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World Bank Document PUB-7853 A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized Kenya The Role of Women in Economic Development 003I'i Public Disclosure Authorized I t Public Disclosure Authorized _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ him -n - a Public Disclosure Authorized RECENTWORLD BANK 72USSI&NPAPERS No. 1. Publicr prisesin Sub-SaharanAfrica. John R. Nellis No. 2. RaisingSchool Quality in DevelopingCountries: What InvestmentsBoost Learning?Bruce Fuller No. 3. A Svstemfor Evaluatinathe Performanceof Government-InvestedEnterprises in the Republicof Korea. YoungC. Park No. 4. CountryCommitment to DevelopmentProjects. Richard Heaver and ArturoIsrael No. 5. PublicExpenditure in LatinAmerica: Effectson Poverty. Guy P. Pfeffermann No. 6. CommunityParticipation in DevelopmentProjects: The World Bank Experience.Samuel Paul No. 7. InternationalFinancial Flows to Brazilsince the Late 1960s: An Analysisof Debt Expansion and PaymentsProblems. PauloNogueira Batista, Jr. No. 8. 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AgriculturalTrade Protectionism in Japan: A Survey. DelbertA. Fitchett No. 29. MultisectorFramework for Analysisof Stabilizationand StructuralAdjustment Policies: The Case of Morocco. Abel M. Mateusand others No. 30. Improvingthe Qualityof Textbooksin China. BarbaraW. Searleand MichaelMertaugh with AnthonyRead and PhilipCohen (Continuedon the insideback cover.) A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY Kenya The Role of Women in Economic Development The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright ( 1989 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1989 World Bank Country Studies are reports originally prepared for internal use as part of the continuing analysis by the Bank of the economic and related conditions of its developing member countries and of its dialogues with the goverrnments. Some of the reports are published informally with the least possible delay for the use of governments and the academic, business and financial, and development communities. Thus, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers. The designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates,or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications,which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions; it is of value principally to libraries and institutional purchasers. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66 avenue d'I6na, 75116 Paris, France. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kenya : the role of women in economic development. p. cm. -- (A World Bank country study) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-8213-1226-X 1. Women in development--Kenya. I. International Bank for Reconstructlon and Development. II. Series. HQ1240.5.K4K47 1989 305.42'096762--dc2O 89-33462 CIP - iii - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This is the World Bank's first country study focusing on women in development. The Government of Kenya welcomed, supported, and assisted the effort over the past two years, and many people in Kenya gave generously of their ideas and time. The study was prepared by the Women in Development Division of PPR in close cooperation with the Eastern Africa Department (AF2). Barbara Herz, Chief, PHRWD, directed preparation in collaboration with James Adams, Director, and Michael Mills, Deputy Director of the Regional Office in Nairobi. Several consultants contributed. Constantina Safilios and Joseph Maitha provided essential material to Chapter I on Women in Agriculture. Maureen Lewis co-authored Chapter II on Women's Education, Jennifer Mukolwe co-authored Chapter III on Women's Health, and Carolyn McCommon co-authored Chapter IV on Women and Water. Marcia Schafgans gave able research assistance. Fakhruddin Ahmed, Fermin Fautsch, and Zelig Matmor of the Nairobi Office, and K.Y. Amoako, Ian Bannon, Swadesh Bose, Ann Duncan, David Grey, David Hatendi, Robert Hindle, V. Jagdish and Katrine Saito in Washington gave advice and suggestions. Ann 0. Hamilton, Director, PHR, and Callisto Madavo, Director, AF2, provided guidance and encouragement. - v - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. OVERVIEW ............................................................ xi Chapter I. RAISING WOMEN'S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY .... ...........1 Women and Kenya's Agriculture ....................................... 1 Smallholders at the Center of Agriculture ...................... 2 Population Pressure on Smallholdings ........................... 2 A Strategy for Smallholder Agriculture ......................... 4 Women's Growing Responsibility for Farming ..................... 6 Productivity, Poverty and Gender ............................... 10 Equipping Women Farmers to Respond .................................. 14 Agricultural Extension ......................................... 15 Provision of Inputs ............................................ 23 Agricultural Credit ............................................ 23 Further Systems Research Needs ................................. 28 Conclusion .......................................................... 29 Chapter II. EDUCATION OF WOMEN ..................................... 30 Introduction ........................................................ 30 The Educational System .............................................. 33 Levels of Schooling ............................................ 33 Academic Curriculum ............................................ 33 Primary School Enrollment ...................................... 33 Secondary School Enrollment .................................... 37 Tertiary Education ............................................. 47 Expanding the Reach and Improving the Quality of Education .... ...... 49 Measuring Education Quality .................................... 49 Financing Expansion in Education ............................... 51 Community and Parental Willingness to Pay ...................... 52 Benefits of Female Education ........................................ 53 Conclusions ......................................................... 57 - vi - Chapter III. WOMEN'S HEALTH ........................................ 60 Introduction ................ 60 Better Health and Longer Life .................................. 60 The Demand for Children ........................................ 60 High Fertility and Population Growth Rates ..................... 62 Government Policy .............................................. 63 Women
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