6 Socio-economic Survey

Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed in order to understand the anticipated impacts of the intervention. The qualitative data collection involves the use of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview with key informants in the proposed project site. The FGD was used as a tool to obtain information from people of similar or near similar age group.

A total of 100 questionnaires were administered to capture individual farmer (PAP) perception on the impacts of the project. This method provides a non-formal method of obtaining information about events in an area. It was used to elicit opinions about the possible impacts of the project interventions on the socio-economic and livelihood condition of the affected people. Quantitative data collection on the other hand entails the use of structured questionnaire to collect relevant socio-economic data on the baseline characteristics of the environment around the project site. The questionnaire was structured in such a way that information on awareness of

39 the LSCADP, ethnic composition, socio-cultural and economic characteristics of the neighbourhoods was captured. Purposive random sampling approach was used in the administration of the questionnaire to the informants. Informal interviews were conducted to compliment the information obtained from the questionnaire survey and those obtained from existing records. Such interviews were held with individual trading or living in this area. The results obtained from the questionnaire administration and analyses are presented inform of charts and tables.

4.6.1 Impact Significance Assessment

An impact is defined as “Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s environmental aspects (activities, products or services)” (EMS, ISO14001:2004). Where project activity and environmental receptor interactions occur, an impact is defined. The ESIA assesses impacts according to their “significance” determined by considering project activity “event magnitude” and “receptor sensitivity”. Determining event magnitude requires the identification and quantification (as far as practical) of the sources of potential environmental and social effects from routine and non- routine project activities. Determining receptor sensitivity requires an understanding of the biophysical environment.

4.6.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude

• Extent / Scale: Events range from those affecting an area of up to 500m from the source; to those affecting an area greater than 500m and up to 1km from the source; and to those affecting an area of greater than 1km from the source. • Frequency: Events range from those occurring once; to those occurring up to 50 times; and to those occurring more than 50 times or continuously. • Duration: Events range from those occurring for less than 24 hours; to those occurring for more than 24 hours and up to one week; and to those occurring for periods longer than one week. • Intensity: Concentration of an emission or discharge with respect to standards of acceptability that include applicable legislation and international guidance, its toxicity or potential for bioaccumulation, and its likely persistence in the environment. This

ranges from a low intensity event, to a moderate intensity event, and to a high intensity event.

4.6.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity

(i) Biological/Ecological Receptors

• Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from species or community unaffected or marginally affected, to probability of species undergoing moderate but sustainable change which stabilises under constant presence of impact source, with ecological functionality maintained; and to probability for substantial loss of ecological functionality (e.g. loss of species in key groups, substantially lower abundance and diversity). • Presence: Routine, regular or reliably predictable presence of any species which is, in reverse order, a unique, threatened or protected species, to regionally rare or largely confined to CADP area or sensitive to disturbances; and to a species which is none of the above and is therefore assessed at the community level only.

(ii) Human Receptor

• Presence: This ranges from people being uncommon in the study area of anticipated impact; to people being present some of the time (e.g. commercial property); to people being permanently present (e.g. residential property) in the area of anticipated impact. • Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from people being least vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise)) are well below applicable legislation and international guidance); to quite vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are below adopted standards)); and to the most vulnerable groups (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are at or above adopted standards)).

Impact significance, as a function of event magnitude and receptor sensitivity was subsequently ranked as “Negligible”, “Minor”, “Moderate” or “Major”. Any impact classified as “major” is considered to be significant and where the impact is negative, requires additional mitigation. Impacts of negligible, minor or moderate significance are considered as being mitigated as far as practicable and necessary, and therefore, do not warrants further mitigation.

4.7 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts

Trans-boundary impacts were impacts that occur outside the jurisdictional borders of a project‟s host vicinity. Potential trans-boundary impacts considered include:

• Social and economic issues surrounding the sourcing of labour, goods and services; • GHG emissions to air; and • Discharges to the marine environment.

Cumulative impacts arise from:

• Interactions between separate project-related residual impacts; and • Interactions between project-related residual impacts in combination with impacts from other projects and their associated activities.

For the LSCADP ESIA, potential cumulative impacts were therefore considered to include:

• Physical presence of improper solid waste management; • Cumulative discharges of waste water, and farm waste including poultry droppings and improper management of other farm activities; and • Cumulative emissions from farm activities.

4.8 Mitigation and Monitoring

A wide range of different measures to mitigate impacts have been identified in the ESIA Report. These have been brought together in an impact summary table. In addition an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project describes how the mitigation will actually be delivered and reporting. The ESMP will be in line with National and International Performance Requirements.

CHAPTER FIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION

This chapter examines a description of the environment, including the bio-physical and socio- economic conditions of the project area. The description of baseline information relevant to the project covers:  The project areas;  Land use categories;  Land acquisition and tenure system;  Socio-economic;  Cultural resources;  Health;  Natural resources;  Wildlife and biodiversity;  Climate; and  Air Quality.  Hydrology Of The Area  Physical environment

5.1 Description of Environmental Settings

This chapter describes the environmental and socio-economic setting within the project area, with a special focus on those conditions that may be impacted by or have a direct impact on the project.

The following is a detailed description of the project baseline information, based on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural characteristics.

The project is located in Epe Local Government Area which is situated on a large swath of land in the northeastern area of Lagos State far from the metropolis. It shares boundary with Ikorodu LGA on the eastern part; with Ogun State on the northern side and on the southern side with the capacious Lagos Lagoon. Epe local government area is the biggest local government in Lagos

State with a land area of 965 km2 (See inset map in Figure 5.1.1). Figure 5.1.1. shows the project area and the associated land uses and land cover characteristics.

In terms of population, according to the 2006 National Population Census, Epe local government has about 323,634 residents comprising of 153,360 males and 170,274 females occupying a total area of 965 km2. The population density is 335.37 p/km2.

Figure 5.1.1: The project area with associated landuse and landcover

5.2 Physical Environment

5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology Weather and climate are two of the most common atmospheric parameters that can affect any location. Climate is the characteristic of atmospheric conditions measured over a fairly long period of time (about 25 years); while weather describe the daily characteristic of various elements of climate. An understanding of the characteristics of weather and climate in an around the project area is important as it provides information on the prevailing atmospheric conditions

44 in and around the study area for most part of the year. The understanding of the climate conditions prevailing has also showed how the study area might likely impact on the local climate and meteorology in the area.

The data used in this study were derived from the climate and meteorological data obtained from the Federal Meteorological Centre, Oshodi, Lagos State. The data provide information on the general climate and meteorology conditions such as the air temperature, rainfall, humidity, and sunshine. Detailed descriptions of these parameters are provided below:

5.2.1.1 General Climate and Meteorology By the reason of its location, the area is influenced by the humid-semi equatorial climate. Under this climatic regime, there are moderate maximum temperatures (the highest monthly average daily maximum temperature of the warmest month is 33.50C or 92.30F), annual rainfall is greater than annual potential evaporation. With the range of one to three months dry season, the rainfall surplus is usually in excess of 200mm. Climate in this area is influenced by two air masses namely the South-East trade wind and the North-East trade wind. The South-East trade wind is hot and humid as it blows from Atlantic Ocean and carries a lot of rain to most part of Lagos state. The North-East trade wind on the other hand is hot, dry and dusty because they originate from the Sahara desert. The North-East trade wind prevail especially between the month of November and February and is often refers to as Harmattan. These two air masses are separated by a zone of discontinuity called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This zone moves north-south following the movement of the sun. This apparent movement of the ITCZ largely account for variations in weather and climate. The movement of these air masses results in the two weather seasons that is, the wet season from April to November, the dry season from December to March typical of the project area. Some Climatological data for the project area are presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Summary of Climate Characteristics of the Study Area Month Average Temperature 0C Relative Humidity Average rainfall (mm) (%) sunlight (hrs) Average Recorded Max Min Max Min Am Pm January 28 31 23 35 17 84 65 6 February 46 32 25 36 19 83 69 7 March 102 32 26 37 16 82 72 6

April 150 32 25 37 21 81 72 6 May 269 31 24 40 21 83 76 6 June 460 29 23 34 21 87 80 4 July 279 28 23 34 20 87 80 3 August 64 28 23 36 19 85 76 3 September 450 28 23 34 20 86 77 3 October 286 29 23 36 21 86 76 5 November 69 31 24 37 21 85 72 7 December 25 31 24 37 19 86 68 7

5.2.1.2 Precipitation and Humidity In Lagos, rain falls in virtually all the months of the year, averaging 1800mm annually, but recording much higher values around the coastal portions such as the project area. Based on information collected from the Meteorological Centre, the average rainfall in the Epe area, taken from the rainfall data for 1985-2005, is 2,228mm. The rainfall pattern shows double maxima. Two seasons are identifiable: the rainy season (April to November) and the relatively dry season (December to March). Rainfall is heaviest during the months of June and September. More than 50% of the total rainfall recorded occurs between June and September while just about 7.5% of annual total rainfall occurs between November and February.

The area is characterized by high relative humidity throughout the year, relative humidity range between 81 and 87% in the mornings and between 65 and 80% in the afternoon.

5.2.1.3 Temperature The air temperature within the project area is generally high throughout the year, varying from 230C to 320C. The lower air temperature occurs during the wet season while the higher value (280C-320C) occurs in the dry season. Monthly temperatures vary on the average from a minimum of 230C at 8:00hrs to a maximum of 320C at 14:00hrs in the dry season.

5.2.1.4 Wind Speed and Direction The project area has a calm weather with the wind speed ranging between 2 and 5m/s. The wind speed is lower than 2.7m/s for about 60% of the time, and seldom (<2% of the time) exceeds 3 m/s. Wind speeds are generally lower in the night than during the day with the highest wind speed recorded at the onset of the rainy season. The prevailing wind direction (about 55% of the time) is South-West, blowing north-east. However, during the dry season, winds are distributed in all directions, but predominantly south to south-west during the rainy season.

5.2.2 Air Quality and Noise Level Air pollution is a major environmental health problem. Increasing amounts of potentially harmful gases and particles are being emitted into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, thereby resulting in damage to human health and the environment. Air pollutants are usually classified into Suspended Particulate Matter in the air (often called PM-10 or PM-2.5 - dusts, fumes, mists, smokes), gaseous pollutants (gases and vapours) and odours (see Table 5.2).

Table 5.2 Air Quality Determinants in and around the Study Area

Location CO NO2 SO2 THC H2S NH3 TSP (PPM) AQ1 0.16 0.01 0.00 01.00 0.00 0.00 56 AQ2 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.8 0.00 0.00 75 AQ3 1.1 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 45 AQ4 0.36 0.01 0.00 1.2 0.00 0.00 104 AQ5 0.21 0.01 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 77 AQ6 1.0 0.01 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 98 AQ7 0.83 0/01 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 65 AQ8 1.5 0.02 0.00 1.8 0.00 0.00 103 AQ9 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 114 AQ10 0.67 0.02 0.00 1.1 0.00 0.00 90 FMEH&U 10 0.04 0.01 - - - 250 D LIMITS

Based on a classification for air quality developed by Jain et. al. (1976) and shown in Table 5.3, air quality in the project area can be said to range from high quality to moderate quality.

Table 5.3: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Concentration Range of TSP Values (µg/m3) Class of Air Quality

0-75 High Quality

76-230 Moderate Quality

231-600 Poor Quality

Source: Jain, et al. 1976

5.2.3 Ambient Noise Level A brief discussion of noise levels measured in the sampling locations is shown in Table 5.2.3.1. Sampling was taken in the morning, afternoon and evening. On the average, none of the

47 sampling locations was the 8-hour limit as set by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Table 5.4) breached. However, the noise disturbance level and WHO set limit of 45 dB(A) and 55 dB(A) respectively were breached occasionally at some of the sampling locations. Noise does not only disturb sleep, interrupt conversation, and create stress cum annoyance in the general population, but also reduces the efficiency and output of workers (Sinha and Sridharan, 1999). NIOSH (1996) attributed hearing loss among workers to their exposure to noise in the industries while Smoorenburg et al (1996) identified prolonged equivalent daily exposures of at least 85 dB (A) as a contributing factor to increased blood pressure and hypertension. Loss of hearing due to exposure of noise can equally lead to tinnitus (buzzing in the ear). Insomnia and tiredness can also be caused by high noise exposure.

Table 5.4: Ambient Noise Level around the Study Area Location Morning Afternoon Evening AQ1 50.1 53.4 49.6 AQ2 53.2 56.3 50.7 AQ3 50.2 51.4 48.3 AQ4 52.1 54.6 50.0 AQ5 60.0 59.6 57.4 AQ6 58.3 59.0 56.5 AQ7 54.9 56.1 53.0 AQ8 56.1 57.8 55.0 AQ9 50.3 51.2 49.8 AQ10 57.8 58.3 56.0 FMEH&UD 8-hr 90 Occupational Exposure Limit

5.2.4 Topography The project area is situated on a flat terrain with low elevation. This is particularly due to its closeness to River Aiye which runs into the Lagos Lagoon at the southern end of the study area. The peak elevation is towards the north which is close to Ogun State. Its low lying elevation coupled with its physical characteristics in terms of soil (edaphic nature), climate and vegetation makes it suitable for agricultural production – the setting up of the Araga Farm Settlement. Its average elevation is 10 metres with the peak values being recorded on the northern fringes. While the southern fringe has the least elevation values which ranges between 4 and 5 metres

48 above sea level. It is such that the area is better referred to as a floodplain of River Aiye. The office of the Ogun Osun River Basin Development Authority (OORBDA) and the hydro- engineering projects on ground suggest that this assertion is accurate. The 10 metre contour as deduced from the 1:25,000 Nigerian Topographic map of the area shows that project area falls within this floodplain range. By implication, the occurrence of flooding at this level has only gone to confirm the nature of the milieu.

5.2.5 Regional Hydrogeology The existing aquifers in the stratigraphy units that make up the Dahomey basin are as shown in Table 5.5. The aquifers of the Abeokuta Formations are essentially confined and sometimes artesian as encountered in boreholes at the Farm Settlement. It has also been exploited for industrial water supply in Ikeja area. It has proven to be more prolific than the widely exploited coastal plain sands.

Table 5.5: Aquifer Distribution in the Eastern Dahomey Basin (coode Blizard et al, 1997) Age Formation Lithology Depositional Hydrogeological Environment Significance Recent Alluvium Sands, clays, mud, Continental Acquiferous pebbies Oligo- Benin Formation Sands, clays, silts, Continental Acquiferous pleistocene sandy, clays, gravel Eocene Ilaro formation Predominantly Marine/lacustrine Non-aquiferous shale, clays Paleocene Ewekoro formation Limestone, shale, Marine Aquiferous clay (limestone) Cretaceous Araromi formation Shale, fine/medium Marine/ contineta Aquiferous sands Marine Afowo formation Coarse/medium Aquiferous sand-stone, shale, silt-stone Continental Ise formation Sands, grits, sand- Artesian stone

Both Ilaro and Ewekoro Formations may be considered regional aquitard/aquiclude unit separating the underlying Abeokuta Formation aquifers from the overlying Benin Formation aquifers. The Ewekoro Formation is known to be aquiferous only where limestone members are present. No significant aquiferous zones have been reported in this Formation in Lagos area. The Benin (Coastal Plain Sand) Formation is the most significant because it is the major source of groundwater for private and public water supply, including industrial and commercial water

49 usage. The majority of the boreholes and dug wells in Lagos State are in the Benin Formation aquifers.

5.2.5.1 Surface Hydrogeology of the Study Area The project site is surrounded by surface water describing a y-shape (lower case letter “y”) with Palm trees as most prominent plants along the bank. The northwestern end of the project site is therefore considered as water collectors. This is as exemplified by the pattern of variation of the measured in-situ parameters. The surface water is generally weakly acidic as indicated by the pH values.

5.2.5.2 Subsurface Hydrogeology of the Study Area The hydro-geological potential of the area is appraised in terms of the material that constitutes the aquifer. This is accomplished via information on the soil horizons of boreholes drilled at the area. The first aquifer where water was first encountered was white sand at about 4m depth. The second aquifer is fine yellow sand about 4.3m thick and underlain the white sand, while the third aquifer is a coarse red sharp sand about 3.4m thick. The aquifers are underlain by a layer of clay aquicludes thereby confining the aquifers to the top.

The summary of the aquiferous unit predominantly in the study area is depicted in Table 5.6, while the details of groundwater quality are discussed under water quality of the chapter.

Table 5.6: Aquifer units of the project site Aquifer Thickness Range White sand 1.0m Yellow sand 0.4 – 4.4m Coarse sand 1.0 – 3.4m

5.2.6 Water Quality The results of surface and groundwater physico-chemical analyses for the project area are presented in Tables 5.7 to 5.9, while Table 5.10 presents information on the population densities of microbiology of the waters of the area.

Table 5.7: In-situ parameters for surface water in the project area Sample Cond TDS Turbidity Salinity DO BOD COD

ID pH (µS/cm) (mg/1) (NTU) (%0) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) WS 1 6.08 20.00 10.00 3.00 1.00 4.50 6.50 420 WS 2 6.60 59.00 31.00 0.00 1.00 4.80 4.00 368 WS 3 5.59 39.00 20.00 55.00 1.00 3.60 10.30 396 WS 4 6.82 49.00 25.00 1.00 1.00 4.50 5.00 340 BH1 5.80 20.00 11.00 2.0 1.00 3.00 2.50 38 BH2 5.15 29.00 15.00 2.0 2.00 2.50 2.10 20 BH3 4.88 44.00 22.00 1.00 2.00 2.40 2.80 40

Table 5.8: Anions, cations and Hydrocarbons in water samples of the project area 2- 3 Samp Total Total S04 CI- PO4 NO3- Ca Mg Na K THC le ID Hardne Alkalimi (mg/ - (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ ss ty (mg/1) I) (mg/ L) L) L) L) L) L) (mg/L) l) WS 1 6.191 12.00 14.0 2.70 0.01 0.09 0.95 0.25 0.43 0.27 66.63 0 WS 2 5.242 12.00 1.00 0.50 0.01 0.03 0.98 0.25 0.44 0.21 22.52 WS 3 4.264 28.00 15.0 1.60 0.00 0.10 1.02 0.27 0.47 0.49 0.00 0 WS 4 3.24 20.00 2.00 3.10 0.01 0.07 1.51 0.39 0.68 0.40 6.84 BH 1 1.733 16.00 21.0 22.90 0.01 0.17 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.38 0.15 0 BH 2 1.264 32.00 18.0 10.40 0.03 0.12 1.26 0.33 0.57 0.93 0.00 0 BH 3 1.345 23.00 19.0 15.00 0.01 0.15 0.96 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.01 0

Table 5.9: Heavy metals in water samples from the project area Sample Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn Mn V Hg Ba ID (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

WS 1 0.01 ND ND 1.17 0.04 ND 0.07 0.1 0.01 ND ND WS 2 0.01 ND ND 0.08 0.02 ND ND 0.2 0.01 ND ND WS 3 0.01 ND 0.00 0.71 0.02 ND 0.04 0.1 0.01 ND ND WS 4 0.01 ND ND 0.02 0.03 ND ND 0.1 0.01 ND ND BH 1 0.01 ND ND 0.01 0.05 0.04 ND 0.2 0.01 ND ND BH 2 0.00 ND ND ND 0.04 ND ND 0.3 0.01 ND ND BH 3 0.00 ND ND ND 0.03 ND ND 0.1 0.01 ND ND

Table 5.10: population densities of microorganisms in water samples Sample Code THB Count 104 Coliform Count 104 THF Count (cfu/ml) (cfu/ml) (cfu/ml) WS 1 0.5 NIL NIL WS 2 3.1 NIL NIL WS 3 4.0 2.0 NIL WS 4 0.2 1.0 NIL BH 1 0.63 NIL NIL BH 2 0.33 NIL NIL BH 3 0.0168 0.01 NIL

Generally, all the waterbodies within the coverage area of this ESIA were shallow and appeared to be seasonal. By extension, transparency was very low. In-situ measured parameters, such as pH, conductivity; TDS, etc are presented in Table 5.12. All the waters were acidic at varying levels, with pH ranging from 6.08 to 6.82 for surface waters and 4.88 to 5.80 for groundwater. The acidic pH is probably indicative of the presence of acid sulphates in the soils and this appeared to be corroborated by the strong characteristic “rotten egg” smell of hydrogen sulphide that was perceived while collecting surface water samples.

Generally, surface and groundwater quality in the project area is clean and indicative of an environment where minimal anthropogenic contamination has occurred or is occurring. The area however has a possibility of altering the foregoing, especially with regards to groundwater quality, and as such efforts have to be made to ensure that project activities are undertaken in a way that minimizes impacts on groundwater.

5.2.7 Soil Quality Results of soil physico-chemical analyses are shown in Tables 5.11 and 5.12. As shown in Table 5.13, this range falls within the low classification defined by Udo (1986). This is expected, given that most of the soil samples were predominately sandy and sandy soils are typically known to be deficient in organic carbon, which is why they are always so loose.

Table 5.11: Physical Characteristics of soil from the project area SAMPLE pH Cond (µS) %Sand %Silt %Clay %TOC ID S1 Top 4.07 46.00 92.74 4.48 2.78 1.46 S1 Bottom 4.44 10.00 95.98 2.48 1.54 0.34 S2 Top 4.31 11.00 94.00 3.86 2.14 0.59 S2 Bottom 4.36 18.00 95.64 3.71 0.65 0.47 S3 Top 4.39 24.00 98.43 1.37 0.20 0.98 S3 Bottom 4.82 15.00 98.22 1.44 0.35 0.64 S4 Top 4.55 25.00 96.76 1.79 1.46 0.88 S4 Bottom 4.58 15.00 95.11 1.79 3.11 0.39 S5 Top 5.34 33.00 90.24 2.16 7.60 0.93 S5 Bottom 5.24 8.00 92.79 1.30 5.91 0.34

Table 5.12: Heavy Metals in soil from the project Area

Sample Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn Mn V ID (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) S1 Top 0.02 1.35 0.05 20.90 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.16 ND S1 0.02 0.01 0.03 20.36 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.10 ND Bottom S2 Top 0.02 1.74 0.03 24.41 0.02 0.35 0.15 0.12 ND S2 0.02 0.66 0.03 21.45 0.05 0.20 0.24 0.11 ND Bottom S3 Top 0.02 0.53 0.02 3.39 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.06 ND S3 0.02 1.59 0.03 2.19 0.04 0.19 0.13 0.03 ND Bottom S4 Top 0.02 2.02 0.02 9.06 0.05 0.17 0.10 0.07 ND S4 0.01 3.79 0.01 16.67 0.03 0.19 0.07 0.05 ND Bottom S5 Top 0.00 2.77 0.02 26.4 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.12 ND S5 0.00 1.68 0.02 26.4 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.07 ND Bottom S6 Top 0.01 1.25 0.01 23.00 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.10 ND S6 0.01 1.32 0.01 27.00 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.11 ND Bottom

Table 5.13: Organic Matter Classes Organic Matter (%) Class < 1.50 Low 1.50-2.50 Medium >2.50 High Source: Adapted from Udo, 1986

5.2.7.1 Soil Texture Texture refers to the size and proportion of mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay) of which soil are composed but does not refer to its organic matter or humus content. Texture generally varies with soil depth, with the deeper soil tending to be more clayey, more compact and less friable than shallow soil. Soil texture dictates water-retention capacity and drainage properties of the soil, soil erosion as well as its ability to retain and absorb nutrients, which determines soil fertility and a key influence in soil productivity and management. The particle size analysis (expressed as fractions of sand, silt and clay) showed that sandy soils dominate the soils of the study area. Results of laboratory analysis carried out on soil samples indicate that sand-sized samples were preponderant in the soils, accounting for more than 90% in all cases.

5.2.8 Geology

5.2.8.1 Regional Geology The study area falls within the eastern part of the Dahomey basin, in southwestern Nigeria. The basin (Figure 5.2.8.1) extends from the eastern part of Ghana through Togo and Republic of Benin to the western margin of the Niger/Delta basin in Nigeria. The basin is separated from the Benue trough by a basement ridge, the Okitipupa ridge a paleographic high. It is bounded in the east by Benin hinge line, a major regional fault structure marking the western limit of the delta basin (Adegoke, 1969). The regional fault consists of horst and grabens (Omatsola and Adegoke, 1981) and confirmed by gravity and aeromagnetic studies (e.g. Adighije, 1981; Ofoegbu, 1984; Nur et. al., 1994).

Figure 5.2.8.1: Generalised Geological map of Dahomey Basin (from Adegoke and Omatsola, 1981)

5.2.8.2 Stratigraphy The stratigraphy of Dahomey basin based on Jones and Hockey (1964) and Omatsola and Adegoke (1981) is as shown in Table 5.14.

Table 5.14: The stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin Jones and Hockey 1964 Omatsola and Adegoke 1981

Quaternary Recent Oligocene to Alluvium Coastal Plains Sands Alluvium coastal Plains Pleistocene (CPS) Ilaro formation (CPS)

Tertiary Eocene Ewekoro Formation Oshosun Formation Paleocene- Lower Akinbo Formation Eocene Ewekoro Formation

Cretacious Cretaceous Abeokuta formation Araromi Formation Aofowo formation Ise formation

Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Basement complex Basement complex

The generalized stratigraphic cross section (north-south) across the basin is as depicted in Figure 5.2.8.2.

Figure 5.2.8.2: Generalised Stratigraphic cross (N–S) across the Dahomey Basin (after Oyegoke, 1986)

5.2.8.3 Local Geology of the Project Site Geologically, Lagos state lies in the alluvium, littoral and lagoonal deposit and Coastal Plains Sand (Figure 5.2.8.3). The area study falls within the Coastal Plains Sand unit and comprising soft, very poorly sorted clayey sand, pebbly sands, sandy clays and rare thin lignites which littered sparsely especially at the southeastern and central part of the area. There are also sediments consisting mainly of unconsolidated sands, clays and muds with a varying proportion of vegetative matter. The sediments were probably deposited under littoral and lagoonal conditions and reflect continual shifting lagoon and sea beach patterns as well as varying sedimentation conditions within the lagoons.

Figure 5.2.8.3.1: Geological Map of Lagos area (Coode Blizard et al., 1997)

5.2.9 Soil The soils of the study area are reminiscent of its geology and topographic nature. They are very deep and well-drained with traces of proximity to maritime influences. They have dark-brownish, loamy surface underlain by pale loamy soils which is representative of a soil under hydraulic action referred to as juvenile soil of fluviomarine alluvium (mangrove swamp). These soils are mostly recognised in parts of Lagos state under the influence of the Lagos Lagoon.

5.2.10 Surface and Ground water Hydrology The project area is proximate to the Lagos Lagoon on the southward end. It is connected to it through series of shallow and ephemeral streams with its seasonal activity. This is reminiscent of the physiographic nature of the area. There are instances and spots of wetlands with surface water that runs in a curvilinear fashion into the lagoon. These lacustrine wetlands in conjunction with the Lagos Lagoon define the hydrological characterization of the project area.

5.3 Biological Environment

5.3.1 Ecosystem The ecology of the project area could be viewed from the surrounding landscape. Although parts of the area have been cleared for crop cultivation purposes, yet the strand of disturbed and undisturbed coastal forest on the southward and northward axis presents a good perspective of the area. The extent of the built environment has not had much impact on the natural landscape. Maze of mangrove swamps can be observed with series of palm trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants close to wetland. In addition, there are flora life in form of plant regrowth and secondary formations such includes regrowth of grasses, shrubs and coastal marsh plants which are indicators of human alteration of the natural landscape to produce secondary ecological areas. The observed ecology typifies that of a rural area with random buildings and more of green surfaces, farm plots, and derived forest. Thus, the ecosystem though altered still present a good mixture of flora and flauna characteristic of a rural setting.

5.3.2 Vegetation Vegetation is an integral part of the terrestrial environment and performs several functions that are crucial to the sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include:

i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind. ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling. iii. Conservation of water resources through shading iv. Preservation of water sheds. v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures. vi. Moisture balance. vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the release of oxygen for human and animal respiration Vegetation in the study area consists of swampy species as well as upland species. The swampy species occurring around the south-eastern end of the project area appears to be periodically inundated and swampy. Upland species are available in the northern and western fringes of the area as well as within the main study location.

5.3.2.1 Plant Characterization / Identification The general physiognomy of the plants presently existing within the study area is secondary vegetation, resulting from agricultural/industrial development within the study area. A description of the observations made on the vegetation of the area is described below:

5.3.2.2 Plant Physiognomy The vegetal composition within the study area was generally thick and luxuriant, consisting of trees, annual herbs and perennial species. These include: Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus spinosus, Asystasia gangetica, Chloris pilosa, Commelina erecta, Cyperus spp., Mariscus spp., Paspalum spp., Setaria batata, and Tridax procumbens.

5.3.2.3 Inventory of Economic Crops The prevalent economic crops include Talinum triangulare (water leaf), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam), Capsicum spp. (pepper), Lycopersicum esculetum (tomato), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Carica papaya (paw paw), Telfaria occidentales (Fluted pumpkin), Citrus spp. Magnifera indica (mango), Musa paradisiaca (plantain), M. sepientum (banana), Psidium guajava (guava), and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) (See Table 5.15).

Table 5.15: List of economic crops S/n Taxon Common Name 1 Capsicum spp. Pepper 2 Carica papaya Pawpaw 3 Cocus nucifera Coconut 4 Colocasia esculenta Cocoyam 5 Dioscorea spp Yam 6 Elaeis guineensis Oil palm 7 Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato 8 Mangifera indica Mango 9 Manihot escuulenta Cassava 10 Musa paradisiacal Plantain 11 Musa sapientum Banana 12 Psidium guajava Guava 13 Persia amaricana Avocado Pear 14 Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane 15 Talinum triangulare Water leaf 16 Anacardium occidentals Cashew

5.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources The information obtained on the animal and wildlife resources within the study area is presented in Table 5.16. Animal and wildlife resources were taxonomically identified (to species level and also with local and common name), and identified with the national and/or international protection status. In addition, information was obtained through interviews with hunters, dealers in animal products, and other interactive sessions. Wildlife in the project area and its immediate vicinity consisted of Mammals, birds and reptiles. The mammals are mostly rodents such as grass-cutter, Nile Giant rat, porcupines, squirrels and Pangolins. Duikers are also recorded to be available in the area.

Information on various birds in the study area is presented in Table 5.17 below. These birds include aquatic species such as kingfishers, egrets; and garden and forest species such as the doves and weaver birds. Their number and variety suggests that the avian population of the area is very rich.

Table 5.16: Mammals Recorded in the Project Area Common Name Biological Name Status Mona Monkey Cecopithecus mona Common White-bellied pangolin Manis tricuspis Common Black-bellied penguin Manis teradactyla Common Giant pangolin Manis gigantean Common Grasscutter Thyronymys swinderianus Common Gambian Giant Rat Cricetomys gambianus Common Nile Harsh-furred Rat Arvicathis niloticus Common Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum Common Red-legged sun squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium Uncommon Fire-footed Tree-squirrel Funisciurus pyrrhopus Common Ground squirrel Xerus erythropus Uncommon Blotched Genet (“Bush cat) Genetta tigrina ” Marsh mongoose (“Fox”) Atilax paludinosus Uncommon Sitatunga (“Antelope”) Tragelaphus spekei Common Grimm’s Duiker Sylvicarpa grimmi Uncommon Red River Hog Potamocherus porcus Uncommon Crested porcupine Hystrix cristala Uncommon Brush-tailed porcupine Artherurus Africanus Common

Table 5.17: Birds of the project Area Common name Biological name Little Egret (white phase) Egretta garzetta Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus Hammerkop Scopus umbretta Crowned Hawk Eagle Stephanoaet-us coronatus Senegalese coucal Centropus sengalensis Palm-nut vulture Gypohierax augolensis Balck kite Milvus migrans Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata Vinaceous dove Streptopelia vinacea Senegal kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Squre –tailed rough winged swallow Psalidoprocne nitens Plain-backed pipit Anthus leucophyrs Carmelite sunbird Nectarinia fuliginosa Olive-bellied sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbaetus Francolin (bush fowl) Francolinus bicalcaratus Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus Village Weaver Ploceus cucculatus

The reptilian fauna consists of tortoise, crocodiles, snakes and lizards (Table 5.18). Dangerous snakes found in the area include pythons, mambas and spitting cobras.

Table 5.18: Reptiles and Amphibians reported to be present in the area Biological Name Common Name Status Trionyx triunguis African soft-shelled turtle Uncommon Kinixys erosa Serrate Hinge-backed Common Pelusios niger Black Swamp Turtle Common (in flooded forests) Osteolemus tetraspis Dwarf Crocidile (“Alligator”) Common Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor Lizard (“iguana”) “ Python sebae African python “ Dasypeltis fasciata Egg-eating snake Common Dendroaspis jamesoni Green Mamba Common Naja nigricollis Spitting cobra “

Chameleon gracilis Common chameleon Common Dicroglossus occipitalis Bullfrog (“Jumping chicken”) “

5.4 Socio-cultural Environment

5.4.1 Administration The project area falls within Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State southwestern Nigeria. Epe Local Government Area is one of the twenty local government areas acknowledged by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The people of Epe are essentially of the Ijebu ethnic class of the well-extended Yoruba ethnic group of Nigeria. The local government area is governed by a chairman who is the chief administrative head of the local government.

According to the 2006 National Population and Housing Census conducted by the National Population Commission, Epe local Government has a population of 181,409 on a land area of 965 km2 giving about 187.99 people per square kilometer; a value that is far less than the state average and a pointer to the nature of the area.

5.4.2 Socio economic Facilities The study area is a village. It is a typical rural setting which is very close to a growing yet well- established town. The area is predominantly and traditionally agrarian with agricultural activities such as crop production and fishing. It main populations are engaged in rural agriculture. The community has no healthcare facility, no primary schools or secondary except the privately- owned Atlantic Hall which is beyond the reach of a resident farmer in the village. Therefore, dwellers of this area will have to travel to Epe in order to get the services of a medical officer or get education for their children.

5.4.3 Ethnic groups The project area is populated traditionally by the Ijebus. On current terms people of different tribes from the entire country – Nigeria can be found in Epe engaged in one form of business or trading activity for living. However, for the project area it is a strictly Yoruba settlement. Other tribes that are identifiable include the Hausas/Fulanis, Ibos, Itshekiris, Ijaw, Tivs, amongst several others. In addition, foreign nationals have also migrated to the area to establish industries.

CHAPTER SIX

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS

6.0 Introduction

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has to do with the assessment plan to appraise the impacts (positive and negative impacts) of a proposed or existing development on lives of current and future residents of the development project area and their surroundings. ESIA is a crucial assessment due to several reasons. Generally, it is used to alert the stakeholders (community, including residents and local officials), of the impact and magnitude, as case may be, of the proposed and existing development project on the affected community‟s environmental and beyond, social and economic well beings. The assessment helps avoid creating inequities among community groups as well as encourages the positive impacts associated with the development project while proffering solutions to negative impacts.

This study provides estimates of expected changes in demographics, housing, public services, and even the aesthetic quality of the affected people and settlements that will result from the development. The study similarly gives an opportunity for diverse community values to be integrated into the decision-making process. A component of this assessment provides a foundation on how positive impacts of projects‟ interventions of Lagos State Commercial Agriculture can be enhanced in a sustainable manner. This impact assessment report has been prepared regarding the all-encompassing impacts of Government project interventions aiming at enhancing farm output and living standard of Lagos farmers under the stipulated value chain (Rice production, Poultry and fishery). The study area and geographical scope of the social baseline covers Araga Farm Settlement (Agric YES) with a view to assess the impacts of agricultural project interventions listed as follows:

5. Construction and rehabilitation of farm access roads 6. Rural Power generation 7. Water Provision 8. Farm input including Fingerlings 9. Drainage system

Araga Farm Settlement is an institute saddled with responsibility of empowering next generation farmers; in other words, it is an Agriculture-based Youth Empowerment Scheme (AGRIC-YES). The need to engage our youths as potential agents of change for themselves and their communities gave birth to AGRIC-YES. The scheme was intended as a social protection programme designed to empower our youths and train them in modern agricultural techniques on vegetable farming; poultry; livestock farming; aquaculture and basic book-keeping. Up to date, the programme has produced more than 300 trained farmers being placed on internship and who are currently practicing in the institute.

6.1 Methodology

This study was designed to assess from an external and independent point of view, the scale and range of the social and environmental impacts of the proposed agricultural project interventions by LSCADO at Araga Farm Settlement in Epe Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos State. In undertaking the assessment, a combination of research methods were used to collect socio- economic data, including the following:

 Review of historical/existing data for population characteristics and hospital records of the LGA  Reconnaissance survey to identify all stakeholders that are directly or indirectly impacted  In-depth interview with community Commodity Investment Group (CIG) and leaders of the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders); this provides a vertical depth knowledge on the likely socio-economic impacts of the proposed project  Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with project affected farmers and communities  Personal observation  Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and farmer‟s perception of the intervention. Simple random sampling was used for the administration of the questionnaire and enumeration of the combination of the basic socio-economic characteristics. Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection from 1991/2006 census figures by the National Population

Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 100 questionnaires administered were returned.

6.1.1 Data Collection Sampling Methodology Sampling of stakeholders for engagement and data collection (as shown from Plate 6.1.1 to 6.1.2) was based on the following criteria:

 Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the study location  Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics/socio- economic status  Participation of those with access to relevant information;  Evidence of different type of livelihood activities; and  Inclusion of males and females where possible

6.2 Description of LGA and Host Community

Epe is one of the twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos State. The division is divided into two Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) vis; Epe and Ibeju-Lekki with Epe serving as the divisional headquarters. Epe lies about 89kms north-east of the City of Lagos. Urakaloye was the man reputed to be the ancestral founder of Epe, a name derived from black ants, which invaded Urakaloye hunting home-stead.

Hence, the town name, Epe, means the forest of black ants. Epe division consists of Epe, Agbowa-Ikosi, Ilara, Odo-Ayandelu, Igbodu, Ejinrin, Poka, Itoikin, Idotun, Ita-Oko, Omi, Temu Ise and Debojo. Others are Apawa, Aba-Titun, Abomite, Afere, Apakin, Abalaye Orogantigan, Kayetoro Eleko, Yegunda, Okunraya, Keta, Arapagi, Aiyeteju, Okunfolu, Osoroko, Olomowewe, Ibeju-Lekki, Akodo, Otolu, Magbon-Alade, Oriba, Iwerekin, Iberekodo, Idado, Igando-Orudu, Tiye, Awoyaya, Ite-Omi, Bogije, Siriwon, Idaso, Orimedu, Olorunkoya, Ojota, Ode-Ifa, Ofin, Igbesibi and Igbolomi, among others.

A peculiar feature of Epe is the presence of a long range of hills, which demarcates the coastal town into equal parts. However, in Ibeju-Lekki, artisanal fishing, sandy beach and coconut

65 fringed Atlantic coastlines are distinctive characteristics of the environment, which has enormous tourism potentials. Fishing and farming form the major occupations of the inhabitants of the Division, which also includes the Eko-Aworis.

6.3 Results and Discussions

6.3.1 Demographic Profile The farm estate located in Araga, Epe LGA, and the settlement must likely to be impacted on by the activities of the farm settlement estate positively and or negatively. The demographic profile of this settlement was examined in the context of the profile of the Local Government Area (LGA), it belongs to (Epe LGA). Data used for the profile analysis were therefore drawn from all the relevant document of the LGA and the feedback forms (questionnaires).

6.3.2 Population Size Since the host community of interest does not have a specific population record of its own, because it constitutes part of the overall population of Epe LGA in which it is sited, its population size was estimated using the population of the LGA. Figures 6.3.2.1 and 6.3.2.2 show the 1991 and 2006 population estimates of National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Lagos State Bureau of Statistics (LSBS) for Lagos State and Epe LGA. With 3.2 % annual growth rate, the population of the State and the LGA was projected to 2015, expecting to be 23, 305, 971 and 429,706 respectively. The LGA has seriously influenced by the influx of people from Lagos urban centres as result of high cost of living and urbanization.

25,000,000 23,305,971

20,000,000

15,000,000

12,072,493 11,233,478

10,000,000 9,113,605

5,725,116

4,719,125

4,394,480 3,010,604

5,000,000 2,714,512

0 Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

1991 2006 2015

Figure 6.3.2.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Lagos State Source: NBS and LSBS

500,000 429,706

400,000

300,000

217,431 212,275

200,000 181,734

101,464 91,925

100,000 89,809

51,662 49,802

0 Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

1991 2006 2015

Figure 6.3.2.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Epe LGA Source: NBS and LSBS

6.3.3 Age Profile Age distribution of a given location concerns with the description of the age structure of such population. The knowledge of the age structure of a population is vital to the planning and organization of welfare programmes in the society. The age distribution of respondents is shown in Figure 6.3.3.1 below.

The age distribution presented has lots of implications on planning. The high proportion of the respondents recorded within the age range 18-45 years (74%), in which most of them are below 30 years of age. This means that most of the sampled households and individuals fall within the active population. This will be highly beneficial to sustainable agricultural development and food security in Lagos state and the Nation at large, through provision of the skilled labour in agricultural setting. Since the age distribution is also characterized by agility, exuberance and energy, it is highly important that, these people must be provided with basic necessities in order to remain in the sector. Also, the respondents within the range of above 65 years, 46-65yrs and below 18yr had estimates of 10%, 11% and 5% in that order.

Above 65 yrs Below 18 yrs 10% 5%

46-65 yrs 11%

18-45 yrs 74%

Figure 6.3.3.1: Age Profile of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.4. Sex Profile The age profile of the population in any area can be defined as the relative proportion of males and females within it. This can also be referred to as the sex ratio or distribution. The sex composition of the respondents is presented in Figure 6.3.4.1.

The result in the Table shows that there are more males respondents than females. The high proportion of males may serve as advantage to the productivity of the famers since men are mostly needed in farming activities. As shown in the Figure, the male respondents had a total of 71% while female recorded a total of 29%.

Female 29%

Male Female

Male 71%

Figure 6.3.4.1: Sex Profile of Respondents Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.5 Families and Households There are various categories of families and households identified in the neighbouring communities. For ease of understanding these categories will be discussed under two sub- categories, namely; Marital and family type.

6.3.6 Marital Status Marital status of a sample respondent describes the type of relationship that exists between adults (male and female) within that particular population. It shows the number of individuals of marriage age that are actually married and those that are not. Figure 6.3.6.1 shows the marital status of respondents.

As shown in the Figure, most of the in-scope households and individuals that have married slightly above those who are yet to marry. This has an implication on potential population increase. It determines the household type, the consumption power and the infrastructure needs of the resident of the area. As was reported, the high proportion of individuals who are yet to marry was attributed to poor economic situation of the country. Marriage status describes the level of responsibility as well as risk an individual can take.

45 50 47 40 30 20 10 6 0 2

Figure 6.3.6.1: Marital Status

Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.7 Family Types These have to do with the description of the nature of the family type that exists within the population. It examines and differentiates the present family types in sample frame. The high proportion of sample households with zero dependants was as a result of the fact that, most of the respondents are students in the sampled institute.

As shown in Figure 6.3.7.1 below, the families with dependants of 1-2 persons below 18 years recorded the highest proportion (41%) among the sample households and individuals. This was followed by the households with zero dependants (35%). The farmers with 2-4 dependants in the sampled frame returned 16% while 4-8 dependants and above 8 dependants recorded 4% each of the sample frame.

45% 41% 40% 35% 35% 30% 25% 20% 16% 15% 10% 4% 4% 5% 0% 0 Dpt 1-2 Dpts 2-4 Dpts 4-8 Dpts Above 8 Dpts

Figure 6.3.7.1: Size of Households Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.8 Residential Status of Respondents Residential status of the respondents is presented in Table 6.3.8.1 below. As shown in the table, 76.0% of the total sampled individuals and households resided permanently within the institute and this is due to the availability of accommodation for the trainees whose are the dominant respondents. This is followed by the returnees (Back Home residents) with an estimated value of 20.0% of the in-scope individuals and households.

Table 6.3.8.1: Residential Status of Respondents Variables Frequency Percentage

Permanent Resident 76 76.0% Back Home Resident 20 20.0% (Returnee) Non Resident, Visiting 4 4.0% Total 100 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.9 Duration of Living in Farm Settlement Assessment of the duration of residence in Araga Farm Settlement and surroundings is presented in Table 6.3.9.1 below. As shown in the Table, the number of years the residents with highest proportion (52.0%) have stayed in area was two to four years. The residents within the range of zero to one had 25.0% while the dwellers resided for over four years had an estimate of 23.0% of the total sample households.

The length of time of residency of respondents has lots of implications for the study. Generally, it shows the validity of the data collected since the respondents have seen it all having lived in the area for quite a reasonable number of years.

Table 6.3.9.1: Duration of Living in Farm Settlement Variable Frequency Percentage

0-1 year 25 25.0%

2-4 years 52 52.0%

Above 4 years 23 23.0%

Total 100 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.10 Educational Status of Respondents Educational status of the respondents was used to measure the literacy level of the sampled individual and households in the study area. The educational status of the respondents is presented in Table 6.3.10.1.

The result presented below shows a high proportion of respondents having tertiary qualification. This translates into a high literacy level of the area. It also points to the possibility of a cordial relationship among the project affected people and the communities. Another advantage of this is that it will enhance peaceful and intelligent resolution of conflicts among the people when they interact. This can translate to supply of high quality manpower that is needed for efficient functioning of the activities and the productivity of the farmers in the study area.

Table 6.3.10.1: level of Education of Respondents Variable Frequency Percentage Primary School 11 11.0 Secondary School 26 26.0 Tertiary (Excluding University 24 24.0 University Graduate 36 36.0 University Post Graduate 3 3.0 Total 100 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.11 Employment Status of Respondents Mostly, the employment status of a particular population indicates the major source of income for the household members of that population. It also describes the potential source of labour. It indicates what the inhabitants do to make a living. The result of analysed data indicates that majority of the respondents are engaged in farming activities most especially mixed farming (livestock, aquaculture and arable cropping). The high proportion of respondents engaged in primary activities says a lot about the economic status of the respondent. It also gives an insight into what is needed to improve the living standard of the in-scope farmers (trainees) in the study area. It was also realized that, the highest proportion being recorded as students are trainee being empowered by Government to become a full-time farmers in near future. A detailed finding is illustrated in Table 6.3.11.1below. Table 6.3.11.1: Main Occupation of Respondents Variable Frequency Percentage Agriculture 19 19.0 Livestock 15 15.0 Student (Trainee) 33 33.0 Trading and Shop Keeping 7 7.0 Artisans 6 6.0 Employed (Salary) 5 5.0 Remittances 4 4.0 Aquaculture 10 10.0 Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.12 Income Status of Respondents This refers to the average income a respondent expects to get at the end of the month, either working personally or for someone else. It shows the economic status of a particular population. Table 6.3.12.1shows the monthly income of the sample households and individuals.

This result shows that, the high proportion of respondents fall within the income range N10,001- N30,000 (63.0%). Most of the respondents within the group are trainees with little or no other source of income. The respondents within the income range of N30,001-N50,00 and N50,001- N100,00 had an estimated figures of 12.0%% and 10% of the total responses respectively. The respondents receiving less than N10,000 per month had an estimate of 10.0% while respondents getting more than N100,000 in a monthly basis had 5.0%.

Table 6.3.12.1: Income Status Variable Frequency Percentage Below N10,000 10 10.0 N10,001-N30,000 63 63.0 N30,001-N50,000 12 12.0 N50,001-N100,000 10 10.0 Above N100,000 5 5.0 Total 100 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.13 Housing Characteristics The housing profile of the sampled households describes the distribution of different building types being occupied by the respondents and indirectly signified the dominant types of building in the study areas. The essence of this assessment is that, it differentiates the desirable from the non-desirable buildings. It also indicates the economic status of the respondents.

As depicted in Table 6.3.13.1 the most common type of buildings found in the study area essentially the residence with the farm settlement that is the trainees (farmers) are mini flat with corrugated roofing and cement block wall, mainly occupied by two trainees. This building is being built by the government assist next generation farmers. The thatched roofs with plank wall

74 are not common in the area. The situation was not the same outside the settlement where people are living in a building without or with a pit toilet.

Table 6.3.13.1: Type of building Building Parts Value Label Frequency Percentage Construction Plastered Mud 0 0.0 Material (Wall) Mud 7 7.0 Cement Block 93 93.0 Total 100 100.0 Construction Asbestos Slate 13 13.0 Material Corrugated Aluminum zinc 67 67.0 (Roofing) sheets Aluminum 20 20.0 Thatched roof 0 0.0 Total 100 100.0 Construction Earthen 18 18.0 Material Cement 69 69.0 (Floor) Tiles 13 13.0 Other 0 0.0 Total 100 100.0 Toilet Facility Pit latrine 14 14.0 Water borne system 72 72.0 Toilet facility outside dwelling 8 8.0 None 6 6.0 Other 0 0.0 Total 100 100.0 Tenure of Owned 26 26.0 Housing Rented 7 7.0 Occupied rent free 64 64.0 Other 3 3.0

Total 100 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2013

6.3.14 Health Records As was stated by the in-scope households and individuals, all respondents indicated that they are in good health condition (100%) which is quite necessary for the nature of the work. Also, the responses reflected the health facilities frequently used for treatment of illnesses/ailments within the vicinity. As was stated, hospital/clinic (24.0%), chemist (46.0%) and traditional medicine (30.0%) were mostly visited for ailments/diseases. The ailments/diseases significantly affected people and communities are malaria and typhoid. Table 6.3.14.1 displays the health records.

Using Traditional Medicine 30.0

Buying Drug from Chemist 46.0

Attending Hospital/Clinic 24.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Figure 6.3.14.1: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households Source: Field Survey, 2013

However, efforts were made to visit nearby general hospital in the LGA in order to acquire the information on most prominent ailments among the patients. As was reported, the dominant ailments were: Malaria, Typhoid fever, Pile, Whooping Cough, Eye pains, Rashes, Ringworm, Rheumatism, Dysentery and Diarrhea.

6.3.15 Social and Health Infrastructure This part looks at how the solid waste generated by residents of the community are collected or stored and eventually disposed. This determines the vulnerability of the community to diseases

76 and epidemics. Table 6.3.15.1shows the refuse collection methods by the farmers and the residents in the area.

The issue of waste management needs a proper attention due to lack proper waste management system in the area including the residents of the farm settlement. The solid waste/refuse collection technique used by most residents is the open dustbin method, while the most prevalent disposal method as shown in the Table 6.3.15.1 is by dumping into the bush (44.0%). All the identified methods for solid waste disposal encourage the spread of diseases by vectors. Detailed findings are presented in Table 6.3.15.1 below.

Table 6.3.15.1: Refuse Disposal Variable Frequency Percentage Dumping at backyard 13 13.0 Dumping in Water Body 0 0.0 Community Dedicated 12 12.0 Dumpsite Burning after Gathering 21 21.0 Waster Collector (PSP) 0 0.0 Other 44 44.0 Total 100 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2012

6.3.16 Main Sources of Domestic water Assessment of availability and accessibility of domestic and portable water to the dwellers of the farm settlement is presented in Table 6.3.16.1below. The residents of the farm settlement and surroundings have two main sources of water for domestic water supply which include hand-dug well and borehole. The borehole is only main source of water available and accessible to the trainees (farmers) in the Araga farm settlement. For domestic water supply, 73.0% of the total sampled households/farmers depend on borehole for domestic water supply. This is next to hand-dug well with 27.0% of the respondents. Other sources of water are not available except rain harvest which is seasonal, available only in the rainy season.

With respect to portable water supply, 80.0% of the sampled households and individuals depended mainly on borehole. In addition, pure water and bottle water recorded 12% and 8% to the in-scope households and farmers.

Table 6.3.16.1: Main Sources of Domestic Water Domestic Water Portable Water Value Label Supply Supply Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Rain Harvest 0 0.0 0 0.0 Surface Water (Stream, River, etc.) 0 0.0 0 0.0 Hand-dug well system 27 27.0 0 0.0 Bore hole 73 73.0 80 80.0 Tap water 0 0.0 0 0.0 Pure water 0 0.0 12 12.0 Bottle water 0 0.0 8 8.0 Total Response 100 100.0 100 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2012

6.3.17 Resources and Cultural Properties All communities all over the world have natural resources which they value and try to protect. The community of interest is not different because they placed high premium on the forest and water resources. Thus, despite their welcoming of project interventions by farmers, some respondents indicated that they have issues with the implemented projects particularly with road rehabilitation and construction and drainage systems. As presented in Figure 6.3.17.1, environment issues observed in the farm settlement include:  Land pollution which was attributed to waste management problem  Flooding, surface and erosion problem as a result of poor drainage system  Environmental degradation  Air pollution (bad odour) from poultry dropping

5% Poor Drainage System 11% Flooding 43%

Erosion 23% Environmental Degration

18% Surface and Ground Water Pollution

Figure 6.3.17.1: Community Environmental Issues

6.3.18 Social Impacts Available data analysis indicates that the expected social impacts of the project implemented are highly positive. About 65% of the respondents believed that the implemented and the proposed projects will encourage high productivity and better standard of living of the farmers. At the FGDs and in depth interview, the participants applauded the effort of Government to enhance food security through empowerment scheme and job creation in the state. Undoubtedly, Commercial Agriculture Development Projects are highly positive but more are still expecting from the Government. These include:  Provision of health centre/clinic;  Better means of transportation for effective movement farm input and output;  Adequate waste management;  Better remuneration for farmers;  Rehabilitation of inner farm access roads network;  Adequate loan and credit facilities to farmers to enhance the farm output;  Provision of waste processing factory; and  Egg processing facilities e.g. raw egg (unprocessed) to powder egg (processed).

6.3.19 Environmental degradation The data that emanated from administered questionnaire, focused group discussions and interviews revealed that certain environmental problems presently affecting the community. The problems indicated include flooding, improper waste management resulting to environmental degradation. About 43% of the respondents identified poor drainage system as main factor causing flooding and erosion.

6.4 Contribution of the CADP to development

The acquired data shows that high proportion of the respondents and farmers agree that the project implemented by CADP has a significant positive impact on agricultural productivity and living standard of farmers in the settlement. The CADP contribution to the agricultural development can be itemized as follows:  Improved access roads for effective movement of the farm input and output  Provision of fingerling to boost fish production  Improved power supply for domestic and agricultural usage  Water supply for domestic and agricultural usage (activities of fishery)  Job creation for young school leavers e.g. youth empowerment scheme, extension workers and services, farm input and output (distribution) etc.

6.5 Conclusion In summary, the population of farmers in Arage Farm Settlement and its surroundings is characterized by:  A high proportion of young farmers (trainees) within the settlement, comprising people of 18 to 45 years  A high proportion of households who are yet to marry within the farm settlement  A high proportion of households and individual comprising couples with children (2-4);  The community of the study area is characterized by low income group including trained farmers These features are consistent with the profile of active population, ready to be propelled into active productive action if farming activities are encouraged particularly farmers under the training in the institute. In terms of amenities, the people in the community lack certain basic

80 amenities such as good refuse disposal system within and outside the settlement, good toilet facility mainly (outside the farm settlement), and inadequate transport facility (within the settlement). Further characteristics suggestive of social disadvantage include:  The relatively low level of income;  A significant proportion of group household types with couples and many children; thus the need for more schools;  High dependence on subsistence farming and small scale activities;  Lack of hospital/clinic and health facilities in the estate for farmers;  Inadequate market for farm produce;  Unavailability of primary and secondary school for children; and  Lack of loan and credit facility to effectively boost agricultural output.

The simple fact that will benefit the farmers in the long run is the influx of different categories of people into the surroundings of the farm settlement as this will boost the market for farm output. However, this influx will eventually increase the population of the entire community, which will subsequently put more pressure on the insufficient social amenities. The population has been experiencing constant growth and change for many years not only as a result of natural growth but also to the influx of people from Lagos urban centres as a result of high cost of living in the city and urbanization.

In terms of health impacts, many of the residents did not believe that the CADP activities brought about any major negative impact on their health. Some however intensified that the major concern is solid waste management which could be a threat if adequate measures are not put in place. Majority of the respondents dismissed the possibility of contacting diseases as a result of bad odour resulting from poultry dropping since they are accustomed to the situation, demanding for waste processing factory where poultry dropping can be processed to manure. This will in turn provide manure to boost farm productivity.

CHAPTER SEVEN

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE

7.1 Methodology for Impact Identification

The potential environmental and social impacts likely to arise as a result of the Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Project (LSCADP) were assessed by harmonizing the project components with the surrounding environmental and social and cultural resources. This chapter presents observed impacts resulting from the intervention projects. Information regarding the social, cultural, natural and coastal resources, etc., was sourced from related literature, visits to the project site and consultation with relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders were involved in the identification of the potential impacts of the LSCADP.

7.2 LSCADP and Associated Activities

The potential interactions between various intervention project activities and environmental and social receptors were identified for analysis. At the project phase (operational phase), these were evaluated against site-specific conditions using information gathered for baseline conditions and site observations. The interactions/project phase activities were „screened out‟ if the potential for impact did not exist or is negligible.

7.3 Project activities and potential environmental and social impacts

Specifically, under Component 2 of the CAD project, the menu of subprojects will include: (a) rehabilitation and/or construction of feeder and/or farm access roads, culverts and small bridges; and (b) rehabilitation and maintenance of rural energy, including provision of transformers and transmission lines. These sub-projects will have both positive and negative environmental and social impacts. The following section identifies the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the interventions as relates to the agricultural sector, commercial farming, agribusinesses as well as the impacts that might have resulted from feeder/farm access road operation.

7.3.1 Positive Impacts of the Project on the Agricultural Sector

(a) Direct income increase

The project has generated direct benefits to commercial farmers who are already participating in organized supply chains through increased production and farm-gate prices due to quality improvement. The smallholder and commercial farmers has intensified an increase in their production as well as their return on labour, as a result of improved extension programmes and improved access to financing for on-farm investments and inputs provided by agro-businesses. In addition, smallholders and local rural communities in general has benefited from feeder road rehabilitation and better organizational arrangements within the supply chains.

(b) Employment and labour productivity

Improvement of agricultural productivity under the value chain has resulted in increased labour productivity. Diversification of farm production activities has increased labour demand (i.e. spot labour). It is also expected that the development of marketing services available to farmers will generate additional employment opportunities in the medium and long-term. The project has also created new employment in the out grower schemes and in the trade and agro-processing sector and development of new investment opportunities. The project has also had a positive impact on employment in the formal sector through job creation within the supply chain.

Intensification of commercial agricultural production systems has had a positive impact on food security. Combined with improved access to markets, has helped commercial farmers to make better production decisions that has reduced farmers‟ income variability.

(d) Impacts Associated with Rehabilitation Road

This component of the proposed Project involved upgrading/rehabilitating or widen farm access roads and adding drainage structures. Though, the existing alignment shall be followed but improvements to the vertical and horizontal alignments of isolated sections to enhance the safety of road users should equally be made. Since the Earthworks will be limited to the shoulders and drainage repairs, then the potential impacts will equally be minimal.

Since the assessment covered all phases of the intervention, socio-economic benefits provided by road includes all-weather road reliability, reduced transportation costs, increased access to markets for local produce and products, better access to health care and other social services. In the long term, this will have more positive benefits to local economic development. These positive impacts are already manifesting.

7.3.2 Negative environmental and socio-economic impacts

The negative impacts of the operational phase of the rehabilitated farm access roads include: • Manifestation of flooding incidence due to inadequate drainage system • Deforestation in the process land preparation for cropping • Surface and ground water pollution • Erosion problem being resulted from extensive land cultivation for farming • Loose soils on cleared areas causing raised dust particulate; • stagnant water could result to hazard to ecology and communities and act as disease vectors cause by stagnant water; • Soil fertility deterioration

Farm operations under the value chain have the potential to harm the environment through the use of chemicals, and due to inappropriate waste, land and water management. The chemical usage inform of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and other farm chemicals can have significant impacts which need to be addressed through appropriate mitigation measures.

Specific environmental issues associated with the Araga farm settlement include:

(a) Airborne pollution

Solid waste from poultry dropping, arable cropping and domestic waste, liquid waste from fish farming and other farm operations have an implication on environment and social lives of affected people. Though the impacts are less significant but required an improvement on the air quality.

(b) Effluents and Waste water treatment

All agricultural activities operating at Araga Farm Settlement under the selected value chain produce both solid and liquid wastes. All plants and facilities with steam or hot water boilers or heating systems using solid fuels (coal, wood etc) produce solid waste from ash and clinker. The poultry and fish farming typically generate large volumes of effluents. The effluents contain high organic loads, cleansing and blanching agents, salt, and suspended solids such as fibers and soil particles. They may also contain pesticide residues washed from the raw materials. Odour problems can occur with poor management of solid wastes and effluents.

(d) Noise pollution

All processing and services equipment produce various levels of noise and will have to meet national and World Bank standards to be acceptable. This has insignificant impact on environment and communities

7.3.7 Impacts Associated with Agricultural Development and Commercialisation Investment in commercial farming through infrastructural development and farm input has involve d strengthening or extending existing practices, and could give rise to the following activities:

• land clearing and preparation, perhaps of marginal lands; • introduction of and expansion of the usage of fertilizers and other chemicals • introduction of unfamiliar/exotic seed/seedlings, fingerlings; bird (chicks) • water supply and management systems; • Domestic and agricultural, solid and liquid waste management

7.3.8 Cumulative Impacts of the Project On a long term scale, the Project has the potential to result in a number of cumulative impacts, such as:

 Deforestation due to the exploitation of forest resources in the process of agricultural development and energy;  Groundwater degradation owing to the development and operarion of numerous boreholes and wells; and

 Waste production due to multiple waste and dumping sites from uncoordinated waste management. These can be mitigated through careful design of the project, implementing the required mitigation measures for different types of investments, and ensuring through monitoring that activities and their outputs meet permissible limits (e.g. air emissions, chemical use, effluent treatment) under national law and international best practice.

Some of the major site specific potential environmental issues/impacts and adopted mitigation measures, which are detailed explained under project mitigation measures and Environmental and Social Management Plan , arising from an individual agriculture intervention project activity at this operational phase are listed in the Table 7.4.1.2 below.

Table 7.4.1.: Potential Impact Matrix

Specific CAD Project Positive Impacts Negative Impacts 10. Farm Access Roads  Improvement of communication;  Destruction of vegetation in and near  Improvement/Infrastructure  Connecting rural areas to  roadways; principal road networks;  Deforestation;  Operation of farm access road within the  Access to markets,  Increase in poaching and illegal and settlement; transportation of goods and excessive removal of firewood and wood service; for rural construction purposes;  Operation of lateritic access roads leading to  Overall positive impact on the  Destruction of wildlife habitat; farm lands; economy;  Impending wildlife movement;  Reduction in biodiversity;  Operation of light/small-scale bridges  Facilitation of communication between neighbouring rural  Destruction of local ecological settlements; functionalities and displacement of  Accessibility to village forests or organisms; other areas for land development  Water pollution and negative effect on and use; surrounding ecosystem;  Improvement of commercial  Loss of certain aesthetic values (visual exchanges; impacts) from destruction of vegetative  Access to health and education cover; centres;  Acceleration of soil erosion due to poor  Exposure to modern farming maintenance and drainage of roads; techniques;  Likelihood of flooding due to poorly  Human capital development; operational drainages or lack of proper  Employment generation for local drainages; youths.  Noise and possible accidents during vehicular movement;  Increased migration from nearby cities;  Social instability;  Spread of communicable/other diseases;  Poor maintenance may lead to waste of financial capital and human resources;  Encroachment upon land for local customs and traditions.

11. Power Supply Infrastructure  Electricity supply for various  Partial or total destruction of vegetation  Transformers equipped with facilities such as uses along the pole lines; up-risers, HT poles;  Improvement of communication  Destruction of wildlife habitat; and information interchange;  Decline in biodiversity;  Replacement of damaged/faulty transformers  Overall positive impact on the  Destruction of local ecological economy; functionalities and displacement of  Development and rehabilitation of  Availability of power for farm organisms; damaged/faulty HT poles; and operations and agricultural  Loss of certain aesthetic values (visual operations;  Maintenance of power supply infrastructure impacts) from destruction of vegetative  Social and economic benefits; cover;  Reduction in the usage of  Rural electrification projects  Exposure to danger resulting from electrical generators and burning of fuels faults such as destruction of properties;  Expansion and rehabilitation of power to generate power;  Readjustment of social life towards usage of facilities, etc.  Provision of power for lighting; electronic equipment;  Power availability for domestic  High cost of living for urban dwellers

and personal needs; owing to maintenance of electrical  Improvement in overall installations; wellbeing;  Lack of constant power supply may lead to  Development of infrastructural loss of capital invested in agriculture facilities that require power  Exposure of human life to destructive supply; effects of electrical installation;  Employment of labour;  Exposure to harmful electrical installation;  Improvement and enhancement  Electrical installation that were located in of agricultural activities; inaccessible areas do trigger forest fires due  Development of rural to poor maintenance infrastructure;  Availability of power to aid water supply provision particularly through power aided boreholes. 12. Automatic Battery Cages  Reduction of cost of  Risk of concentrating number of  Operation of farm inputs operations; birds within small space;  Operation of new battery cages with  Improvement in poultry  Poultry disease could occur; automatic watering system; output;  Pressure on available space and risk

 Operation of technical guide on battery cage  Reduction in number of of death of birds due to over maintenance; farm assistance thus concentration of birds within limited  Modern poultry management practices. reducing the cost of farm space; operations;  Poor management of space could  Overall better poultry lead to low poultry productivity. management;  Better management of birds and safety operations;  Increased egg output;  Modernisation of poultry management approach;  Human capital development and expansion of poultry management knowledge;  High income being generated. 13. Agricultural input  Increase in agricultural output  Entrophication;  Pesticides;  Increase in income of farmer  Air pollution;  Unfamiliar Rice Seed and Seedlings  Less working time with high  Destruction of wildlife habitat;  Rice Processing Machines and productivity  Impending wildlife movement;  Other Input  Enhanced standard of living  Reduction in biodiversity;  Enhanced Food security in the  Destruction of local ecological state and beyond  Employment genearion (supply functionalities and displacement of chain, extension services) organisms;  Water pollution and negative effect on surrounding ecosystem;

CHAPTER EIGHT

PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

8.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the various mitigation measures that have been constructed and integrated into the design or that need to be adopted to minimise the occurrence and/or effects of the potential impacts. Mitigation measures aims to remedy or compensate for the predicted adverse impacts of the project (proposed or existing) on site. Sequel to impact evaluation, mitigation options for this study is developed with the ARRC framework i.e. Avoid–Reduce– Remedy–Compensate approach which follows the best practices for mitigation procedures. The necessity of mitigation has been integrated into the study as a critical part of the methodology. This was stated in the ESIA methodological framework as an element of the scoping stage.

The approach adopted is centred on consideration of all identified environmental and social variables that are connected to the agriculture development projects and prepare suitable mitigation measures. It should be stated that the measures stated in this chapter are based on the need to streamline the adverse impacts of the agriculture development projects in the study area as positive impacts require no mitigation. Thus, each of the environmental and social was scrutinised and respective mitigation measures provided with respect to fundamental elements of the former and latter. In general, there are two fundamental intervention projects which were designed for the development of rural infrastructure particularly for the enhancement of agricultural productivity. These are networks of farm access roads and rural energy provision. For the study area, these have been provided in conjunction with others such as provision of seedlings, fingerlings, credit support schemes and extension services.

Since the commercial agriculture development projects have been developed and are currently being operated, the stated mitigation measures are therefore developed as project specific. Each of the project concerned with the Araga Farm Settlement are stated as follows.

8.1 Best Available Control Technology

In order to ensure that the impacts emanating from the CADP intervention projects activities are mitigated, time-tested standard designs, employing new technology with bias for environmental safety and economics will be adopted. This also includes regular and consistent maintenance of all the intervention projects in the study area.

The measures that will mitigate the impacts identified with the respective intervention projects with associated activities are stated in the following sections and subsections.

8.2 Operations and Maintenance of Farm Access Roads

Several activities will characterise the landscape during the operation of this intervention project. Generally, roads are essential connecting and mobility modes from place to place which is related to interaction and socioeconomic development. Therefore any issue connecting the road development tends to cut across several aspect of the environment. Issues such as air quality and noise, water quality, soil quality, ecology, wild life and forestry, socioeconomics and health are amongst several other areas that will be impacted during the operation stage of this intervention project.

8.2.1 Air quality and noise During operation, noise level from vehicles plying the road might likely increase owing to movement of vehicles across the road and likely generation of traffic. In addition, vehicular emissions will definitely impair the quality of air. This is based on the introduction of gaseous emissions from vehicles plying the road thereby reducing the pristine status of air and the eventual introduction of a new local scale air quality issues. Health and safety issues emanating from dusts and other gaseous emissions inhalation by either road users or the community inhabitants is another instance of air quality issue that is connected to operation and maintenance of farm access roads in the study areas. Mitigation action to be taken to curb the impact of air quality and noise will include:

 Speed breaks should be introduced at specific junctions to reduce the travel speed of motorist in order to curb dust and particulate matter.  Trees should be planted with 5 metres distance between road and residential areas in order to reduce noise.  Road signs indicating the speed limit should be erected at particular sections of the road.

 Road users should be encouraged to utilise environmentally-safe vehicles via proper maintenance of vehicles. 8.2.2 Water quality Small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season. Such chemical compounds could also seep further down the surface layers to pollute groundwater. This impact during the rainy season might be relatively small as the rivers will be flowing at the peak values, however the impact on the long term will be different when considering the physiographic nature of the study area which is a the depositional stage of river. Due to the fact the river systems tend to deposit their load interprets that local seepage and movement of liquid waste might not travel as far as envisaged. Also, effluent generated from in-washing or mixture of water with chemical lubricants might contain COD and SS which will impact adversely on the water quality of the area as the effluents will be discharged into the surrounding wetlands and other connecting waterbodies.

Particular mitigation measures to be taken concerning water quality will include:

 Chemical wastes from vehicles should be handled carefully and dumped properly;  Motorists should be educated on the dangers of indiscriminate dumping of chemical waste close to farmlands or places of farming interests will have adverse impact on the generality of the project area;  Motorists and road users should use approved mechanic villages for repair of faulty vehicles and not roadsides. 8.2.3 Ecology and biodiversity Contamination of surface water and groundwater which will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste disposal and discarded lubricants or any other solid waste along the roadway could impair the ecology of the project area. Apart from impairment of water quality and stimulating water pollution, aquatic ecological lives are not spared of the risk posed by these chemicals.

Mitigation measures shall include:

 Trees should be planted in the open farm access roads (For instance in Araga Farm Settlement such could be designed in form of boulevard along the farm access road connecting the administrative block to the residential areas).

 Official waste dump sites should be established and waste management operators should be contacted on the prompt clearing of waste deposited.  The landscape should be permitted to regrow based on application of some control mechanism to prevent wildlife intrusion into residential and administrative quarters.  Residents should be advised to use appropriate waste dump sites and to stop indiscriminate waste dumping. 8.2.4 Wildlife and forestry Fauna tends to react to changes in surrounding land uses. Macrofauna constituents of an area are sensitive to noise from vehicles. As such they migrate from their previous habitats to a new one which provides almost similar environmental condition to their former abode. Therefore, as trees are being decimated the associated wildlife tends to migrate. Similarly, microfuna resource could be impaired due to the level of road construction embarked upon.

Mitigation actions on wildlife and forestry will include;

1. Road signs indicating the design speed which should be consistent with environmental safety should be erected along the farm access road corridor. 2. Proper cleaning and clearing of petroleum products used after repairs of faulty vehicles along the farm access roads 3. Speed breaks should be introduced at specific point to curb noise related to over speeding motorists. 4. The community should be engaged on the need to keep to all environmental and safety regulations. 8.2.5 Socioeconomic and community health Socioeconomic life of the community is at the centre of any development–oriented project. The farm access roads have both positive and negative impacts. As it is already stated, positive impacts require no mitigation, the mitigation provided in this section will involve such issues that have had adverse effect on the socioeconomic life and community health. Increased traffic tends to have higher risk to health and safety on the people of the area. There is also the case of discomforting operational noise to the immediate communities. This scenario is usually connected to local road users particular pedestrians and cyclists. Public/environmental nuisance issues associated with dust and exhaust fumes can arise and may have a significant effect on neighbouring settlements and locations.

Mitigation actions to be taken should take the following;

 Road signs and symbols indicating design speed should be erected along the road corridor to guide all motorists;  Introduction of speed breakers at specific junctions particularly places that could developed to accident black spots or places where children do cross the road;  Proper cleaning and clearing of petroleum products;  The community should be engaged on the importance of observing the movement of vehicles before crossing the road. 8.3 Operations and maintenance of Rural Energy

Apart from the provision of farm access road, the second rural infrastructure intervention project is the provision of rural energy. This entails the provision of power transmission lines and electrical transformer to rural areas particularly for the stimulation of commercial agriculture activities. Within the study area, this has been provided to provide areas without such facilities with electricity to stimulate increased agricultural production. However, there are probable issues that require mitigation measures in order to ensure sustainability of the environmental and social component of the project area. Particularly aspect of the study area that has been impact in different dimension include human exposure to accidents especially electrocution, human exposure of the electromagnetic effect of electricity, loss of ecology, in some places farmers have been displaced from their respective farm plots. It should be noted that specific aspects of the environment and social concerns will be examined with respect to mitigation.

8.3.1 Socioeconomic and community health The nature composition of man is sensitive to electrical works irrespective of the scale and magnitude of such project. It therefore follows that essential steps must be taken to reduce the adverse impact on the environment. Comprehensive details of the potential impacts and the associated mitigation measures are stated in Table 8.3.1.1 below.

1. Risk of accidents through electric shocks, electrocution and even death. The respective mitigation measure will involve the following; a. PHCN to provide protective shields for electrical installations from causing danger to residents b. Proper safety measures must be taken during electrical fittings c. PHCN officials must use safety gadgets such as safety gloves, safety shoes, safety belts, non-metallic ladders amongst other health and safety measures. 2. Health risk for the immediate community owing to electromagnetic radiation effect from high tension lines, transformer, etc.

a. The community members should be sensitized on the dangers of getting close to electrical gadgets; b. Protective fencing/cover should be used to secure transformers in case of explosion to reduce risk and exposure; 8.3.2 Ecology and biodiversity Road construction generally impairs the pristine ecology of an area. As regards the study area likely impacts on the ecology will include the forest fires due to poor or lack of maintenance of facilities, disturbance to communities due to exposure to electromagnetic radiation from the electrical facilities. Table 8.3.1.1 enlists the potential impacts as well as mitigation.

Table 8.3.1.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for rural energy power Activities Potential impact Mitigation Area/Best management practices Operations and The potential impact  implement regular checks and maintenance would include; assessment of electrical installations; include:  emissions of CO,  remove invasive plant species,  energizing the high NOx, SO2, etc.; whenever possible, and cultivate native tension line;  forest fires due to lack plant species within a good distance so  maintenance and of maintenance of HT as not to trigger forest fire; site poles and  implement an integrated vegetation visits/inspections; accumulation of management approach (IVM): the  vegetation control underlying growth selective removal of tall-growing tree in along electricity along the HT lines; species and the encouragement of low- lines;  impacts on flora, growing grasses and shrubs;  pole repairs; wildlife and habitat;  where clearing in shrubs and forested  foundation repairs; avian collisions and areas, the ground should be tilled and  repair of damaged / electrocutions; seeded with native grass species downed wires.  disturbances to immediately after clearing activities communities exposure are complete; to EMR by workers;  plant and manage fire resistant vegetal  loss of crops and farm species (e.g. hardwoods) within the land due to forest fire area of influence of the HT lines; associated with HT  mark overhead lines with bird line; deflectors/diverters to reduce collision  loss of livestock; and risk;  harm to humans due  communicate with local communities to accidents. in advance of activities to inform them of the duration, type and degree of disturbances, including contact information for Stakeholder Liaison Officer;  provide guideline information on health and safety of community and the farming activities;

 delineate areas of potential danger with signs in local languages to enable farmers and other community members to avoid potential accidents;  brief workers on culturally appropriate interaction behaviours in local communities; and  compensate farmers for loss of farmland/crops.

8.4 Operations and maintenance of other intervention projects

As earlier stated, there are two fundamental intervention projects in Lagos State which are farm access road and rural energy. Meanwhile there are situations in which additional projects were added in order to support the specific agricultural productivity at the particular beneficiary CIG. These projects include;

i. Fingerling provision for aquaculture productivity; ii. Free-flowing drainage; iii. Other agricultural productivity inputs. Each of these projects has impacts which require specific mitigation measures. These measures will be based on the extent of the usage and the impact on the CIG which such intervention project(s) have been implemented. These impacts are stated in Table 8.4.1.

Table 8.4.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for other intervention projects Activities Potential impact Mitigation Area/Best management practices 1. Operations and The potential impact  Implement regular checks and maintenance of include; assessment of fingerlings status; fingerling provision:  Generation of effluent  Ensure consistent cleaning and  Supply of waste from fish clearing of fish pond surfaces clear of fingerlings for production; invasive plant life. aquaculture;  Impact of fish  Secchi disc should be used for the  Maintenance of productivity measurement of appropriate fertilizer fingerling and fish  Impact of fertilizer quantity to be used as against productivity; application to fish pond likelihood of over-fertilization issues;  Support- and fish productivity;  Ensure best practices for fertilizer programmes for  Eutrophication issues management with respect to pond sustaining could lead to characteristics with respect to fingerling uncontrollable plant quantity of fish, examination of fish production and incursion into the fish production cycle, level of water fishery pond; quantity, fish behaviour, status/type

productivity.  Pond over-fertilization of fish pond, the nature of fish being challenges. farmed, ;  Periodic pond fertilization approaches should be adopted in an effective manner. 2. Operations and  Flooding leading to  Review the nature of existing maintenance of disruption of farming drainages; drainages: and other associated  Ensure that drains were cleared  Provision of socioeconomic consistently; concrete drainages; activities;   Provision of  Destruction of  Prepare drainage monitoring plan to lateritic drains properties and likely assess the functionality and status of deaths; constructed drains;  Erosion of top soil in  Allow community participation in areas where lateritic facility provision, construction and drainages were maintenance; constructed;  Improper construction issues;  Destruction of roads and road infrastructure owing to improper flow of water. 3. Operations and  Excessive poultry  Regular cleaning of the environment maintenance of droppings; and tidiness of the surroundings; automatic battery  General waste  Waste bins for poultry droppings cages: management issues; should be placed at pivotal points  Supply of fish  Lack of space for within the battery cage for collection battery cages for proper rearing of birds of poultry waste; poultry CIGs; and farm management;  Ensure timely disposal of poultry  Provision of  Air quality and bad waste and general environmental associated facilities odour issues emanating cleaning; for proper from improper waste  Control the number of birds within a functioning; collection and disposal; set of battery cage to curb over-  Training on  Escalation of diseases crowding issues; maintenance and such as bird flu;  Birds should be immunised based on upkeep of the  Death of poultry due to their level of development; battery cages; poor management and   Management of tendency to increase nature of birds in the number of birds; the cages either layers or broilers.

Table 8.4.2 Risk Mitigation Measures Risks Risk Mitigation Measures Risk Rating with Mitigation To project development objective Lack of sustainability of sub- Attention to economic viability of the sub-projects and M projects after the project has maintenance of infrastructure . Creation of innovative products closed and/or the grant is through linking commercial farms with financial institutions ended, and lack of (i.e. supply chain financing, future markets, crops as collateral maintenance of and graduation of the commercial farmers from the Matching infrastructure provided Grant Scheme). under the project. Government commitment to Investment in public information, stakeholders awareness M the project falters due to raising and communication about the approaches and results of change in policy and the Project. orientation towards agriculture commercialization. Counterpart contributions Federal Government and States agreed to counterpart H not paid on time, or are contributions and this will be closely monitored during irregular. implementation. Collusion and/lack of Random audits ex-post will be conducted by CADA in addition M transparency and to the financial statement audit with focus on the utilization of accountability in the the matching grant that funds spent on intended purpose and management of funds at the beneficiaries will receive value for their money. Details of these beneficiary level. are documented in the FPM under community participation. The TOR for the audit is included in the PIM. Procurement Risks. Random audits ex-post and spot-checks of accounts by CADAs M Insufficient to confirm grants are used for the intended purpose. (i) knowledge and experience Procurement and implementation training will be provided to with Bank procurement may key staff during project implementation; (ii) experienced cause delays in project Procurement Specialist will be hired to assist and coordinate the implementation states‟ procurement functions and provide on-the-job training to the state officials; (iii) intensive supervision of the agencies‟ staff by the Bank field office Procurement Specialist. Overall Risk Rating M

Note: Implementation of some of the risk mitigation measures have started particularly on awareness of the project at the federal and state levels through television, radio and information leaflets, provision of counterpart funds in the state budgets, and training on procurement.

CHAPTER NINE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

9.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The chapter examines the possible preventive, remedial or compensatory measures for each of the adverse impacts evaluated as significant in Chapter Seven. The implementation of the mitigation measures will be ensured through the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), as outlined in this chapter.

The objective of the ESMP (sometimes called the Environmental and Social Action Plan) Araga farm settlement is to outline the arrangements relating to:

 the identification of environmental and social impacts arising from LSCADP intervention projects such as road construction, installation of transformers and other power facilities, farm input (herbicides) etc.  proposed mitigation measures corresponding to each of the impacts identified, and the implementation of such mitigation measures;  the program to monitor proposed mitigation measures; and  the budgetary allocations for the implementation.

The ESMP is conceived to ensure that the impact mitigation measures proposed in the ESIA are effectively implemented and that the proposed measures are not just a statement of good intensions made by LSCADP. This ESMP contains descriptions of the mitigation and monitoring measures to be adopted by LSCADP, which must be integrated into the CADP‟s budget and implementation plan. As presented in Tables 9.1.1 and 9.1.2, for Farm Access Roads and other CADPs respectively. It shows the specific impact, the respective mitigation, the monitoring approach and the agency (government/farmers‟) to supervise the mitigation procedures and actions. For the effective management of these provisions, cost estimate for apt implementation of these provisions is presented in Table 9.1.3. This shows a consice documentation of all identified mitigation measures and the cost estimate for its execution each. A sum of two hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars (i.e. $384,000) have been proposed for Araga Farm Settlement, Poka-Araga, Epe.

Table 9.1.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Farm Access Roads S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility social impact 1. The potential air  Speed breaks should be  Regular check for ESMO, quality and noise introduced at specific adherence to safety RIO, impact will include: junctions to reduce the concerns; Facilitator  Increased noise travel speed of motorist  Ensure that all Road, level due to in order to curb dust and areas have trees CADA, vehicular particulate matter. planted along the CIGs movement and  Trees should be planted road corridors; traffic with 5 metres distance  Ensure that road generated; between road and signs are placed  Gaseous residential areas in order along the road emissions from to reduce noise. corridors; vehicles plying  Road signs indicating  Ensure that speed the roads; the speed limit should limits are strictly  Health and be erected at particular adhere to; safety issues of sections of the road;  Ensure that both the  The use of rickety vehicles are in residents and vehicle should not be good condition so the road users allowed as not to pollute due to vehicular the environment speed and when driven along introduction of the roads. harmful gaseous 2. Water quality  Chemical wastes from  Ensure that proper ESMO, impact will include: vehicles should be waste management RIO,  Oil and grease handled carefully and practices are Facilitator droplets might dumped properly; adhere to; Road, pollute surface  Motorists should be  Adherence to the CADA, and groundwater; educated on the dangers principles of safe CIGs  Effluent of indiscriminate and clean generated from dumping of chemical environment mixture of water waste close to farmlands; should be taken with chemical  Motorists and road users paramount; lubricants might should use approved  Road users should contain COD and mechanic villages for be made to observe SS which will vehicular repairs. the mitigation impact adversely measures. on the water quality of the area 3. Ecology and  Trees should be planted  Regular ESMO, biodiversity impact in the open farm access environmental RIO, will include: roads; assessment with Facilitator  Contamination of  Official waste dump interest on the Road, surface water and sites should be ecological life CADA,

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groundwater from established and waste forms; CIGs chemical management operators  Consistent checks effluents; should be contacted on on the management  Poor and untidy the prompt clearing of of waste environment; waste deposited.  Risk and  The landscape should be impairment of the permitted to regrow ecosystem. based on application of some control mechanism to prevent wildlife intrusion into residential and administrative quarters.  Residents should be advised to use appropriate waste dump sites and to stop indiscriminate waste dumping. 4. Wildlife and  Road signs and symbols  Consistent checks ESMO, forestry impact will indicating design speed on the adherence to RIO, include: should be erected; safety regulation; Facilitator  Migration to a  Introduction of speed  Regular cleaning Road, new habitat where breakers; and clearing of the CADA, it is possible to  Proper cleaning and environment. CIGs adapt clearing of petroleum  Loss of original products; forest cover  The community should  Evolvement of be engaged on the need invasive plant life to keep to all  Reduction in the environmental and safety population of regulations. microfauna

5. Socioeconomic and  Road signs and symbols  Consistent checks ESMO, community health indicating design speed on the adherence to RIO, impact will include: should be erected; safety regulation; Facilitator  Exposure to  Introduction of speed  Regular check on Road, danger in form of breakers; the adherence to CADA, road accidents  Proper cleaning and traffic regulations CIGs  Adverse clearing of petroleum by road users. adjustment to products; vehicular traffic  The community should and noise be engaged on the  Health importance of the implication to movement of vehicles children before crossing the road.

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Table 9.1.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for other intervention projects S/N Environmental and Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility Social Impact 1.  Flooding leading to  Review the nature of  Check the  ESMO, disruption of existing drainages; environment for  RIO, farming and other  Ensure that drains the status of the  Facilitator associated were cleared drainages; Drainage, socioeconomic consistently;  Ensure that  CADA, activities;  Ensure that prepared plan is  CIGs  Destruction of construction methods strictly adhere properties and likely and construction to. deaths; materials follows the  Erosion of top soil in plan for drainage areas where lateritic erection; drainages were  Prepare drainage constructed; monitoring plan to  Improper assess the construction issues; functionality and  Destruction of roads status of constructed and road drains; infrastructure owing  Allow community to improper flow of participation in water. facility provision, construction and maintenance; 2.  Social and economic  Avoid conflicting  Ensure that  ESMO, disruptions to water use through water supply  RIO, existing community proper segmentation meets the need  Facilitator water management of water availability of targeted Water practices; through the use of farmer/CIGs; Provision,  Conflicting demands dedicated storages for  Provide support  CADA, on water supply; fish farming for rainwater  CIGs  Farming activities purposes; harvesting could be disrupted  Develop means of  Ensure that owing to lack of storing rainwater waste water; through proper management  Human health rainwater harvesting techniques are through the pollution modes; strictly of water sources  Pipe-borne water maintained and from aquaculture should be provided in sustained; waste; the long term to all  Ensure that  Water quality fish farmers; wastewater are deterioration  Release pond properly let of resulting from wastewater into using the aquaculture waste nearby wastewater environmental- and wastewater. drains with adequate friendly dilution and dispersal approach capability  Use shorter retention time in water ponds – i.e. more frequent exchange and flushing of pond water;

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 Keep fish densities at moderate levels to curb disease risk and need for antibiotics;  Pump air through the water to speed up decomposition;  Dilute pond water prior to release;  Consider using pond bottom sludge as agricultural fertilizer if properly decomposed and non- toxic.

Table 9.1.3: Cost Analysis of ESMP Measures S/N Activities Cost Estimate ($) 1 Capacity building on envrionmental improvements 1000 including safety standards, assessment procedures and screening 2 Tree planting, ecological enhancements 1500 3 Best practices capacity buidling on rice cultivation 1000 including bye-product generation from waste and farm upkeep 4 Coordination of waste management practices and 1500 taking of appropriate steps for waste collection and disposal 5 Traffic and transportation management with 2000 provision of relevant road infrastructure elements such as road signs, speed breaks, etc. 6 Health, safety and environment control/standards 1000 7 Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers, local 1000 communities and other stakeholders on environmental protection, safety and health 8 Environmental monitoring (internal and external) 1000 with respect to air quality and noise, water quality, and ecological issues. 9 Institutional support (procedures manuals on 2,000 mainstreaming environmental and social aspects into network of farm access road monitoring from Ministry of Health, LASEPA, Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives) TOTAL 11,000

9.2 Institutional Arrangement for Implementing the ESMP LSCADP retains ultimate responsibility for development and implementation of the ESMPs for the Commercial Agriculture Development Project in Lagos. LSCADP will assign this

103 responsibility to its LSCADO Environmental Specialists (Managers), who will report directly to the General Manager. 9.2.1The World Bank The World Bank has overall responsibility to ensure that its Safeguard Polices are complied with. In addition, will be responsible for the final review and clearance of EMPs and or ESIAs; as well as review and give “no objection” to the ESIA/EMPs‟ TORs. The responsibility for preparing the TORs for ESIAs/EMPs resides with the SFCOs.

9.2.2 Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Development The role of the FMEH & UD in this project will be that of monitoring. Although the staffing levels at the EIA division of the FMEH and the Impact Mitigation and Monitoring (IMM) Branch of the EIA division are sufficient with adequate experience to carry out these roles, there is a need for further capacity strengthening.

9.2.3 State Commercial Agriculture Development Office All technical assistance, institutional building, and productive investment sub-projects will be managed and supervised by the SCADO. The SCADO will be headed by a State Coordinator who will manage an inter-disciplinary staff that will also include an environmental officer. The designated environment specialist will be responsible for day to day monitoring and reporting feedback throughout the life of the project, specifically (i) ensuring that the subprojects were screened using the environmental and social screening mechanism contained in this ESMF; (ii) overseeing the implementation of the EMPs/ESIA and RAPs (if applicable); and (iii) monitoring of environmental issues during operations.

9.2.4 State Environmental Protection Agencies/Authorities (SEPAs). The SEPAs will perform the following key roles in this project: • Reviews terms of reference (TOR) for EMPs or ESIAs • Ensure adherence to EMP/ESIA requirements • Ensure implementation of EMPs/ESIAs in communities • Monitor compliance of EMPs for micro-projects • Enforce state laws. • Report to the FMEH & UD

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Table 9.1.3 Summary Table of Institutional Framework for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Institution Tasks/Activities

National Coordinating Desk (NCD) Project Coordination, Implementation and Oversight; reporting to IDA

State Commercial Agriculture Development Preparation of TORs for EMPs/ESIAs; monitoring Office activities of EMPs. (SCADO)

Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Monitoring State Environment Ministries/Agencies Urban Development (FMEH & UD) and reporting to NCD

State Environment Ministries/Agencies Review, approve and clearance of ESMPs; Monitoring SCADOs and reporting to FMEH & UD and State Commercial Agriculture Development Technical Steering Committee (SCADTSC)

9.3 ESMP Measures

The subsequent sections of the chapter provide a framework for the content of the ESMPs envisioned for the LSCADPs in the Study area. As the LSCADP progresses through agricultural development project in the State, these ESMPs will be expanded to include specific procedures to guide implementation by CAD Project personnel and contractors, and to provide for periodic updating, as necessary.

9.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan The primary purpose of the Flora and Fauna Management Plan is to protect the biodiversity of the area from any unintended damage due to LSCADP development and operation, and to protect the Project personnel from dangers associated with the native flora and fauna. This plan will include the following provisions as well as others that may be identified as it is further developed:

 Animals shall not be handled, removed, killed or unnecessarily disturbed by LSCADP or its employees, or by LSCADP‟s contractors‟ or their subcontractors‟ employees.  LSCADP will not tolerate poaching of fauna or flora by its personnel or by any of its contractors or subcontractors  LSCADP will ensure through a High Conservation Value study that all High Conservation Value Forest sites are properly marked and left untouched.

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 LSCADP will help to maintain the integrity and quality of biodiversity in the project area.  LSCADP will assist in protecting the swampy section from liquid effluent generated in the fish farm estate  Land clearing operations are expected to drive wildlife away from the clearing operations for the various LSCADP activities , however, if any species classified as VU by the Ministry of Environment moves to the project areas is trapped or hurt during land clearing operations, the Wildlife Division under the Ministry will be informed to determine whether translocation or other actions are required to save the individual. LSCADP will allocate funds for such contingency.  LSCADP intervention is to occur over a period of five years. LSCADP should plan its development projects in advance to minimize the impact on the fauna, help identify and control impacts such as flood zones and to result in a lower amount of biomass to manage.  LSCADP shall monitor the general condition of the aquatic habitat downstream to ensure that its water withdrawals are not creating significant stresses to that habitat and if so, LSCADP shall develop plans to install wells to replace enough of the surface water usage to mitigate the significant impacts.  LSCADP shall ensure that the site is kept clean, tidy and free of garbage that would attract animals.  In order to reduce the risk from invasive species, the monitoring program for the interventions should track what types of invasive species occur, where they occur, how they were most likely introduced to the area, how they were eradicated, and the success of the various eradication measures. If any of the CADPs identifies a continuing problem with invasive species, it should determine the root cause of that problem and investigate additional measures to address that root cause.  In order to decrease the demand for local bush meat, LSCADP should take the following measures:  decrease hunting pressure by ensuring that adequate supplies of meat other than local bush meat as well as other protein sources are available in stores and markets within the study area;  educate its employees on the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat;

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 to the degree possible, prohibit and enforce prohibitions on hunting inside the LSCADP area;  sponsor education programs in local villages about the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat; and  sponsor programs to transition hunters to other, sustainable livelihood activities.  LSCADP will work with conservation groups and other stakeholders around the Project Area to help prevent poaching. Initiatives may include hiring guards, posting

signs among others.

9.3.2 Waste Management Plan The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes are minimized and any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the environment. This process can be expressed as follows:

 minimize waste production as much as possible;  if waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;  if reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or transformed into inert materials; and  if this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the environment or to human beings.

The following summarize important elements of a Waste Management Plan:

 the plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the implementation of the Waste Management Plan;  the CADP must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly Hazardous Wastes;  the CADP must provide well labeled storage bins for the different categories of waste in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or disposed of as necessary;  Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non- hazardous wastes;

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 Hazardous Waste at the CADP area is expected to be primarily composed of the following:  empty agrochemical substances containers (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides);  empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants);  used lubricants; and  used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;  Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;  the LSCADP must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain a Certificate of Accreditation from each to ensure that they are operating legally;  the LSCADP must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items and activities:  used engine oil recycling contractor/facility;  lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants);  tire and rubber recycling contractor;  plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins and furans can be generated);  used batteries (not car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste) recycling/exporting contractor;  Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and  domestic waste collection contractor;  the LSCADP must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms shall be kept for record purposes;  the LSCADP should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;  the Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan.

9.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan The Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan will provide guidance to control soil erosion and the transport of sediment to surface waters. Soil erosion is a major soil

108 degradation process affecting the soil quality not only by directly reducing nutrients and organic matter levels, but also by affecting soil properties such as infiltration rates.

Erosion could occur during forest clearing and rice plantation establishment when the soil is left uncovered. Related activities that could cause this erosion include establishment of the base camps during the harvesting, construction of access roads and development of drainage works. The top layer of soil is the most vulnerable and unfortunately tends to be the most fertile soil. Soil suspended as solids in the water column can physically enter waterways and obstruct them. Soil erosion can also transport agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, which adhere to the suspended solids.

All exposed soil areas in the CAD Project area will be managed through a diversified set of measures and strategies that minimize the risk of erosion and run-off, control the flow of storm water over exposed soil areas, retain sediments within the cleared areas as much as possible, and control erosion and run-off downstream of the cleared areas. These measures are grouped and presented below.

The LSCADP shall monitor effectiveness of erosion and run-off control through systematic verification of compliance with control measures implemented through monitoring of impacts to surface water quality downstream (turbidity) and run-off accumulation at streams and natural drainage channels downstream of construction fronts.

Erosion and runoff will be minimized through the implementation of the following types of measures:

 Vegetated buffer zones will be protected along streams to help control sedimentation.  Leguminous cover crops will be used to help minimize soil erosion, and assist soil conservation and moisture retention by intercepting rainfall (absorbing the energy of the raindrops, thus reducing runoff), decreasing surface velocity, restraining soil movement, improving soil porosity, and, increasing biological activity in the soil.  Site clearing operations will progress in a gradual and phased manner to ensure there are no large increases in sediment discharge.  While vegetation clearing and earthmoving activities are in progress and permanent erosion control devices cannot be implemented, temporary erosion control devices will be used.

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 As a rule, the only rainwater that will be allowed to flow over cut and fill slopes is that which falls directly on them. All exposed soil working surfaces will be tilted towards the base of cut slopes and, where this is not possible, measures such as berms will be installed at the upper limits of fill slopes to minimize uncontrolled storm water flow over them.  Slopes of all cut and fill areas will be rigorously controlled and will at no time be allowed to be greater than the slope established in the final design.  Temporary protection of exposed soil surfaces with measures such as plastic film, bio-membranes or other means, will be implemented whenever necessary.  Permanent erosion control on may be achieved through measures such as terracing along with a re-vegetation program. The terraces would consist of low, broad-based earth levees constructed approximately parallel to the contours designed to intercept overload flow before it achieves great erosive force and to conduct it to a suitable discharge point.  Erosion protection such as riprap, or sacked concrete may be used around culvert entrances.  Inlet structures used to collect storm run-off will be constructed of any suitable construction material. The structures will ensure efficient removal of design-storm runoff in order to avoid interruption of construction during or following storms and to prevent erosion resulting from overtopping of the inlet.  Piles of soil or other materials will be allowed for short periods of time and will be located only in flat areas and away from any storm water courses. Only topsoil piles will be allowed to remain for extended periods and will be protected from rainfall.

Storm water will be controlled through the implementation of the following types of measures:

 All flow of storm water over exposed soil surfaces will be along pre-established paths that will not interfere with vehicle and other activities and will contain breakers and other devices to control flow velocity. Hydraulic stairs, drop structures or other energy dissipation structures will be used when necessary to convey storm water to lower grounds.  Careful considerations will be given to the drainage of all farm access roads, facility areas, borrow pits, and surplus soil deposit areas.

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 All storm drainage will be discharged via surface drainage systems. Maximum use of natural drainage features will be used. Runoff from cleared areas will be collected in open channels or ditches for removal from the immediate area. The use of buried pipe will be minimized and buried pipes will be day-lighted to open channel drains as soon

as practical.

9.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan The Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan will be required both during the implementation phase and operations. For both phases, the following will be incorporated, as appropriate:

 During the new employee orientation process, all workers will receive health and safety training on standard work processes and other health and safety requirements applicable to their work activities.  All workers at work fronts will receive weekly safety orientations that last at least 15 minutes. If significant accidents occur or other health and safety issues arise, these orientations may be supplemented.  The training status for all workers will be recorded.  Health and safety training will be detailed in the Integrated Health and Safety Plan (IHSP) that will specify the contents, target groups, frequency and forms of evaluation of each type of training to be applied. It will include at least the following modules:  Induction health and safety training;  Community relations training;  First aid;  Venomous animals;  Use of PPE; and

 Safe Work Procedures.

9.3.5 Water Management Plan The Water Management Plan will address water conservation, protection of water resources, responsibly using surface water and groundwater for farming and farming activities plantation and mill purposes, and practicing rainfall harvesting, if appropriate. The important aspects of this plan will be:

 training of all workers to ensure that they understand the significance of protecting all water sources;

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 implementation of measures contained in the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to control sedimentation of surface water resources and minimize the loss of nutrients and therefore the need for chemical fertilizers;  implementation of the measures contained in the Chemical Management Plan to ensure that all chemicals used on the site are used properly and in the minimum necessary quantities to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater;  implementation of the measures contained in the Waste Management Plan to ensure that all wastes generated on the site are properly stored and disposed to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater by liquid effluents or by leachate from solid wastes;  monitoring significant effluent streams on a periodic basis to ensure that they meet applicable discharge requirements;  developing and implementing a site-specific water quality monitoring plan for both surface water and groundwater to ensure that management measures are achieving the desired results;  monitoring water quantity downstream of nurseries to ensure that withdrawals for nursery watering needs do not significantly affect downstream aquatic environment or human users; and  development of parameters for the installation of water wells to ensure that the wells meet all applicable national standards and that they do not have significant adverse impacts on other groundwater users.

9.3.6 Chemical Management Plan The Chemical Management Plan will provide details for the acquisition, storage, application, use, and disposal of all pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals used in the nurseries, plantations, mills and other CAD Project infrastructure.

Improper usage and application of fertilizers can pollute the soil and the waterways in the area. The effect of fertilizer runoff is known as eutrophication or increased growth of vegetation that can affect aquatic life.

This program will use chemical, cultural, biological, and physical practices to control the infestations.

High levels of other chemicals (e.g. pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides) in the waterways can affect the aquatic life and even the supply of freshwater for human use.

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This Chemical Management Plan will be developed to ensure that chemical use is minimized, and when chemicals are used, that they are used safely and responsibly. For pest control, LSCADP will utilize a specially created Integrated Pest Management Program. Decisions on schedule, application process and quantities of chemicals applied, if they are necessary, will be based on detailed analysis of soil characteristics, existing and likely pests, bio-control options, and safe and available chemical control options. It will include requirements for farmer training and safe application practices for farmer/workers, the environment, and surrounding communities. The use of agrochemicals is resource extensive. Thus, the application of fertilizer should be based strictly on the analysis requirements. The use of organic fertilizer will minimize the impacts of the chemicals in the soil and the waterways.

Fuel dispensers must be used by well-trained personnel to prevent accidental spillage.

Chemical usage for weed control will be minimized using the following types of practices for immature plantings:

 rice circles should be kept weed-free through manual weeding;  hormonal herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D amine and triclopyr) will be avoided;  excessive spray drift and scorching on lower fronds will be avoided through careful control of areas that are sprayed; and  spraying will be limited to the minimum amount required to treat specifically identified weed problems.

The Chemical Management Plan will include the following important aspects:

 agrochemicals should be properly stored and handled to avoid spills;  Farmers/workers will be informed of the danger of agrochemicals and trained on the proper methods to handle, use, and dispose of the chemicals and their used containers incorporating all appropriate elements of the IFC guide for ―Pesticide Handling and Application‖;  the application of pesticides and fertilizers will be in strict accordance with the manufacturers‟ instructions and generally established safety procedures;  every chemical product will have its own Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS);  LSCADP will not make use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) banned under the Stockholm Convention, which came into force on the 17th of May 2004 and which Nigeria adhered with. This International Convention banned:

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 Aldrin;  Chlordane;  Dieldrin;  Dioxinx (PCDDs);  DDT;  Endrin;  Furans;  Heptachlor;  Hexachlorobenzene;  Mirex;  Polychlorinated biphenyls; and,  Toxaphen.  LSCADP will install an oil/water separator for the workshop drainage system where it has the potential to convey petroleum products or wastes;  LSCADP will implement a proper Monitoring and Surveillance System (MSS) for pests. The MSS will provide information on the pests‟ presence and activity to determine the right time to control a particular pest. This systematic pest control strategy will result in effective control with minimal chemical usage and minimal

damage to other living organisms and the environment.

9.3.7 Air Quality Management Plan The Air Quality Management Plan will include the following important aspects:

 noise levels in mills and other Project areas shall meet Nigerian requirements;  all boilers used in the Project will be of modern construction to minimize emissions of NOx and other pollutants;  all Project vehicles used for transportation will be properly maintained and fitted with standard pollution control equipment to minimize emissions;  LSCADP will study the potential for capturing methane generated from rice production and use that methane for energy production at its mills to decrease emissions to the atmosphere;  LSCADP will avoid the use of ozone depleting substances for uses such as coolants or

cleaning operations;

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9.3.8 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan The Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan will ensure that all vegetation clearing and biomass management for all aspects of the LSCADP activities will be conducted in accordance with detailed procedures that will meet the requirements of Nigeria as well as best practices outlined by Roundtable Sustainable Agriculture (RSA).

Site clearing for farm access road development, nursery establishment where applicable, plantation development, mill development, and infrastructure development can damage the habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna species. If clearing is not done properly, it could result in the removal of ecologically important habitats and species. The conversion of forests, even secondary, to rice plantations reduces biodiversity, with species reductions occurring for insects, birds, reptiles, and soil microorganisms. LSCADP, being abiding by environmental sustainability, will not develop High Conservative Value Forest areas.

This plan will include procedures for the following:

 delineating areas to be cleared;  delineating areas to be protected;  specifying methods for clearing in various types of areas or terrain, including methods to allow fauna to relocate out of the area to be cleared;  specifying methods for best utilization of merchantable timber;  specifying procedures for ensuring that non-timber forest products are reasonably utilized by local villagers before or immediately after areas are cleared; and  specifying procedures for utilizing and/or disposing of the biomass generated by the clearing activities.

This plan will be used on conjunction with the Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan and the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to ensure that workers/farmers, the environment, and surrounding communities are protected.

9.3.9 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include procedures for addressing all reasonably foreseeable and possible emergencies such as:

 fires;  floods;  spills or releases of hazardous chemicals or wastes to the ground or water;

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 medical emergencies; and,  other weather-related emergencies

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will define the methods of intervention and required resources to be implemented by LSCADP in the event of an accident to protect staff and property and to prevent harmful effects on the local population and the environment. As part of the plan, LSCADP will facilitate the alert of rescue services and inform the competent relevant authorities. Spills are the release of substances (solids or liquids) in a magnitude that could cause substantial negative effects to the system receiving it; the system in question could be, for example, soil, river, lake, sea or the atmosphere. The spill response aspects of the plan will be outlined for all employees and relevant employees will be trained in specific spill response procedures for the substances for which they are responsible. The impacts of spills can have very adverse effects on the environment and humans.

Spills can occur during many of the typical operations such as: refuelling of equipment, painting, changing oil, during transfer of the liquids or solid from container to another, rinsing drums containing liquid or solid that is harmful; they may also occur as a result of a burst hose or pipe, the malfunctioning of an overflow valve of a tank or road accident of a fuel tanker. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include the following features to address spills or releases of hazardous materials:

 identify the personnel responsible in the event of a spill as well as a hierarchy for notifications both within the Commercial Agriculture as well as Government and emergency response personnel;  provide the structure for a spill response organization;  characterize the different types of materials and potential quantities of spills that could occur as a result of the LSCADP intervention;  outline spill response procedures as well as equipment, protective equipment, supplies, and materials to support the response;  provide specific training guidelines and procedures for personnel to ensure a safe and effective response to potential spill events; and  provide training guidelines for recovery and disposal of all materials contaminated in the event of a spill.

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The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will also define the procedures, training, supplies, and materials for designated personnel to respond to fires, medical emergencies, and other significant emergencies or incidents during both construction and operations of various LSCADP intervention activities.

9.3.10 Cultural Heritage Management Plan The Cultural Heritage Management Plan will ensure that known cultural sites are identified and adequately protected, and that a procedure is in place for identifying any unknown or unmarked sites that may be encountered during development (Chance Find Procedure).

In order to mitigate impacts to known sites, LSCADP will demarcate, along with each affected village and community, the cultural and sacred sites used by that village and community for traditional practices, so that those sites can be excluded from any vegetation clearing or other construction activities.

During the course of construction, if any artifact or human remains are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity shall be stopped immediately and LSCADP will implement a Chance Find Procedure that will include the following:

 LSCADP„s HSE coordinator shall take reasonable precautions to prevent any person from removing or damaging any such item;  all work will be moved at least 30 m away from the artifact, or outside the boundaries of the site containing the artefact;  the local village Chiefs and Government Officials will be notified of the find to determine whether it is significant from a cultural perspective;  if the artefact appears to be pre-historic, the national museum will be notified; and,

 appropriate actions will be taken after consultations with the relevant authorities.

9.3.11 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan The Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan will include the following provisions:

 LSCADP will place speed limits and appropriate road signage along all Project roads;  LSCADP will enforce speed limits for safety, air quality, and noise purposes both on the Project site and beyond;  all LSCADP drivers should be trained by a road safety specialist; and,

 all vehicles should be properly maintained and undergo periodic safety inspections.

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9.3.12 Social Investment Plan The Social Investment Plan outlines the types of measures that LSCADP will consider as it develops the Project intervention to assist the communities in and around the Project area to benefit from the presence of the Project. As a basis, LSCADP will sign Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) with villages and community to ensure that there is no loss of village farms or plantations (e.g. coffee, oil palm, cocoa, Kola, and banana) and will provide for farmland for future generations to avoid impacts related to food insecurity. LSCADP will demarcate such farmland for each village and community in coordination with a team to be composed of the villagers, LSCADP personal, Subdivision Farm Council, and Regional Delegation under the appropriate Ministry.

Some of the programmes being considered by LSCADP as part of its Social Investment Plan include:

 assisting in the creation of ranches or farms to provide workers/farmers and villagers with meat (e.g. cows, goats, sheep, poultry) at avoidable price and to decrease the hunting pressure on wild animals;  using a portion of the agric-waste (e.g. rice husk) as fuel for cooking and domestic and industrial source of energy where applicable (e.g. compacting into briquettes) to decrease the need for fuel wood from the forests;  providing technical assistance to out-growers as well as a market for agricultural products grown on village farms and plantations;  improving the provision of health care services to both its workers, farmers and the broader community in the Project area;  improving the provision of potable water to both its workers/farmers and the broader community in the  Project area;  improving the provision of educational services to both its workers/farmers and the broader community in the Project area;  providing access to electricity to project affected communities at low cost;  providing scholarships for deserving local students in; and,

 providing priority for employment to local residents where applicable

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9.3.13 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan The Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for the Project will comply with all Lagos requirements as well as international best practices. It will address measures for hygiene, health, and safety at the work place and include an ongoing training program for all employees‟ project beneficiaries. LSCADP will provide the necessary safety equipment to its employees. The plan will address issues such as:

 the proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  training related to job-specific risks and activities, including:  electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision);  machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);  sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk); and,  power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk)

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 provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well- stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries

9.3.14 Community Health & Safety Plan The purpose of the Community Health and Safety Plan is to address the potential impacts on the human population living in and around the farm settlement. These mitigation measures include:

 construction activities can draw significant numbers of single men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, so LSCADP will attempt to recruit most of its construction workers from the immediate area, thus minimizing the number of single men migrating for work;  LSCADP will also ensure that it and its contractors provide adequate training and enforcement codes of conduct to minimize worker participation in risky activities such as sex trade, drugs, and alcohol;  LSCADP will conduct sensitization of local communities regarding potential impacts from construction workers and inform those communities about the terms and conditions of LSCADP‟s worker Code of Conduct;  LSCADP will conduct community training and awareness programs to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain;  LSCADP will coordinate with local Government Councils to ensure that they fully understand the risks  of large-scale construction activities and support LSCADP‟s efforts from a law enforcement perspective;  LSCADP will work closely with the health districts of the Ministry of Health in the State and promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and LSCADP will work closely with the health districts to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety.

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9.3.15 Stakeholder Engagement Plan LSCADP has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project invention. It includes the following major considerations:

 identification of Project stakeholders;  summary of past consultation efforts;  planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities;  stakeholder engagement during construction;  stakeholder engagement during operations;  resources for stakeholder engagement; and,  monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement

In coordination with its Stakeholder Engagement Plan, LSCADP will develop and implement a Grievance Procedure that will include the following components:

 anyone may contact the Project, in person, by email, or by telephone to submit a grievance;  contacts about grievances may be by the affected person or through an agreed local liaison committee;  all complaints will be documented by LSCADP and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint;  LSCADP will investigate the complaint, using technical assistance if necessary, and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions;  LSCADP will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing, of LSCADP‟s response and proposed actions (if any);  prior to construction, LSCADP will work with stakeholders to develop a binding arbitration system for resolving complaints;  the grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved;  LSCADP will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly;  there will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint;  all complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality;  complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and,

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 project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including who to contact within the LSCADP or the Government of Lagos about a complaint. 9.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan The Project will not require any involuntary resettlement therefore there is no need for a Resettlement Action Plan framework. Any resettlement activity will be on a voluntary basis, however, if the Project and local villagers do agree to a mutually agreeable resettlement program, LSCADP will ensure that any such program is consistent with the principles and guidelines of Nigerian Law. 9.3.17 Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan The Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan will outline the anticipated process for closure of the plantation, rice mills, and associated infrastructure. The plantation is expected to be productive for several years to come and would be revitalized with a continuous, sustainable re-planting program to maintain it as an on-going concern for the foreseeable future beyond that point. As such, the Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan will be a living document that will be updated approximately until it appears that closure is a realistic option at which point it would be updated until closure occurs. The plan would include concept-level planning for:  retrenchment of employees;  conversion of social services provided or funded by the Project (e.g. education, health care) from Project funding to Government funding;  conversion of civil infrastructure provided of funded by the Project (e.g. roads, water supply, waste water treatment) from Project funding to Government funding; and,  restoration of plantation land to either native species or other agricultural or forestry use as determined appropriate at the time. 9.3.18 Training Programmes LSCADP will develop, implement, and track training programs which is to include:  the benefits of protecting local fauna and alternatives to activities such as hunting for local bush meat;  the need for waste management and how to implement the Waste Management Plan;  the need for proper selection, handling, storage, application, use, and disposal of all hazardous materials and chemicals used in the Project activities in accordance with the Chemical Management Plan;

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 implementation of all emergency response procedures as identified in the Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan;  implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  implementation of the Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for all employees;  specific programs identified in the Community Health and Safety Plan; and,  executive management 9.4 Monitoring The Project will develop a detailed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan to monitor key elements of both the biophysical and human environments. The purpose of this monitoring will be to ensure that significant impacts were correctly identified in the assessment process, then to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The results of monitoring activities will be regularly reviewed to determine if the proposed management measures are adequate, or if those measures should be revised, deleted, or supplemented. Monitoring will include aspects such as:  water quality of the effluent streams discharged from the plantations, workers‟ and farmers‟ housing, nurseries, and rice mills;  water quality and general aquatic health of streams receiving effluents from the plantations, workers‟/farmers‟ housing, nurseries, and rice mills;  invasive species;  bush meat sales in local markets;  interactions between local fauna such as birds and the plantation to determine if additional mitigation measures are required and if implemented, how effective they are working;  the effectiveness of waste management activities;  the effectiveness of sediment and erosion control measures and of storm water management measures;  all clearing activities for compliance with the Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan;  implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  compliance with the Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan;

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 health and safety indicators, including accidents, for all workers and farmers working in the Project;  grievances of workers, farmers and the local community;  health indicators in the local communities to inform any modifications to the Community Health and Safety Plan; and,  flora and fauna in the Project Area 9.5 Implementation Schedule Detailed ESMPs for the relevant aspects of work will be developed based on the above- described frameworks starting before further development of project interventions (e.g. Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan) and continuing to commissioning of the rice mills and the specific worker health and safety issues associated with the mills. Also, the IPMP prepared and disclosed by the project would be implemented in this regard. The tentative schedule for this development is included in the below Table 9.5.1. Table 9.5.1: Tentative ESMP Development Schedule Plan Name Duration Flora and Fauna Management One month before the start of clearing for the plantation Plan Waste Management Plan One month before the start of clearing for the plantation for clearing activities Erosion and Sedimentation One month before the start of clearing for the plantation Management Plan Employment, Training and One month before the start of clearing for the plantation Awareness Water Management Plan Immediately for nursery activities and one month prior to any well development Chemical Management Plan Immediately for nursery activities and one month prior to any well development Air Quality Management Plan One month before clearing activities Vegetation Clearing and Biomass One month before clearing activities Management Plan Emergency Response and Immediately for nursery activities and one month before clearing Incidence Management activities Cultural Heritage Management One month before clearing activities Plan Traffic and Vehicle Management One month before clearing activities Plan Social Investment Plan Within six months of the start of plantation development Health, Safety, and Security One month before clearing activities Management Plan Community Health and Safety One month before the start of clearing activities Plan Stakeholder engagement Plan On-going updates Resettlement Action Plan At least three months prior to any resettlement Conceptual Closure and Within one year of the start of clearing activities Reclamation Plan

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CHAPTER TEN

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The objective of CADP is to develop and manage a sustainable agricultural development under the stipulated value chain (Rice, Aquaculture and Poultry) in the Lagos State, Nigeria to enhance food security in the state. This Project will directly provide thousands of long- term jobs for the people of Lagos state and beyond, local communities of a project area, as well as act as a catalyst for secondary commercial and agricultural markets.

LSCADP will maintain the highest standards in sustainable practices, worker welfare, social benefit and environmental impact throughout the Project development and operations interventions. A significant additional benefit of the Project includes its ability to mitigate Lagos as focus and Nigeria in general dependence on expensive imported of the agricultural product under the value chain.

: OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 - Natural Habitats and OP/BP 4.09 – Pest Management. It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank safeguard policies, However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard Policies shall supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of discrepancy.

The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covered general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, regional hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and wildlife resources. In this regard, most parameters measured This assessment covered the proposed project activities financed by WBACADP at Araga Farm Settlement, Poka, Epe, Lagos. As it was documented during the field survey, the proposed interventions‟ projects by LSCADO at the Farm Settlement (AGRIC-YES) include: construction and rehabilitation of farm access road; power generation inform of provision of transformer and installation facilities; rural water supply; drainage system; provision of tricycles to trainees and provision of 20,000 birds; smoking kiln, miller, fingerlings were also included. ESMF, PMP and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the triggered policies of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. ESIA is identified as all-encompassing EA for any proposed development project. It addressed the

125 adverse environmental impact of the LSCADP proposed intervention projects with a view to enhance project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for agricultural development in the state.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The requirement for an Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and WB policies geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her citizens. The project impacts covered small scale and site-specific infrastructure investment projects associated with category B projects of the World Bank. This report was prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF, RPF and IPMP. The relevant WB safeguards policies triggered by the LSCADP intervention projects includewere in conformity with local and international standards and mitigation measures were provided where environment will be affected. Public consultations were held with the local communities and all other interested/affected parties including the project donors. These consultations identified the key issues and concerns of all parties and addressed them with reference to the proposed sub-projects activities. The consultations included vulnerable groups within the community, specifically the poorest of the poor, elderly, widows and widowers, and women.

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Adamson, P. 2004. “Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency: A Global Progress Report.” The Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF. Adato, M., and R. Meinzen-Dick. 2007. Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty. Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press for IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). Adegoke, O.S., 1969. Eocene stratigraphy of southern Nigeria. Bull. Geol. Mem. No 60, pg.23-48. Adighije, C., 1981. A gravity interpretation of the Benue trough, Nigeria Tectonophysics, Vol. 79 pg. 126-136. Agagu, O.K., 1985. A geological guide to Bituminous sediments in southwestern Nigeria. Unpublished Report. Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, 24pp. Akintola J. O. (1986): Rainfall distribution in Nigeria 1892 – 1983. Impact Publishers (Nig.) Ltd. Ibadan. Alden, P., Estes, R., Schlitter, D. & McBride, B. (1995). Guide to African Wildlife. Happer Collins. London Alpha (2005), Preliminary Impact Assessment for Proposed Alpha Independent ower Project at Snake Island, Apapa, Prepared by Global Impact Environmental Consulting Ltd. American Public health Association (1995): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 19th ed. Awosika, L. F., and Ibe, A. C., (1994). Geomorphic features of the Gulf of Guinea shelf and littoral drift dynamics. In Proc. International symposium on the results of the first IOCEA cruise in the Gulf of Guinea, 17-20 May 1994. Awosika, L. F., Ibe, A. C. and Ibe, C. E. (1993). Anthropogenic Activities affecting sediment load balance along the West Africa Coastline. In Coastlines of Western Africa,

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Coastlines of the world series. Pub. Americans Society of Civil Engineers N.Y., 1993, pp 26-35. Billman, H.G., 1976. Offshore stratigraphy and palaentology of Dahomey Embayment. West Africa Proceedings, African Micropalaentology iv. Bosser, I. D and Compeau, G. C., (1995): Cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil, pp 77 – 126. In L. Y. Young and C. E. Cerniglia (ed). Microbial transformation and Degradation of Toxic organic chemicals. Wiley – Liss, Inc., New York. CADP, 2007, Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Coode Blizard Limited, Rofe Kennard and Lapworth & Akute Georesources Limited 1997. Hydrogeological investigation of Lagos state. In final report submitted to the Lagos state Water corporation: pg. 4.1-5.6 Dessauvagie, T.F.J., 1972. Geological history of the Benue valley and adjacent areas. In: T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (eds.) African Geology, University of Ibadan Press, pg. 187-206 Department of Petroleum Resources, DPR (2002): Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. DPR, Lagos Egborge, A.B.M (1988): Water hyacinth – a biological museum. Proceeding International Workshop on Water Hyacinth. Oke, S.O., Imevbore A.M.A. and Farri, T.A. (eds.) Elgood, J. H., Heigham, J. B., Moore, A. M., Nason, A. M., Sharland, R. E. & Skinner, N. J. (1994). The Birds of Nigeria: An annotated checklist. B.O.U., Tring, Herts. 2nd ed. FEPA (1991): National Environmental Protection (effluent Limitation) Regulations. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria. GCAP, 2011, Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Gilbert D. A. E . (1969): A map book of West Africa. Macmillan and Co. (Nig.) Ltd. Hayman, P., Marchant, J. & Prater, T. (1986). Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to Waders of the World. Helm, London. IITA (1979): Methods of Soils and Plant Tissue Analysis (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, 1979). Jefferson, A. T., Leatherwood, S. and Webber, M. A. (1993). Marine Mammals of the World. FAO Species Identification Guide. FAO Rome. Jones, H.A. and Hockey, R.D., 1964. The geology of the southwestern Nigeria. Geol. Surv. of Nig. Bull. No. 31, pg. 101. Mackworth-Praed, C.W., & Grant, C.H.B. (1970-1973). African Handbook of Bird Series, Series III. Birds of West Central and Western Africa. 2 Vols. Longman, London. 128

Nason, A. (1992). Discovering Birds: An introduction to the birds of Nigeria. Pisces, Newbury. Nur, M.A., Onuoha, K.M. and Ofoegbu, C.O., 1994. Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data over the middle Benue trough, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology vol. 30, No. 2, pg. 211-217. Ofoegbu, C.O., 1984. Interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies over the lower and middle Benue trough, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology vol. 30 No. 2 pg. 211-217. Olaniyan, C. I. O. (1975): An introduction to West Africa Animal Ecology. 2nd ed. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. London and Ibadan Omatsola, M.E. and Adegoke, O.S., 1981. The tectonic evolution of cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin. Journal Min. Geol. Vol. 18 pg. 130-137. Oyewo, E. O., Ajao, E. A. and Orekoya, T (1982): Seasonal variation in surface temperature and salinity around Lagos Harbour, Nigeria. NIOMR Tech. Paper No.10: 20pp. Papadakis, J. (1965): Crop ecologic survey in West Africa (Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana,Togo, Dahomey, Nigeria) Vol. II – Atlas, FAO Serle, W., Morel, G. J. & Hartwig, W. (1977). A Field Guide to the Birds of West Africa. Collins, London. Schneider, W (1990): Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. SG Sustainable Oils Cameroon LTD., 2011, Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Soboyejo, A. B. O. (1975): Extreme winds in West Africa. Journal of the West Africa Science Association Vol.20 (no1) pp.: 53-74 Thompson, B. W. (1975): Africa; The climatic background – Studies in the development of African resources. Oxford University Press. Ibadan United States Department of Agriculture and National Resources Conservation Services (1998): Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 7th Edition. United States Government printing Office, Washington D.C.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A

FOCUS GROUP REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Introduction

Focus Group Discussion henceforth referred to as FGD was conducted to obtain scientific report of the environmental and social impact of the Commercial Agriculture Development projects at the Araga Farm Settlement situated at Araga Poka Epe Lagos State. Series of agriculture-support projects have been completed with international intervention from the World Bank to assist the development of commercial agriculture in Lagos State. These include road construction, provision of electricity, drainages, water supply among others. However, the need to examine the status and the environmental cum social impacts of these projects particularly from the perspectives of the beneficiaries becomes inevitable. It is in this line that the FDG on these series of project was conducted on the project area. The FGD was conducted with relevant authorities of the institute particularly top officials with a series of well-structured questions that concerns the nature of the agricultural practice and the impacts of the already provided infrastructures in the agricultural practice. Information from the FGD is used as important input to the preparation of a comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment for the project area.

The discussion was designed to gather information from the fish farmers group in regard to the following probable outcomes:

1. To understand the nature of the agriculture land use of the project area.

2. To examine the nature of the available physical and social infrastructure available in the area.

3. To assess the nature and status of the proposed commercial agriculture development (CAD) projects in the project area.

4. To understand the sensitivity of the proposed commercial agricultural development (CAD) to environmental issues.

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5. To understand if there are resource management, land conflicts and other resource–related issues that is connected.

6. To understand if there are social and gender issues tied to the proposed commercial agriculture development (CAD) projects.

Participant Demographics

Three participants took part in the focus group:

 All participants are men

 All present had their age ranging between 40 – 50 years.

 All of the participants have had tertiary education up to the University level.

 They are all married and living with respective family members.

 All are officials of the AGRIC YES (Youth Empowerment Scheme) in general agriculture training and farm maintenance.

 There are other socio-economic variables which differentiates the participants of the focus group discussion in terms of other source of income.

Names of Participants

S/N Name Phone No

1 Mr. Olusanjo M. 08034745611

2 Mr. Ayodele K. 08055404507

3 Obajaye Bimbo 7044428863

4 Emmanuel Oluwole 8038222514

5 Wilson Olufemi 8023110279

6 Adeyemo Abiodun 8022570223

7 Akinjogbin Tunde 8054096837

Outcome Analysis

Outcome 1: General Assessment

The organization is Lagos State Agricultural Empowerment Scheme (AGRIC YES) situated within Araga Farm Settlement, Poka Epe, Lagos. It functions under the Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives with the Commissioner as the overall head. The institute is under the leadership of the Director who reports to the permanent secretary and in turn reports to the Commissioner.

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The total population of the residents and workers in the institute is about 500 comprising of 400 students while others are non-academic, administrative and clerical staff members. The institute was structure to teach and demonstrate full time agricultural knowhow to trainees across agro- related courses such as fishing, crop production, animal husbandry and poultry.

Examination and assessment of the existing social and physical infrastructures in the settlement revealed a lot of lacunas. There are no existing primary or secondary school in the area. This simply means that trainees with young children will have to a suitable means of transporting their children/wards to school. Health facilities are available but on a first aid level. In case of urgent need of high-level medical attention that requires the services of a doctor, the patient will have to be travel to Epe town for such case.

Being the flagship institution for training of farmers in Lagos State, extension services are available even for farmers who are not enrolled in the institute. The series of pragmatic courses on offer provide the trainees a wealth of latest knowledge concerning agriculture practice. Hence, the degree of effectiveness of the extensive services is high. Farm inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides, and other chemicals that are essential for suitable agricultural practice are made available to farmers who are trainees of the institute. This is extended beyond their training period. Farmers can apply for these to stimulate their agricultural practice beyond the training for personal private practice of the knowledge that has been impacted on them.

Similarly, farm machineries are available in the institute. Four tractors are made available to students for the crop production. This is based on the cooperative basis. As the programme is run based on the formation of cooperatives, each cooperative can apply for the use of the farm machines within a particular duration.

Storage facilities are also available although under-utilised probably due to the number of farmers (trainees) in the programme. This was provided to curtail wastages and for the availability of seeds for planting the next season. Portable water is available for use. The institute has been rehabilitated with portable and the taps are running effectively. Public enlightenment about the programmes on offer and the modalities for gaining admission into the institute is high. There is a programme on Lagos Television (LTV) that informs the public whenever the need arises.

There are two Farm Access Roads in the institute. The roads are in good condition without well- constructed drainages. This could be a challenge with respect to flooding. It is noteworthy to state that one farm access road is currently under construction and it is anticipated that the road will provide better accessibility to the farmlands better that the footpath-lateritic roads. There is no credit facility for an institute as this other than government subvention.

Outcome 2: Nature of the proposed Commercial Agriculture Development (CAD) project(s)

Several CAD projects have been executed in the institute. These include Farm Access Road, Road Rehabilitation, Provision of Tricycles to trainees, Provision of 20,000 birds, Smoking Kiln, among others. These projects were executed to provide accessibility in and out of the farmlands, for fish processing, and to replace dispense layers.

Since, the aim of agriculture is to provide food for the teeming population of any country; the CAD projects are germane to ensure food security and to make life easy for the farmers in the area. In

132 addition, the provision of these CAD project stimulates productivity of the agricultural sector of the economy through the provision of agriculture-support projects such as the Farm Access Roads. This has helped to promote agricultural productivity of the farmers. These proposed CAD projects will really help to increase in local production of fish and ensure continuity of the farming activities. If the efforts of the farmers are being complemented with better and more inclusive agricultural policies, it will help to increase food security in the country.

Government has provided opportunities to enhance international trade through the proposals on the expansion of the current poultry production up to provision 50,000 broilers and layers, development of powdered eggs. In fact, some of the piggery products have been exported to Republic of Benin. However, the current efforts are directed to meet local demands with the future projection set on exports.

New farming techniques such as automated battery cage for broilers and deep irrigation system. The deep irrigation is for vegetable farming 10-hectares of land. Local seeds have been at the fore of the agricultural practice of the institute. Crops such as oil, cassava and vegetables have been cultivated as main local seeds into the farming practice of the institute.

Other efforts to support the small-scale farmers include the graduate farmers scheme (GFS) which is directed towards to graduates of the institute and other higher education citadel of learning across the nation. Graduates from this institute can learn advance agricultural practices on the scheme. Others are the Rice for Job scheme at Idena–Itoikin. The issue that requires urgent attention is that of the on-going projects and drainage issues. These road construction projects should be fast- tracked so that it will not hamper our farming activities.

Outcome 3: Environmental issues connected to CAD projects

As far as the institute is concerned, there are very limited issues connected to CAD project that has stimulated any environmental concern but the flooding challenge. We are of the opinion that this cab resolved with prompt effort towards the proper construction of drainage channels that will convey runoff and overland flow to nearby streams. With the current uncompleted projects the access to the farmlands might be hampered owing to flash floods. The footprint of flooding is usually related to the extent of time it will take to get to the farm when compared to the scenario where the drainages are provided.

Apart from the flooding, we need to clear forest areas to prepare pristine land for farming. In the process of doing this, we cut trees and clear existing ecology of the area. Animals and plants will have to migrate to other habitats as a result of this. Thus, we can say that the clearing of forest often leads to deforestation and destruction of ecological life.

Outcome 4: Resource management, land conflicts and other resource-related issues

There are no issues concerning communal clashes with respect to the land. However, cattle rearers were observed closed to the entrance gate of the institute.

Outcome 5: Social Aspects and Gender Issues

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The institute has provided means of employment through direct involvement and indirect employment in marketing of agricultural products. With this level of employment created, the place for subcontracting of farming activities is not encouraged. For the opportunities created, fulltime employment has been created.

The institute permits gender equality and this is spread across the staff and trainees. About 40% of the trainees are females and 60% males. Thus, the system runs on a framework that allows anyone irrespective of gender to participate and this is extended to the CAD projects. Everyone is a beneficiary without any form of gender discrimination.

Outcome 6: Opportunities created since the initiation of the CAD projects

There are series of opportunities that the institute has provided to trainees and with the initiation of the CAD projects, more people have benefitted from the programmes on offer. The level of attendance is a testament to this claim. Learning agriculture and agric-related businesses has been a big point of claim that the trainees will attest to. Over 400 trainees have benefitted from these streams of programmes here and more are still on the way. The trainees are arranged in a form of cooperative societies and each cooperative is trained on series of agricultural practices and the business aspect of agricultural is an integral aspect of the training.

Some of the trainees have been sent abroad for higher education in agriculture. About 5 of the trainees are in Israel to develop more skills in agricultural practices such as crop production, animal husbandry such as poultry and piggery management etc. thus we can say with much emphasis that there are opportunities for higher learning of agriculture beyond the institute. Provision of water is also on the optimum level for the trainees. Our available water infrastructure is well-maintained and we don’t have any issue with availability of water. Similarly, our road infrastructure is also very good although we have some challenges with respect to some facilities that should be provided with the roads.

Outcome 7: Other issues of concern

Concerning issues of critical concern, we are concerned about the flooding issues here as earlier stated. The existing farm access roads are gradually getting to bad state due to lack of drainages on the roadway. During torrential rains some of these roads are flooded due to lack of drainage channel to move the water off the road. The sloppy nature of the road is a challenge as lack of drainage system often lead to stagnant water left in some sections of the roads.

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Appendix B

COMMUNITY/INSTITUTION-BASED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)

Environmental and Social Impact Evaluation of Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP)

FGD OR KEY INFORMANTS QUESTIONNAIRE – COMMUNITY DIAGNOSTICS

Name of institution/community: ……………………………………………..…………………………….

Institution/community identification number: ……………………………………….…………………….

LGA/State: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Interviewers: ………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

Number of participating respondents: ……………………………….….……..…………………………

Association/Group: ………………………………………………………………………………………….

A. GENERAL ASSESSMENT

1. What is the highest traditional institution in this community? /What is the overall head of this institution referred to? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What is the approximate population of this community/institution? ………………………………………….

3. What is the major occupation/major course of study in this institution? …………………………………….

4. What are the other occupations? Or associated course of study in the institute? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Please examine the following physical and social infrastructure in your community/institute, what is the nature of these in your area generally irrespective of the consideration for the CAD projects

Available / Not available Level of functionality (number)

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Primary school(s)/High School(s)

Health facilities

Extension services

Supply of farm inputs e.g. chemicals, fertilizers

Provision of farm machines at subsidized rate

Storage facilities

Rural access to road

Provision of water

Public enlightenment about on- going works and farming activities

Credit facility

B. ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED CAD PROJECT(S)

1. Is there any CAD project(s) in this community/institution? ………………….……………………………….

2. If yes, how many and what are their particular names

(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….

(b) …………………………………………………….……………………………………………..………..

3. What are the specific goals of this /these projects?

(a) ……………………………………………..……..…………………………………………….……….

(b) ………………………………………………..………………………………………..………………..

4. How do you think they are linked to the overall agricultural sector of the country?

………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..……...……

………………………………………………………………………….………………………………...…..………

5. Are you aware if there is any effort to expand the operations of these project(s) towards international trade?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Are there any efforts focused on promoting local productive farming for local needs, thus, working to ensure food security? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………

7. How do the liberal/open market policies affect the small scale Nigerian farmers (The agri-business owners)?

……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….

8 Do the funded projects impose specific inputs on the farmer, i.e. seeds?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Are there any new ideologies and models for farming that have been introduced through this/these project(s)?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Are there any efforts to support the preservation of local seeds and biodiversity?

………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...

11. What other associated projects/efforts aimed to support the small scale Nigerian farmers?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………

12. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the CADP in your community/institution?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

C. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CONNECTED TO CAD PROJECTS

How are these environmental issues connected to the proposed CAD projects in your community/institute?

Intensity Footprints/level of impact(s)

Air quality deterioration

Flooding

Environmental degradation/ landscape alterations

Soil pollution/soil contamination

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Water pollution

Noise/vibration (sonic factors)

Deforestation issues

Destruction of ecological life

D. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, LAND CONFLICTS & RELATED ISSUES

1. Are there communal clashes with regards to parcels of land committed to CAD projects in your area? If Yes, please state with examples …………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. Are the resultant cases handled locally through the heads or through the legal agencies?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What is the nature of the resource conflict? Is it directly or indirectly related to the CAD project? Please explain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What in your own opinion is going to be the likely impact of this development on the CAD project?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E. SOCIAL ASPECT & GENDER ISSUES

1. What form of employment has the project contributed to the residents/students community/institute?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Is there any form of sub-contracting services outsourced to other local farmers from the CAD projects?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Are women involved in CAD project with respect to agriculture? ……………………………………………

4. If Yes, What percentage? ………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Do women have equal access to the CAD projects and associated facilities compared to men? ………..

6. Are there barriers to women benefitting from the CAD project and how can they overcome it without creating tension within the community?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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7. Are there necessary frameworks that will support the involvement of women if the extent of involvement is low?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Has the CAD project created further opportunities in the following areas?

To what extent Number of beneficiaries

Learning agri-business

Higher education

Provision of facilities

Provision water

Provision roads

9. Any other social/economic issues regarding the CAD projects in your community/institution?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Appendix C

QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVRIONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALAUTION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE INTERVENTION PROJECTS

Dear Agricultural Landowner,

Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight from the agricultural communities and agricultural landowners on the Environmental and Social Impacts Evaluation of Commercial Agriculture Intervention Projects, the use of best management practices on the farm and participation in government funded cost share programmes. This is your chance to tell us what you think! If you are not a farmer, or if you do not own land that is farmed, please disregard this survey.

NOTE:

Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

Settlement/Community/Activity: ……………………………….. L.G.A: …….………………………………………….…..

Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….……………………….. Date: ……………..……………………………………….

Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural

SECTION A: Household data

1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female

2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs

3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed

4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting

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5. Ethnic Group: (a) Yoruba (b) Igbo (c) Hausa/Fulani (d) Other, specify ………………………….

6. Religion: (a) Muslim (b) Christian (c) Traditional

7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate

8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify…………………. ..

9. Type of HH (a) Normal (b) Woman (c) Child

10. Size of the HH ……………………………

No. of Adults (Above 18) I HH: Men Women

No. of Children (below 18) in HH: Boys Girls

11. Main income source: (a) Agriculture (b) Livestock (c) Daily Labour (d) Trading & Shop Keeping (e) Artisans (f) Employed (salaried) (g) Remittances (h) Fishing (i) Social Support (j) Other

12. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-1 yr (b) 2-4 yrs (c) Above 4 yrs

13. If non-resident, please tell me where you come from: ……………………………………………………. (Location/LGA)

Education

B1.1 Does anyone in the household A Yes b No currently attend school (If no, skip B1.2. Where do the children go to a Primary to D2) school? (Place name) B Junior High c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary B1.3. How long does it take to get a <5 mins to school? b 5-15 mins c 15-30 mins

(Note response to each school d 30-60 mins accessed) e 60+ mins B1.4. What method of transport is a Foot

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used to get to school? b Bicycle

c Mini bus d Taxi (Note response to each school accessed) e Private Car f Okada g Tri-cycle

SECTION B: LAND & AGRCIULTURAL ACTIVITIES

B1. General Land Characteristics

Land Available for cropping …………Acres

Acquired Land: Own Land ……… Acres Rented ……………Acres cost ………………

Shared Borrowed for free ……… Acres Cropping …………… Acres, ……………. % Harvest

Garden with Vegetable Yes No

Do you have debt: Yes / No Cost ……………… NGN

B2. Agriculture

B2.1 Do you grow your own food a Yes b No B2.2 Is anyone in your household engaged a Yes b No B2.3in farming If yes, (if what no, skip crops to D3) do you cultivate in a cassava b Plantain the rainy/wet season c coconut d Sugarcane e Rice f Maize/corn g Yam h Vegetables If other please specify i Other B2.4 If yes, what crops do you cultivate in a cassava b Plantain the dry season (please circle all that apply) c coconut d Sugarcane e Rice f Maize/corn g Yam h Vegetables If other please specify i Other

B2.5 Is the land cultivated: a Owned by you b Rented If other please specify c Sharecropped d Paid by annual e Other donation What percentage of your crops are a. for subsistence b. for sale Check section (B2.3) o

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Check section (B2.4) B2.10 How much income does your a. in a good month b. in a bad month household get from your crops that you sell

Naira Naira B3. Plantation / Trees

B3.1 Is anyone in your household engaged in 1 Yes 2 No plantations or tree cropping (If no, skip to D4) B3.2 If Yes, Please Specify

B3.3 Is the plantation land cultivated a Owned by you b Rented If other please specify c Sharecropped d Paid for by an annual donation to the chief e Other B3.4 How much income does your household get a. in a good season b. in a bad season from the tree crops that you sell Naira Naira

B4. Livestock

B4.1 Does your a Yes B No household own any If yes a. How many In the past, year, what percentage of these animals were livestock b. for your own consumption c. for sale? (a) Cow (b) Sheep

(c) Goats (d) Pigs (e) Poultry (f) Other (specify) Household income from selling meat? a. in a good month b. in a bad month Naira Naira

B5. Fish Farming 1. How many members are in the group for fish farming? ……………………………………………………………………

2. How have you select the member? ……...……………………………………………….……………………………………

3. Did you get training on fish pond construction? (a) Yes (b) No

4. If Yes, for how many days in total? …………………………………………………. days

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5. Did you get support/advice/technical guidance during the fish pond construction? (a) Yes (b) No

6. If yes, by who? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

7. Which points did you take into account for choosing the site for the construction of the fish pond?

(a) …………………………… (b) ……………………………….. (c) ………………………………………….. (d) ……………………………

8. What is the size of your pond? …………………………. m2

9. Who was involved in the fish pond construction?

Group members Yes No

Family members Yes No

Daily Labour Yes No

Workers paid by NGO Yes No

Other, specify:

10. How many days did it take to construct the fish pond? …………………………….

11. Mention four main constraints/problems you faced during the fish pond construction?

(a)……………………………………………………………..

(b) ……………………………………………………………..

(d) ……………………………………………………………….

12. Do you have some expenditure during pond construction? (a) Yes (b) No

13. What type of water sources do you have? (a) Spring (b) Rain (c) River (d) Water Catchment Dam (e) Other, specify

14. Who is the owner of the land where the fish pond is placed? (a) Private Owned (b) Family (c) Cooperative society (d) Partnership (e) Public company (f) Government enterprise (g) Public corporation (i) Other, specify

15. What steps did you do to get a fish harvest?

(a) …………………………………………….

(b) …………………………………………….

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(d) …………………………………………….

16. How do you dispose waste water from fish pond? ………………………

17. From where did you get the fingerlings? ……………..

18. How many fingerlings did you get? …………………..

19. Are you feeding the fish? (a) Yes (b) No

20. If yes, what are you giving? (a) Sunflower cake (b) Cotton cake (c) Maize/rice bran (d) Other, specify

21. Fish pond management strategies (feeding)

QQ in kg Daily Weekly Monthly

What quantity of manure are you applying?

What quantity of sunflower cake are you applying?

What quantity of cotton cake are you applying?

What quantity of maize/rice bran are you applying?

Other, specify: 1

22. Fish pond management strategies (maintenance)

Daily Weekly Monthly

How often do you weed around the fish pond?

How often do you check water level?

How often do you sample the fish for their size?

How often do you check the flow of water?

How often do you check for predators?

How often do you check for leaking of the fish pond?

23. What type of harvest did you do? (a) Partial (b) Total

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24. On average, how much did you harvest? ……………………kg/basket/basin

25. Distribution of fish harvested

How did you use the harvest? %

Distributed to members

Eaten

Sold

Other, specify ……………………..

26. Cash income from sell: ………………………….. NGN

27. Where did you sell the fish?

Yes No

Pond site

In the village

At market place in the village in town

To businessmen/women

Other, specify

28. Did you process some of the harvest? (a) Yes (b) No

29. If yes, what type of processing did you use? (a) Sun dried (b) Smoked (c) Salted (d) Frozen (e) Other, specify ………………………

30. Please, give four problems you faced during the management period?

(a) …………………………………………….

(b) …………………………………………….

(d) …………………………………………….

SECTION C: HEALTH 146

1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by the farming activities? (a) Yes (b) No

2. If yes, in what way? (a) Cause skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Other , Specify………………………..

3. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None

4. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one.

5. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly?

Degree Alway Sparingl Seldo Neve Degree Alway Sparingl Seldo Neve AilmentWhooping s y m r AilmentRheumatism s y m r CoughTuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid Congestive feverMalaria health problemPneumonia Sickle cell Sexually anaemiaEpilepsy transmitted diseases 6. Do you think your ailment/sickness is directly or indirectly linked to the farm activities? (a) Yes (b) No

7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Others, specify:……………………………………

SECTION E. STANDARD OF LIVING

E1. Assets

E1.1 Do you have any of the following items Quantity Quantity a. radio / tape k. beds recorderb. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land n. computer line)e. mobile phone o. generator

147 f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. fishing traps r. hunting trap i. fishing nets s. other hunting equipment j. fishing hooks t. other (specify)

E1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Quantity Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle/ keke NAPE j. other (specify)

E1.3 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - 1 Plastered mud d. Number of rooms 1 1-2 Walls 2 Cement blocks 2 3-4 9 Other (specify) 9 Other b. Construction material - 1 Corrugated e. Other structures on 1 (specify)Animal Pen roofing 2 roofingTile plot 2 Granary 9 Other (specify) 9 Other c. Construction material - 1 Earthen (specify) floor 2 Cement blocks 9 Other (specify) E1.4 Toilet Facility 1 Pit latrine 2 Water borne system 3 Toilet facility outside dwelling 4 Pier latrine 5 None 9 Other (specify) E1.5 Tenure of housing 1 Owned 2 Rented 3 Occupied rent free 9 Other Tenure of land 1 Owned 2 Rented 3 Occupied rent free 4 Lease hold 9 Other

E2. Household Services

Indicate predominantly source of lighting for the household?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Palm (f) (g) (h) (i) Gas Oil Torchlight

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PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Lamp Battery Wood Kerosene

Indicate major source of energy for cooking?

(a) Fire (b) Coal (c) (d) (e) Animal (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Kerosene Eletric dropping Residue/saw dust

E3Sources of Water

for drinking for cooking for bathing and a. Lagoon Yes No Yes No washingYes No b. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No c. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No f. Piped water outside Yes No Yes No Yes No g. Riverdwelling Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Other (specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No

E4 Remittances

E4.1 Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No E4.2 If yes, how much (per month) Naira

E5 Other Income

E5.1 Do you have other income streams 1 Yes 2 No E5.2 If yes, please specify? E5.3 If yes, how much (per month) Naira

E6 Total Income

E6.1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? Naira

SECTION F: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY

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1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to the CAD projects?. (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Others (specify) …………………………..

2. Do you think the LSCADP activities affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area?

(a) Yes (b) No

3. If yes, how? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Desecration of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify:……………………………

4. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste including farm waste? (Multiple options)

(a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify

5. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? a. Same b. Better c. Worse

SECTION F: Impact Evaluation Assessment

1. Please, identify the areas in which CAD Projects have really impacted on you?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(e.g. infrastructural development, agricultural productivity, Loan, agricultural input etc)

2. Please identify the projects implemented by CADP in your organization and the environment (Multiple options)?

(a) Road Construction (b) Power supply (Electricity) (c) Water tanker (d) Fingerling (e) Drainage system (f) Seedling (g) Other specify

3. How has the project impacted on you?

Positive impact Negative impact

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(d)

(e)

(f)

4. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the CAD projects in your area, please state clearly?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

Appendix D

Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutants Time of Average Limits Particulates Daily average of daily values 1hour 250µg/m3 600 µg/m3 Sulphur oxide Daily average of hourly 0.01ppm (Sulphur dioxide) values 1 hour 0.1ppm Non-methane hydrocarbon Daily average of 3- 160µg/m3 hourly values Carbon monoxide Daily average of hourly 10ppm values 8-hour average 20ppm Nitrogen oxides Daily average of hourly values 0.04- 0.06ppm (Nitrogen dioxide) (range) Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 0.5 110 0.25 115 Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution

Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; Institutional; educations 55 45 Industrial; commercial 70 70

Source: World Bank Group 2007: General EHS Guidelines

Groundwater Samples Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissible Limit Level Level

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Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissible Limit Level Level pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, - µS/cm NS 1000 0 Temperature, C NS NS <40 Turbidity, NTU NS NS 1.0 Total Dissolved 500 Solids, mg/l 200 500 Salinity, ppt NS NS Hardness, mg/l 200

CaCO3 100 500 Alkalinity, mg/l - NS NS Dissolved 7.5 Oxygen, mg/l NS NS BOD5, mg/l NS NS 0 COD, mg/l NS NS - Chloride, mg/l 200 600 250 Nitrate, mg/l - - 10 Sulphate, mg/l 200 400 500 Phosphate, mg/l NS NS 5 Sodium, mg/l NS NS 200 Calcium, mg/I 75 200 - Magnesium, - mg/l 30 75 Potassium, mg/l NS NS - THC, mg/l 0.01 0.3 - Oil and Grease - - 0.05 Heavy Metals

Iron, mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 Zinc, mg/l 5.0 15.0 5.0 Lead, mg/l NS NS 0.05 Mercury, mg/l NS NS 0.01 Copper, mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.05 Chromium, mg/l NS NS 0.01 Cadmium, mg/l NS NS 0.03 Nickel, mg/l NS NS - Arsenic, mg/l NS NS -

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