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PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ SEPARAT 352-367 Znanstveni Prilozi Šæitaroci Bojana Bojaniæobad Mladen Obadšæitaroci Boris Dundoviæ

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PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ SEPARAT 352-367 Znanstveni Prilozi Šæitaroci Bojana Bojaniæobad Mladen Obadšæitaroci Boris Dundoviæ PROSTOR 20 [2012] 2 [44] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 352-367 Boris Dundoviæ Prolegomenon to the Prolegomena usporedbi OF ARCHITECTURE Mladen Obad Šæitaroci Comparison of Stylistic Features stilskih znaèajki maðarskih ISSN 1330-0652 Bojana Bojaniæ Obad of Hungarian and Croatian i hrvatskih historicistièkih CODEN PORREV Šæitaroci Manor Houses in Historicism dvoraca UDK | UDC 71/72 20 [2012] 2 [44] Preliminary Communication Prethodno priopæenje 219-486 UDC 728.8:72.035.3(439:497.5) UDK 728.8:72.035.3(439:497.5) 7-12 [2012] Fig. 1. The Nádasdy family manor house in Nádasdladány, Hungary Sl. 1. Dvorac obitelji Nádasdy u Nádasdladányu u Maðarskoj Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 20[2012] 2[44] PROSTOR 353 Boris Dundoviæ, Mladen Obad Šæitaroci, Bojana Bojaniæ Obad Šæitaroci University of Zagreb Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet HR - 10000 Zagreb, 26 Kaèiæeva Street HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 Preliminary Communication Prethodno priopæenje UDC 728.8:72.035.3(439:497.5) UDK 728.8:72.035.3(439:497.5) Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04. - History and Theory of Architecture 2.01.04. - Povijest i teorija arhitekture and Preservation of the Built Heritage i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Article Received / Accepted: 17. 11. 2012. / 10. 12. 2012. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 17. 11. 2012. / 10. 12. 2012. Prolegomenon to the Comparison of Stylistic Features of Hungarian and Croatian Manor Houses in Historicism Prolegomena usporedbi stilskih znaèajki maðarskih i hrvatskih historicistièkih dvoraca country house building ladanjska arhitektura Croatian-Hungarian relations hrvatsko-maðarske veze historicism historicizam manors dvorci stylistic features stilske znaèajke Croatian-Hungarian cultural and architectural relations are the result of more Bogate hrvatsko-maðarske kulturne i arhitektonske veze proizlaze iz više od than eight centuries long cohabitation in the same kingdom. In the paper, osam stoljeæa dugog suživota unutar istoga kraljevstva. U èlanku koji je rezul- which is the result of a research on country house building in Hungary and in tat istraživanja ladanjske arhitekture Maðarske i Hrvatske, autori donose pre- Croatia, the authors present an overview of manors built in both countries, gled dvoraca obiju zemalja, ponajprije onih izgraðenih u doba historicizma. focusing on those built in the age of historicism. The manors are analysed, Dvorci su analizirani, strukturirani i predstavljeni prema glavnim stilskim ten- sorted, and presented according to the main stylistic trends of that period. dencijama toga doba. 354 PROSTOR 2[44] 20[2012] 352-367 B. DUNDOVIÆ, M. OBAD ŠÆITAROCI, B. BOJANIÆ OBAD ŠÆITAROCI Prolegomenon… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION manor houses were their residences in the countryside, intended for permanent or tem- UVOD porary residence, but also functioned as cen- tres from which their estates were managed, and made an indivisible complex with their belonging outbuildings, gardens and sur- roundings.3 The research began with the making of a cat- alogue comprising of all significant informa- tion on Hungarian historicist manor houses: their owners and builders, time of construc- tion, location, description of their stylistic and functional features, their subsidiary structures, with special attention given to the description of parks/gardens surrounding the manors. Thus we have come to a substan- tial, and at the same time concise list of Hun- garian country houses which has become the key instrument of comparison with the coun- try houses of Slavonia and of Hrvatsko zago- rje. However, it is important to note that the catalogue is being continually updated with new information and that this paper is pri- marily an announcement, encouragement and starting point for more extensive re- search on architectural and cultural relations between Hungarian and Croatian manor houses in the age of historicism. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANOR HOUSE After over eight hundred years of com- AS COUNTRYSIDE RESIDENCE mon Croatian-Hungarian history, in 1918 the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, which RAZVOJ DVORCA KAO LADANJSKOG resulted in the gradual forgetting of cultural PREBIVALIŠTA and historical relations between the coun- tries of the Dual Monarchy. Although it was When it reached its territorial peak after the not the case earlier, we may say that today - full withdrawal of the Turks south of the river after less than a hundred years since the dis- Sava in the early 18th century, the Kingdom of solution - the difficult Hungarian language Hungary consisted of most of its today neigh- has practically disappeared out of usage in bouring countries, including Carpathian Ru- Croatia (as vice versa), which was enough for thenia. It also included Croatian regions up to the cultural relations between Croatia and Dalmatia. In the newly liberated Slavonia, at Hungary to reduce to a minimum, thereby first foreign, and later also Croatian nobility leaving the rich common cultural heritage to began to found feudal estates. As their es- sink into oblivion. The need to revive the tates were no longer threatened by the Turks, awareness of the shared past of the two the nobility started building residential coun- countries has emerged only recently. While try houses without fortifications, and the for- significant amount of attention is given to re- mer burgs, castles and fortresses were soon lations in the visual arts, the aim of this re- search is to bring to attention the rich com- 1 The research is conducted at the Department of Ur- mon history of architecture.1 ban Planning, Physical Planning and Landscape Architec- ture, Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb, as part Croatian manor houses seem to share a simi- of the scientific-research project ”Urban and Landscape lar fate, because larger interest in them has Heritage of Croatia as Part of European Culture”, carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science, Education emerged only as late as in the 1980s. Since and Sports of the Republic of Croatia. then, over thirty years of research and resto- 2 It is common knowledge that in the 15th century Hr- ration have resulted in studies that affirm the vatsko Zagorje was the property of Croatian-Hungarian position of the Croatian stately homes as an king Matthias Corvinus, whose son John Corvinus divided important part of the Central European cul- it into smaller estates and gave them to non-Croatian no- blemen and officials. [Obad Šæitaroci 2005: 7]. In Slavo- ture. The nobility, aristocracy and landed nia, after the withdrawal of the Turks, the nobility was re- gentry that built manors were not uncom- quired to prove their noble origins, and from the rule of monly of Hungarian origin and owned lands Maria Theresa onwards, many were given noble rank. in Hrvatsko Zagorje or, especially after the 3 Obad Šæitaroci, Bojaniæ Obad Šæitaroci, 2005: 21 withdrawal of the Turks, in Slavonia.2 The 4 Obad Šæitaroci, 2005: 8 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Prolegomenon… B. DUNDOVIÆ, M. OBAD ŠÆITAROCI, B. BOJANIÆ OBAD ŠÆITAROCI 352-367 20[2012] 2[44] PROSTOR 355 replaced by country houses, mansions and curiae.4 On the other hand, Hrvatsko zagorje already had a tradition of feudal dwellings, which is why there is quite a number of Ba- roque manors of middle and lower nobility on a relatively small territory.5 The first country house built in Slavonia after the withdrawal of the Turks is Prince Eugene of Savoy’s hunting lodge in Bilje (Fig. 2).6 The building has a rectangular layout, with an in- ner courtyard and, with the exception of the moat, it had no other fortifying elements.7 An- other Savoy’s significant summer residence was his manor in Ráckeve (Fig. 3), central Hungary, considered to be an earlier version of the Viennese Lower Belvedere.8 Both the Croatian and the Hungarian country houses are one-storey edifices with accentuated frontispieces9, and their outbuildings are in- tegrated within a unique floor plan. The fa- periods. The most significant country house Fig. 2. The frontispiece of Prince Eugene of Savoy’s çade ornamentation is much more detailed in with these features is in Gödöllo½ (Fig. 4) near hunting lodge in Bilje, Baranja, Croatia the Ráckeve manor than in Bilje. Even though Sl. 2. Ulazni dio glavnog proèelja lovaèkoga dvorca Budapest, and this very type was named we can say with certainty that the palace in princa Eugena Savojskog u Bilju, Baranja after the family that built it - Grassalkovich.10 Austria and the manor in Hungary were de- The Oršiæ manor in Gornja Bistra (Fig. 5), built signed by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt, the between 1770 and 1775, which shares the- authorship of the country house in Bilje is se characteristics, is the most prominent only tentatively attributed to him. example of Croatian Baroque profane archi- The Baroque type of the country house based tecture.11 on Austrian models, which were better suited Shortly after her succession to the throne, in this region than the French, was perfected the Empress and Queen Maria Theresa united in Hungary in the thirties and the forties of three Slavonian counties12 in 1745 and estab- th the 18 century. Such manors were mostly lished the rule of the ban over the territory of U-shaped two-storey dwellings. Their main Croatia and Slavonia. This caused many so- façades face the main driveway, and their cial changes, particularly because of the re- lateral wings embrace the garden or the cour population of the devastated region. Howev- d’ honneur. The basic massing is accentuated er, simultaneously with the economic prog- with three avant-corps, the middle avant- ress of Slavonia, the Hungarian strive to rule corps being the more prominent than the side over Croatian territories grew, thus leading to ones.
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