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1 Vergleichende Studie Zur Praxis Weiblicher Genitalverstümmelung Und Strategien Zu Ihrer Beendigung in Kenia, Ghana Und Ägyp

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1 Vergleichende Studie Zur Praxis Weiblicher Genitalverstümmelung Und Strategien Zu Ihrer Beendigung in Kenia, Ghana Und Ägyp Vergleichende Studie zur Praxis weiblicher Genitalverstümmelung und Strategien zu ihrer Beendigung in Kenia, Ghana und Ägypten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigt durch die Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg von Idah Nabateregga M.A. geb. am 22.02.1980 in Jinja/Uganda Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl Peter Fritzsche Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Habil. Heiko Schrader Eingereicht am: 18. Dezember 2014 Verteidigung der Dissertation am: 06. Juli 2015 1 A Comparative study of Female Genital Mutilation practices and abandonment strategies in Kenya, Ghana and Egypt Dissertation for the acquisition of the academic degree Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. Phil.) Approved by the Faculty of Human sciences Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg From: Idah Nabateregga M.A. Date of Birth: 22.02.1980 in Jinja/Uganda Referee: Prof. Dr. Karl Peter Fritzsche Referee: Prof. Dr. Habil. Heiko Schrader Date of submission: 18. December 2014 Date of defence: 06. July 2015 2 1. Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work. To the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made. Idah Nabateregga 3 2. Acknowledgement This study is consultative and all-inclusive, as it involves various views of stakeholders. Namely, government institutions, civil society organizations at the national and community levels, FGM scholars and authors based in studied countries, community elders, religious leaders, women groups, and females subjected and at risk of the being circumcised. Further views from law enforcement officers, legal authorities, medical personnel, teachers, school pupils and students, male opinion and circumcisers also address the study. Participants gave an account of the realities of FGM on ground. I therefore hereby convey my sincere gratitude to all the people who in various ways contributed to this project. Special thanks goes to all those that aided, supported and inspired me in this academic venture. Trying to list them all would be out of question. My profound gratitude goes first and foremost to DAAD for the financial support of this Doctorate project. Exceptional acknowledgement goes out to my Doctorate fathers: Prof. Dr. Karl Peter Fritzsche and Prof. Dr. Habil. Heiko Schrader – for; inspiring the development of my academic life, for the academic support, inputs and guidance throughout this project. Prof Karl Peter Fritzsche has significantly influenced my understanding and approach to human rights and appreciation for the practice of Human Rights (HR). His commitments to the subject has consistently served to remind me that HR is not just another academic subject, but its effects extends far beyond the academic rooms, to engage with a world full of injustices and sufferings. I also deeply appreciate the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development in Kenya (Christine Ochieng-UNICEF/UNFPA FGM/C Joint Programme Coordinator at national focal point; Protus Onyango, the Assistant Deputy Director of Ministry of Gender, Children, and Social Development) for the kind cooperation and field trip support. Sincere appreciation is dedicated also to the Meru elder (s)—Rev. Stephen A. Mugambi Mwithimbu and World vision-Kenya for allowing me be part of the implementation team of FGM abandonment projects. I am also very grateful to authors – Ibrahim Lethome Asmani (Chairman Council of religious leaders and imam); Sheikh Maryam Abdi-Child protection officer UNICEF in Kenya, and Patricia Akwaengo and the Navrongo Health Research Centre (stuff) in Ghana. I significantly with deep sorrow humbly owe an inexpressible debt of gratitude to my late husband Moses Mpalanyi Nkoyoyo, who passed away in a car accident on 24.10.2013 at Namugongo Road in Uganda amidst my doctorate project. This project is a fruitful dedication of his life and the priorities he set aside for me to walk through this academic journey. He exceptionally contributed to the success and quality of a person I am today through his social, moral, academic and financial support and commitment. I will always dearly recognize his kindness, love, care and support for me. These memories will always remain enclosed at heart. May you Rest in Eternal Peace. To our dear beloved son Joshua Mpalanyi, this has been the most challenging time of your life. I am overwhelmed by your support and thoughtfulness. I appreciate so much, that you took common courtesy to an uncommon level. For all the little ways you have pitched in, I am touched and grateful. You have always known how to make life brighter and put a smile on my face. You make the world a nicer place. You are a blessing to me. Heartfelt thanks! Profound gratefulness is devoted to the principled men in my life – Joshua and André, as well as my parents, brothers (Herbert and Geofrey), sisters, relatives and friends. Your thoughtfulness, support and encouragement are a gift I will always treasure. There is nothing random about your love and acts of kindness – for most times the simplest things mean the most... Thank you for my burden bearing and laughter sharing! 4 3. Dedication This Doctoral thesis is a special dedication to the passed away souls: my late husband Moses Mpalanyi (died 24.10.2013) and my lovely Aunt - Ruth Nabateregga (died 07.11.2014). You are the living embodiment of John Wesley's words: ‘Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can…’ You certainly have done the best for me and I am so thankful. May you both rest in Peace. May the pains of this doctoral journey be translated into gains to my son and my whole family for their commitment, support, care and love. 5 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FGM PRACTICES AND ABANDONMENT STRATEGIES IN KENYA, GHANA AND EGYPT 4. Table of Content 1. Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... 4 3. Dedication ................................................................................................................................ 5 4. Table of Content ...................................................................................................................... 6 5. List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 11 6. Abstracts ................................................................................................................................ 12 German ............................................................................................................................. 12 English .............................................................................................................................. 19 PART I: THE ART AND STATE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ............ 28 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE ART AND STATE OF FGM ............................................... 28 1.1 What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)? ......................................................... 28 1.1.1 FGM Terminologies ........................................................................................... 30 1.1.2 Descriptions of Types ......................................................................................... 32 1.1.3 The procedure ..................................................................................................... 34 1.1.4 Evolutionary theories of FGM ........................................................................... 37 1.2 Understanding FGM perpetuations ....................................................................... 40 1.2.1 Social solidarity Theory ..................................................................................... 41 1.2.2 Behavioral theory ............................................................................................... 43 1.2.3 Psychological process ........................................................................................ 43 1.3 Underlying factors/possible root causes for FGM ................................................ 44 1.4 Common justifications for FGM ............................................................................ 46 1.5 Associated risks/consquences of FGM ................................................................... 49 1.6 Documentation of FGM .......................................................................................... 52 1.6.1 Prevalence of FGM in Africa ............................................................................. 53 1.6.2 Prevalence of FGM in Egypt, Kenya and Ghana ............................................... 54 1.6.3 Factors influencing the prevalence rates of FGM .............................................. 57 1.6.4 Emerging trends ................................................................................................. 60 1.7 Medicalization of FGM ........................................................................................... 62 6 PART II: Theoretical discourses ................................................................................................. 66 2 THE FEMINIST SOCIOLOGY OF FGM ........................................................................
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