Juggling Actors in the Reform of the Cambodian Administration

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Juggling Actors in the Reform of the Cambodian Administration Ruth Tigges Professionals and governance: juggling actors in the reform of the Cambodian administration Dissertation submitted at the Department for Southeast Asian Studies II, Faculty of Philosophy University of Passau January 2009 1 For Stella Maite 2 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 5 LIST OF ANNEXES 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 ABSTRACT 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................ 15 1.2 INSTRUMENTS AND SELECTION CRITERIA .................................................................................... 23 2. PROFESSIONALS AND STATE-FORMATION: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 24 2.1. PROFESSIONALS DURING THE ANGKOR PERIOD ......................................................................... 24 2.2. THE EARLY MODERNIZERS: PARAPROFESSIONALS AND NATION BUILDING.............................. 27 2.3. PROFESSIONALS AND LEFTIST MOVEMENTS ............................................................................... 29 2.4. THE FIGURATION OF STRATEGIC GROUPS AFTER THE KHMER ROUGES .................................. 32 2.5. COOPTATION OF PROFESSIONALS? FROM BUREAUCRATIC POLITY TO BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM .......................................................................................................................................... 35 2.6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 38 3. PROFESSIONALS TODAY: A STRATEGIC GROUP? 39 3.1. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 39 3.2. OCCUPATIONAL FIELDS: WHERE ARE THEY NOW? .................................................................... 43 3.3. CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 CASE STUDIES OF PROFESSIONALS WORKING AS CIVIL SERVANTS............................................... 45 3.3.2. CASE STUDIES OF PROFESSIONALS WORKING FOR DONOR ORGANIZATIONS............................... 47 3.3.3. CASE STUDY OF A PROFESSIONAL IN A NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) ............. 50 3.3.4 A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF A PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYED IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR ........... 51 3.3.5. ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.4 PATTERNS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION: PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ..................................... 53 3.5. COGNITIVE STRUCTURES AND LIFEWORLDS: HOW CAMBODIAN PROFESSIONALS THINK ...... 55 3.5.1 SIMILARITIES IN LIFESTYLES AND COGNITION.............................................................................. 56 3.5.2 DIFFERENCES RESULTING FROM VERTICAL INTEGRATION ........................................................... 59 3.6. BEHAVIOR AND PRACTICES WITHIN THE CAMBODIAN BUREAUCRACY .................................... 64 3.7. LACK OF COMMON STRATEGY? ................................................................................................... 68 3.8. PROFESSIONALS: A CAMBODIAN STRATEGIC GROUP?............................................................... 70 3.9 PROFESSIONALS: A GLOBAL STRATEGIC GROUP?........................................................................ 71 3.10 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 74 4. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN POST 1993 CAMBODIA: IMPLICATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL SETTING 76 3 4.1. INSTITUTIONAL SETTING OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION FOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS AND ITS ACTORS ................................................................................................................................... 76 4.1.1 THE POLITICAL NEGOTIATION LEVEL: CDCF (UNTIL 2007 CG)................................................... 78 4.1.2 THE SEMI-POLITICAL, TECHNICAL LEVEL: GOVERNMENT DONOR COOPERATION COMMITTEE (GDCC) ................................................................................................................................................. 79 4.1.3 THE TECHNICAL LEVEL: TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (TWG).................................................. 80 4.2. THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AND ITS OFFICE ........................................................................... 81 4.3. HISTORIC CONTEXTUALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM................................ 83 4.3.1 THE PRIORITY MISSION GROUP (PMG)........................................................................................ 90 4.3.2 THE MERIT BASED PAY INCENTIVE (MBPI) SCHEME .................................................................. 91 4.4. POLITICAL TENSIONS .................................................................................................................... 92 4.4.1 POLITICAL CONFRONTATION AT THE GOVERNMENT-DONOR COORDINATION COMMITTEE (GDCC) LEVEL ...................................................................................................................................... 93 4.4.2 POLITICAL CONFRONTATION AT THE CDCF LEVEL...................................................................... 96 4.5. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 101 5. PROFESSIONALS AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM: A CONTESTED NEGOTIATION PROCESS 103 5.1. THE POLITICAL TENSIONS AND THEIR BASIS WITHIN THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................................................. 103 5.2. THE CONTESTED ISSUES: JOINT MONITORING INDICATORS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS....... 105 5.3. THE JOINT MONITORING INDICATOR’S RELATIONSHIP AND THEIR DYNAMICS OVER TIME. 106 5.4. ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (TWG) ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM (PAR) MEETINGS................................................................................................................ 109 5.4.1 JOINT MONITORING INDICATOR 1: IMPLEMENT THE APPROVED "JOINT GOVERNMENT-DONOR STRATEGY” FOR PHASING OUT SALARY SUPPLEMENTATION PRACTICES IN CAMBODIA .................. 110 5.4.2 JOINT MONITORING INDICATOR 2: IMPROVE PAY AND EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE. .............................................................................................................................................. 116 5.4.3 JOINT MONITORING INDICATOR 3 AND 4.................................................................................... 129 5.5. CONSENSUS FINDING 2008 .......................................................................................................... 132 5.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 134 6. CONCLUSION 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 4 List of Figures and Tables FIG. 1: NUMBER OF CAMBODIAN STUDENTS STUDYING OUTSIDE CAMBODIA 41 TABLE 1: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF CAMBODIA GRADUATES 43 FIG. 2: PROFESSIONALS AND THEIR OCCUPATIONAL SPHERES 42 FIG. 3: THE THREE INTERFACES FOR POLICY NEGOTIATIONS 77 FIG. 4: CHRONOLOGY OF KEY DOCUMENTS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM 85 FIG.5 THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE STRATEGY TO RATIONALIZE THE CIVIL SERVICE 86 TABLE 2: CHRONOLOGY OF THE MEETINGS OF THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM 108 5 List of Annexes ANNEX 1: MAP OF CAMBODIA 148 ANNEX 2 : INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE 149 ANNEXE 3: TRANSITION OF POLITICAL, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN CAMBODIA 151 ANNEX 4: SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF SELECTED PROFESSIONALS 155 ANNEX 5: STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL UNITED MOVEMENT JANUARY 1999 164 ANNEX 6 : CAMBODIAN TYCOONS IN THE SENATE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES 167 ANNEX 7: “IT’S A FAMILY AFFAIR” 168 ANNEX8 : SINCERE CONGRATULATIONS TO HIS EXCELLENCY SOK AN, DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER, MINISTER IN CHARGE OF THE OFFICE OF COUNCIL OF MINISTERS ON THE OCCASION OF THE CEREMONY TO CONFER HIS HONORARY DOCTORAL DEGREE OF PUBLIC POLICY AND MANAGEMENT CHAMROEUN UNIVERSITY OF POLYTECHNOLOGY (CUP) DELIVERED BY H.E OM YENTIENG 169 ANNEX 9: KEY PROFESSIONAL FIGURES OF THE “RUSSIAN GENERATION”: DR MONIROTH AND DR. CHUON NARON 172 ANNEX 10: NUMBER OF CENTRAL AND PROVINCIAL SERVANTS BY MINISTRY 177 ANNEX 11: STRUCTURE OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA 181 ANNEX12 : LIST OF THE JOINT TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS IN CAMBODIA 179 ANNEX 13: ACTION PLAN OF THE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM 2007 180 ANNEXE14 : THE OFFICE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS (OCOM) 182 ANNEX15 : LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 183 ANNEX 16: THE RECTANGULAR STRATEGY 185 ANNEX 17: TIMELINE OF LYCÉE SISOWATH'S HISTORY186 ANNEX18: KEY CAMBODIAN UNIVERSITIES 188 6 List of abbreviations AAA Australian Alumni Association AFEC Alliance for Freedom of Expression in Cambodia ASCOJA Asian Council of Japan Alumni ADA Appui de Dévelopement Autonome Ad Hoc Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association APSARA Authority in charge of the Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap BSAF Base Salary and Allowances Framework CAR Council for Administrative Reform CCHR Cambodian Center for Human Rights CDC Council for the Development of Cambodia CDCF Cambodia Development Cooperation Forum CDRI Cambodia Development Resource Institute CG Consultative Group CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CIB Cambodian Investment Board CICP Cambodian Institute for Cooperation
Recommended publications
  • In the Shadows: Women, Power and Politics in Cambodia
    In the Shadows: Women, Power and Politics in Cambodia Kate Frieson CAPI Associate and United N ations Regional Spokesperson, UNMIBH (UN mission in Bosnia Hercegovina) Occasional Paper No. 26 June 2001 Copyright © 2001 Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives Box 1700, STN CSC Victoria, BC Canada V8W 2Y2 Tel. : (250) 721-7020 Fax : (250) 721-3107 E-mail: [email protected] National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Frieson, Kate G. (Kate Grace), 1958- In the Shadows: Women, Power and Politics in Cambodia (CAPI occasional paper series ; 26) ISBN 1-55058-230-5 1. Cambodia–Social conditions. 2. Cambodia–Politics and government. 3. Women in politics–Cambodia. I. UVic Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives. II. Title. III. Series: Occasional papers (UVic Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives) ; #26. DS554.8.F74 2001 305.42'09596 C2001-910945-8 Printed in Canada Table of Contents Theoretical Approaches to Gender and Politics ......................................1 Women and the Politics of Socialization ............................................2 Women and the State: Regeneration and the Reproduction of the Nation ..................4 Women and the Defense of the State during War-Time ................................8 Women as Defenders of the Nation ...............................................12 Women in Post-UNTAC Cambodia ..............................................14 Conclusion ..................................................................16 Notes ......................................................................16 In the Shadows: Women, Power and Politics in Cambodia Kate Frieson, University of Victoria "Behind almost all politicians there are women in the shadows" Anonymous writer, Modern Khmer News, 1954 Although largely unscribed in historical writings, women have played important roles in the Cambodian body politic as lance-carrying warriors and defenders of the Angkorean kingdom, influential consorts of kings, deviant divas, revolutionary heroines, spiritual protectors of Buddhist temples, and agents of peace.
    [Show full text]
  • PM: Cambodia Is Not a Place for Establishment of Any Government in Exile DPM Hor Namhong: No Deal on Foreign Refugees Reached Y
    PAGE1 YEAR: 7 NO: 67 BULLETIN: MAY 2014 CONTENT: PM: Cambodia Is Not a Place for Establishment of Any Government PM: Canbodia Is not a Place for Establishment of Anu Government in in Exile Exile AKP Phnom Penh, use its territory to Cambodia would not as Pheu Thai Party DPM Hor Namhong: No Deal on Foreign May 27, 2014 – establish any move- interfere in Thai af- understand Cambo- Refugees Reached Yet Samdech Akka Mo- ment against any for- fairs. dia’s stance.” between Cambodia and ha Sena Padei Techo eign government, “As Cambodia Samdech Techo Australia PAGE 1 Hun Sen, Prime underlined the Cam- shares border with Prime Minister also Minister of the King- bodian premier at a Thailand, we have to took the opportunity Cambodia, Japan Sign the Exchange of Notes dom of Cambodia, graduation ceremony maintain normal re- to call on the Cam- on the Grant Aid for said here this morn- of the Royal Univer- lations with the bodian people who “Japanese Development ing that Cambodia sity of Phnom Penh country despite civil have been traveling Scholarship” Project PAGE 2 will not allow any held at Koh Pich or military-ruled and working in Thai- country or any group Convention and Ex- government,” said land to respect the Cambodia, UNESCO Reach MoU on Drafting to form a govern- hibition Center. Samdech Techo Hun country’s law by not the Law on Access to ment in exile on its Regarding the cur- Sen. “There is no joining any anti- or Information [Cambodian] territo- rent situation in other choice, I hope pro-government ac- Congratulatory Cere- ry.
    [Show full text]
  • To Keep You Is No Gain, to Kill You Is No Loss* – Securing Justice Through the International Criminal Court
    TO KEEP YOU IS NO GAIN, TO KILL YOU IS NO LOSS* – SECURING JUSTICE THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT Talitha Gray** I. INTRODUCTION “We who have witnessed in the twentieth century, the worst crimes against humanity, have an opportunity to bequeath to the new century a powerful instrument of justice. So let us rise to this challenge.”1 An incomprehensible number of people have died as a result of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity in the last century. After World War II and the Holocaust, nations and their citizenry proclaimed that never again would something so horrendous happen. “We must make sure that their deaths have posthumous meaning. We must make sure that from now until the end of days all humankind stares this evil in the face . and only then can we be sure it will never arise again.”2 Despite this vow, from 1950 to 1990, there were seventeen genocides, with two that resulted in the death of over a million people.3 In 1994, 800,000 Tutsis died during a three-month genocide in Rwanda.4 Genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity are not only something that occurred in the distant past; sadly, they remain a vivid reality. If there is ever hope to end such crimes, they must be addressed by the law on an international scale. “We stand poised at the edge of invention: a rare occasion to build a new institution to serve a global need. An International Criminal Court is within our * This phrase is identified as the motto of the Khmer Rouge regime who murdered in excess of two million Cambodians during their three year reign.
    [Show full text]
  • Activities on the 2017 Elections Commune Sangkat
    Committee For Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia (COMFREL) #138, Str 122 Teuk Laak 1, Toulkork, Phnom Penh xumE®hVl Box: 1145 COMFREL Tel: 023 884 150 Fax:023 885 745 Email [email protected], [email protected] Website www.comfrel.org Final Assessment and Report on the 2017 Commune Council Elections Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Principal Findings .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 What Others Say ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Overall Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 19 3. Political Environment ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Unilateral legislative changes contrary
    [Show full text]
  • Kampot Province
    Use Google translate. Select language to translate. Sitemap Library Links Newsletter Login RSS English Click here and enter your keyword... Home About Us Country Overview Laws & Regulations Public Service Of CDC Investment Scheme Investor’s Information Investment Yellow Page Home » Provincial Data » Kampot Province Welcome to CDC Kampot Province 1. Provincial Government Policies for Invest ment Promot ion Provincial Brief Int roduct ion (*2) Kampot, on the eastern side is rich in low lands which is good for agriculture sector. It also has abundant of mountains and forests with a vast variety of wild animals in the west of the province. The southwest of the province is covered by coastline which is rich in natural resource, fisheries, farming and salt farms. Kampot is a perfect business destination for both local and exporting markets. Given beauty of nature, Kampot has been attracting more local and international tourists pouring in to visit the province and the provincial government is totally optimistic for the tourism industry growth in the near future. Minister attached to the Prim e Minister The provincial government has continuously strengthened investment environment in effort to Secretary General, Council of the diversify provincial economic basis as well as extent provincial good reputation for investment. As a Developm ent of Cam bodia. result, IFC and the Asia Foundation have named Kampot among other provinces with the best investment environment in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The provincial government is committed to On behalf of the Council for the improve all related sectors to attract more investors and further support existing entrepreneurs and Development of Cambodia, I would business.
    [Show full text]
  • China, Cambodia, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: Principles and Foreign Policy
    China, Cambodia, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: Principles and Foreign Policy Sophie Diamant Richardson Old Chatham, New York Bachelor of Arts, Oberlin College, 1992 Master of Arts, University of Virginia, 2001 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Politics University of Virginia May, 2005 !, 11 !K::;=::: .' P I / j ;/"'" G 2 © Copyright by Sophie Diamant Richardson All Rights Reserved May 2005 3 ABSTRACT Most international relations scholarship concentrates exclusively on cooperation or aggression and dismisses non-conforming behavior as anomalous. Consequently, Chinese foreign policy towards small states is deemed either irrelevant or deviant. Yet an inquiry into the full range of choices available to policymakers shows that a particular set of beliefs – the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence – determined options, thus demonstrating the validity of an alternative rationality that standard approaches cannot apprehend. In theoretical terms, a belief-based explanation suggests that international relations and individual states’ foreign policies are not necessarily determined by a uniformly offensive or defensive posture, and that states can pursue more peaceful security strategies than an “anarchic” system has previously allowed. “Security” is not the one-dimensional, militarized state of being most international relations theory implies. Rather, it is a highly subjective, experience-based construct, such that those with different experiences will pursue different means of trying to create their own security. By examining one detailed longitudinal case, which draws on extensive archival research in China, and three shorter cases, it is shown that Chinese foreign policy makers rarely pursued options outside the Five Principles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Primary Education Reform in Cambodia
    ESID Working Paper No. 58 The political economy of primary education reform in Cambodia Tim Kelsall, Sothy Khieng, Chuong Chantha and Tieng Tek Muy1 June, 2016 1 Tim Kelsall is a Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute in London; Sothy Khieng, Chuong Chantha and Tieng Tek Muy work at the Cambodian Development Resource Institute in Phnom Penh Email correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-908749-59-8 email: [email protected] Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre (ESID) Global Development Institute, School of Environment, Education and Development, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK www.effective-states.org The political economy of primary education reform in Cambodia Abstract This paper examines the quality of primary education provision in Cambodia using a ‘political settlements’ framework developed at the University of Manchester. The framework characterises Cambodia as a ‘hybrid’ settlement with a weak dominant party and predatory administration, albeit with some islands of administrative effectiveness. Such states can achieve developmental progress in circumscribed areas with multi-stakeholder support, but more wide-ranging, top-down reforms will normally disappoint. We use the framework retrospectively to explain the balance between quantity and quality in Cambodia’s education provision, and also prospectively to assess the prospects for reform. We conclude that, although new leadership in the education ministry promises to bring faster, deeper reform than ever before, powerful forces for inertia still exist. These forces could potentially be alleviated with enhanced international support, but development partners’ current ways of working leave much to be desired.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia: the Tragedies (Part 2)
    Cambodia: The Tragedies (Part 2) By Hann So April 17, 2013 Visit to the Refugee Camps on the Khmer-Thai Border March 22 – April 2, 1987 The Delegation The delegation, headed by John Than Po of Seattle, WA, was composed of: Seang Lim Bit,Oakland, CA; Sakphan Keam, Long Beach, CA; Kim An Leng, Lebanon, PA; Bun Tek (Ted) Ngoy, Mission Viejo, CA; Luke Polk, Portland, OR; Sithan Sar, Norwalk, CA; Hann So, San Jose, CA; Arun Son, Fresno, CA. The delegation left Los Angeles, CA on March 21, 1987, and arrived in Bangkok, Thailand on March 22,1987. The visit lasted until April 2, 1987. The Mission The mission of the delegation was to: • observe the living conditions of the Khmer refugees, • boost the morale of the Khmer refugees, • encourage the struggle for freedom and peace of the Khmer refugees, • support the cooperation between the Khmer People’s National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) and the Nationalist Sihanoukian Army (ANS) in their effort to liberate Cambodia from the Vietnamese rule, and • educate the Westerners about the refugees’ plight and the Cambodian tragedy. The Program March 23 Orientation meeting with General Sak Sutsakhan, Commander-in-Chief of KPNLAF March 24 Visit of Ampil March 25 Visits of Nam Yin (Baksei), Nong Chan, Samlor, and Dangrek March 26 Visits of O’Bok, and Rithysen March 27 Trip to Surin Dinner reception by Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Commander-in-Chief of ANS March 28 Visit of site B March 29 Visit of Sokh Sann Macrh 30 Meeting with Son Sann, President of Khmer People’s National Liberation Front (KPNLF) The Meeting On March 23, 1987, the delegation had an orientation and information meeting with General Sak Sutsakhan, Commander-in-Chief of KPNLAF.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Sihanouk: the Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2013 Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970 Weena Yong Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons, Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Asian History Commons, Environmental Design Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, National Security Law Commons, South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Yong, Weena, "Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2013. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/309 Prince Norodom Sihanouk Prince Norodom The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970 by Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia By Weena Yong Advised by Michael Lestz Janet Bauer Zayde Gordon Antrim A Thesis Submitted to the International Studies Program of Trinity College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree © May 2013 1 For my parents, MiOk Mun and Yong Inn Hoe, My brothers, KeeSing Benjamin and KeeHup Arie, My sister, Lenna XingMei And to all my advisors and friends, Whom have inspired and supported me Every day. 2 Abstract This thesis addresses Prince Sihanouk and the model of absolute monarchy in Cambodia during his ‘golden era.’ What is the legacy bequeathed to his country that emanated from his years as his country’s autocratic leader (1954-1970)? What did he leave behind? My original hypothesis was that Sihanouk was a libertine and ruthless god-king who had immense pride for his country.
    [Show full text]
  • GCC States' Land Investments Abroad
    GCC States’ Land Investments Abroad The Case of Cambodia Summary Report About the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar The Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar, opened in August 2005, is a branch campus of Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic and Jesuit university in America, founded in 1789. The program builds on Georgetown University’s long tradition of educating future leaders for careers in the international arena through a liberal arts undergraduate program focused on international affairs. For more information about the School of Foreign Service in Qatar, please visit http://qatar.sfs.georgetown.edu. About the Center for International and Regional Studies Established in 2005, the Center for International and Regional Studies at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar is a premier research institute devoted to the academic study of regional and international issues through dialogue and exchange of ideas, research and scholarship, and engagement with national and international scholars, opinion makers, practitioners, and activists. Guided by the principles of academic excellence, forward vision, and community engagement, the CIRS mission revolves around five principal goals: • To provide a forum for scholarship and research on international and regional affairs • To encourage in-depth examination and exchange of ideas • To foster thoughtful dialogue among students, scholars, and practitioners of international affairs • To facilitate the free flow of ideas and knowledge through publishing the products of its research, sponsoring conferences and seminars, and holding workshops designed to explore the complexities of the twenty-first century • To engage in outreach activities with a wide range of local, regional, and international partners About the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development Founded in 1995, Qatar Foundation is a private, non-profit, chartered organization committed to the principle that a nation’s greatest resource is its people.
    [Show full text]
  • Authoritarian Politics and the Outcome of Nonviolent Uprisings
    Authoritarian Politics and the Outcome of Nonviolent Uprisings Jonathan Sutton Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies/Te Ao o Rongomaraeroa University of Otago/Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo July 2018 Abstract This thesis examines how the internal dynamics of authoritarian regimes influence the outcome of mass nonviolent uprisings. Although research on civil resistance has identified several factors explaining why campaigns succeed or fail in overthrowing autocratic rulers, to date these accounts have largely neglected the characteristics of the regimes themselves, thus limiting our ability to understand why some break down while others remain cohesive in the face of nonviolent protests. This thesis sets out to address this gap by exploring how power struggles between autocrats and their elite allies influence regime cohesion in the face of civil resistance. I argue that the degeneration of power-sharing at the elite level into personal autocracy, where the autocrat has consolidated individual control over the regime, increases the likelihood that the regime will break down in response to civil resistance, as dissatisfied members of the ruling elite become willing to support an alternative to the status quo. In contrast, under conditions of power-sharing, elites are better able to guarantee their interests, thus giving them a greater stake in regime survival and increasing regime cohesion in response to civil resistance. Due to the methodological challenges involved in studying authoritarian regimes, this thesis uses a mixed methods approach, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data and methods to maximise the breadth of evidence that can be used, balance the weaknesses of using either approach in isolation, and gain a more complete understanding of the connection between authoritarian politics and nonviolent uprisings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life Course of Pol Pot: How His Early Life Influenced the Crimes He Committed
    Scientific THE LIFE COURSE OF POL POT: HOW HIS EARLY LIFE INFLUENCED THE CRIMES HE COMMITTED Myra de Vries1* Maartje Weerdesteijn** ABSTRACT International criminology focuses mostly on the lower level perpetrators even though it finds the leader is crucial for orchestrating the circumstances in which these people kill. While numerous theories from ordinary criminology have been usefully applied to these lower level perpetrators, the applicability of these theories to the leaders has remained underexplored. In order to fill this gap, the life course theory of Sampson and Laub will be applied to Pol Pot whose brutal communist regime cost the lives of approximately 1.7 million people. A unusual childhood, the influence of peers while he studied in Paris, and his marriage to a woman who shared his revolutionary mind-set, were all negative turning-points for Pol Pot. I. Introduction Mass violence is constructed as something extraordinary that violates cosmopolitan, and perhaps even universal, norms.2 The extraordinary nature of these crimes lies in the fact that these are very often a state-directed effort to harm or kill marginalised groups. These crimes are also referred to as “crimes of obedience,”3 since lower level perpetrators often obey high level orders unquestioningly without taking personal responsibility for the ethical repercussions.4 *Myra de Vries graduated her BSc Criminologie at Leiden University in 2012, and is currently a student in the MSc International Crimes and Criminology programme. **Maartje Weerdesteijn is an assistant professor at the department of criminology at VU University Amsterdam and researcher at the Center for International Criminal Justice.
    [Show full text]