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Prospects of High-Energy Nuclear Physics

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Prospects of High-Energy Nuclear Physics Prospects of high-energy nuclear physics • Status and prospects – LHC, FAIR, NICA •ALICE – Great Russian & JINR Contribution – Great success! Detectors work very well, results are coming – Look forward at first HI data, discovery machine from day one • FUTURE – Fertile field for science and for Italian-Russian Collaboration • ALICE various detectors (direct collaboration in the muons arm, Particle ID (TOF and HMPID), ITS, and collaboration on Physics analysis • Important to complete the program and the detector (PHOS) Paolo Giubellino • A relevant program of Upgrades already developing = > INFN Torino room for important collaboration ITALY-RUSSIA • NICA is an opportunity to be explored Round Table December 19 2009 A bit of history: / 2007 Accelerators 2008 2009 of Heavy Ions 2010 • Experimental programs with High Energy nuclear beams have been carried out for more >1986 than 20 years • After the pioneering work at the Bevalac in the late seventies, 4 facilities at really high energy: AGS, SPS, RHIC and LHC • Two communities joined: • particle physicists • nuclear physicists •Latest news: Pb injection in the LHC performed succesfully! H. Specht, 1992 Very difficult experiments... central Au-Au event @ ~130 GeV/nucleon CM energy STAR … a developing field! • SPIRES query for all publications with QGP, SQGP, QUARK-GLUON PLASMA, QCD PLASMA, STRONGLY COUPLED PLASMA, STRONGLY-COUPLED PLASMA in their title: Field has gone from the periphery into a central activity of contemporary Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics has changed a lot… Eiffel tower ALICE • Size, ~ 7300 tons magnet complexity and ~ 8000 tons time span of projects have grown enormously, and they develop over decades, carried by large international collaborations Even the “simplest” element requiresAluminum te know- from Armenia how and contribution from all over the world Steel cone from Finland Example: the ALICE Muon Absorber – complex mechanical piece ~ 100 tons ~ 18 m Concrete from France, Engineering & Supervision by CERN Design• by optimized Russia (Sarov/ISTC) material content Graphite & Steel from India W, Pb, Fe, graphite, Boron, plastic, concrete,.. • carefully chosen Leadgeometry from England – minimize cost via design by factor 2! • and by worldwide Italian polyethylene Support from Italy bargain hunting Tungsten from China To do what? … explained very well by Prof. Di Giacomo just now! Early Ideas • Hagedorn 1965: mass spectrum of hadronic states => Critical temprature Tc=B • QCD 1973: asymptotic freedom Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the interactions between – D.J.Gross and F.Wilczek, H.D. Politzer quarks and gluons [Nobel Prize 2004] • 1975: asymptotic QCD and deconfined quarks and gluons – N. Cabibbo and G. Parisi, J. Collins and M. Perry Interpretation of the Hagedorn temperature as a phase transition rather than a limitingT: “We suggest … a different phase of the vacuum in which quarks are not confined” First schematic phase diagram (Cabibbo and Parisi, 1975) Exploring the QCD phase diagram T.D. Lee (1975) “it would be interesting to explore new phenomena by distributing a high amount of energy or high nuclear density over a relatively large volume “ How? Colliding nuclei at very high energy Complex picture, with many features quark-gluon plasma (QGP) Tc Early universe χ−symmetric hadron gas χ− Symmetry Broken Temperature Colour super nucleon gas nuclei conductor neutron stars net baryon density ρ0 Phase diagram for H O 2 Critical endpoint Study how collective phenomena and macroscopic properties of strongly interacting matter emerge from fundamental interactions Lattice QCD predicts a rapid transition, with correlated deconfinement and chiral restauration In a nutshell • Study Matter under Extreme Conditions of temperature (100,000 times that of the center of the Sun) and density • ‘state of matter’ at high temperature & energy density: TheThe QGPQGP – ground state of QCD & primordial matter of the Universe • partons are deconfined (not bound into composite particles) • chiral symmetry is restored (partons are ~ massless) – ‘the stuff at high T where ordinary hadrons are no longer the relevant d.o.f’ • Mission of Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions – search for the QGP phase – measure its properties – discover new aspects of QCD in the strongly coupled regime • Answer some of the most fundamental questions about our Universe and its development – A small “big bang” in the laboratory…. What do we measure? Language • We all have in common basic nuclear properties – A, Z … • But some are specific to heavy ion physics –v2 Fourier coefficient of azimuthal anisotropies “flow” 1 if yield = perturbative value from initial parton-parton flux –RAA –T Temperature (MeV) – μB Baryon chemical potential (MeV) ~ net baryon density 3 – η Viscosity ( MeV ) indirectly inferred from RAA and v2 –s Entropy density ~ “particle” density dE T 1 dE T – ε Energy density (Bjorken 1983): ε = = 2 A T dz πR τ dy Collision Geometry In these complicated events, we have (a posteriori ) control over the event geometry: Centrality → impact parameter (b) spectators selection on collision geometry z “peripheral” => b ~ bmax “central” => b ~ 0 For a given b, Glauber model participants: gives Npart nucleons in y and Nbin coll nuclear overlap x spectators 1234 Measured with Zero Degree Calorimeters Detecting the spectator nucleons ZP ~ 100m away from theinteraction point Or via transverse energy / part. multiplicity ZN Space-time Evolution of the Collisions p time γ e φ jet K π μ Λ γ e Freeze-out (~ 10 fm/c) (no more elastic → collisions) n o Hadronization si n particle composition pa is fixed (no more x E inel. Collisions) → QGP (~ few fm/c) Hard Scattering + Thermalization space (< 1 fm/c) Pb Pb @2000: 25 countries, HI experiments at the SPS about 500 physicists involved strangeness, hadron spectra, large acceptance Ongoing! 2009 NA61 (SHINE) muons multistrange electrons NA60 2000 strangeness, NA49 NA57 exotics hadron spectra photons Pb NA50 NA52 WA97 NA45 WA98 1994 (Ceres) NA44 muons NA34/3 WA94 (Helios-3) strangeness S NA35 NA36 WA85 NA34(Helios-2) NA38 WA80 1986 HADRONS LEPTONS, PHOTONS Experiments at RHIC STAR Both running (energy scan) and being upgraded PHENIX • Hadronic Observables • Leptons, Photons, & Hadrons • Large Acceptance (TOF, HBD, Vertex dets) BRAHMS PHOBOS 95° Inclusive Particle Production, Charged Hadrons, Large Rapidity Range Particle Correlations 30° 2.3° Both completed 30° 15° A few fundamental results • Experimental results have been populating the phase diagram • The fireball emits hadrons fron an equilibrium state – All data at the different energies are in agreement with a thermal model with 3 parameters: T, μB , V – A limiting temperature emerges as a function of c.m. energy , matching predictions from Lattice QCD for a phase limit • The fireball expands collectively like an almost ideal fluid – hydrodynamic flow characterized by azimuthal anisotropy coeffient v2 – The system has very low viscosity (close to the AdS/CFT limit) – Flow builds up at the partonic level • At high T (RHIC energies) the matter produced is opaque to hard probes (high-pT particles suppressed, opposite-side jet absorbed) • At RHIC multiplicities consistent with gluon saturation effects What is going on? – The field, which is largely data-driven, has seen a major development in the last few years, both in theory and experiment, and has ambitious plans for the coming decade: • A vigorous exploration of the QCD phase diagram – In the high-μB direction – In the high-T direction – At the liquid-gas boundary • Different methods and approaches, with a common aim: a qualitative step towards a description of high-density and temperature nuclear matter calculable from first principles Exploring high baryon densities A field of great interest! Search for the CB M critical point, study phase transition, EOS • CERN: – NA61 (SHINE) experiment • RHIC – Energy scan • GSI: – A very lively program ongoing at SIS (FOPI, KaoS, HADES) – A rich future: FAIR (CBM) MPD • 100*SPS beam intensity • DUBNA – NICA HI collider with MPD Detector: • Good systematics (like RHIC) • High rate (10* SPS) Second Generation Experiments Critical point, critical phenomena Critical Opalescence as observed in CO2 liquid-gas transition T. Andrews. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., 159:575, 1869 T > TC T~TC T < TC Current : SPS - SHINE A significant difference between freeze-out and transition temperature can lead to dilution of the signatures of the QCD critical point. One way address this is to vary system size/colliding ion size. F. Becattini et al., PRC 73, 044905 What is the difference vs. NA49 ? Experimental set up : New spectator calorimeter for centrality selection Forward Time-Of-Flight Beam pipe TPC readout speed Physics Program : Studying QCD Critical Point and Onset of various observations with varying colliding ion size, collision centrality and having a proper p+p baseline RHIC Critical Point Search Program Hadron Mass 200 GeV 62.4 GeV Beam Energy 9.2 GeV Uniform acceptance for different particle species and for different beam energies in the same experimental setup (advantage over fixed traget expt.) PROBLEM: low luminosity at low energy Future: CBM @ FAIR CBM at SIS 300 will start in > 2017 Claudia Hoehne 10-45A GeV beam energy, high availability of beam (order of 10 weeks per year), interaction rates up to 10 MHz “CBM light” at SIS 100 in 2015 Au beam up to 11A GeV, p beam up to 30 GeV (multistrange hyperons, charm production in pA) Assume 10 weeks beam time, 25A Gev Au+Au (minbias), no trigger, 25 kHz
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