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The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas Ellen L

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The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas Ellen L The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas Ellen L. Kohler at Gordion. Source: Gordion Archive, Penn Museum, image 175958. gordion special studies I: The Nonverbal Graffiti, Dipinti, and Stamps by Lynn E. Roller, 1987 II: The Terracotta Figurines and Related Vessels by Irene Bald Romano, 1995 III: Gordion Seals and Sealings: Individuals and Society by Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre, 2005 IV: The Incised Drawings from Early Phrygian Gordion by Lynn E. Roller, 2009 V: Botanical Aspects of Environment and Economy at Gordion, Turkey by Naomi F. Miller, 2010 VI: The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion edited by C. Brian Rose and Gareth Darbyshire, 2011 gordion excavations final reports I: Three Great Early Tumuli by Rodney S. Young, 1982 II: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli. Part 1: The Inhumations by Ellen L. Kohler, 1995 III: The Bronze Age by Ann Gunter, 1991 IV: The Early Phrygian Pottery by G. Kenneth Sams, 1994 museum monograph 136 GORDION SPECIAL STUDIES VII The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas C. Brian Rose, editor university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology philadelphia Financial support for this volume’s publication was provided by the Penn Museum, the 1984 Foundation, the Provost’s Research Fund of the University of Pennsylvania, and the George B. Storer Foundation. ESNDPAPER : Map of the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean featuring sites mentioned in this volume. Drawing: Kimberly Leaman. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, royal city of Midas / edited by C. Brian Rose. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-934536-48-3 (hardcover : acid-free paper) ISBN-10: 1-934536-48-2 (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. Gordion (Extinct city)—Antiquities. 2. Phrygians—Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeol- ogy)—Turkey—Gordion (Extinct city) 4. Historic buildings—Turkey—Gordion (Extinct city) 5. Material culture—Turkey—Gordion (Extinct city) I. Rose, Charles Brian. DS156.G6A74 2012 939’.26--dc23 2012024670 © 2012 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved. Published 2012 Published for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press. P rinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper. Table of Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables xiv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction: The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion 1 C. Brian Rose Mapping and the Landscape 21 2 Mapping Gordion 23 Gabriel H. Pizzorno and Gareth Darbyshire 3 Reading Gordion Settlement History from Stream Sedimentation 39 Ben Marsh 4 Reconstructing the Functional Use of Wood at Phrygian Gordion through Charcoal Analysis 47 John M. Marston The Early Phrygian Citadel 55 5 The New Chronology for Gordion and Phrygian Pottery 56 G. Kenneth Sams 6 The Unfinished Project of the Gordion Early Phrygian Destruction Level 67 Mary M. Voigt 7 Pictures in Stone: Incised Drawings on Early Phrygian Architecture 101 Lynn E. Roller 8 Early Bronze Fibulae and Belts from the Gordion City Mound 111 Maya Vassileva Midas and Tumulus MM 127 9 Phrygian Tomb Architecture: Some Observations on the 50th Anniversary of the Excavations of Tumulus MM 128 Richard F. Liebhart 10 Royal Phrygian Furniture and Fine Wooden Artifacts from Gordion 149 Elizabeth Simpson 11 King Midas’ Textiles and His Golden Touch 165 Mary W. Ballard 12 In the Shadow of Tumulus MM: The Common Cemetery and Middle Phrygian Houses at Gordion 171 Gunlög E. Anderson 13 The Throne of Midas? Delphi and the Power Politics of Phrygia, Lydia, and Greece 189 Keith DeVries and C. Brian Rose The Middle and Late Phrygian Citadel 201 14 The Rebuilt Citadel at Gordion: Building A and the Mosaic Building Complex 202 Brendan Burke 15 Pontic Inhabitants at Gordion? Pots, People, and Plans of Houses at Middle Phrygian through Early Hellenistic Gordion 219 Mark L. Lawall Conservation Management at Gordion 225 16 Resurrecting Gordion: Conservation as Interpretation and Display of a Phrygian Capital 227 Frank Matero 17 Working with Nature to Preserve Site and Landscape at Gordion 243 Naomi F. Miller 18 Gordion Through Lydian Eyes 259 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Bibliography 277 Contributors 301 Turkish Summary 305 Index 311 vi Figures Ellen L. Kohler at Gordion Frontispiece 1.1 South Enclosure walls. Section facing northwest 3 1.2 Plan of the eastern side of the mound during the Early Phrygian period 4 1.3 Plan of the eastern side of the mound during the Middle Phrygian period 6 1.4 The stone Glacis in front of the Gate Complex 7 1.5 Plan of the settlement with the forts of Kuş Tepe and Küçük Höyük 8 1.6 Küçük Höyük during excavation 9 1.7 Magnetic prospection around the outer defensive walls 10 1.8 Reconstruction of the outer defensive walls 11 1.9 Tumuli on the Northeast Ridge, 1953 13 1.10 Wall fragments from the “Painted House” 14 2.1 New map of Gordion, showing select topographical and morphological components of the site color insert 2.2 The Körte map of Gordion, including the location of their excavation trenches on the Citadel Mound (A, B), in the Lower Town (C), and in five of the tumuli (I–V) 25 2.3 Annotated version of Akok’s map of the cluster of tumuli in the vicinity of the modern village of Yassıhöyük, on the Northeast Ridge (1950-1) color insert 2.4 Annotated version of Akok’s map of the Citadel Mound, Kuş Tepe, and Küçük Höyük, prior to the 1950 excavations (1950-80) color insert 2.5 Annotated version of Akok’s site area map (1950-2). The highlighted features are his 1,000 m grid intersections, and the zero contour (red) color insert 2.6 Annotated version of Reed’s inked map of the Citadel Mound (1950-77) color insert 2.7 Annotated detail of map 1950-80. The highlighted features are: baselines AB and CD, and the 89-degree angle they form color insert 2.8 Annotated detail of map 1950-77, showing Reed’s new zero line as redrawn to pass through fixed point B color insert 3.1 Reconstruction of archaeological chronology onto a Sakarya River section, 1 km north of the Citadel Mound 40 3.2 Sakarya River sedimentation trends 41 3.3 Schematic diagrams of the evolution of the Sakarya River plain at Gordion. Illustrations sketched on a 1950 oblique air photo 42 3.4 Survey areas and sites of dated material within the Gordion Regional Survey 43 3.5 Comparison timing of upland sedimentation in the local watersheds, with Sakarya River sedimentation 44 4.1 Map of Gordion 49 4.2 Charcoal composition of Middle and Late Phrygian contexts, by percent total weight 50 4.3 Plan of Mosaic Building Porch in Op 39 51 4.4 Plan of Lower Town Area B, including RAKS SW Structure 52 5.1 Excavation of Unit 3 of the CC Building, a part of the Destruction Level. Keith DeVries by wall at left 56 5.2 Side-spouted sieve jug in Brown-on-Buff Ware, from the Destruction Level (Gordion inv. P 1270) 58 5.3 Large round-mouthed jug in Brown-on-Buff Ware from Tumulus P (Gordion inv. P 1455) 59 FUIG RES 5.4 Detail of large round-mouthed jug in Brown-on-Buff Ware from Tumulus P (Gordion inv. P 1456) 60 5.5 Body sherd of a vessel in Brown-on-Buff ware from a post-clay context on the citadel; small animal panels (Gordion inv. P 3476) 61 5.6 Fragment of a jug in Brown-on-Buff Ware from a post-clay context on the citadel; large animal panels (Gordion inv. P 967a) 61 5.7 Bowl in Brown-on-Buff Ware from a post-clay context on the citadel (Gordion inv. P 2184) 62 5.8 Sherd from shoulder of a large vessel in the style of Brown-on-Buff Ware from a post-clay context on the citadel (Gordion inv. P 544g) 63 5.9 Neck and rim sherds from one or more large vessels in the style of Brown-on-Buff Ware from post-clay contexts on the citadel (Gordion inv. P 544a-c) 63 5.10 Composite drawing incorporating several fragments of large vessels in the style of Brown-on-Buff Ware from post-clay contexts on the citadel; work of Jean Carpenter Efe 64 5.11 Side-spouted sieve jug, black-polished with reeded decoration, from Tumulus P (Gordion inv. P 1432) 65 5.12 Side-spouted sieve jug, black-polished with reeded decoration, from a post-clay context on the citadel (Gordion inv. P 1248) 65 5.13 Krater painted in style of Alişar IV, from the Destruction Level (Gordion inv. P 3729) 66 6.1 Air view from 1989 showing Young’s Main Excavation Area on the eastern half of Yassıhöyük 68 6.2 The Early Phrygian/YHSS 6A Destruction Level Gate Passage with Drain Basin to right 69 6.3 Standing structures of the Early Phrygian/YHSS 6A Destruction Level with section showing red level (arrowed) and the overlying Middle Phrygian/YHSS 5 layer of fill with rubble foundations 70 6.4 DeVries’ 1990 plan of the Unfinished Project 71 6.5 Early Phrygian/YHSS 6A plan before the beginning of the Unfinished Project, with major buildings referred to in text 72 6.6 Revised plan of Unfinished Project 73 6.7 Mud-brick Enclosure Wall (right) and remnant of Stone Enclosure Wall (left) resting on Outer Court pavement; looking southwest 74 6.8 Brick Enclosure Wall from southeast with low blocking in doorway. Beyond and to the right, the Outer Court with preserved paving in front of Megaron 1, under excavation 75 6.9a The finished wall face at the northeast end of the Stone Enclosure Wall with the retaining wall of the Eastern Terrace to the right 76 6.9b Sketch elevation at the northeastern end of the Stone Enclosure Wall made by Charles K.
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