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Javier Oscoz.Pdf Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain Javier Oscoz · David Galicia Rafael Miranda Editors Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain Editors Javier Oscoz David Galicia Department of Zoology and Ecology Department of Zoology and Ecology School of Sciences School of Sciences University of Navarra University of Navarra Irunlarrea 1 Irunlarrea 1 Pamplona 31008 Pamplona 31008 Spain Spain [email protected] [email protected] Rafael Miranda Department of Zoology and Ecology School of Sciences University of Navarra Irunlarrea 1 Pamplona 31008 Spain [email protected] ISBN 978-94-007-1553-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1554-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1554-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931287 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover design: SPi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Freshwater ecosystems are of key importance, since water is a natural resource that exerts vast ecological influences over all the other ecosystems. Furthermore, fluvial systems are considered basic and fundamental indicators of the conservation status of the environment in general because the state of the water is the (integral) consequence of all that occurs within a given river basin. To put it in a different way, the distur- bances and transformations that the environment suffers end up affecting the state of the freshwater ecosystems, as these are the final sewers of those disturbances. Therefore, the ecological status of the water ultimately portrays the status and quality of the entire adjacent ecosystem. The capital importance of freshwater ecosystems leads to the notion of water as heritage. As such, it needs to be protected and defended, promoting the sustainable use of water and improving water quality as much as possible. As a result of the European Commission’s concern on the status of continental waters, and as a clear reflection of the notion of water as heritage to be conserved, in the year 2000 the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) was enacted. Its goal is to establish a framework to protect water and the different aquatic ecosystems by requir- ing the Member States to achieve good ecological status in all their waters by 2015. Like all ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems undergo physical, chemical and en- ergy changes, both of natural and anthropogenic origin. These disturbances affect the organisms living in them and those who utilize their resources. Therefore, evaluating these changes has become a very important task to better understand aquatic systems. The study and analysis of the ecological status of these ecosystems in relation to their conservation status and water quality is thus a fundamental tool for a more efficient and rational management of their resources; that is, a management that does not threaten the ecosystem. The present key for the identification of Spanish freshwater macroinvertebrates aims to facilitate the job of those who go to great lengths to identify macroinverte- brates to then determine biotic indices. All of us who have contributed to this work hope to have achieved this goal. Acknowledgments This monograph is the result of the project entitled “Study and Description of Macroinvertebrate Populations of the Ebro Basin and Comparison among Spanish Basins in the Water Framework Directive”, financed by the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation of the Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs of the Spanish Government and supervised by Dr. Concha Durán, manager of v vi Preface the Water Quality Service of this institution. María Díez-León translated into English our confusingly written Spanish paragraphs; without her help and friendship this book could not have been possible. Our colleagues in the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the University of Navarra encouraged us to take this initiative and sup- ported us through its completion. Finally, we are especially grateful to Jose Antonio Salinas (Franky), eminent researcher, precursor, teacher and friend, who introduced us into the amazing world of macroinvertebrates. Contents 1 Why, Where and How: An Identification Guide of Macroinvertebrates ............................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Methods and Materials ................................................................................. 2 Description of the Study Area .................................................................. 2 Study Area and Macroinvertebrate Taxa Considered .............................. 2 Reference Collection ................................................................................ 3 Image Capture and Processing ................................................................. 3 References .................................................................................................... 4 2 Identification Keys ..................................................................................... 7 Key 1 Major Groups .................................................................................... 9 Key 2 Hirudinea ........................................................................................... 11 Key 3 Turbellaria ......................................................................................... 11 Key 4 Mollusca ............................................................................................ 14 Key 5 Crustacea ........................................................................................... 17 Key 6 Hexapoda (General) ........................................................................... 20 Key 7 Coleoptera ......................................................................................... 24 Key to Adult Specimens .......................................................................... 24 Key to Larvae ........................................................................................... 24 Key 8 Plecoptera .......................................................................................... 27 Key 9 Ephemeroptera ................................................................................... 30 Key 10 Neuroptera (Planipennia) ................................................................ 30 Key 11 Odonata ........................................................................................... 33 Key 12 Hemiptera ........................................................................................ 35 Key 13 Diptera ............................................................................................. 39 Key 14 Trichoptera....................................................................................... 44 References .................................................................................................... 45 3 Taxa Description and Biology ................................................................... 47 Spongillidae ................................................................................................. 47 Description ............................................................................................... 47 Biology ..................................................................................................... 47 vii viii Contents Hydridae ....................................................................................................... 49 Description ............................................................................................... 49 Biology ..................................................................................................... 49 Planariidae .................................................................................................... 49 Description ............................................................................................... 49 Biology ..................................................................................................... 49 Dugesiidae .................................................................................................... 50 Description ............................................................................................... 50 Biology ..................................................................................................... 50 Dendrocoelidae ............................................................................................ 50 Description ............................................................................................... 50 Biology ..................................................................................................... 50 Nematoda ..................................................................................................... 51 Description ............................................................................................... 51 Biology ..................................................................................................... 51 Nematomorpha
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