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One Goal, Two Methods Belgian and Dutch CICM Missionaries in Mongolia and Gansu During the Late Nineteenth Century

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One Goal, Two Methods Belgian and Dutch CICM Missionaries in Mongolia and Gansu During the Late Nineteenth Century One Goal, two Methods Belgian and Dutch CICM missionaries in Mongolia and Gansu during the late nineteenth century Word count (excluding references): 25’508 Research Master Thesis: 30 ECTS Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jos Gommans 25-12-2019 Thidrek Vossen (胡岺憧) ) Leiden University, s2095939 Motetpad 9, Nijmegen [email protected] - +31613932668 Inhoud Preface and acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Previous research ................................................................................................................................ 4 Method, sources and language ........................................................................................................... 8 Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Ch. 1: The Historical and Spatial context of Scheut .............................................................................. 11 The Nineteenth Century Global Changes .......................................................................................... 11 The Chinese North-West: A Spatial consideration ............................................................................ 14 A Short Frontier History................................................................................................................. 15 The societies of Mongolia and Gansu ........................................................................................... 16 On the eve of Scheut’s arrival ........................................................................................................... 19 Ch2. The history of the congregation of Scheut .................................................................................... 20 From an orphanage into mission....................................................................................................... 20 The Scheut mission in the Chinese frontier ...................................................................................... 22 Scheut in nineteenth century China .................................................................................................. 24 Ch. 3 Scheut’s Method of Conversion ................................................................................................... 26 The common ‘Ordos’ method of the congregation .......................................................................... 26 Teaching the new missionaries ......................................................................................................... 30 The Limits of the Approach, Scheut in Gansu ................................................................................... 32 The Deviation; The Gansu Method ................................................................................................... 33 Segregation versus integration ......................................................................................................... 36 Ch. 4 Conversion and Conflict 1890-1900 ............................................................................................. 38 The expansion of the mission ............................................................................................................ 38 Instances of social interaction ........................................................................................................... 42 Radical reactions ............................................................................................................................... 49 Conflicts, methods and the reception ............................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 54 Bibliography:.......................................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix: .............................................................................................................................................. 63 1 Preface and acknowledgements Throughout studies during my bachelor and research-master, I developed a peculiar fascination for the history of Europa within the Chinese empire, especially during the reign of the Qing dynasty (大清). Most of the tales I have encountered throughout my time at the University of Nijmegen and Leiden concerned the political and military perspectives, such as the British interference in the Taiping Rebellion or the Sino-Dutch conflict over Taiwan. Yet, to my surprise, I had never considered the European mission enterprise as a viable or relevant field of study until it was suggested by my supervisor Prof. Dr. Jos Gommans. As a student in a somewhat secular environment, the mission appeared a boring, bleak and neglectable part of the nineteenth century global history. When a thesis in this field was therefore suggested by my supervisor, I was hesitant in considering it as a viable option. However, I was severely mistaken as the European mission in China proofed, after some preliminary research, to be a most interesting field. In this preface, I therefore want to first express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Jos Gommans, for opening my eyes to a direction that I would otherwise not have seen. I would also like to thank my second supervisor, Dr. Harry Knipschild, who was willing to spend his valuable time guiding me through the complex interconnected history of the Scheut mission within their Chinese vicariates. Without his help, researching and writing this thesis would have been a lot more difficult. Though circumstances prevented him to guide me until the final version, his help has been greatly appreciated and wholeheartedly wish him well. Alongside, I also want to express gratitude to the many other scholars who have aided me during the various stages of this research. Jean-Paul Wiest for instance awakened my curiosity in the mission history, while Joseph-Tse Lee guided me through the research conducted in China itself. Though parts of this undertaking were unsuccessful, they were still a valuable experience for any further academic opportunities. Several of my friends were also of great help by providing feedback on my ideas and lending an ear when I believed myself lost in the research. Though the progress has, at times, been a difficult and tough ordeal, their continued support has bolstered my resolve at the crucial moments. Concerning the thesis, much of the material used consisted of various languages and, at times, requires a certain understanding of Chinese history and geography. I have attempted to guide the reader through these difficulties and provide a paper that is clear, insightful and hopefully a contribution to the often-overlooked field of mission history. Any errors or faults in this thesis are entirely my responsibility. With the submission of this thesis, I will finish the final step of my educative period at the University. But, as history teaches us, there is always more to learn and additional challenge to overcome, to which I look forwards. Thidrek (Rik) Vossen, 2020-2-8, Shanghai 2 Introduction The nineteenth century was in many ways a century in which the world witnessed profound changes as revolutions, both in political as technological sense, increasingly connected local environments with the wider global world. The emergence of Belgian and Dutch missionaries, who were part of a newly established Belgian mission order, in the frontier regions of the Chinese Qing Empire serves as a good example of these changes. Founded in the 1862, this order, called the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary or the congregation of Scheut in short, had travelled towards the East to conduct a mission in the largely mysterious Chinese Qing empire. However, instead of going to the coastal regions, where many other missions such as the French Lazarist operated, they went even further and established themselves along China’s northern frontier, in the provinces of present day inner-Mongolia and Gansu.1 From their arrival in 1864 until their expulsion in 1949 by the Chinese communist government, the congregation had conducted the mission within those regions and through their role as cultural mediators, became a distinct part of those societies. During the period in which the congregation of Scheut operated in China, it experienced some of the most influential events in recent Chinese history, such as the Boxer rebellion, fall of the Qing empire and the victory of the Communist party. Within these events, the Boxer rebellion holds a unique place in the congregation’s history. When a German missionary was murdered in the coastal province of Shandong in 1900, the mission demanded a new Cathedral as reparation, at the expense of the local government.2 The seemingly minor incident, called the Juye incident, however sparked a revolt which unexpectedly exploded into a nation-wide popular uprising. Unlike previous revolts, it was not directed against the Chinese Qing government, but uniquely against the increasing Western presence that had emerged in China following the Opium War treaties in the 1850s. Eventually supported by the Qing government,
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