Networn E൵ects in the Long Nineteenth Century (Weimar, Paris
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ple, a period-based history of autonomy fails to explain countercultural PRYHPHQWVWKDWHPHUJHGEHIRUHWKHPLGFHQWXU\ULVHRID%RXUGHXVLDQ ¿HOGVXFKDVWKHHDUO\URPDQWLFLQWHOOHFWXDOVZKRUDOOLHGDURXQGDGLV - FRXUVHRIFXOWXUDODXWKHQWLFLW\WRFULWLTXHDQµH[WHUQDO¶RUµPHFKDQLFDO¶ FLYLOL]DWLRQ7KHGH¿QLQJHOHPHQWRIVXFKHDUO\FRXQWHUFXOWXUHVLVQRW the idea RIDXWKHQWLFLQWHULRULW\±LQYHQWHGLQDQWLTXLW\SURPLQHQWLQ WKH 3URWHVWDQW UHIRUPDWLRQ 7D\ORU ± EXW FRQFUHWH VRFLRLQVWL - WXWLRQDOPRPHQWVRIGLVD൶OLDWLRQWKDWUHMHFWGRPLQDQWQRUPVDVSDUW RIDQLQDXWKHQWLFVRFLDORWKHU WKHSKLOLVWLQHWKHERXUJHRLVWKHDULV - WRFUDF\WKHORZEURZWKHPLGFXOWHWF 6XFKPRPHQWVRFFXUUDWKHU XQHYHQO\LQZRUOGOLWHUDU\WLPHDQGVSDFH7KH\¿UVWÀRXULVKHGLQWKH *HUPDQOLWHUDU\V\VWHPEHWZHHQDQGDPRQJ:HLPDUDQG -HQD¶VKLJKFXOWXUDOQHWZRUNRISRHWVQRYHOLVWVDQGSKLORVRSKHUV2Q WKH$QJOR$PHULFDQVFHQHFROOHFWLYHGLVD൶OLDWLRQKDVPRUHVSHFL¿F ORFDWLRQV,WWKULYHVLQDWUDQVDWODQWLFVSDFHRIµSRHWVDQGVDJHZULWHUV¶ :RUGVZRUWK&ROHULGJH&DUO\OH(PHUVRQ)XOOHU:KLWPDQ$UQROG WKDWFDUULHGDXWKHQWLFLW\WDONIDULQWRWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHFHQWXU\ $U - 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