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Rural Kenyan Luo Women's Lived Experiences : an Interpretation

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Rural Kenyan Luo Women's Lived Experiences : an Interpretation INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 RURAL KENYAN LUO WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES: AN INTERPRETATION by Felicia A. Opiyo A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 1996 Approved by LA. Dissertation'Advisor ' UMI Number: 9632146 Copyright 1996 by Opiyo, Felicia A. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9632146 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 © 1996 by Felicia A. Opiyo APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate school at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dissertation Advisor Committee Members April \Ox 1W Date of Acceptance by Committee fYXfrvilx 21, \c\c[(e> Date of Final Oral Examination OPIYO. FELICIA A. (Ph.D). Rural Kenyan Luo Women's Lived Experiences: An Interpretation. (1996) Directed by Dr. Mary Y. Morgan. 156 pp. The purpose of this research was to provide insight into the roles of rural Kenyan Luo women as farmers, homemakers, and members of women's groups. More specifically, this research explored nine rural women's multiple roles regarding their work/family expectations and responsibilities, especially in relation to family traditions, household tasks, food production, and income-generating activities. Five women in their twenties and four women in their forties were selected from Kendu Bay in western Kenya. Interpretive inquiry based on phenomenology and hermeneutics was used because it fostered exploration of the meaning of daily life experiences from the perspective of those living it. The major method of data collection was in-depth individual interviews using a series of open-ended questions. Each woman was interviewed three times for one to two hours each time. The transcribed texts were shared with the women for clarification and change. A feminist approach was used because it provided for an open, egalitarian relationship between the researcher and the participants which facilitated conversational dialogue. Through the analysis, themes emerged which created a sense of those threads that flowed through rural Kenyan Luo women's roles as homemakers, farmers, and members of women's groups, informing their attitudes and behaviors. Patriarchy was an over-arching theme which influenced all aspects of the women's lives—marriage, work, and children—and seemed to form the base for the other major themes: conformity and struggle. Conformity was necessary to acquire a good name through respect and reciprocity, and to maintain connection to the community by observation of rituals and taboos. Struggle was exhibited in hard work, conflict between old and new values/practices, and their reflections about life. All themes were intertwined and overlapping and were evident throughout the women's lives. Together they formed a picture which depicted the interdependence and multiplicity in rural Luo Kenyan women's lives and explained how their lives work for them as they maintain their traditions in a changing world. The voices of the women reiterated the existence of these themes and through a shared perception of their significance and meaning, greater understanding of their lives was created. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Mary Morgan, my dissertation committee chair and a friend, for her facilitative, tireless efforts, enlightening input, and for bearing with me. Completion of this research could not have been possible without her. She has been a role model for me; her guidance and patience were most appreciated. Special thanks goes to my friend and mentor Dr. Barbara Clawson, who was my advisor during the first two years of my education, for her encouragement, patience, and the time she spent with me, as well as her help as a member of my committee. I would also like to thank the other committee members, Dr. Cheryl Lovelady and Dr. Carolyn Dunn, for their encouragement, suggestions for improvement on my work, and feedback on this project. I would like to thank the nine participants at Kendu Bay who put up with my persistent questioning and shared their homes and their lives with me. Without them, this research could not have been possible. Many thanks go to the public health community worker Mr. Peter Oburu, and the extension worker in Kendu Bay area, Mrs. Joyce Onyango for their support in collecting data. I also thank the entire Kendu Bay health care personnel for all their assistance. I wish to thank various organizations for providing financial support: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, particularly the School of Human Environmental Sciences for Naomi Albanese Fellowship, D. Elizabeth William iii scholarship, and Research Assistantship; the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences for Marion Piper Scholarship; and Egerton University in Kenya for making it possible for me to come to United States for graduate studies. Many special thanks also go to Many friends Mrs. Hazel Clawson, for her encouragement and assistance; Professor Shem Migot-Adholla for sharing his knowledge on the cultural aspects of this research; Joyce Strong, Nancy and Isaiah Hall, Phyllis Sanders, Dr. Catherine Walker-Wilson, and Dr. Grace Wasike for encouragement and support; Ugo Okafor for support and friendship; and my Church family, especially the pastor, and his wife Frank and Michie Dew for prayers, encouragement and financial support. Throughout the research process I had support from my family: my sisters, Janet, Doreen and Monica; my brother Wycliffe; my brother and sister-in-law Tom and Dawn; for their love and assistance; and my brothers-in-law, Mr. Abilla especially Professor Okidi for his advise, encouragement and tremendous help. Many thanks to Tom and Dawn for their love and assistance. I am infinitely thankful to my parents who provided the foundation for who I am today. As a child, they taught me that education is the way and that moved me to set my eyes on the highest academic degree, a dream I have now achieved. They continue to be my role models and are also my greatest teachers. Thank you for the sacrifices; it has been worth it. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page APPROVAL PAGE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ! iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Justification 4 Statement of Purpose 4 Reflections 5 Definition of Kenyan Luos 8 Assumptions 13 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14 Historical Context 14 Gender Roles in Pre-Colonized Africa 14 Changes Created by Colonization 16 Women's Work 17 Contemporary African Women's Roles 19 Women's Productive Roles (Work) 19 Farm Technology 22 Access to Capital 23 Women's Reproductive Roles 24 Family Planning 24 Health 27 Women's Groups 32 Income-generating Projects 33 Cultural Influences 34 Education 34 Marriage 38 Religion 41 Role of Extension Program in Kenya 42 Home Economics Extension Program 44 Appropriate Technology 45 Nutrition Education 47 Population Education 48 Home Management 48 Summary 48 v III. COMPOSITION OF THE RESEARCH 51 Feminist Research Methodology 51 Research Procedures 53 Participants 53 Data Collection 54 Data Analysis : 56 Criteria for Validity 58 IV. RURAL KENYAN WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES: AN INTERPRETATION 61 Process of Analysis 61 Profiles of Rural Luo Women's Roles 61 Being a Homemaker 61 Being a Farmer 63 Being a Member of a Women Group 65 Themes 67 Partriarchy 68 Marriage 69 Work 74 Children 77 Summary 80 Conformity . 81 Good Name 81 Respect 82 Reciprocity 86 Connection to Home 88 Rituals and Taboos 89 Summary 102 Struggle 102 Hard Work 102 Conflict Between Old and New 109 Reflections 125 Summary 127 Discussion 128 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 131 Research Implications 132 Future Research Needs 136 REFERENCES 139 APPENDICES 147 vi 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Women in developing countries play a major role in food production. They participate in virtually all activities involved in the food production cycle including planting, harvesting, transporting, processing, storing, preparing, and consumption. This predominant role of women in food production is well documented. Literature indicates that about half of the women in the world live and work in rural areas in developing countries and are responsible for 40 to 80 percent of the agricultural production (Abdullah, 1980; Amuge, 1986; Annabel, 1991; Bryson, 1981; Buvinic & Yudelman, 1989; Charlton, 1984; Lindsay, Milner & Harries, 1977; Midamba-House, 1990; Savane, 1980; Slayter-Thomas, 1992; Tadesse, 1984).
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