O Processo Decisório Em Torno Do Fechamento E Do

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O Processo Decisório Em Torno Do Fechamento E Do Shênia Kellen de Lima O Processo Decisório em Torno do Fechamento e do Realinhamento de Bases Militares Domésticas dos Estados Unidos: O Comportamento e o Desempenho Eleitoral dos Deputados Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (FAFICH) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política (DCP) Belo Horizonte, dezembro de 2012. Shênia Kellen de Lima O Processo Decisório em Torno do Fechamento e do Realinhamento de Bases Militares Domésticas dos Estados Unidos: O Comportamento e o Desempenho Eleitoral dos Deputados Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de doutor em Ciência Política. Área de concentração: Instituições, Participação e Sociedade Civil. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Fátima Anastasia Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Eugenio Diniz Belo Horizonte, dezembro de 2012. Shênia Kellen de Lima O Processo Decisório em Torno do Fechamento e do Realinhamento de Bases Militares Domésticas dos Estados Unidos: O Comportamento e o Desempenho Eleitoral dos Deputados Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de doutor em Ciência Política. Área de concentração: Instituições, Participação e Sociedade Civil. APROVADA: 21 de dezembro de 2012. _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Bruno Reis (DCP-UFMG) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dawisson Lopes (DCP-UFMG) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eugenio Diniz (DRI-PUC Minas - Co-orientador) _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fabiano Santos (IESP-UERJ) _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Fátima Anastasia (DRI-PUC Minas e Professora Aposentada e Voluntária do DCP- UFMG - Orientadora) _____________________________________ Profa. Dra. Mônica Mata Machado (Faculdade Milton Campos e Professora Aposentada e Voluntária do DCP-UFMG) Aos meus pais, Amado e Shirley. Agradecimentos Primeiramente, gostaria de agradecer à minha orientadora, Professora Fátima Anastasia (PUC-Minas), por compartilhar, sem restrições, o seu conhecimento e a sua experiência profissional, além de me orientar ao longo da realização deste trabalho. Agradeço, também, ao meu co-orientador, Professor Eugenio Diniz (PUC-Minas), pela disposição para, mais uma vez, contribuir com a minha formação acadêmica e com a elaboração desta tese. Agradeço à Professora Margaret Daly Hayes (Georgetown University), que ofereceu, sistematicamente, comentários detalhados e instrutivos sobre os capítulos deste trabalho. Agradeço aos professores David Berteau e Lawrence Korb, ambos da Georgetown University, cujas aulas me serviram de inspiração e contribuíram significativamente para o aumento do meu conhecimento sobre o sistema político estadunidense. Agradeço ao Professor Scott Tollefson (National Defense University, NDU) pelos pertinentes comentários feitos a um artigo que escrevi sobre o tema desta tese. Agradeço ao Professor Manoel Santos (UFMG), pela importante colaboração referente ao capítulo 4 desta tese. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela concessão de bolsa para a realização do Programa de Doutorado no País com Estágio no Exterior (PDEE), na Georgetown University, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2011. Agradeço à UFMG e aos professores desta instituição que contribuíram, ao longo dos últimos seis anos, para a minha formação acadêmica. Por fim, agradeço à minha família, ao meu noivo, Rafael Saliés, e aos meus amigos pelo apoio constante. Agradeço, também, aos colegas da UFMG e da Georgetown University, pelas válidas discussões, dentro e fora de sala de aula, e pelos comentários feitos a versões preliminares desta tese. Resumo Esta tese se propõe a testar a relação entre o fechamento e o realinhamento de bases militares domésticas dos Estados Unidos (Base Realignment and Closure, BRAC, sigla em inglês) e o desempenho eleitoral dos membros da Câmara dos Deputados (House of Representatives). O período de investigação se estende de 1988 a 2006. O capítulo 1 delineará o modelo analítico que orientará este trabalho, incluindo os principais conceitos atinentes ao problema de pesquisa e os fatores que, de acordo com a literatura, conformam o comportamento dos deputados. No capítulo 2, serão analisados os antecedentes da Lei do BRAC de 1988 e por que o Congresso aprovou uma lei que limitou a sua influência sobre o fechamento e o realinhamento de bases. A primeira rodada do BRAC também será analisada. O capítulo 3, enfocará a Lei do BRAC de 1990, bem como as suas implicações para o processo decisório do BRAC e o comportamento dos deputados. Será, também, testada a hipótese referente à interferência dos deputados em tal processo, a partir da análise do comportamento destes atores ao longo das rodadas do BRAC de 1991, 1993, 1995 e 2005. No capítulo 4, será testada, para o período 1988-2006, a hipótese predominante na literatura, que afirma a existência de correlação entre os fechamentos e os realinhamentos de bases e o insucesso eleitoral dos deputados. Além disso, será apresentada nova interpretação sobre a relação entre o BRAC e os resultados eleitorais dos incumbents dos distritos afetados. Nas Considerações Finais, serão analisados os resultados da pesquisa, bem como as suas implicações teóricas e empíricas. Abstract This dissertation aims to test the relation between the closure and realignment of the Unites States domestic military bases (BRAC) and the electoral performance of the members of the House of Representatives. The period under analysis is 1988 to 2006. Chapter 1 outlines the analytical model that guides this work, including the main concepts pertinent to the research question and the factors that, according to the literature, shape Congressmen’s behavior. Chapter 2 analyses the precedents to the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1988, and why Congress approved a law that limited its influence over the closure and realignment of bases. The first BRAC round is also analyzed in this chapter. Chapter 3 focuses on the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990, as well as its implications for the BRAC decision making process and the behavior of Congressmen. It also tests the hypothesis referring to the interference of congressmen in the BRAC decision making process by analyzing the latter’s behavior during the BRAC rounds of 1991, 1993, 1995 and 2005. Chapter 4 tests the dominant hypothesis in the literature, which states the existence of a correlation between base closures and realignments with Congressmen’s electoral defeat, by examining the 1988-2006 period. A new interpretation on the relationship between the BRAC and the electoral results of incumbents in affected districts are also presented. In the closing arguments, the research results, as well as their theoretical and empirical implications, are analyzed. 7 SUMÁRIO Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 20 1. Modelo Analítico ................................................................................................................... 28 1.1. Arranjo Institucional ................................................................................................ 30 1.1.1. Fontes de Conflito entre o Executivo e o Legislativo ...................................... 30 1.1.1.1. A Doutrina da Separação de Poderes e o Sistema de Freios e Contrapesos.32 1.1.1.1.1. Principais Atribuições do Executivo e do Legislativo ........................ 32 1.1.1.2. Federalismo ................................................................................................. 32 1.1.1.3. Bases Eleitorais e Tempo no Poder ............................................................. 35 1.1.1.4. Pluralismo, Limitações dos Partidos Políticos e Polarização Ideológica ... 36 1.1.1.5. Governos Divididos .................................................................................... 38 1.2. Política de Defesa .................................................................................................... 40 1.3 Delegação do Legislativo para o Executivo ............................................................. 42 1.4 Modelos de Organização do Legislativo e seus Impactos sobre a Delegação .......... 44 1.5 O Comportamento dos Deputados ............................................................................ 46 1.5.1. O Imperativo da Reeleição e o Comportamento Particularista ..................... 46 1.5.2. Atividades em que se Engajam os Congressistas e as Consequências do Incentivo Eleitoral ................................................................................................... 48 1.5.3. O Comportamento Universalista e os Determinantes do Comportamento Legislativo ............................................................................................................... 50 2. A Lei do BRAC de 1988: Antecedentes e Explicações para a sua Aprovação ..................... 53 2.1. Iniciativas do Congresso para Influenciar o Fechamento e o Realinhamento de Bases (1961-1987) .................................................................................................................... 53 2.1.1. Monopólio do Executivo (1961-1976) ............................................................. 53 2.1.2. A Pressão do Congresso se Intensifica (1970-1976) ........................................ 60 2.1.3.
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