TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 1

Looking up © iStock.com/Stolk. Star is born, universe, big bang, explosion, comet © iStock.com/gremlin. Screenshot of the movie “Hubble-15 years of Discovery”, ESA, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hst15years2.tiff, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC by 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Magellanic Cloud © iStock.com/Creativemarc. Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers, Druck v L. Sachse & Co. , URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Heinrich_Wilhelm_Olbers_(1758%E2%80%931840).jpg, Accessed 22/06/2017. Olber’s paradox, Unknown creator, URL: http://www.crystalinks.com/olberparadox.jpg, Accessed 22/06/2017. Doppler effect diagrammatic, Tkarcher, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Doppler_effect_diagrammatic.png, Accessed 29/06/2017. The Doppler Effect, BYUIS, URL: https://youtu.be/Kg9F5pN5tlI, The electromagnetic spectrum, Victor Blacus, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.png , Accessed 22/06/2017. Light: Crash Course Astronomy #24, Crash Course, PBS, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jjy-eqWM38g, Accessed 13/07/2017. Redshift, Aleš Tošovský, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redshift_blueshift.svg, Accessed 22/06/2017. 100 inch telescope at Mount Wilson, Andrew Dunn, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:100inchHooker.jpg, Accessed 22/06/2017, © Andrew Dunn, 1989. William Parsons, Observations on the Nebulae, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 140, 499-514 (1850). Cepheid Variable Star V1 in M31, NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA), URL: https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/551318main_hs-2011-15-a.jpg, Accessed 22/06/2017, Image taken from Hubble Space Telescope. Andromeda, R. Gendler, URL: https://amazing-space.stsci.edu/uploads/content_image/ image/31/tales-galaxies-var_2x.png, Accessed 22/06/2017. Graph showing the relationship between speed and distance, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Virgo Supercluster, Richard Powell, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:Virgo_cluster#/media/File:Virgosupercluster_atlasoftheuniverse.gif, Accessed 22/06/2017.

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Graph suggested answers, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Graph suggested answers, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Andromeda Galaxy, Adam Evans, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Andromeda_Galaxy_(with_h-alpha).jpg, Accessed 22/06/2017. Three dots on balloon labelled A to C, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Lines of latitude, Djexplo, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latitude_and_ Longitude_of_the_Earth.svg?uselang=en-gb, Accessed 22/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication (https://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en). 3 spatial dimensions of the Universe, ILC, Andrey Kravtsov and Anatoly Klypin, URL: http:// infinitedimensions.org/theology/universe.gif, Accessed 22/06/2017, ILC adapted image. Image from simulations that were performed at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (The University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University) http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/filaments.html. Width of the universe, ILC, Andrey Kravtsov and Anatoly Klypin, URL: http:// infinitedimensions.org/theology/universe.gif, Accessed 22/06/2017, ILC adapted image. Image from simulations that were performed at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (The University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University) http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/filaments.html. Depth of the universe, ILC, Andrey Kravtsov and Anatoly Klypin, URL: http:// infinitedimensions.org/theology/universe.gif, Accessed 22/06/2017, ILC adapted image. Image from simulations that were performed at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (The University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University) http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/filaments.html. Height of the universe, ILC, Andrey Kravtsov and Anatoly Klypin, URL: http:// infinitedimensions.org/theology/universe.gif, Accessed 22/06/2017, ILC adapted image. Image from simulations that were performed at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (The University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University) http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/filaments.html. Singularity to an expanding universe, Fredrik, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Universe_expansion.png, Accessed 23/06/2017. Expansion of the universe since its birth, Ryan Kaldari, NASA/WMAP Science Team, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017, Modified from original source: https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/060915/index.html.

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Sun, earth and known planets of our solar system, Science Vibe, URL: http://sciencevibe. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blog-20-MWG-and-sun-teachastronomy-com1.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Suggested answer diagram Small to Large, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Supernova explosion, universe, big bang © iStock.com/gremlin. Expansion of the space, Dynamic Science, URL: http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/ solutions1/space%20science/expun.gif , Accessed 23/06/2017. ECHO Horn Antenna, NASA, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ nasacommons/16315677368/in/photolist-r9g86Y-fpLm2z-cE7aKE-qRL7sd-eERo6X-r9g84U- cE79Ws-fpXLf3-cE7arb-fpKTPi-fqmSii-qRX5E4-fpHJfF-fpLnkV-r9g843-fpLn9T-93mnqk- pfUJ5a-p9HNVq-93mnrX-pVSimW-fkVb82-fpfE1A-fpHMQ2-fpMEXR-r8wRLU-NM5gsF- LKf4rw-LLMM6k-qRakfP, Accessed 23/06/2017. Big Bang Sound, John Cramer, URL: https://soundcloud.com/uwnews/bigbangsound100 , Accessed 23/06/2017. Robert Henry Dicke, Unknown photographer, National Academies Press, URL: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Henry_Dicke.jpg, Accessed 8/8/2017. Temperature in CMB, NASA, URL: https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/dmr_image. cfm, Accessed 23/06/2017. One year of WMAP, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/ topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html, Published 11/02/2003, Accessed 23/06/2017. “COBE Experiment versus WMAP, highlighting the large, cold (blue) spot, NASA, URL: Created by ILC from these two images -- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_ Universe.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COBE_cmb_fluctuations.png,Accessed 23/06/2017. “

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 2

Sunrise in space © iStock.com/BlackJack3D. Tour of the EMS 01 Introduction, Science Mission Directorate, NASA, URL: https://youtu.be/ lwfJPc-rSXw, Published 06/05/2010, Accessed 30/06/2017. Sir Isaac Newton © iStock.com/Tony Baggett. Christiaan Huygens © iStock.com/ZU_09. Wavelength, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Wavelenths of different colours, WillowW, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Visible_EM_modes.png, Accessed 23/06/2017. Electromagnetic spectrum, Zedh, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_ spectrum.svg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Wave properties, Professor John Blamair, URL: http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/ C3/graphics/Wave_properties.gif , Accessed 23/06/2017. Text boxes explaining equation, ILC, OECA, Accessed 23/06/2017. Busy Street scene with neon signs in Hong Kong © iStock.com/Nikada. Gas discharge tubes, Alchemist-hp, www.pse-mendelejew.de, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg, Dispersion on prism (flint glass), Zátonyi Sándor, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Sz%C3%ADnsz%C3%B3r%C3%B3d%C3%A1s_prizm%C3%A1n2.jpg, ABC Zoom Refraction: why glass prisms bend and separate light, ABCSplash TV, Austrailian Broadcasting Coporation, URL: https://youtu.be/Aggi0g67uXM, Published 02/04/2014, Accessed 23/06/2017, Reproduced by permission of the Austrailian Broadcasting Coporation-Library Sales © 2013 ABC. Visible spectrum of neon, Jan Homann, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Visible_spectrum_of_neon.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Visible spectrum of hydrogen, Jan Homann, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg, Calcium spectrum, ltub, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium_ spectrum.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017, Cropped version of:https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Sodium_and_calcium_spectra.jpg . Spectral Lines of Hydrogen Atom, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiINTUZoAiw, Published 02/06/2015, Accessed 21/07/2017. Bohr model, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved.

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Visible spectra of the Elements, Julie Gagnon, URL: http://www.umop.net/spctelem.htm, Accessed 23/06/2017. Elements in elecric stove glow red-orange, Walter J. Pilsak, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Elektroherd-eingeschaltet.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Colour and temperature, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Temperature of stove element, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Absorption and Emission Spectra Animation, Daniel Wilson, lscphysics, URL: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=FrDZpnf1SEQ, Published 08/01/2014, Accessed 23/08/2017. Absorption spectra of hydrogen, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech. edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/spec.html, Accessed 23/06/2017. Absorption spectrum for a star, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Absorption spectrum for a star, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Fraunhofer lines Star 3, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. The Origin of Quantum Mechanics (feat. Neil Turok), minutephysics, Henry Reich, Neptune Studios LLC, URL: https://youtu.be/i1TVZIBj7UA, Published 14/10/2012, Accessed 23/06/2017. Gaussian wavepacket, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Thermal Imaging, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: https://science.nasa.gov/ems/07_infraredwaves, Accessed 23/06/2017. How infrared imaging camera work, Air Concern Ltd, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jX0gIWU49iI, Published 16/03/2012, Accessed 14/07/2017. Northern aurora of Saturn, NASA/JPL/University of Arizona, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_aurora_of_Saturn.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Carina Nebula, NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team, URL: https://science.nasa. gov/ems/07_infraredwaves, Supernova SN 2005ke in visible light, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Supernova_SN_2005ke_VBU.jpg , Accessed 23/06/2017. Supernova SN 2005ke in UV light, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Supernova_SN_2005ke.jpg, Accessed 24/07/2017.

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Sun projection with spotting-scope large, SiriusB, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Sun_projection_with_spotting-scope_large.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Sun seen in UV light, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:257287main_ SDOfactsheet_June2008_Page_1_Image_0002.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Soft X-ray image in the titanium-polyimide, Joseph B. Gurman, NASA, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latest_xrt_soft_x-ray.gif, Accessed 23/06/2017. Astronomer within an observatory © iStock.com/urbancow. Sun projection with spotting-scope large, SiriusB, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Sun_projection_with_spotting-scope_large.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Sun seen in UV light, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:257287main_ SDOfactsheet_June2008_Page_1_Image_0002.jpg, Accessed 23/06/2017. Soft X-ray image in the titanium-polyimide, Joseph B. Gurman, NASA, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latest_xrt_soft_x-ray.gif, Accessed 23/06/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 3

Sky © iStock.com/olegkalina. Balancing chemical equations, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., URL: http://www.mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/chang7/esp/folder_structure/cr/m1/s2/assets/images/crm1s2_1.jpg , Accessed 26/06/2017. Illustration of a nuclear reaction, University of Virginia, URL: http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/ outreach/8thgradesol/images/fission.gif, Accessed 26/06/2017. Nuclear fusion reaction, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nuclear fusion , Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion - what exactly happens in these processes?, Global Research for Safety (GRS) | Deutschland, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xrk7Mt2fx6Y, Accessed 29/06/2017. Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna in 1921, Ferdinand Schmutzer, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg , Accessed 30/06/2017. Sun layers unlabeled, NASA/Goddard, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ images/469368main_sun_layers_unlabeled_full.jpg, Accessed 26/06/2017. Sun diagram interactive, Space Science Institute (SSI) / National Science Foundation, URL: http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/interactives/inter_sundiagram.html, Accessed 30/06/2017. Summer triangle, Jim Thomas, URL: http://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/, Accessed 26/06/2017. Graph, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Graph, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Hertzsprung-Russel Star Data, European Southern Observatory, URL: https://www.eso. org/public/images/eso0728c/, Accessed 26/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram animation, NASA, ESA, J. Anderson and R. van der Marel (STScI), URL: https://youtu.be/mY2edzGYWyU, Published February 17 2016, Accessed 26/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hertzsprung-Russel Star Data, European Southern Observatory, URL: https://www.eso. org/public/images/eso0728c/, Accessed 27/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram animation, European Southern Observatory, URL: https:// www.eso.org/public/images/eso0728c/, Accessed 26/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. Star life cycle, Unknown creator, URL: https://8m-investigations-m2m.wikispaces.com/file/ view/title%5B1%5D.jpg/100591537/834x264/title%5B1%5D.jpg, Accessed 42923. The process of star formation, Spitzer Science Center, URL: http://www. physicsoftheuniverse.com/images/bigbang_star_formation.jpg, Accessed 27/06/2017. Star formation, Howstuffworks.com, URL: http://science.howstuffworks.com/how-are-stars- formed.htm, Accessed 27/06/2017. Omega Nebula, European Space Agency, NASA, and J. Hester (Arizona State University), URL: http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0305a/, Accessed 27/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Burning lithium inside a star (artist’s impression), ESO/L. Calçada, URL: https://www.eso. org/public/images/eso0942a/, Accessed 27/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. Stellar Evolution, NASA/CXC/M. Weiss, URL: http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/Images/Red- Giants-stellar-evolution.jpg, Accessed 27/06/2017. Three ages in the life of a low-mass star, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Three ages in the life of a star similar in size to the sun, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Evolved star fusion shells, R. J. Hall, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evolved_ star_fusion_shells.svg, Accessed 27/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.5) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en. Mid-size star moving off main sequence, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Onion-skin layers of a Supergiant Star, Dmitri Pogosyan, URL: https://sites.ualberta. ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect18/6592_fig20_13.jpg, Accessed 27/06/2017. Stage 5: The Death, Will Richards, URL: https://www.educationusingpowerpoint.co.uk/ preview-299-Topic_7_-_Astronomy.html, Accessed 28/06/2017, © 2017 Will Richards. All Rights Reserved..

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Planetary nebula surrounds a white dwarf star, NASA, ESA, and K. Noll (STScI), URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NGC_2440_by_HST.jpg, Accessed 28/06/2017. The Crab Nebula, NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University), URL: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrabNebulaHubble.jpg, Accessed 28/06/2017. An artist’s conception of a black hole, Alain r, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:BH_LMC.png, Accessed 28/06/2017. Gravitational lens caused by the mass of galaxy cluster Abell 2218, NASA, Andrew Fruchter and the ERO Team [Sylvia Baggett (STScI), Richard Hook (ST-ECF), Zoltan Levay (STScI)] (STScI), URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/942/news_release/2000-07, Accessed 28/06/2017. Eagle Nebula, NASA, Jeff Hester, and Paul Scowen (Arizona State University), URL: http:// hubblesite.org/image/1432/news_release/2003-34, Accessed 28/06/2017. Trantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, European Southern Observatory, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tarantula_Nebula.jpg, Accessed 28/06/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en . Hubble’s Sharpest View of the Orion Nebula, NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team, URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/1826/news_release/2006-01, Accessed 28/06/2017. Spiral Galaxy M83, NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), R. O’Connell (University of Virginia) and the Wide Field Camera 3 Science Oversight Committee, URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/2641/news_release/2009-29, Accessed 28/06/2017. 30 Doradus in Ultraviolet, Visible, and Red Light, NASA, ESA, F. Paresce (INAF-IASF, Bologna, Italy), R. O’Connell (University of Virginia, Charlottesville), and the Wide Field Camera 3 Science Oversight Committee, URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/2652/news_ release/2009-32, Accessed 28/06/2017. I Zwicky 18: Possibly the Youngest Galaxy Ever Seen, NASA, ESA, Y. Izotov (Main Astronomical Observatory, Kyiv, UA) and T. Thuan (University of Virginia), URL: http:// hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/35/image/a/, Accessed 28/06/2017. Giant Twisters in the Lagoon Nebula, NASA, A.Caulet St-ECF, ESA, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Twisters_in_the_Lagoon_Nebula_-_GPN-2000-001371.jpg, Accessed 28/06/2017. Hubble’s variable nebula (NGC 2261), NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/ STScI), URL: www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9935c/, Accessed 28/06/2017. A dying star starts shedding its skin, ESA/Hubble and NASA, URL: http://www. spacetelescope.org/images/potw1012a/, Accessed 28/06/2017.

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Boomerang Nebula, European Space Agency, NASA, URL: http://www.spacetelescope.org/ images/heic0301a/, Accessed 28/06/2017. Hubble snaps a splendid planetary nebula, NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/2464/news_release/2009-05, Accessed 28/06/2017. Cat’s Eye Nebula, Nordic Optical Telescope and Romano Corradi (Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Spain), URL: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0414b/, Accessed 28/06/2017. Supernova 1994D, NASA/ESA, The Hubble Key Project Team and The High-Z Supernova Search Team, URL: www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9919i/, Accessed 28/06/2017. Shocked Region Around SN 1987A, NASA, ESA, K. France (University of Colordo, Boulder), and P. Challis and R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), URL: http:// hubblesite.org/image/2768/news_release/2010-30, Accessed 28/06/2017. Black Hole in front of the Milky Way, Ute Kruas, Institute of Physics, Universität Hildesheim, URL: http://www.spacetimetravel.org/galerie/galerie.html, Accessed 28/06/2017, Space Time Travel (http://www.spacetimetravel.org/).

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 4

Amazing spike glowing lucky star and Milky Way Galaxy background © iStock.com/Nick_ Pandevonium. Engraving vintage Planetarium © iStock.com/Nastasic. Map Projections. Reproduced with the permission of QA International, www.ikonet.com from the book “The Visual Dictionary”. © QA International, 2004. All rights reserved.. Map Projections of Earth, PBS, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4wgFSHZXBg, Published 25/10/2011, Accessed 29/06/17. Latitude and Longitude, Andy Jensen, URL: https://youtu.be/swKBi6hHHMA, Published 14/01/2010, Accessed 29/06/17. Space Technology © iStock.com/BlackJack3D. Prime meridian, Kmf164, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Primemeridian.jpg, Accessed 29/06/2017. Equatorial coordinates Declination and Right Ascension, haade, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EquatorialDecRA.png, Accessed 29/06/2017. Credit shall be given as follows: “What Is RA in Astronomy? : Astronomy & the Solar System” on eHow.com by Eylene Pirez © Leaf Group, Inc. All rights reserved.. 02 Altitude, Azimuth, Right Ascension and Declination, Forest Park, URL: https://youtu.be/ UUvSHdmhc4k , Published 14/10/2016, Accessed 21/07/2017. The Altitude-Azimuth coordinate system, Unknown creator, URL: http://homework.uoregon. edu/pub/emj/121/lectures/alt_az.gif , Accessed 29/06/2017. Rotating System: Equatorial Coordinates, Chris Mihos, URL: http://burro.case.edu/ Academics/Astr306/Coords/coords.html, Accessed 29/06/2017. Rigel (ß Ori)-HIP 24436, Stellarium, URL: http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/emj/121/ lectures/Calgaryradec.png, Accessed 29/06/2017. The Stellar Magnitude Scale, Larry McNish, The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Calgary Centre, URL: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploads/MagScale_L. jpg, Accessed 29/06/2017. Climbing the Cosmic Distance Ladder, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: http://planetary-science. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/most-precise-measurement-yet-of-the-Hubble-constant.jpg, Accessed 29/06/2017. How do astronomers measure distance?, BrainStuff, HowStuffWorks, URL: https://youtu. be/_Lsj-Hz-NS4, Published 04/10/2013, Accessed 29/06/2017. Stellar Parallax, University of Turku, URL: http://www.astro.utu.fi/~cflynn/Stars/l2.html, Accessed 29/06/2017.

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Stellar Parallax, Dr. Rod Nave, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, URL: http:// hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/para.html, Accessed 29/06/2017, © 2016 C.R. Nave. . Parallax of a nearby star, Unknown creator, URL: http://www.thunderbolts.info/eg_draft/ images/parallax_566x304.jpg, Accessed 29/06/2017. Definition of parsec, Frédéric Arenou, URL: http://wwwhip.obspm.fr/~arenou/articles/parsec. fr.html, Accessed 29/06/2017. The importance of cepheid variable stars, BlueSunRedPlanet, URL: https://youtu.be/ GSKGdyYUTBk, Published 12/11/2016, Accessed 29/06/2017. Hubble Space Telescope Views © iStock.com/jamesbenet. Andromeda Galaxy, Adam Evans, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ astroporn/4999978603/, Accessed 30/06/2017. Messier 101, Pinwheel Galaxy, European Space Agency/NASA, URL: http://www. spacetelescope.org/images/heic0602a/, Accessed 30/06/2017. NGC 1300, NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), URL: http://www. spacetelescope.org/images/opo0501a/, Accessed 30/06/2017. Milky Way on horizon montage, Roberto Mura, ESO/S.Brunier, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milky_Way_on_horizon_montage.png, Accessed 30/06/2017, Image was adapted from European Southern Observatory/Serge Burnier: http://www.eso.org/ public/images/eso0932a/. NGC 3818 galaxy, NASA, STScl, WikiSky, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:NGC_3818_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg , Accessed 30/06/2017. Magellanic Clouds- Irregular dwarf galaxies, ESO/S. Brunier, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magellanic_Clouds_%E2%80%95_Irregular_Dwarf_Galaxies_.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Edwin Hubble’s Classification Scheme, NASA/ESA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:HubbleTuningFork.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. NGC 3810, ESA/Hubble and NASA, URL: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/ potw1006a/, Accessed 30/06/2017. Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy: I Zwiky 18, NASA, ESA, Y. Izotov (Main Astronomical Observatory, Kyiv, UA) and T. Thuan (University of Virginia), URL: http://hubblesite.org/ image/1621/news_release/2004-35, Accessed 30/06/2017. Hubble Illuminates Cluster of Diverse Galaxies (Abell S0740), NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), URL: http://hubblesite.org/image/2056/news_ release/2007-08, Accessed 30/06/2017, Acknowledgment: J. Blakeslee (Washington State University).

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UGC 12158 (Spiral galaxy), ESA/Hubble & NASA, URL: http://www.spacetelescope.org/ images/potw1035a/, Accessed 30/06/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 5

Solar system © iStock.com/adventtr. Solar System Super Bundle, Juice3d, Daz Productions Inc., URL: https://www.daz3d.com/ solar-system-super-bundle, Hud interface technology computing screen, Pixtum/iStock/Getty Images Oort Cloud cutaway, NASA/JPL, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuiper_oort.jpg , Accessed 30/06/2017, Courtesy NASA/JPL. Adapted from Donald K. Yeoman’s illustration.. The Oort Cloud: Crash Course Astronomy, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ZJscxTyI__s, Published 14/01/2010, Accessed 13/07/17. Oort Cloud, Andrew Z. Colvin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OortCloud_P- sys%28PNG-fin%291.png , Accessed 30/06/2017. Kuiper Belt, Laurine Moreau, Space Facts, URL: http://space-facts.com/wp-content/uploads/ kuiper-belt.png, Accessed 30/06/2017. Eight trans-Neptunian objects, Lexicon, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:EightTNOs.png, Accessed 30/06/2017. Approaching Pluto, NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/ approaching-pluto, Accessed 30/06/2017. Pluto’s Color Close-up, NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/ plutos-color-close-up, Accessed 30/06/2017. Methane Snow on Pluto’s Peaks, NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ galleries/methane-snow-on-plutos-peaks, Accessed 30/06/2017. Eight trans-Neptunian objects, Lexicon, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:EightTNOs.png, Accessed 30/06/2017. Solar system with orbital paths, NASA, URL: http://www.universetoday.com/13865/orbit-of- pluto/, Accessed 30/06/2017. Solar system, NASA, URL: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/ice-dwarf/en/, Accessed 30/06/2017. All asteroids and comets visited by spacecraft, Montage by Emily Lakdawalla. Ida, Dactyl, Braille, Annefrank, Gaspra, Borrelly: NASA / JPL / Ted Stryk. Steins: ESA / OSIRIS team. Eros: NASA / JHUAPL. Itokawa: ISAS / JAXA / Emily Lakdawalla. Mathilde: NASA / JHUAPL / Ted Stryk. Lutetia: ESA / OSIRIS team / Emily Lakdawalla. Halley: Russian Academy of Sciences / Ted Stryk. Tempel 1, Hartley 2: NASA / JPL / UMD. Wild 2: NASA / JPL, URL: https://www.universetoday.com/32459/asteroids/, Accessed 30/06/2017. NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope color image of Ceres, NASA, ESA, J. Parker (Southwest

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Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), and L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park), URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceres_optimized.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Asteroids in various shapes, NASA, URL: http://www.universetoday.com/32459/asteroids/, Accessed 30/06/2017. Terrestrial planet sizes, NASA/JPL, URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/resource. view.php?id=129&catId=24&page=1, Accessed 30/06/2017. Mercury’s elliptical (eccentric) orbit, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Comet 1P/Halley, NASA/W. Liller, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lspn_ comet_halley.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. What is a Comet, MonkeySee, Fexy Studios , URL: https://youtu.be/fGTq14qCwJk, Published 07/11/2012, Accessed 07/072017. “Family portrait” of the Solar System, Prentice Hall, © Pearson Education, Inc. , URL: http:// pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/7th/AT_7e_Figure_06_07.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Pluto’s shifting ice, Unknown creator, Kalmbach Publishing Co., URL: http://www.astronomy. com/-/media/Images/News%20and%20Observing/Ask%20Astro/2016/05/Plutoshiftingice. jpg?mw=600, Published 03/28/2016, Accessed 30/06/2017. Comet ISON, NASA, ESA, J.-Y. Li (Planetary Science Institute), URL: https://www. nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/673xvariable_height/public/743538main_image001_0. jpg?itok=0iQXwjfP, Accessed 30/06/2017. What is a comet made of?, JPL/NASA, URL: https://kaiserscience.files.wordpress. com/2015/06/what-is-a-comet-made-of-nasa.jpg , Accessed 30/06/2017. Comet diagram, Plugwash, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comet_ Diagram_text_stripped.png.png, Accessed 30/06/2017. The gas giants against the Sun’s limb, Urhixidur, successive modification by Jrockley, NSSDC (National Space Science Data Center), URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Gas_giants_and_the_Sun_%281_px_%3D_1000_km%29.jpg , Accessed 30/06/2017. Jovial Planet Interiors, Pearson Education Inc., URL: http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/ outerplanets/images_giants/big/interior.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Saturn Aurora, NASA, ESA, J. Clarke (Boston University), and Z. Levay (STScI), URL: http:// hubblesite.org/image/1657/news_release/2005-06, Accessed 30/06/2017. Uranus interior, WolfmanSF, FrancescoA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Uranus-intern-en.png, Accessed 30/06/2017. Asteroid size comparison, NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI), URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asteroid_size_comparison.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017.

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Terrestrial Planet Interiors, NASA, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/terrestrial- planet-interiors, Accessed 30/06/2017. Earth crust cutaway, Surachit, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth-crust- cutaway-english.svg , Accessed 30/06/2017. Full moon image from Consolidated Lunar Atlas, Lunar and Planetary Institute and G. Bacon (STScI), URL: https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/136336main_image1_350.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Sun-Earth-Moon, URL: https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/media/216-sun-earth-moon, Moon Earth size comparison, Jcpag2012, NASA and Gregory H. Revera, URL: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moon,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg, Accessed 30/06/2017. Moons of the Solar System, NASA, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/moons-of- the-solar-system-scaled, Accessed 30/06/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 6

Cosmos © iStock.com/draganab. Isaac Newton, Godfrey Kneller, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Isaac_ Newton_(1643-1727).jpg, Accessed 08/08/2017. What is Gravity?, URL: https://youtu.be/xICEt51A-Ac, Published 28/02/2013, Accessed 14/07/2017. Gravity Force Lab, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, https:// phet.colorado.edu. Distance of Earth to Sun and Moon, Pantelijia Svizzera, URL: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8ad9_ dgga1w/hqdefault.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017, Image is of screen shot taken from video “The distance between Moon, Earth and Sun” (https://youtu.be/8ad9_dgga1w) . Gravitational field lines around the Earth (blue) and Moon (orange), aaronsantosdotcom, URL: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kXytxAJAsYw/TWVmv9vBBLI/AAAAAAAAAF4/ b4vBDiUVX7c/s1600/VfieldTide.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Gravity attracts objects towards the centre of the Earth, Unknown creator, URL: http://www. bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/6e3f0dcb726303be50509d889c6d852c1e8f4bf0.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Fun with Fruit in Zero Gravity, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/ shuttlemissions/sts126/multimedia/fd3/fd3_gallery.html, Accessed 17/07/2017. Expedition 34 Flight Engineer Chris Hadfield, Cmdr Hadfield/NASA, URL: https://www.nasa. gov/mission_pages/station/multimedia/gallery/iss034e062051.html, Accessed 17/07/2017. Newton’s law, David Darling, URL: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/N/Newtons_ laws_of_motion.html, Accessed 17/07/2017. Newton’s second law of motion, BBC, URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ science/add_gateway_pre_2011/forces/motionrev1.shtml, Accessed 17/07/2017. Gravity Force Lab, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, https:// phet.colorado.edu. Gravity Force Lab, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, https:// phet.colorado.edu. Ares I-X test, NASA/Kenny Allen, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ares_I-X_ launch_09.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Spinning globe © iStock.com/joecicak. Portrait of Johannes Kepler, Unknown creator, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017.

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Portrait of Tycho Brahe, Unknown creator, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Tycho_Brahe_2.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Elliptical orbits, Unknown creator, URL: http://easyscienceforkids.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/elliptical-orbits.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. A cone cut by a plane, Marcelo Reis, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conicas1. PNG, Accessed 17/07/2017. Eccentricity, Climate Science Investigations South Florida, URL: http://www.ces.fau.edu/ nasa/module-3/temperature-trend-changes/causes-glaciation.php, Accessed 17/07/2017. Ellipse axis, Amit6, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellipse_axis.svg, Accessed 17/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Planets orbit, Unknown creator, URL: https://i.stack.imgur.com/IavIQ.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Kepler’s first and second law, OneMinuteAstronomer, Mintaka Publishing Inc., URL: http:// oneminuteastronomer.com/8626/keplers-laws/, Accessed 17/07/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 7

Earth view from space with sun flare © iStock.com/imaginima. The Hubble Space Telescope, NASA, URL: http://www.history.com/news/10-fascinating- facts-about-the-hubble-space-telescope, Accessed 17/07/2017. Proplyds in the Orion Nebula, NASA, C.R. O’Dell and S.K. Wong (Rice University), URL: https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9545l/, Accessed 17/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Hubble Probes the Early Universe, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hubble_Probes_the_Early_Universe.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. The James Webb Space Telescop, STSci/NASA, URL: https://jwst.nasa.gov/ recentaccomplish.html, Accessed 17/07/2017. Close-up of “Proplyds” in the Orion Nebula, C.R. O’Dell/Rice University; NASA, URL: http:// hubblesite.org/image/165/news_release/1994-24, Accessed 17/07/2017. Solar Winds How the Universe Works, Science Channel, Discovery Communications, LLC., URL: https://youtu.be/JGLRdAPPnMI?list=RD2zOlkIyg3iE, Published 21/04/2014, Accessed 17/07/2017. Kepler-62 System, NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ images/742666main_Kepler-62-Diagram_lg_full.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. The Inner Rocky Planets The Outher Gas Giants, acolwell, Tangient LLC, URL: https:// acolwell.wikispaces.com/Solar+System, Accessed 17/07/2017. Solar System size to scale, Cmglee, NASA, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_ System_size_to_scale.svg, Accessed 17/07/2017, Image derived from NASA image: http:// sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/index.cfm. Venus, NASA, URL: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/images/slideshow/Venus_Clouds.jpg, Accessed 17/07/2017. Hubble’s Uranus, NASA/Space Telescope Science Institute, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa. gov/galleries/hubbles-uranus, Accessed 17/07/2017. Earth day, Robert Simmon, NASA Earth Observatory, URL: https://earthobservatory.nasa. gov/blogs/elegantfigures/2013/04/, Accessed 17/07/2017, NASA Earth Observatory images by Robert Simmon, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Chris Elvidge (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center). Suomi NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, NOAA, and the Department of Defense.. Moons of planets, NASA Space Place, URL: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/switch-a- roo/, Accessed 18/07/2017.

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Planetary Demolition Derby, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ spaceimages/details.php?id=Pia12166, Accessed 18/07/2017, Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech. Dr. Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket at Auburn, Massachusetts, Esther C. Goddard, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasacommons/16503009935/in/ photolist-8wBtnG-qRKtzh-rhavba-ryw3R1-r71ZM3-qRTnfV-7PN7Ev-r9jeU4-r9jfjH-r71ZMo- 8wysx8-8wBt8N-qcvN64-LF2XJb, Accessed 18/07/2017. Launch of a V2, Summer 1943, Unknown photographer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg, Published 21/06/1943, Accessed 18/07/2017, Sammlung Library of Congress, Acc # Bild 141-1880. Yuri Gagarin, Unknown photographer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yuri_ Gagarin_%28NASA%29.jpg, Accessed 18/07/2017. Astronaut Edwin Aldrin poses for photograph beside deployed U.S. flag, NASA, URL: https:// images.nasa.gov/#/details-as11-40-5875.html, Published 20/07/1969, Accessed 18/07/2017, NASA ID: as11-40-5875. Apollo 11 Bootprint, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_ feature_69.html, Published 20/07/1969, Accessed 18/07/2017. In-space version of the Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle, NASA/Joe Bibby, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/technology/space_exploration_vehicle/index.html, Accessed 18/07/2017. Mariner 2, NASA, URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-2/, Accessed 18/07/2017. Venera 1 probe, Unknown photographer, URL: http://www.drewexmachina.com/2016/02/12/ venera-1-the-first-venus-mission-attempt/, Accessed 18/07/2017. Venera 13 Lander, NASA/NSSDC, URL: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_ page/v13_vg261_262.html, Accessed 18/07/2017, NASA Image ID number: vg00261, vg00262. Venus False Color Perspective of Sif and Gula Mons, NASA/JPL, URL: https://photojournal. jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00200, Published 16/08/1996, Accessed 18/07/2017, Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech. “Valles Marineris - Point Perspective, NASA, URL: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_ gallery/photogallery-mars.html, Image Processing by Jody Swann/Tammy Becker/Alfred McEwen, using the PICS (Planetary Image Cartography System) image processing system developed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona., NASA ID: MF07S078.” Sojourner Rover Near “The Dice”, NASA/JPL, URL: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ catalog/PIA01122, Published 12/12/1997, Accessed 18/07/2017.

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Artist’s Concept of Rover on Mars, NASA/JPL/Cornell University, URL: https://photojournal. jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04413, Published 02/26/2003 , Accessed 18/07/2017. Curiosity Rover, NASA, URL: http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/images/learnaboutme_homepage- hpfeat.jpg, Accessed 18/07/2017. Mars Exploration Family Portrait, NASA / JPL / USGS / Roscosmos / JAXA / ESA / ISRO / Jason Davis / The Planetary Society, URL: http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/ updated-mars-exploration-family-portrait.html??, Accessed 18/07/2017. Spirit Beholds Bumpy Boulder, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/NMMNH, URL: https:// photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08440, Accessed 18/07/2017. Murray Buttes, NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/ pia21044/farewell-to-murray-buttes, Accessed 18/07/2017. Yellowknife Bay Formation on Mars, NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/ content/yellowknife-bay-formation-on-mars, Accessed 18/07/2017. Two size of ripples on surface of Martian sand dune, NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS, URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20755, Accessed 18/07/2017. Huygens probe, ESA - C. Carreau, URL: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/ huygens-probe/, Accessed 18/07/2017. Saturn, Approaching Northern Summer, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute, URL: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/7504/, Accessed 19/07/2017. Ring Details on Display, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute, URL: https://saturn.jpl. nasa.gov/resources/7547/?category=images, Accessed 19/07/2017. Montage of images of Saturn and some of its moons, taken by the Cassini spacecraft, NASA/ESA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Univ. of Arizona, URL: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ news/news.php?feature=1666, Accessed 19/07/2017. Europa, NASA/JPL/DLR, URL: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502, Accessed 19/07/2017. Juno’s Close Look at Jupiter’s Little Red Spot, NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/John Rogers, URL: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/junos-close-look-at- jupiters-little-red-spot, Published 27/01/2017, Accessed 19/07/2017. Juptier: Into the Unknown, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, URL: https://youtu.be/ SgEsf4QcR0Q?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpM1iLQr95P4KDXYiYnJUOE, Accessed 19/07/2017. Pioneer F/G Plaque, Drs. Carl Sagan, Frank Drake and Linda Salzman Sagan, NASA, URL: https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-ARC-1972-AC72-1338.html, Accessed 19/07/2017. Pioneer 11 image of Jupiter, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P11C03. jpg, Accessed 19/07/2017.

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Volcanic Explosion on Io, NASA/JPL, URL: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ catalog/?IDNumber=PIA01971, Accessed 19/07/2017. Journeys of Voyagers and Pioneer space craft missions, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/ sites/default/files/739459main_acd97-0036-2.jpg, Accessed 19/07/2017. Space shuttle mission profile, Unknown creator, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Space_shuttle_mission_profile.jpg, Accessed 19/07/2017. Mir space station, NASA, URL: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-91/ html/91727051.html, Accessed 19/07/2017. The International Space Station: Together is the Future, NASA, URL: https://youtu.be/ NtrVwX1ncqk, Accessed 19/07/2017. The Canadarm grapples the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA, URL: http://www.asc-csa. gc.ca/eng/canadarm/pictures.asp, Published 25/04/1990, Accessed 19/07/2017. Astronaut Marc Garneau, NASA, URL: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/ sts-97/html/jsc2000-05266.html, Published 19/06/2000, Accessed 19/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 22 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 8 Man sitting under The Milky Way Galaxy © iStock.com/bjdlzx. Timeline of Earth, Astrobioblog, URL: https://astrobioloblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/ timecoilsmall2.jpg, Accessed 19/07/2017, Adapted from Press &Siever, 2000 Understanding Earth. Comet Tempel 1 as Seen by NASA’s Stardust, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell, URL: https:// www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stardust/multimedia/n30037te01.html, Accessed 20/07/2017. Nucleus of Comet Wild 2, NASA/JPL, URL: http://www.windows2universe.org/comets/ wild_2/wild_2_nucleus.html, Accessed 20/07/2017. Shape and size of the orbit of Comet WIld 2, NASA/JPL, URL: http://www. windows2universe.org/comets/wild_2/wild_2.html, Accessed 20/07/2017. Hipparchus Crater, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HipparchusCrater. jpg, Accessed 20/07/2017. Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona, D. Roddy, USGS, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Meteor.jpg, Accessed 20/07/2017. Miller-Urey Experiment, Yassine Mrabet, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miller- Urey_experiment-en.svg , Accessed 20/07/2017. Single stranded RNA and double-stranded DNA, Sponk, Messer Woland, URL: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg, Accessed 20/07/2017. The action of the tides, Stéphane Koguc, Peter Shard , AFP Videographics / AFP, URL: https://youtu.be/9rkfk9TJ52I, Accessed 12/09/2017. Bay of Fundy, National Weather Service/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, URL: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/fundy_max.html, Accessed 20/07/2017. Bay of Fundy at high and low tide, Tttrung, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Bay_of_Fundy.jpg, Accessed 15/08/2017. Tidal pool, Matinicus Island, Maine, takomabibelot, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Harbor_Tidal_Pool_%28Matinicus_Island,_ME%29.jpg, Accessed 20/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0/deed.en. Michaela I. Hegglin (Lead Author), David. W. Fahey, Mack McFarland, Stephen A. Montzka, and Eric R. Nash, Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, 88 pp., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. Jupiter’s gravitational pull, Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc., URL: http://www.taringa.net/posts/ ciencia-educacion/19690637/10-Curiosidades-sobre-Jupiter.html, Accessed 25/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 23 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Impact event, Fredrik, NASA, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impact_event.jpg, Accessed 20/07/2017. Structure of the magnetosphere, William Crochot, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg, Accessed 20/07/2017. Why Earth’s Magnetic Shield Matters, Science Channel, Discovery Communications, LLC., URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXFVpwecixY, Published 15/09/2014, Accessed 15/08/2017. Potential Life in our Solar System, David Pierce/KQED, URL: https://ww2.kqed.org/ science/2015/04/13/alien-life-might-live-in-our-own-solar-system/, Accessed 20/07/2017. Martian meteorite ALH84001, NASA/JSC, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:ALH84001.jpg , Accessed 20/07/2017. Structures on ALH84001 meteorite, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:ALH84001_structures.jpg , Accessed 20/07/2017. Can Plants GROW with MARS SOIL?, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/can- plants-grow-with-mars-soil, Accessed 25/07/2017. Venus’s Cloud Patterns, ESA/MPS/DLR/IDA & ESA/VIRTIS/INAF-IASF/Obs. de Paris- LESIA, URL: http://sci.esa.int/venus-express/43846-venus-s-cloud-patterns/, Accessed 20/07/2017. Artist’s impression of a hypothetical ocean cryobot (a robot capable of penetrating water ice) in Europa., NASA, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cryobot.jpg, Accessed 20/07/2017. Earth Titan and Moon, Kelvin Case, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth-Titan- Moon_size_comparison.PNG , Accessed 20/07/2017, Adapting work of Acdx (Earth) and Luc Viatour (Moon). GJ 504b, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/search_life_I.html , Accessed 20/07/2017. Radial Velocity Method to Detect Exoplanets, cosmos, URL: https://youtu.be/rN7uuqLKv0I, Published 11/02/2015, Accessed 20/07/2017. How to find an exoplanet, minutephysics, Henry Reich, Neptune Studios LLC, URL: https:// youtu.be/AnX7ExBjrHw, Published 17/07/2014, Accessed 20/07/2017. Visible-light image from the Hubble Space Telescope shows the vicinity of the star Fomalhaut, NASA/ESA/T. Currie (U. Toronto), URL: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ hubble/science/fomalhaut-exo.html, Accessed 20/07/2017. Planetary habitable zones of the Solar System and the Gliese 581 system compared, Henrykus, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gliese_581_-_2010.jpg , Accessed 20/07/2017, Adapted from ESO’s “A Planet in the habitable zone” (https://www.eso.org/ public/images/eso0915b/).

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 24 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Frank Drake, Unknown photographer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_ Drake_-_primo_piano.JPG, Accessed 21/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 25 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 9

Earth View From Space With Sun Flare © iStock.com/imaginima. Painted Desert, north-central Arizona, Jon Sullivan, URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/ Painted-Desert-Arizona, Accessed 21/07/2017. Grand Canyon Arizona panorama 2010, chensiyuan, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:1_Grandcanyon2_panoram_2010.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. How was the Grand Canyon formed, Smithsonian Channel, SNI/SI Networks LLC, URL: https://youtu.be/t6IBg4Srb6E , Published 07/05/2016, Accessed 21/07/2017. The Supai Group from Shoshone Point, Kenneth A Bevis, URL: http:// intheplaygroundofgiants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Figure-39-The-Supai-Group-from- Shoshone-Point-copyrighted-2.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. Legend of Geological Periods, CGEN, URL: http://www.cgenarchive.org/toronto-niagara- escarpment.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. Geology of Ontario, Porcupine Prospectors and Developers Association, URL: http://www. porcupineprospectors.com/wp-content/uploads/ontario-geology.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Map of Ontario. © James St. John/Flickr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. Map of Ontario, Unknown creator, URL: http://images.slideplayer.com/14/4449788/slides/ slide_31.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Banded gneiss rock © iStock.com/LesPalenik. Economic and social benefits of mining inforgraphic, URL: http://www.oma.on.ca/en/ ontariomining/resources/econ-social-benefits.jpg, Accessed 42955. Geology and Principal Minerals of Ontario, Ontario Government, Queen’s Printer for Ontario, URL: https://library.carleton.ca/find/maps/online-maps/geology-and-principal-minerals- ontario, Accessed 21/07/2017, © 1995 Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Geologic Time Scale drawing, Unknown creator, URL: http://greenforecast.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/04/geologic-time-drawing.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Geologic Time Scale chart, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geologic_time_scale.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Planet earth armageddon © iStock.com/sdecoret. Pyrite crunoid fossil isolated © iStock.com/BruceBlock. Artist’s impression of the Ediacarans, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, URL: http://prehistoric.wikia.com/wiki/Proterozoic_Eon, Accessed 31/07/2017. Volcano q, National Park Service, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ eruption#/media/File:Volcano_q.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 26 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Jurassic Mamenchisaurus Habitat © iStock.com/CoreyFord. Arsinoitherium zitteli from Late Eocene of Egypt, Dmitry Bogdanov, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arsinoitherium122DB.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Miocene, Jay Matternes, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miocene.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017. People of the Ice Age © iStock.com/estt. Geologic clock, Wouddloper, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geologic_clock. jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Geologic time, Unknown creator, PaleoClones LLC, URL: http://www.prehistoricplanet.com/ news/index.php?id=48, Accessed 21/07/2017. Marine reptile skeleton Temnodontosaurus acutirostris, with ammonites: Harpoceras falcifer, Didier Descouens, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harpoceras_%26_ Ichtyosaure_%28p%29.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Index Fossils, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/ fossils.html, Accessed 21/07/2017. Ammonite fossil. © Becks/Flickr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 10

Paleontology © iStock.com/microgen. Fossil, Bastos, URL: http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ex-Ga/Fossil-and-Fossilization.html, Accessed 21/07/2017. Amber-free texture. © Floortje Walraven/Flikr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. La Brea Tar Pits, Mammoths in the Tar Pits, 3scandal0, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:LaBreaTarPits01.JPG , Accessed 21/07/2017. Swamp near Bad Süize, Darkone, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_ Suelzer_Moor.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Head of bog body Tollund Man, Sven Rosborn, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Tollundmannen.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Young Mammoth , Ben2, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeune_mammouth_IRSNB. JPG, Accessed 21/07/2017. A Mummy, David Manniaux, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mummy_501594_ fh000031.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017, Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux. Mummified wood, Joel Barker, URL: https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mummified- forest-shows-effect-changing-climate, Published 01/07/2011, Accessed 21/07/2017. Priscacara liops, Didier Descouens, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Priscacara_liops_ Green_River_Formation.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Fossilization, The Field Museum, URL: http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/evolvingplanet/ cambrian_14.asp, Accessed 21/07/2017, © The Field Museum. Corythosaurus casuarius skeleton (holotype AMNH 5240) partially covered in skin, Barnum Brown, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corythosaurus.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. Petrified tree in Petrified Forest National Park, USA, Stegan Pauli, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petrified_tree_in_Petrified_Forest.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Petrified wood, Melissa Bowerman, Royal Alberta Museum, URL: http:// royalalbertamuseumblog.tumblr.com/post/94062174505/rivers-edge-discovery-recovery- and-exhibition , Accessed 25/07/2017. Skull of Prosaurolophus maximus, an ornithopod dinosaur, Ghedo, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prosaurolophus_maximus.JPG, Accessed 21/07/2017. Photograph of fossil brachiopods ‘Onniella meeki’, Dlloyd, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Onniella.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017.

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A mass of Syringopora sp coral, Kevmin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Syringopora_sp_01.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Fossil of Thrissops cf. formosus, Ichthyodectidae, H. Zell, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Thrissops_cf_formosus_01.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Ammonite, Jonathunder, URL: http://www.patheos.com/blogs/paganfamilies/2012/11/there- is-a-crack-in-everything/, Accessed 21/07/2017. Fossil leaf of the fern Pecopteris arborescens from the Upper Carboniferous, Woudloper, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pecopteris_arborescens.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Thalassinoides burrows produced by crustaceans, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG, Accessed 21/07/2017. Tyrannosaurus Rex (T-Rex) footprint, Chris Kirkman, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Trex_footprint.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ deed.en. This fossil of Palaeovespa florissantia, a paper wasp, National Park Service, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palaeovespa_florissantia.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Clutch of round eggs named “Oolithes spheroides”, Gerbil, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Oolithes_spheroides_%28Senckenberg%29.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Fossil feces from a carnivorous dinosaur, United States Geological Survey, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coprolite.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Skin impression of Centrosaurus, Barnum Brown, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Centrosaurus_skin.jpg, Accessed 21/07/2017. Hesperosuchus Chasing A Dragonfly © iStock.com/Aunt_Spray. Charles Darwin, Henry Maull and John Fox, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_ Darwin_seated_crop.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. The Theory of Evolution (by Natural Selection), URL: https://youtu.be/BcpB_986wyk , Published 24/02/2015 , Accessed 21/07/2017. Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911, to January 2, 2005) with Francis Crick and James D. Watson, Margorie McCarty, URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pbio.0030341, Accessed 25/07/2017, Taken from Lederberg J, Gotschlich EC (2005) A Path to Discovery: The Career of Maclyn McCarty. PLoS Biol 3(10): e341. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030341 © 2005 Lederberg and Gotschlich. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work and source are properly cited..

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 29 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

The Chemical Structure of DNA, Compound Interest, URL: http://www.compoundchem.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Chemical-structure-of-DNA.png , Accessed 21/07/2017. DNA UV mutation, NASA/David Herring, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:DNA_UV_mutation.png, Accessed 21/07/2017. Darwin’s finches or Galapagos finches, Charles Darwin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Red marker over Galapagos Islands © iStock.com/LorenzoT81. The “Cambrian Explosion”, Mario Berletti, URL: https://paleontologyworld.com/2016/12/07/ cambrian-period-facts-information/, Accessed 21/07/2017. Evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, Walter, Neilan, George, Summons, Schopf, Macquarie University, URL: https://research.science.mq.edu.au/organic-geochemistry/ Archaean-Stromatolites/GoE%20dispute%20timing.jpg , Accessed 21/07/2017. Ice temperatures, UCAR, URL: https://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/icetemp.gif , Accessed 21/07/2017. Wooly mammoths and other large animals (megafauna) roamed the plains of North America, Mauricio Antón, URL: https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/climatedetectives/3.html, Accessed 21/07/2017. Graph of levels of Carbon Dioxide, Methan and Nitrous Oxide through time, IPCC, URL: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/industrialrevolution. html, Accessed 21/07/2017, Source: Figure 1, FAQ 2.1, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007), Chapter 2. “What contributes to mass extinction?” Understanding Evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 21 July 2017 .. Mass Extinctions Past-and Present?, Youngzine, URL: http://youngzine.org/news/history/ sixth-mass-extinction, Accessed 25/07/2017. Orthoceras, Nobu Tamura, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orthoceras_BW.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attrbution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Dunkleosteus, Nobu Tamura, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_ BW.jpg, Accessed 24/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attrbution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Pristerognathus vanderbyli (mammel-like reptile), Участник:ДиБгд, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pristeroognathus_DB.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017. Evolution of Hadrosauroidea, Debivort, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hadrosaur-tree-v4.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017.

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Coastline remodeling, Don Davis/ NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Coast_Impact.jpg, Accessed 24/07/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 11

Guided Excavation Program at Dinosaur Provincial Park, Travel Alberta, Roth & Ramberg, URL: https://www.travelalberta.com/ca/articles/a-real-jurassic-adventure-2098/, Accessed 25/07/2017. Topographic map with forest and streams © iStock.com/phleum. Castle Mountain, Banff National Park. © Stuart Madden/Flickr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0/. Labelled map, Esri, URL: http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/ How_maps_convey_geographic_information/00v20000000s000000/, Accessed 24/07/2017. Map of Apache Peak Quadrangle-title circled, David J. Bertuca, URL: https://www.acsu. buffalo.edu/~dbertuca/maps/cat/map-portion-images.html, Accessed 24/07/2017. Scales, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/ files/earthsciences/pdf/topo101/pdf/mapping_basics_e.pdf , Accessed 24/07/2017, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources Canada, 2014. Legend, Natural Resources Canada, URL: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/14869/ standard-style-for-infrastructure, Accessed 24/07/2017. North direction compass icon on white background © iStock.com/tkaccuk. Index grid, Nautural Resources Canada, URL: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan. gc.ca/files/earthsciences/pdf/topo101/pdf/mapping_basics_e.pdf, Accessed 24/07/2017, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources Canada, 2014. Map of Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, AudeVivere, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Banffmapv2.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017. Comparing contour lines with elevation, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Topographic map of Castle Mountain, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://atlas. nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/topo/map/topographicmap_print?layers=nodata_ ntdb_50k%20north_arrow%20other_features%20million_grid%20t50k_grid%20 grid_50k_3%20roads%20hydrography%20boundary%20builtup%20vegetation%20 populated_places%20railway%20power_network%20manmade_features%20 designated_areas%20water_features%20water_saturated_soils%20relief%20contours%20 toponymy%20contour&scale=40000.000000&mapxy=-1419908.5108801574%20 493663.3283676757&map_layer[northarrow]_class[0]_style[0]=ANGLE%20 18.843821856124023&mapsize=750%20666&map_web=TEMPLATE%20/home/atlas/ mapdata/ajax.html&urlappend=, Accessed 24/07/2017, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources Canada, 2014.

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Legend, Natural Resources Canada, URL: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/14869/ standard-style-for-infrastructure, Accessed 24/07/2017. Topographic map of Castle Mountain, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://atlas. nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/topo/map/topographicmap_print?layers=nodata_ ntdb_50k%20north_arrow%20other_features%20million_grid%20t50k_grid%20 grid_50k_3%20roads%20hydrography%20boundary%20builtup%20vegetation%20 populated_places%20railway%20power_network%20manmade_features%20 designated_areas%20water_features%20water_saturated_soils%20relief%20contours%20 toponymy%20contour&scale=40000.000000&mapxy=-1419908.5108801574%20 493663.3283676757&map_layer[northarrow]_class[0]_style[0]=ANGLE%20 18.843821856124023&mapsize=750%20666&map_web=TEMPLATE%20/home/atlas/ mapdata/ajax.html&urlappend=, Accessed 24/07/2017, © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources Canada, 2014. Profile of topography, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Strata of England and Wales The William Smith Geological Map, William Smith, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%27Strata_of_England_and_Wales%27_The_ William_Smith_Geological_Map_-_High_Resolution_YORYM_2004_25.jpg, Accessed 22/08/2017, Image provided by York Museums Trust. Canada geological map, Qyd, USGS, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_ geological_map.JPG, Accessed 24/07/2017, Adapted from US Geological Survey map (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_america_with-Williston.jpg). Oblique view of all modeled units, URL: http://www.gov.mb.ca/iem/geo/willistontgi/3dmodel/ tgi_complete_model_2.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017, Reproduced from Government of Manitoba with permission from Manitoba Mineral Resources Division. Block diagram with blind thrust fault, Stephen A. Nelson, URL: http://www.tulane. edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqcasehist.htm, Accessed 15/08/2017. Geologic column and its associated time scale, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., URL: https:// media1.britannica.com/eb-media/86/106986-004-344E040B.jpg , Accessed 24/07/2017, © 2011 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. Benaderreen, Bob Embleton, URL: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/241452, Accessed 24/07/2017. Block diagram, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Law of Superposition, Unknown creator, URL: http://clarkscience8.weebly.com/ uploads/2/6/3/7/2637711/law-of-superposition.jpg?1009 , Accessed 24/07/2017. Road cutting revealing different rocks, Andy Gryce, URL: https://pocketbookuk. com/2014/02/28/the-oldest-of-the-oldest-rocks-in-britain/, Accessed 24/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 33 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Stratigraphic Cross Section—Interpreting the Geology, IRIS Consortium, URL: https://youtu. be/VLBzMvsiYq8 , Published 23/01/2012, Accessed 24/07/2017. Laws of Relative Rock Dating – Law of Cross-cutting, London Jenks, URL: https://youtu.be/ M2Ex5DIjtfU , Published 06/03/2015, Accessed 18/08/2017. Diagonal intrusion, Peter Mulroy and J. Merck, URL: http://images.slideplayer. com/28/9400608/slides/slide_10.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. Cross-cutting relations, Wouldloper, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross-cutting_ relations.svg, Accessed 25/07/2017. 3d illustration of a soil slice, green mountains with lake, Khadi Ganiev/iStock/Getty Images Some modern shells, called tests, of foraminifera extracted from beach sand in Myanmar, Psammophile, URL: https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2015/02/26/forams-vs-diatoms-testing- young-earth-flood-geology-hypotheses/, Accessed 25/07/2017. Tree rings, Arnoldius, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_rings.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. The color and width of tree rings can provide snapshots of past climate conditions, NASA, URL: https://climatekids.nasa.gov/tree-rings/, Accessed 25/07/2017. Light and dark layers of glacial lake bed, Rod Benson, URL: http://formontana.net/glaciers. html, Accessed 25/07/2017. Radioactive decay giving off heat, National Oceanic and Atomospheric Administration, URL: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/15_seamounts/activities/coral.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. Radioactivity in Rock as Time Passes, Science Buddies, URL: https://www.sciencebuddies. org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Geo_p044.shtml#background, Accessed 25/07/2017. Absolute Dating by Radiometric Methods, Unknown creator, URL: http://geologycafe.com/ class/chapter2.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. Carbon dating showing where carbon-14 decreases, Unknown creator, URL: http://www. webexhibits.org/pigments/i/intro/dating/images/C14work1.png , Accessed 25/07/2017. Radioactive dating, Unknown creator, URL: https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/ lectures/21.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. A paleontologist uncovering a fossil © iStock.com/microgen. Central Tennessee snail fossil, Jim Conrad, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Central-Tennessee-snail-fossil.jpg , Accessed 25/07/2017. Index Fossils, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/ fossils.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. Brachiopod fossil, Doug and Claudia Mann, URL: http://www.fossils-facts-and-finds.com/ brachiopod.html,

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Cibicidoides, Hannes Grobe/AWI, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Cibicidoides_hg.jpg, Accessed 42955, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia canadensis), Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/File:RugosaOrdovician.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Haeckel Tetracoralla, Hannes Grobe/AWI, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Haeckel_Tetracoralla.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ deed.en. Platystrophia ponderosa, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:PlatystrophiaOrdovician.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Atrypa reticularis, James D. Dana, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atrypa_ reticularis00.gif, Accessed 25/07/2017, Plate from James D. Dana - New Text-Book of Geology (New York: Ivison, Blakeman & Company, 1883). Paradoxides gracilis, Ghedoghedo, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paradoxides_ gracilis.JPG, Accessed 25/07/2017. Mesonacis vermontana, Charles Dolittle Walcott, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Mesonacis_vermontana.png, Accessed 25/07/2017, Taken from Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America, 30 of Geological Survey bulletin issue =30 of Bulletin, Geological Survey (U.S.)., Govt. Print. Off.,, pp. 369. Pendeograptus fruticosus, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:TetragraptusfruticosusBendigonian.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. © Kevin Walsh/Flickr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC by 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. Eurypterid, Ryan Somma, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/14405058@ N08/2385960871/, Accessed 25/07/2017. Mixopterus kiaeri, an eurypterid, Nobu Tamura, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Mixopterus_BW.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ deed.en. Ammonite Asteroceras obtusum, Dlloyd, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonite_ Asteroceras.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Asteroceras obtusum, Ammonite from the Early Jurassic, Nobu Tamura, URL: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asteroceras_BW.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en.

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Belemnites. Alfara de Crales (Les Foies, Ports de Tortosa-Beseit), Xvaxquez, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belemnites_Ports_Tortosa1.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Belemnite, Dmitry Bogdanov, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BelemniteDB2.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Index fossils, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Mesonacis vermontana, Charles Dolittle Walcott, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Mesonacis_vermontana.png, Accessed 25/07/2017, Taken from Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America, 30 of Geological Survey bulletin issue =30 of Bulletin, Geological Survey (U.S.)., Govt. Print. Off.,, pp. 369. Antique engraving illustration #6 © iStock.com/ibusca. Cropped image of Haeckel Tetracoralla, Hannes Grobe/AWI, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Tetracoralla.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Atrypa reticularis, James D. Dana, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atrypa_ reticularis00.gif, Accessed 25/07/2017, Plate from James D. Dana - New Text-Book of Geology (New York: Ivison, Blakeman & Company, 1883). Ammonite Asteroceras obtusum, Dlloyd, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonite_ Asteroceras.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Belemnites. Alfara de Crales (Les Foies, Ports de Tortosa-Beseit), Xvaxquez, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belemnites_Ports_Tortosa1.jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Figure 25 in Fossils from various periods engraving © iStock.com/bauhaus1000. Figure 38 in Fossils from various periods engraving © iStock.com/bauhaus1000. Macrocheilus subcostatus from Devonian fossils, wood engravings, published in 1875 © iStock.com/ZU_09.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 36 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 12

Volcano in Indonesia, Joshua Stevens, NASA Earth Observatory, URL: https:// earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86213, Accessed 26/07/2017, Image taken using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Volcano in Guatemala with the name FUEGO, erupting © iStock.com/ByronOrtizA. Cloud free views of Earth, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa- spinoff/cloud-free-views-of-earth, Accessed 26/07/2017. Landsat images showing the impact of mountain pine beetles on Canadian forests, N.R. Goodwin et al., Elsevier Inc., URL: http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/projects/239 , Image taken from Goodwin et al. “Estimation of insect infestation dynamics using a temporal sequence of Landsat data”, Remote Sensing of Environment 112 (2008): p. 3684.. Panoramic of the Hope Slide zone, Joe Mabel, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hope_Slide_pano.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Landslide!, Andy Beecroft, URL: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/424242, Accessed 26/07/2017. Transitional landslide, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ fs/2004/3072/images/Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2017, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Rockfall, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/ images/Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2018, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Topple, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/ images/Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2019, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Creep, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/images/ Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2020, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Debris flow, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/ images/Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2021, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Slump-earth flow, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/ images/Fig3grouping-2LG.jpg , Published 07/2014, Accessed 26/07/2022, From factsheet “Landslide Types and Processes” . Landslides of Leda clay of the Champlain Sea, Canada Natural Resources, URL: http:// inspectapedia.com/vision/Quick_Clay_Map_Canada_NRC.jpg, Accessed 26/07/2017.

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Lemieux Landslide June 20 1993, S.G. Evans (GSC 1993-296), URL: http://inspectapedia. com/vision/Lemieux_Landslide_CDNR.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Leda clay, Nicki Corrigall/The Ottawa Citizen, URL: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/life/ Photos+Museum+Nature/3029101/story.html, Published 14/05/2010, Accessed 26/07/2017. Roxborough State Park © iStock.com/Adam-Springer. Stromatolites in the Hoyt Limestone, M.C. Rygel, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Stromatolites_hoyt_mcr1.JPG, Accessed 15/08/2017. Stromatolites growing her in Yalgorup national park in Australia, C Eeckhout, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StromatolitheAustralie25.jpeg , Accessed 26/07/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY3.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. What are Stromatolites , Jamie Foster, URL: https://youtu.be/N-G7IJCkyvg , Published 01/12/2016, Accessed 26/07/2017. Oxygen Produced by Depth in Graphical format, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Aerial view of Barringer crater (meteor impact) in Arizona © iStock.com/StephanHoerold. Barringer Crater in Arizona, NASA, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landsat_ Meteor_Crater.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Simple and complex crater structure, NASA, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_ crater#/media/File:Craterstructure.gif, Accessed 26/07/2017. Desposition Zone, Gordon R. Osinski et al., URL: https://www.researchgate.net/ figure/252405589_fig1_Fig-1-Typical-schematic-cross-sections-of-simple-and-complex- craters-and-of-a-transient, Accessed 26/07/2017, Image taken from Impact ejecta emplacement on terrestrial planets. Excavation Zone, Gordon R. Osinski et al., URL: https://www.researchgate.net/ figure/252405589_fig1_Fig-1-Typical-schematic-cross-sections-of-simple-and-complex- craters-and-of-a-transient, Accessed 26/07/2017, Image taken from Impact ejecta emplacement on terrestrial planets. Central Peak, Gordon R. Osinski et al., URL: https://www.researchgate.net/ figure/252405589_fig1_Fig-1-Typical-schematic-cross-sections-of-simple-and-complex- craters-and-of-a-transient, Accessed 26/07/2017, Image taken from Impact ejecta emplacement on terrestrial planets. Second largest crater on Earth -Sudbury Impact, Unknown creator, URL: http://www. lakeheadca.com/application/files/4714/3922/2113/sudbury-impact.png , Accessed 26/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 38 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Crater in northern Quebec, Canada, Jesse Allen, NASA, URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa. gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8472 , Accessed 26/07/2017, Image taken using using Landsat data provided by the University of Maryland’s Global Land Cover Facility. Alfred Wegener, Unknown photographer, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_ Wegener#/media/File:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. The development of a geosyncline along a continental margin, Steven Earle, BC Open Textbook Project, URL: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/07/ image0092.png , Accessed 26/07/2017, Taken from Physical Geology, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Catastrophism or Uniformitariansim?, Unknown creator, URL: https://geopolicraticus. wordpress.com/2013/03/25/diachronic-extrapolation-and-uniformitarianism/, Accessed 26/07/2017. James Hutton, 1726-1797. Geologist, Sir Henry Raeburn, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/James_Hutton#/media/File:Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_James_Hutton,_1726_-_1797._ Geologist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. William Whewell, Unknown photographer, URL: http://www.victorianweb.org/science/ portraits/whewell.jpg, Accessed 26/07/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 13

Continental Drift, Glacialis Productions Inc., Fondation Sedna, URL: http://sedna.radio- canada.ca/media/5065a25e6a744r/640x358/16%20continental%20drift.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Physical world map © iStock.com/pop_jop. Oceanic - continent subduction, domdomegg, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Oceanic-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg, Accessed 28/08/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en. Continent- continent collision, domdomegg, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Continental-continental_destructive_plate_boundary.svg, Accessed 28/08/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en. Oceanic -oceanic subduction, domdomegg, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_ boundary#/media/File:Oceanic-oceanic_destructive_plate_boundary.svg, Accessed 28/08/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en. Moving plates create landform, Penn State, URL: https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/ BIOL110F2013/Antiquity+of+Life, Accessed 26/07/2017. Inside the Earth, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/ inside.html, Accessed 26/07/2017. Two different types of body waves, Park Seismic LLC, URL: http://www.parkseismic.com/ Whatisseismicwave.html, Accessed 26/07/2017. What Is Earthquake Seismic Waves P and S Waves, Amit Sengupta, URL: https://youtu.be/ uA_OLKfQpYA, Accessed 26/07/2017. Earth crust cutaway and graph of P and S wave, Jeremy Kemp, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png, Accessed 26/07/2017, Based on elements of an illustration by USGS. http://pubs.usgs.gov/ publications/text/inside.html. Graph was created by ILC.. Convergent Plate Boundary © iStock.com/jack0m. Oceanic spreading, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ learn/glossary/?term=oceanic%20spreading%20ridge, Accessed 26/07/2017, Image from “This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics”. Plate Tectonics, BBC, URL: https://youtu.be/ryrXAGY1dmE, Published September 3 2010, Accessed 26/07/2017, From documentary series “Earth: The Power of the Planet”..

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The plate-tectonic settings of common types of volcanism, Steven Earle, BC Open Textbook Project, URL: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/4-1-plate-tectonics-and-volcanism/, Accessed 26/07/2017, Taken from Physical Geology, 4.1 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Adapted from United States Geological Survey, http:// pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Vigil.html. Map of tectonic plates, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ dynamic/slabs.html, Accessed 26/07/2017. Opening of Atlantic Ocean, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Antonio_Snider-Pellegrini_Opening_of_the_Atlantic.jpg , Accessed 28/07/2017. John Tuzo Wilson, Stephen Morris, University of Toronto, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ John_Tuzo_Wilson#/media/File:John_Tuzo_Wilson_in_1992.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Pangaea map, Kieff, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pangaea_continents.svg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Supercontinent Pangaea and how it drifts, United States Geological Survey, URL: https:// pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html, Accessed 26/07/2017. Earth crust cutaway, Jeremy Kemp, United States Geological Survey, URL: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png, Accessed 26/07/2017, Based on elements of an illustration by USGS. http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/inside. html. Folded landscape, Unknown photographer, URL: http://www.evansknights.net/pages/Evans_ High_School/Classes/205389034147884899/Chapter_11_Deformation_of_the_, Accessed 26/07/2017. Elevation map of the Mid-Atlantic ridge, NOAA/USGS, URL: http://www.thunderbolts.info/ tpod/2011/arch11/110729fortyfour.htm, Accessed 26/07/2017. Tectonics plates map with no labels, Eurico Zimbres, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tectonic_plate_boundaries_clean.png, Accessed 26/07/2017. Profile of divergent boundary, Tasa Graphic Arts Inc., URL: http://blog.wsd.net/cagrether/files /2015/10/15392188024_2d7f631ddb_o.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Active Margin, Chris Martin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Active_Margin.svg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Transform boundary, Unknown creator, URL: http://teachers.sduhsd.net/hherms/herms/ GEOLOGY/boundaries/transf4.jpg , Accessed 26/07/2017. Matterhorn Riffelsee, Dirk Beyer, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matterhorn_ Riffelsee_2005-06-11.jpg, Accessed 26/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 41 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Tight folds on rocks near Moruya, New South Wales, Australia, D.M. Vernon, URL: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folded_Rock.jpg, Accessed 26/07/2017. Extensional fault array Clarke Head, Mikenorton, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Extensional_fault_array_Clarke_Head.png, Accessed 26/07/2017. Volcanoes: Full Show, IdahoPTV, PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation, URL: https://www. pbslearningmedia.org/resource/idptv11.sci.ess.earthsys.d4kvol/volcanoes/#.WYyXu1V95hE, Accessed 42983. Labelled diagram of a volcano, Unknown creator, URL: http://mrkingsciencestudentbuiltsites. weebly.com/211-bb.html, Accessed 27/07/2017. Eruption of Paricutin, R.E. Wilcox, United Geological Survey, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paricutin_30_613.jpg, Accessed 27/07/2017. Sakurajima at Sunset, Kimon Berlin, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/81943113@ N00/4128149164, Accessed 27/07/2017. Volcanologists sampling gas around the Mount St. Helens dome, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/st_helens/st_helens_monitoring_104. html, Accessed 27/07/2017. The Rock Cycle, Daniel Smith, URL: http://www.questgarden.com/86/09/3/090812172051/ images/ROCKCYCLE3.jpg , Accessed 27/07/2017. Various types of igneous rock, Unknown creator, URL: http://www.goodrichscience.com/2- gab-igneous-rocks.html, Accessed 27/07/2017. Process from sediment to sedimentary rock, Buzzle, URL: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ sedimentary-rock-formation.html, Accessed 27/07/2017. Metamorphism through temperature and pressure, Gary Hincks, W.W. Norton & Company, URL: http://www.geostud.dk/uploads/4/1/3/6/41360253/6632569_orig.png , Accessed 28/07/2017, Taken from Stephen Marshak’s “Earth: Portrait of a Planet”. Generalized stratigraphic column for the Grand Canyon, Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc., URL: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ywTgdBmulQ8/Vh1DvIP2HcI/AAAAAAAAGpc/S0WEecBItSg/ s1600/Types%2Bof%2BUnconformities.jpg , Accessed 27/07/2017, © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.. Siccar Point, John Gordon, URL: http://www.geologicnow.com/25_Baker+Gordon.php, Accessed 27/07/2017. Unconformity, Chemeketa Community College, URL: http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/ structure_time/time%20unconformities.htm, Accessed 27/07/2017. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nonconformity.jpg, Accessed ,יקד ,Nonconformity 27/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 42 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Porteguese Unconformaties, Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso, Universidad de Salamanca (Spain), URL: http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2005/11/portuguese-unconformities.html, Accessed 27/07/2017. Different types of plate boundaries, MBG, URL: http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/ geolearning/mountain_building/plate_tectonics/index.html, Accessed 27/07/2017. Granite Rock Cycle, Unknown creator, URL: http://buzzerg.com/50874-granite-rock-cycle- id-30984.htm, Accessed 27/07/2017. Unconformities, Unknown creator, URL: http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/structure_time/ time%20unconformities.htm, Accessed 27/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 43 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 14

CRACKS on grunge world map © iStock.com/Sean_Kuma. City after earthquake © iStock.com/Claudiad. Powerful Tremor, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/ GCSE/AQA/Restless%20Earth/Earthquakes/Haiti%20Map.gif , Accessed 27/07/2017. Haiti’s vulnerability on the Caribbean tectonic plate, AFP/Newscom, URL: https://www. csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0113/The-geology-underlying-the-devastating-Haiti- earthquake, Accessed 27/07/2017. Haiti Earthquake, Marco Dormino/The United Nations, URL: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/37913760@N03/4275395512, Accessed 27/07/2017. This Week in Haiti, CBS, URL: https://youtu.be/IfBdiFyxKOk , Published 17/01/2010, Accessed 27/07/2017. Epicenter of an earthquake, Pearson Prenice Hall, Inc., URL: http://web.gccaz. edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/fold_fault_eq/14_F-14-F.jpg , Accessed 27/07/2017. Charles Richter, Caltech, United States Government, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Charles_Francis_Richter#/media/File:CharlesRichter.jpg , Accessed 27/07/2017. Abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli Intensity, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php, Adapted from “Abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli Intensity”, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php, Accessed 27/07/2017.. How Earthquakes Trigger Tsunamis - Bang Goes The Theory, Preview - BBC One, BBC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyKgamjegtQ, Published 14/03/2011, Accessed 15/08/2017. Large ferry boat rests inland amidst destroyed houses, Lance Cpl. Garry Welch, U.S. Marine Corps, URL: http://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=99199, Accessed 27/07/2017. Seismograph and earthquake © iStock.com/Petrovich9. Replica of a Chinese Seismograph - 138 BC, deror_avi, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Seismograph_IMG_5401.JPG , Accessed 27/07/2017. Seismographs, Dollynarak, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seismographs.jpg , Accessed 27/07/2017. A typical seismogram, Michigan Technologial University, URL: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/ UPSeis/reading.html, Accessed 27/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 44 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

World map showing largest earthquakes, NASA, ILC, URL: https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ view.php?id=57752, Accessed 31/07/2017, Map created by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli (land surface, shallow water, clouds). Enhancements by Robert Simmon (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation). ILC added gridlines and marked with red dots the earthquake location.. Pacific Ring of Fire, Gringer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ring_of_ Fire.svg, Accessed 31/07/2017. Man consults a large seismogram, David Moir, Reuters, URL: http://www.earthquakes.bgs. ac.uk/research/events/tohoku/honshuFAQs.html, Accessed 31/07/2017. John Milne, Unknown photographer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_ Milne.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017, Right image: James Alfred Ewing, Unknown photographer, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_A_Ewing_1855-1835.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017. Dr. John F. Cassidy, Unknown photographer, URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ John_Cassidy6, Accessed 31/07/2017. Earthquake Details report, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://www. earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/recent_eq/2014/20140213.0457/index-en.php, Accessed 31/07/2017. Japan Meterogical Agency monitoring center, Eriko ES/FA/Reuters, URL: http://img.timeinc. net/time/daily/2011/1103/360_jap_quake_system_0318.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://www. ibtimes.co.uk/two-san-franciscos-most-dangerous-fault-lines-are-linked-thats-very-bad- news-1587231, Accessed 31/07/2017. Tsunami waves and travel time, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs.usgs. gov/gip/dynamic/tsunamis.html, Accessed 31/07/2017. Carte Pays Tsunami, Robin L, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carte-Pays- Tsunami.gif, Accessed 31/07/2017. Tsunameter Mooring System, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsunami-dart-system2.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 45 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 15

Japan Meterogical Agency monitoring center, Eriko ES/FA/Reuters, URL: http://img.timeinc. net/time/daily/2011/1103/360_jap_quake_system_0318.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. Present-Day Plate Boundaries, Institue for Geophysics, URL: http://www-udc.ig.utexas.edu/ external/plates/images.htm, Accessed 31/07/2017. Epicenter of an earthquake, Pearson Prenice Hall, Inc., URL: http://web.gccaz. edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/fold_fault_eq/14_F-14-F.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. Focal depth of earthquake on Tonga Islands, Unknown creator, URL: http://web.arc.losrios. edu/~borougt/EarthquakesDiagrams.htm, Accessed 31/07/2017. Fault Types, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2009/11/ fieldwork2.html, Accessed 31/07/2017. Marth 11th Japan earthquake, Earth Observatory of Singapore/ United States Geological Survey, URL: http://www.earthobservatory.sg/files/news/images/Tohoku2-bloc_diagramme_ japan_earthquakes.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. Fault extends as a deep crack beneath surface, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Strike-slip fault, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/ glossary/?term=fault, Accessed 31/07/2017. Normal fault, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/ glossary/?term=fault, Accessed 31/07/2017. Thrust fault, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/ glossary/?term=fault, Accessed 31/07/2017. Fault in limestone, Lysippos, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fault_limestone. jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. East-West dextral strike-slip fault cross-cut a quartz vein near the Picolo San Bernardo pass, Jide~commonswiki, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strike-slip_fault.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. Fault near Adelaide, Australia, Blahthethird, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Geologic_fault_Adelaida.jpg , Accessed 31/07/2017. North-dipping thrust fault in Naryn Valley, Unknown creator, Central Washington University, URL: http://www.geology.cwu.edu/facstaff/charlier/currentprojects/tien-shan-sum.html, Accessed 15/08/2017, From project “Geodynamics of Intracontinental Mountain Building in the Tien Shan, Central Asia” by Bradford H. Hager et al.. Seismic waves, UNC Charlotte, URL: http://geopick.uncc.edu/geologyWeb/physicalGeology/ Topics/910earthquakes/imagesEarthquakes/FIG18_003.JPG , Accessed 31/07/2017.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 46 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Seismic waves: Body and surface waves, United States Geological Survey, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pswaves.jpg, Accessed 31/07/2017. U.S. Geological Survey (Lead Author); Peter Saundry (Contributing Author); Michael Pidwirny (Topic Editor). “Seismic Wave.” In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 19, 2011; Last revised March 22, 2011; Retrieved July 5, 2011. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Seismic_ Wave?topic=50013. U.S. Geological Survey (Lead Author); Peter Saundry (Contributing Author); Michael Pidwirny (Topic Editor). “Seismic Wave.” In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 19, 2011; Last revised March 22, 2011; Retrieved July 5, 2011. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Seismic_ Wave?topic=50013. Speed of seismic ewaves in 13 seconds, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. A typical seismogram, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Parts of an idealized seismogram, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Parts of an idealized seismogram, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Locating epicentre of an earthquake, Unknown creator, Sreedhar Siddhu, URL: http:// geology-buddy.blogspot.ca/, Accessed 31/07/2017. Travel times of S waves and P waves and the size of the S-P interval in eastern Canada, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nomogram for estimating magnitude, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Using a nomogram to determine magnitude, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Earthquake Epicenter Triangulation, Michael Sammartano, URL: https://youtu.be/ oBS7BKqHRhs , Published 16/12/2013, Accessed 31/07/2017. Triangulation on map of United States, United States Geological Survey, URL: http:// earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php , Accessed 31/07/2017. Earthquake in Haicheng, China, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://earthquake. usgs.gov/learn/today/images/his_1975_02_04.gif , Accessed 31/07/2017. Screenshot of Tweets reporting earthquake, Twitter, URL: https://blog.twitter.com/official/

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 47 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements en_us/a/2015/usgs-twitter-data-earthquake-detection.html, Accessed 15/08/2017. Earthquake Research Monitoring Technologies, Natural Resources Canada, 2013. Reproduced with the permission of the Department of Natural Resources, 2017.. Perspective view, LANDSAT overlay San Andreas Fault, Palmdale, California, NASA/JPL/ NIMA, URL: https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=53832, Accessed 42948. Seismogram of an earthquake, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Location of three seismic stations, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Seismogram from station 1, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Seismogram from station 2, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Seismogram from station 3, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Travel times of S waves and P waves and the size of the S-P interval in eastern Canada, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nomogram for estimating magnitude, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Location of three seismic stations, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nomogram for estimating magnitude, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. 48 TVO ILC SES4U Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements – Lesson 16

Moraine Lake, Jeff Bartlett, URL: https://www.travelalberta.com/us/listings/moraine- lake-1209/, Accessed 31/07/2017. Weather, Erosion, Deposition , Christopher Rafalik, URL: https://youtu.be/ZD_smP5l0e8 , Published 04/01/2016, Accessed 31/07/2017. Old barn, Keith Evans, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Old_barn_-_ geograph.org.uk_-_803752.jpg, Published 15/05/2008, Accessed 31/07/2017. Weathering – Chemical + Physical + Biological, Iasmania, URL: https://iasmania.com/ weathering-chemical-physical-biological/, Published 21/02/2016, Accessed 31/07/2017. Cracked rock slabs near Moel Ddinas, Rudi Winter, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cracked_rock_slabs_near_Moel_Ddinas_-_geograph.org.uk_- _185692.jpg, Published 10/06/2006, Accessed 31/07/2017. Durdle Door, Gwyn Jones, Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Durdle_ Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55738.jpg, Published 17/07/2004, Accessed 08/03/2017. Features of a cliff, Robert Gamesby, URL: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/ Coastal%20Zone/Landforms/Cliffs%20annotated.jpg , Features of a cliff animation, Robert Gamesby, URL: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/ AQA/Coastal%20Zone/Landforms/cliff-features.gif , “Peace Tower Clock” by John Talbot, used under CC BY 2.0. Grand Canyon of Yellowstone edit, Kallerna, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_of_Yellowstone_edit.jpg , Published 18/04/2009, Accessed 31/07/2017. There is Gold in Periana, Cantueso, URL: http://www.cantuesoblog.es/2010/09/20/there-is- gold-in-periana/#more-24, Published 20/09/2010, Accessed 31/07/2017. Lichened Rocks, Pauline Eccles, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Lichened_Rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_569982.jpg, Published 25/09/2007, Accessed 01/08/2017. River erosion in Littondale , Raymond Knapman, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:River_erosion_in_Littondale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1346481.jpg , Published 08/06/2009, Accessed 01/08/2017. Percé vue du sud, TCY, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Perc%C3%A9_vue_du_sud.jpg , Published 09/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. Wind erosion sculpture, Espresso Addict, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Wind_erosion_sculpture_-_geograph.org.uk_-_186359.jpg, Published 10/06/2009, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Racetrack Playa in Death Valley National Park, Lgcharlot, Wikipedia, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2006_1205_135618-DVNP-RACETRACK.jpg , Published 05/12/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. Glacial striations, Amezcackle, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacial_ striations.JPG, Published 07/06/2003, Accessed 01/08/2017. “Emily Carr Gravestone” by Jesse Hickman, used under CC BY 2.5. “Tommy Hall Gravestone” by Politemadness, used under CC BY 3.0. Joshua Tree, California, David J. Leveson, URL: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/ leveson/core/topics/weathering/picture_gallery/display/joshua_tree_10,11x.html, Published 2001, Accessed 01/08/2017. © UCL 1999–2017. Blistering, J.P. McGreevy, Queen’s University Belfast, URL: http://www.qub.ac.uk/ geomaterials/geomonumental/links/weathering_mechanical_breakdown.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. FALSE “FITZNER, B.& HEINRICHS, K. (2004): Photo atlas of weathering forms on stone monuments. http://www.stone.rwth-aachen.de.” “Architectual Detail” by Tody M. Cezar, used under CC BY 4.0. Churchyard lichens, The British Lichen Society, URL: http://www.britishlichensociety.org.uk/ activities/churchyard-survey/churchyard-lichens, Saint-Sauveur-le Vicomte (Château) Tombe Barbey 2, Aurevilly, Wikipedia, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Sauveur-le_Vicomte_%28Ch%C3%A2teau%29_ Tombe_Barbey_2.jpg , Published 03/11/2004, Accessed 01/08/2017. Grave of Vincent van Gogh, Remy Overkempe, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg , Published 06/23/2005, Accessed 01/08/2017. DalserfHogback, Supergolden, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:DalserfHogback.jpg , Published 10/09/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. FEMA - 28207 - Photograph by Marvin Nauman taken on 02-07-2007 in Washington, Marvin Nauman, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_28207_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_02- 07-2007_in_Washington.jpg , Published 07/02/2007, Accessed 01/08/2017. The two massive and mysterious Texas sinkholes on the verge of creating one colossal lake, Ashley Collman, Associated Newspapers Ltd, URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ article-3645090/Two-Texas-sinkholes-growing-unstable-verge-creating-one-giant-hole.html, Published 16/06/2016, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Force of gravity, Bruce Perry, Bruce Perry, URL: https://web.csulb.edu/depts/geology/ facultypages/bperry/Mass%20Wasting/Introduction_to_Mass_Wasting.htm, Landslides, Mitch Williamson, Mitch Williamson, URL: http://mitchtestone.blogspot. ca/2011/06/landslides.html, Published 08/06/2011, Accessed 01/08/2017. Gravel bar, Phil Stoffer, MiraCosta College, URL: http://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/geology/ chapter11.html, Published 08-18-2016, Accessed 01/08/2017. Dissolved and suspended load, Unknown creator, URL: http://earthsci.org/processes/ geopro/stream/stream.html, Accessed 10/08/2017. Transport of Sediment in Rivers and Sea - Diagram and explanation, Steven Heath, URL: https://youtu.be/X6t5BCtwvZs?list=PLUaSVF58nrf8uwQLt5K1TKFoyKXUjG3Gy , Published 07/10/2015, Accessed 31/07/2017. River Rhône, Lake Geneva, cantons of Vaud and Valais, Rama, Wikipedia, URL: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leman_img_0573.jpg , Published 02/06/2007, Accessed 08/01/2017. SalternCovenorth2, Totnesmartin, Totnesmartin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:SalternCovenorth2.JPG , Published 05/10/2007, Accessed 08/01/2017. Cinérites de Chalonnes, Arlette1, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Cin%C3%A9rites_de_Chalonnes.jpg , Published 28/12/2009, Accessed 08/01/2017. Wisniowka2, Robert Niedźwiedzki, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Wisniowka2.jpg, Published 1999, Accessed 08/01/2017. Logan Formation Cross Bedding Scour, Mark A. Wilson, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg , Published 28/04/2007, Accessed 08/01/2017. Evidence of a Martian Sea, NASA/JPL/Cornell/USGS , URL: http://www.nasa.gov/ multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_149.html , Published 23/03/2008 , Accessed 08/01/2017. “Morants Curve without a train” by Alan Vernon used under CC BY 2.0. Cavell Glacier with Crevices and Annual Rings, Wing-Chi Poon, Wikipedia, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cavell_Glacier_with_Crevices_and_Annual_Rings.jpg, Published 03/07/2005, Accessed 08/01/2017. Various glacial features across a landscape, GCSE Geography First Hand, URL: https://ccin. ca/home/ccw/glaciers/features, Accessed 08/01/2017. Glacial deposition landforms: moraines, GCSE Bitesize, BBC, URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ schools/gcsebitesize/geography/glacial_landscapes/glacial_deposition_landforms_rev2. shtml ,

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Glacial lake deposits: eskers, R. Wright, Canadian Geoscience Education Network (CGEN) , URL: http://www.cgenarchive.org/saskatchewan-n-ice-age.html, Published 2014-2015, Accessed 08/01/2017. Drumlins, Terry Poulton, Geological Survey of Canada, URL: http://www.stockandassociates. com/blog/art-day-drumlins, Published 10/06/2013, Accessed 08/01/2017. Kettle lakes in Kitikmeot Region , Daniel Kerr, Geological Survey of Canada, URL: http:// www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/location_image/satellite_map_frame.htm, Published 2002, Accessed 08/01/2017. © Government of Alberta and Royal Alberta Museum. Mount Cook New Zealand © iStock.com/mikeuk. What is a meander - Geologist describes meandering streams, rivers and oxbow lakes, Nick Zentner and Tom Foster, URL: https://youtu.be/STgbHFvUMlE , Published 29/05/2013, Accessed 31/07/2017. Songhua River, NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and the U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team, URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6139 , Published 27/12/2005, Accessed 08/01/2017. Yellow River Delta 1989-1995, Rebecca Lindsey, NASA Earth Observatory, URL: https:// earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/yellow_river.php?all=y, Accessed 08/01/2017. Afghanstan dust storm 2008-08-02, Tonymapping, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanstan_dust_storm_2008-08-02.JPG , Published 02/08/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017. Im Salar de Uyuni, Thomas Wilken, Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Im_ Salar_de_Uyuni.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. A big hole in the dunes, Evelyn Simak, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:A_big_hole_in_the_dunes_-_geograph.org.uk_-_909138.jpg , Published 02/08/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017. Tree in White Sands NM, Jennifer Willbur, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Tree_in_White_Sands_NM.jpg , Published 17/12/2004, Accessed 01/08/2017. Singing Sand Dunes, Roy kiki, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Singing_Sand_Dunes.JPG, River Deltas, Lake Ayakum, Tibet, ISS Expedition 27 Crew, NASA Earth Observatory, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:River_Deltas,_Lake_Ayakum,_Tibet.JPG , Published 25/04/2011, Accessed 01/08/2017. Erratic greenland hg, Hannes Grobe, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Erratic_greenland_hg.jpg , Published 2007, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Esker (PSF), Pearson Scott Foresman, Pearson Scott Foresman, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esker_%28PSF%29.png , Published 24/02/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 17

Glacially smoothed-striated Mona Fm. greenstone. © James St. John/Flickr. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.0/. Minerals of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canda, URL: http://www. mineralogicalassociation.ca/poster/doc/AffMinerals.pdf , Accessed 01/08/2017. Mined diamond, Unknown photographer, URL: http://devsite.thegembank.com/journal/blog/ is-modern-mining-causing-smaller-diamonds/, Accessed 01/08/2017. Rough diamond, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Katharina Surhoff, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Senckenberg_Diamant01.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Open-pit diamond mine in Kimberley, South Africa, Rudolph Botha, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Hole_Kimberley.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Diamond Exploration Canada & Northern United States, Unknown creator, URL: http:// discussionsondiamonds.blogspot.ca/, Accessed 01/08/2017. Yound diamond miners in Sierra Leone, USAID, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Mining_diggerboys.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Colored stones © iStock.com/Edgar. Minerals in different kinds of rock, Unknown creator, URL: http://www.geologyin. com/2015/09/how-could-same-minerals-form-different.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Measuring magnetic field of the earth, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://pubs. usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-514/about_method.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Natural radioactivity from uranium-bearing rock, N Saskatchewan, SRC, URL: http://www. fedorukcentre.ca/resources/, Accessed 01/08/2017. Igneous rocks, Unknown creator, URL: http://www.geologyin.com/2014/07/texture-of- igneous-rocks.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Granite, Eurico Zimbres FGEL/UERJ, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granite. jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Gabbro specimen; Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GabbroRockCreek1.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Glowing `a`a lava flow, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Aa_large.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Pomice di veglia, deltalimatrieste, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomice_di_ veglia.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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A specimen of obsidian from Lake County, Oregon, PAR~commonswiki, URL: http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ObsidianOregon.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Hornblende-biotite andesite, from Bor, Serbia, Ra’ike, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Hornblende,_Biotit_und_Andesit_-_Bor,_Serbien.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Xénolite du Ray Pic; Basalt (dark grey) with Olivine inclusions (green), Casse-cailloux, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xenolite.JPG, Accessed 01/08/2017. Phlogopite bearing peridotite, Woudloper, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Phlogopite_peridotite.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Basalt Austria, Synek125, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basalt_Austria.JPG, Accessed 01/08/2017. Olivine basalt, Siim, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olivine_basalt2.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Vulcanic glass obsidian from collection of National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, Karelj, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Obsidian_1.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Macro of Scoria, Johnathan Zander, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoria_Macro_ Digon3.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Tectonic breccia, Geologicharka, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tectonic_ breccia.JPG, Accessed 01/08/2017. Igneous rocks, Steven Earle, BC Open Textbook Project, URL: https://opentextbc.ca/ geology/igneous-rocks/, Accessed 01/08/2017, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/.. Intrusive Igneous Rock, Unknown creator, URL: http://images.slideplayer.com/16/4952728/ slides/slide_7.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Classifcation of Igneous rocks, Mr. Magwood, URL: http://www.lisgar.net/magwood/ volcanic2.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Norman L. Bowen, Unknown photographer, Carnegie Institution of Washington Geophysical Laboratory, URL: https://library.gl.ciw.edu/GLHistory/Images/Bowen/nlbowen2sm.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Bowen’s Reaction Series, Unknown creator, URL: http://geologycafe.com/images/ BowensReactionSeries.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Wainapanapa black sand beach coastal on Maui Hawaii © iStock.com/ejs9. Itu granite, Eurico Zimbres, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Itu_granite.JPG, Accessed 01/08/2017. Gabbro Salazie, Myrddin, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GabbroSLZ.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Igneous rock formation fom lava, Konabish~Greg Bishop, Lonely Planet, URL: https://www. lonelyplanet.fr/article/10-parcs-americains-hors-des-sentiers-battus, Accessed 01/08/2017. Igneous process from magma , Unknown creator, University of Canterbury, URL: http:// youngzine.org/news/our-earth/manmade-rocks-new-formation, Accessed 01/08/2017. Geological Dike Cross-Island Trail Alaska, Johnathan.s.kt, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Yosemite, Jon Sullivan, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Sills, Unknown photographer, URL: http://www.acegeography.com/intrusive-volcanic- landforms.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico, R.D. Miller, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Aniakchak caldera Alaska, M. Williams, National Park Service, URL: https://avo.alaska.edu/ images/image.php?id=441, Accessed 01/08/2017. Mount St. Helens and Crater Glacier, Cascade Range, Washington, United States, Willie Scott, United States Geological Survey, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSH06_ aerial_crater_from_north_high_angle_09-12-06.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Basalt, geology.com, URL: http://geology.com/rocks/basalt.shtml, Accessed 01/08/2017. Gabbro, Minerals Education Coalition, URL: https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals- database/gabbro/, Accessed 01/08/2017, www.MineralsEducationCoalition.org.. Alkali feldspar granite, Khruner, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rocks_-_ Alkali_feldspar_granite.JPG, Accessed 01/08/2017. Rhyolite, Tom Weiland, URL: http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/tweiland/igrx.htm, Accessed 01/08/2017. Pumice, MPF, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teidepumice.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Glassy Texture, Unknown photographer, David Leveson, URL: http://www. brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/textures, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 18

Al Khazneh Petra edit 2, MrPanyGoff, Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg, Published 24/03/2011, Accessed 01/08/2017. Copyright © 2005, The Trustees of Indiana University . Kingston Frontenac County Courthouse, Andrew MacKinnon, Wikipedia, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kingston_Frontenac_County_Courthouse.jpg , Published 28/06/2005, Accessed 01/08/2017. 7092 pieskovna Dolinka pri Hradisti pod Vratnom dolomit, Ondrej Pelech, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:7092_pieskovna_Dolinka_pri_Hradisti_pod_ Vratnom_dolomit.JPG , Published 03/09/2007, Accessed 01/08/2017. Coal seam, Hartley Bay, Peter Cowling, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Coal_seam,_Hartley_Bay._-_geograph.org.uk_-_571834.jpg , Published 01/08//2007, Accessed 01/08/2017. Local red sandstone, Pauline Eccles, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Local_red_sandstone_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1000297.jpg , Published 09/10/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017. Limestone quarry near Orosei, Michael J. Zirbes, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Limestone_quarry_near_Orosei.jpg , Published 10/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. Lower antelope 3 md, Moondigger, Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_ antelope_3_md.jpg , Published 16/04/2005, Accessed 01/08/2017. “Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks” by Karla Panchuk used under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 international license.. Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks: Oolitic Limestone, Sean Tvelia, Sean Tvelia, URL: http://thisoldearth.net/Sedimentary-Rocks-chemical.cfm, Accessed 08/01/2017. Selpologne, Didier Descouens, Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Selpologne.jpg, Published 29/05/2009, Accessed 08/01/2017. Lithification of sediments, Bruce Railsback, University of Georgia, URL: http://www.gly.uga. edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html, Accessed 08/01/2017. Sedimentary Rocks Introduction, London Jenks, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=U8Y3oaYR-3c, Published 08/02/2015, Accessed 05/09/2017. How Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Form by Ali B, Ali B, WCS Fiveeight, URL: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=NUZmRlcobNw, Published 04/10/2013, Accessed 15/08/2017. “Types of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks” by Karla Panchuk used under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 international license..

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Coal anthracite, United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute., U.S House Subcommittee on Energy and Natural Resources; U.S. Federal Government, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg, Accessed 08/01/2017. Coal Formation, Center for Environmental Kinetics Analysis, URL: https://youtu.be/ SNgzOCZShms , Published 11/10/2013, Accessed 31/08/2017, Produced by Dr. Susan Brantley, Director of the Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, with funding from the National Science Foundation (grant #CHE-0431328), the US Department of Energy, and Penn State. Vinyes del Terrer, La mer in D.O. Tarragona, URL: https://catalanwine365.wordpress. com/2014/03/page/2/, Published 19/03/2014, Accessed 04/08/2017. Acid test on fossiliferous limestone using HCl, James Fatherree, YouTube, URL: https:// youtu.be/IMzhq71czVQ, Published 28/12/2013, Accessed 03/08/2017. Oolit Fe ruda, Petr Brož , Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oolit_Fe_ ruda.jpg , Published 28/03/2007, Accessed 08/01/2017. CoquinaFlorida, Mark A. Wilson, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:CoquinaFlorida.jpg , Published 13/08/2008, Accessed 08/01/2017. Flintstone knife, Michal Maňas, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Flintstone_knife.jpg , Published 2006, Accessed 08/01/2017. DevilsGolfCourse031411, Mark A. Wilson, Mark A. Wilson, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:DevilsGolfCourse031411.jpg , Published 14/03/2011, Accessed 01/08/2017. Lower Chalk cliffs, White Nothe, Jim Champion, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Lower_Chalk_cliffs,_White_Nothe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1006596.jpg , Published 12/10/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017. Mosaic Canyon breccia, Daniel Mayer, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Mosaic_Canyon_breccia.JPG , Published 12/10/2008, Accessed 01/08/2017. “Sandstone surface” by Kevin Walsh used under a CC-BY-2.0. Migma ss 2006, Siim Sepp, Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Migma_ ss_2006.jpg , Published 17/07/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. Mutilayer folds, Woudloper, Woudloper, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Mutilayer_folds.JPG, Published 10/2007, Accessed 01/08/2017. Petit pli dans gneiss, Arlette1, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petit_ pli_dans_gneiss.jpg, Published 28/12/2009, Accessed 01/08/2017. Schiefer anstehend, Steffen Heinz, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Schiefer_anstehend.jpg, Published 30/04/2006, Accessed 01/08/2017. Quartzite, Siim Sepp, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quartzite.jpg, Published 20/04/2005, Accessed 01/08/2017.

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Metamorphic rocks, minerals, grade, and facies, Cortney, URL: http://www.luckysci. com/2014/08/metamorphic-rocks-minerals-grade-and-facies/, Published 08/08/2014, Accessed 01/08/2017. Banded gneiss rock © iStock.com/LesPalenik. Quartzite 2 jpg, United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute, United States Geological Survey and U.S. Government., URL: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Quartzite_2_jpg.jpg, Published 25/08/2005, Accessed 02/08/2017. What are metamorphic rocks, Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Prentice Hall Inc., URL: http://science5242buffa.weebly.com/metamorphic-rocks.html, Published 2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. SlateUSGOV, United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute, United States Geological Survey and U.S. Government., URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:SlateUSGOV.jpg, Published 16/09/2005, Accessed 02/08/2017. Graphite schist sample from Trælen, Norway, Siim Sepp, URL: http://www.sandatlas.org/ schist/, Banded gneiss rock © iStock.com/LesPalenik. Marble Metamorphic Rock, Mini Me Geology, URL: http://www.minimegeology.com/home/ mgeo/smartlist_22/metamorphic_rocks.html, Accessed 02/08/2017. Layers of shale and siltstone, Callan Bentley, Northern Virginia Community College, URL: http://www.nvcc.edu/home/cbentley/gol_135/sideling_hill/readings.htm, Accessed 02/08/2017. “Metamorphic Facies” by Karla Panchuk used under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 international license.. Low grade to high grade metamorphism, Pearson Prentice Hall Inc., URL: http://slideplayer. com/slide/5842607/19/images/31/Low+grade+to+high+grade+Metamorphism+(left-right).jpg, Accessed 02/08/2017. Deformation of sedimentary layers by compression stress during metamorphism, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Agiospavlos DM 2004 IMG003 Felsenformation nahe, Agios Pavlos, Wikipedia, URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agiospavlos_DM_2004_IMG003_Felsenformation_nahe. JPG , Published 22/02/2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. Chart depicts metamorphic rock types, their texturture, grain size, and characteristics, Pearson Prentice Hall Inc., URL: http://science5242buffa.weebly.com/metamorphic-rocks. html, Published 2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. Aliki marble quarries 4, Marsyas, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Aliki_marble_quarries_4.jpg, Published 28/10/2005, Accessed 02/08/2017.

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Augen-gneiss-2, Eurico Zimbres, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Augen-gneiss-2.jpg, Published 31/03/2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. Classification of rocks, Dr. Steve Mattox, URL: http://saturniancosmology.org/files/geology/ sect2_1a.html, Published 12/07/2017, Accessed 02/08/2017. Example of igneous rocks arranged by grain size and composition, Unknown creator, Learning Geology, URL: http://geologylearn.blogspot.ca/2016/03/how-do-you-describe- igneous-rock.html, Accessed 15/08/2017. “Classification of Igneous Rocks” by Karla Panchuk used under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 international license.. 00142 9 cm conglomerate, Siim Sepp, Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:00142_9_cm_conglomerate.jpg, Banded gneiss rock © iStock.com/LesPalenik. Limestone effervescence when in contact with a dilute 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, Bill Harris, Brigham Young University and Church of Latter-Day Saints, URL: http://geology.byu. edu/virtualfieldtrip/Mississippian%20Sea/Miss%20Home.htm, Accessed 02/08/2017. Top 7 Differences between Metamorphic rocks and Igneous rocks, Tasa Graphic Arts Inc., Geology IN, URL: http://www.geologyin.com/2016/06/top-7-differences-between- metamorphic.html, Published 10/06/2016, Accessed 02/08/2017.

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 19

Common minerals in igneous rocks, Unknown creator, geologycafe.com, URL: http:// geologycafe.com/gems/chapter1.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Amethyst © iStock.com/michalz86. Gold crystals, Alchemist-hp, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-crystals.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Tuthankamen’s famous burial mask, Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuthankhamun_Egyptian_Museum.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Bubble map of mined output of gold, Anwar saadt, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Gold_(mined)2.png, Accessed 01/08/2017. Gold in quartz, Rob Lavinsky, irocks.com, URL: https://www.mindat.org/photo-130327.html, Accessed 01/08/2017. Miners display a gold nugget during Klondike gold rush, Unknown photographer, URL: http://r.ddmcdn.com/w_625/s_f/o_1/cx_0/cy_17/cw_625/ch_417/DSC/uploads/2014/05/gold- rush-alaska-klondike-gold-rush-pictures5.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Pyrite and gold, Home Grown Fun, URL: https://www.homegrownfun.com/difference-real- gold-fools-gold/, Accessed 01/08/2017. Pyrite cubes in mother rock, Ra’ike, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrite-cubes.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Halite, Didier Descouens, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selpologne.jpg, Accessed 01/08/2017. Calcite Galena, Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calcite- Galena-elm56c.jpg , Accessed 01/08/2017. Diamond and graphite carbon atoms arrangement, Materialscientist, URL: http://newatlas. com/graphite-synthetic-diamond-platinum-stanford/31496/, Accessed 01/08/2017. Pyrite Disc Specimen, cobalt123, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/cobalt/91712254/in/ set-172548/, Accessed 01/08/2017. X Ray Diffractometer, Unknown photographer, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_Ray_ Diffractometer.JPG , Accessed 01/08/2018. X ray diffraction, Thomas Splettstoesser, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X_ray_ diffraction.png , Accessed 01/08/2019. Pyrite 60608, Vassil, Vassil, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrite_60608.jpg, Published 06/06/2008, Accessed 02/08/2017. Hematite09, Reno Chris, Reno Chris, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hematite09.jpg , Published 13/02/2007, Accessed 02/08/2017.

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USDA Mineral Quartz Crystal 93c3951, Ken Hammond, United States Department of Agriculture and U.S. Federal Government, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:USDA_Mineral_Quartz_Crystal_93c3951.jpg , Published 20/05/2005, Accessed 02/08/2017. Byssolite France, Didier Descouens, Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Byssolite_France.jpg , Published 15/01/2010, Accessed 02/08/2017. Streak plate with Pyrite and Rhodochrosite, Ra’ike, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Streak_plate_with_Pyrite_and_Rhodochrosite.jpg , Published 16/06/2010, Accessed 02/08/2017. Rock Around the World, Maggie Van Boldrik, URL: http://maggiesscienceconnection.weebly. com/minerals.html, Accessed 02/08/2017. Luster of Minerals, Geology IN, URL: http://www.geologyin.com/2014/03/luster-of-minerals. html, Published 22/03/2014, Accessed 02/08/2017. Examples of mineral habits, Roger Weller, Roger Weller, URL: https://rockhoundstation1. com/learning-center/mineral-identification/, Published 03/2017, Accessed 08/04/2017. Mica sheet, United States Geological Survey, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:MicaSheetUSGOV.jpg, Accessed 11/08/2017. Cerussite, Didier Descouens, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerusite_Les_ Frages.jpg, Accessed 11/08/2017. Calcite-Galena-elm56a, Robert Lavinsky, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Calcite-Galena-elm56a.jpg , Published 03/2010, Accessed 02/08/2017. Lodestone attracting nails, Fred Anzley Annet, Fred Anzley Annet, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lodestone_attracting_nails.png, Published 1921, Accessed 02/08/2017. Limestone effervescence when in contact with a dilute 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, Bill Harris, Brigham Young University and Church of Latter-Day Saints, URL: http://geology.byu. edu/virtualfieldtrip/Mississippian%20Sea/the%20rocks.htm,

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Acknowledgements – Lesson 20

WA Super pit hor sky © iStock.com/zetter. Miners climb Chilkoot, E.A. Hegg, Library and Archives of Canada (LAC), URL: http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miners_climb_Chilkoot.jpg, Published 09/1898, Accessed 02/08/2017, C-005142. Anticline trap, MagentaGreen, Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Anticline_trap.svg, Accessed 15/08/2017. Global remote sensing market to hit $12.1 billion by 2019, Sean Higgins, Diversified Communications and Spar3D, URL: https://www.spar3d.com/news/lidar/global-remote- sensing-market-to-hit-121-billion-by-2019/, Published 06/11/2013, Accessed 04/08/2017. Copper Mining and Processing: Life Cycle of a Mine, adapted from Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (JORC), Arizona Board of Regents, URL: https://www.superfund.arizona.edu/learning-modules/tribal- modules/copper/mine-life-cycle, Published 2012, Accessed 02/08/2017. Oilrig-AB-north, Qyd, Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oilrig-AB-north.JPG , Published 14/02/2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. Diamond Core, Blastcube, Wikipedia, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Diamond_Core.jpeg , Published 05/06/2006, Accessed 02/08/2017. Results of exploration drilling for copper around Sunblood Mountain, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Geological fieldwork, University of Wisconsin River Falls; Plant and Earth Science; Geology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, URL: https://www.uwrf.edu/PES/Geology/ Index.cfm, Accessed 02/08/2017. Geologic fieldwork equipment and supplies, EssBee GeoTechnical Ventures Ltd, URL: http:// www.essbeetech.com/rentals-and-sales/students-tools/, Accessed 04/08/2017. Warning for chemicals, LasseLund/iStock/Getty Images The “flame” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http:// www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “flame over circle” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “gas cylinder” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “exploding bomb” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “skull and crossbones” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,

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URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “health hazard” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “exclamation pictogram”, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “biohazardous infectious material” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, The “environment” pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Sample Supplier label, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, URL: http:// www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/whmis_ghs/labels.html, Lab safety icons, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Lab safety icons, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Ore Genesis, Maarten Vanden Eynde, URL: http://www.genetology.net/index.php/57/ geologie/, Published 18/11/2006, Accessed 08/03/2017. Landfill face, Ashley Felton, Ashley Felton, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Landfill_face.JPG , Published 17/11/2006, Accessed 08/03/2017. Landfill Problems - A Landfill Site Anatomy , stevevidzi, URL: https://youtu.be/bfC08-ifNBc , Published 31/05/2010, Accessed 31/07/2017. Cross-section view of the structure of typical landfill showing the main layers, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Landfill Site Selection & Planning, The Open University, URL: https://youtu.be/qV0RPv8gJJo , Published 04/03/2015, Accessed 31/07/2017. “Goro mine tailings dam” by Barsamuphe used under a CC BY 3.0 international license.. Hazardous and Toxic Waste, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning, SlideShare and Jester Paquera, URL: https://www.slideshare.net/jesterpaquera/hazardous-and-toxic- waste?qid=73dc383e-a4a5-4885-9f17-8da902ddedfb&v=&b=&from_search=1, Published 2002, Accessed 08/03/2017. Conceptual design of a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) , Ontario Power Generation, URL: http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/resources/fact-sheets/regulating-canadas-geological- repositories-fact-sheet.cfm, Published 04/07/2017, Accessed 08/03/2017.

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Geoscape Ottawa-Gatineau: Living with our Geological Landscapes, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2007/nrcan-rncan/M41-8-85E. pdf, Accessed 08/08/2017, Aylsworth, J.M. 2004: Geoscape Ottawa–Gatineau; Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report 85.. Bird River valley map, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Turner, R. J. W., Clague, J.J., and Hastings, N.L. Geoscape Canada: A map of Canada’s earth materials: Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report 81..

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