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Feminist Liberation and Whitenormative Conquest for the New Woman Cyclist of the 1890S

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Feminist Liberation and Whitenormative Conquest for the New Woman Cyclist of the 1890S Harmless Pleasure: Feminist Liberation and Whitenormative Conquest for the New Woman Cyclist of the 1890s A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Christine Bachman-Sanders IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Advisers: Kevin Murphy and Elliott Powell July 2020 © Christine Bachman-Sanders 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I enjoy bike rides for some of the same reasons I enjoy academic research and writing: it is often solitary, meditative, and slow. Retracing the same routes again and again, I am made to see, to read, to understand and navigate the landscape around me differently. It is easy—and often enjoyable—for me to get lost in the solitude of my writing and my rides. But both are so much enriched by the communities that encourage and challenge me to take a new turn. Another rider might suggest a new route; an adviser suggests a new reading—suddenly my world is changed. I have many people to thank for the world-changing perspectives they have offered me, both on my bicycle and at my desk. My project was born at the University of Minnesota, where I found intellectual community and lifelong friendships. From the beginning, my co-advisers Kevin Murphy and Elliott Powell, and committee members Jennifer Pierce and Annie Hill, have gently, persistently, and (hopefully) successfully reminded me to look up and out, to think bigger and bolder, and to forge my own intellectual path. I have learned so much from their examples of how to navigate the academy, produce excellence, and mentor generously. I was also lucky to enter the doctoral program in American Studies with Joseph Whitson, Jennifer Doane, and Lei Zhang; from coursework to late night dinner parties and annual camping trips, we let one another into our diverse projects and lives, for which I am forever grateful. Chip Chang and Rachelle Henderson are responsible for showing me how to write and think in conversation with others during our many study sessions and shared meals. They are the source of many of the ingredients of this dissertation. i Upon moving to Boston mid-way through my project, I was in need of a local community of writers. The Workshop for Dissertation Writers in Women’s and Gender Studies led by Kathrin Zippel filled that need expertly. Lauren Rizzuto, HeatherJean MacNeil, Deborah Feingold, Katharina Neissl, Asha Tall, and Laetitia Della Bianca became my daily writing team in the final year of writing the dissertation. They generously read and offered critical yet compassionate feedback on nearly every word of this dissertation. Thank you for holding me accountable and for writing together. This project—happily—also involved significant travel and visits to several archives in the U.S. and in the U.K. I am grateful for funding from the American Studies Department Graduate Research Partnership Program Fellowship, the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship, and several travel and conference grants from the University of Minnesota for making this research possible. Thanks to this funding, I was able to visit the Modern Records Centre at the University of Warwick, the British Library, the Frances E. Willard Memorial Library and Archives, and the Special Collections at the Joseph P. Healey Library at UMass Boston. These funds also allowed me to present my work at the American Studies Association and the National Women’s Studies Association’s annual conferences, the International Cycling History Conference, and participate in a week-long workshop for graduate students of American Studies from around the world at the Heidelberg Center for American Studies Spring Academy. Janet Olson at the Frances E. Willard Memorial Library and Archives and Joanne Riley at UMass Boston were particularly helpful and encouraging of my research efforts. My thanks extends to Nina Clark for inviting me to give a public talk on Kittie Knox, the ii LAW, and wheelmen of color for the Cycling Museum of Minnesota, and to Dave Buchanan for helping to shepherd my interest in 1890s bicycle travelogues into a published essay in his edited collection Elizabeth Robins Pennell: Critical Essays. These many opportunities to research and share my work with broader communities contributed significantly to this project. With such a crowd, my research and writing process has hardly been solitary. But on my bike? Just me, my bicycle, and the road to nowhere? Hardly. My partner, Ian, has been my cycling companion and my love for more than half my life. Not only has he traveled with me along many bicycle and academic roads, he has also mapped them. A special thanks to him for his expertise in helping me to visualize my project. And now, our daughter, Astrid, rides with us, a most welcome passenger in the cargo bike that completes our fleet. Throughout the years, we’ve traveled closely with our parents, Ulrike and Andrew Novick, Wallace Bachman, Alison and Duncan Sanders-Fleming, chasing them over mountains and across oceans on various bicycle tours, and most recently, I have depended on their care for our daughter in order to carve out the time and space to write, think, and—yes—occasionally ride. Thank you for your love and care. Finally, in my work and in my leisure, I travel with friends that have become family. Peter, Gemma, Riley; Natty, Erika, Pippa; Alex, Jen, Moose; Hannah, Kofi, Sarah, Paul, Jordan, Tegan; John, Lynnell, and Charley; the Monday night dinner crew; Eric, Tom, Christa, Mike, Lizzy, Nick, Kate and Gustavo. Maybe I haven’t convinced all of you to hop on a bicycle yet, but you are part of this parade whether you like it or not, and for that I am deeply grateful. Ride on, write on! iii ABSTRACT The New Woman cyclist of the 1890s has become an important symbol of feminist liberation. At the turn of the 20th century, she emerged as a figure that resisted traditional gender expectations, and, when paired with the new technology of the bicycle, gained unprecedented mobility. Yet, this liberation narrative fails to account for the white New Woman cyclist’s participation in hegemonic forms of power and ignores the moments of resistance a queer and feminist reading of Other(ed) New Women cyclists makes visible. Building on feminist, critical race, and queer theories, my dissertation challenges the dominant story of feminist liberation by revealing how white women’s progress relies on and contributes to whitenormative narratives of mastery, conquest, and empire, while also making space for a more nuanced reading of the New Woman cyclist’s harms, pleasures, and resistance. To explore this topic, I examine diaries, cycling guides, travelogues, newspapers, and bicycle tourism fieldwork. In chapter one, I read the diary of a woman cyclist from Leeds, England written between 1893 - 1896 and the historical context surrounding it against the grain to reveal an identity for the diarist that contradicts heteropatriarchal romance narratives in the historical archive. I then visualize recent maps of my own cycle tours alongside newly constructed maps based on the records she kept in her diary to explore the intimate embodiment and non-linearity of bicycle tourism, pushing the limits of the “queer object.” In chapter two, I examine the relationship between the bicycle, 19th century white feminist reformers, and the tension between queer possibilities of socialist revolution and the protection of Anglo-Saxon empire. Focusing specifically on the language of conquest used in Frances Willard’s instructional cycling guide, A Wheel Within A Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle (1895), I argue that Willard’s speech acts upon her audience; her words are live and directly impact the political landscape of the New Woman. Thus, Willard’s vision for a reformed civilization is one of celebratory conquest and confers serious harm upon those who are rejected from the moral modernity of the white New Woman cyclist. In chapter three, I offer a close reading of Elizabeth Robins Pennell’s To Gipsyland (1893) to investigate the potentiality of her attachment to the Romany people, language, and culture to offer queer forms of knowledge production. I argue that rather than operate as an agent of queer knowledge production, Pennell’s cycling adventure indulges in the violence of imperialist nostalgia to advance yet another narrative of modernity and empire. In chapter four, I consider the harmlessness of cycling’s pleasures, arguing that pleasure is essential in resisting oppressive structures. Drawing on the stories of cyclists Kittie Knox and Annie Kopchovsky I highlight how pleasure, performance, and spectacle serve to offer moments of resistance. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments i Abstract iv List of Figures vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Reading Smart 35 Chapter 2: Bicycle Revolutions 85 Chapter 3: Expert Attachments and Nostalgic Longings 125 Chapter 4: Radical Rides 167 Epilogue 201 Bibliography 208 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: “The New Woman and Her Bicycle,” PUCK, June 19, 1895 1 Figure 2: A.F. Smart’s signature in the “Commonplace book and diary” 57 Figure 3: 128 Mount Pleasant Street, Hastings, England 60 Figure 4: 14 Lawn Crescent, Richmond, England 63 Figure 5: Lawn Crescent, Richmond, England 63 Figure 6: 140 Woodsley Road, Leeds, England 64 Figure 7: Woodhouse Neighborhood, Leeds, 1908 65 Figure 8: Woodsley Road, Leeds, 1908 65 Figure 9: Creskeld Lane, Leeds, England 67 Figure 10: The road to The Dyneley Arms 67 Figure 11: The Dyneley Arms 72 Figures 12 & 13: Ada’s cycling diary 1896 & 1895 74 Figure 14: Northern suburbs of Leeds 79 Figure
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