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Networn E൵ects in the Long Nineteenth Century (Weimar, Paris

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Networn E൵ects in the Long Nineteenth Century (Weimar, Paris Günter Leypoldt 3URIHVVLRQDO&RXQWHUFXOWXUHV1HWZRUN(൵HFWV LQWKH/RQJ1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\ :HLPDU3DULV *UDVPHUH%RVWRQ Countercultural sensibilities emerge when a social group wants to disaf- ¿OLDWHIURPDODUJHUFROOHFWLYHUHMHFWLQJGRPLQDQW µKHJHPRQLF¶µPDLQ - VWUHDP¶ QRUPVDQGYDOXHV7KHSUROLIHUDWLRQRIOLWHUDU\FRXQWHUFXOWXUHV LQWKHORQJQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\VXJJHVWVDQLQFUHDVLQJµLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]D - WLRQ RI OLPLQDOLW\¶ 0F*XUO D SURFHVV WKDW FXOPLQDWHV LQ the tenured bohemias of the post45 program era whose academic mar- NHWVKHOWHUV D3ODQHW0)$ZLWKWKLFNHQLQJWLHVWR3ODQHW3K' GRQRWVR PXFKWROHUDWHDVGHPDQGIURPLWVLQKDELWDQWVWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIµUDGLFDO¶ dissent. In what follows, I wish to explore how countercultural sensibili- WLHVKLQJHRQVRFLRLQVWLWXWLRQDOQHWZRUNV$WLVVXHLVQRWµLQÀXHQFH¶WKH TXHVWLRQRIKRZFRXQWHUFXOWXUDOFRQFHSWVWUDYHOWKURXJKSHUVRQDOQHW - works, but structural resonance KRZFRXQWHUFXOWXUDOVWDQFHVÀRXULVKLQ some relational spaces and tend to be hampered in others. Sociologies RIOLWHUDWXUHKDYHDGGUHVVHGVXFKTXHVWLRQVZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHKLVWRU - LFDOHPHUJHQFHRIOLWHUDU\DXWRQRP\7KHWH[WERRNKLVWRU\RIOLWHUDU\ DXWRQRP\FRXOGEHVXPPDUL]HGOLNHWKLV,QWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\D WUDQVQDWLRQDOUHSXEOLFRIOHWWHUVVWDELOL]HGOLWHUDU\DQGDUWLVWLFVWDQGDUGV DQGWXUQHGOLWHUDU\FXOWXUHLQWRµDVRFLDOO\VSHFL¿FVSDFH¶VHSDUDWHIURP VFKRODUV 9LDOD± ,QWKLVHDUO\SKDVHWKHODUJHRYHUODSEH - WZHHQOLWHUDU\DQGVRFLDOHOLWHVOHIWOLWWOHURRPIRUFRXQWHUFXOWXUDOPRYH - PHQWV %RXUGLHXD %XWDIWHUWKHULVLQJPDUNHWSODFHOLE - HUDWHGZULWHUVIURPHOLWHSDWURQDJHDQGE\WKHLQFUHDVLQJZHLJKWRI peer-oriented consecrating institutions freed literary intellectuals from ORZFRPPHUFLDOHQWHUWDLQPHQWPDUNHWV0RGHUQDXWKRUVFDQGLVD൶OLDWH Symbiosis : Transatlantic Literary & Cultural Relations , 25.1 © Symbiosis, Spring 2021 Symbiosis22 from mainstream norms with the help of a world literary system that GH¿QHVOLWHUDU\SUHVWLJHUHODWLYHO\LQGHSHQGHQWO\RIHFRQRPLFDQGSR - OLWLFDOSRZHU &DVDQRYD>@ 7KLVVWRU\VHHPVWUXHHQRXJKEXWLWFDQHQFRXUDJHDELUG¶VH\H YLHZWKDWPLVVHVLPSRUWDQWFRPSOH[LWLHVRQWKHJURXQGOHYHO)RUH[DP - ple, a period-based history of autonomy fails to explain countercultural PRYHPHQWVWKDWHPHUJHGEHIRUHWKHPLGFHQWXU\ULVHRID%RXUGHXVLDQ ¿HOGVXFKDVWKHHDUO\URPDQWLFLQWHOOHFWXDOVZKRUDOOLHGDURXQGDGLV - FRXUVHRIFXOWXUDODXWKHQWLFLW\WRFULWLTXHDQµH[WHUQDO¶RUµPHFKDQLFDO¶ FLYLOL]DWLRQ7KHGH¿QLQJHOHPHQWRIVXFKHDUO\FRXQWHUFXOWXUHVLVQRW the idea RIDXWKHQWLFLQWHULRULW\±LQYHQWHGLQDQWLTXLW\SURPLQHQWLQ WKH 3URWHVWDQW UHIRUPDWLRQ 7D\ORU ± EXW FRQFUHWH VRFLRLQVWL - WXWLRQDOPRPHQWVRIGLVD൶OLDWLRQWKDWUHMHFWGRPLQDQWQRUPVDVSDUW RIDQLQDXWKHQWLFVRFLDORWKHU WKHSKLOLVWLQHWKHERXUJHRLVWKHDULV - WRFUDF\WKHORZEURZWKHPLGFXOWHWF 6XFKPRPHQWVRFFXUUDWKHU XQHYHQO\LQZRUOGOLWHUDU\WLPHDQGVSDFH7KH\¿UVWÀRXULVKHGLQWKH *HUPDQOLWHUDU\V\VWHPEHWZHHQDQGDPRQJ:HLPDUDQG -HQD¶VKLJKFXOWXUDOQHWZRUNRISRHWVQRYHOLVWVDQGSKLORVRSKHUV2Q WKH$QJOR$PHULFDQVFHQHFROOHFWLYHGLVD൶OLDWLRQKDVPRUHVSHFL¿F ORFDWLRQV,WWKULYHVLQDWUDQVDWODQWLFVSDFHRIµSRHWVDQGVDJHZULWHUV¶ :RUGVZRUWK&ROHULGJH&DUO\OH(PHUVRQ)XOOHU:KLWPDQ$UQROG WKDWFDUULHGDXWKHQWLFLW\WDONIDULQWRWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHFHQWXU\ $U - QROG¶V Culture and Anarchy DSSHDUHGLQ EXWKDVOLWWOHUHVRQDQFH DPRQJ$QJORSKRQHQRYHOLVWVRIWKHVDPHSHULRG±QHLWKHU-DQH$XVWHQ WKHµDXWKRURI:DYHUOH\¶RUWKHVXEVHTXHQWQHWZRUNRIµMRXUQDOLVWQRY - HOLVWV¶ 'LFNHQV%XOZHU/\WWRQ7KDFNHUD\7UROORSH ZHUHPXFKLQ - YHVWHGLQFRXQWHUFXOWXUDODXWKHQWLFLW\FODLPV6LPLODUO\FRPSOLFDWHGDUH WKHGHYHORSPHQWVLQ)UDQFHZKHUHDXWKHQWLFLW\WDONLVSRSXODUL]HGE\ 5RXVVHDXEXWSURGXFHVQRFRXQWHUFXOWXUDOPRPHQWVEHIRUHWKH3DULVLDQ ERKHPLDQVRIWKHVDQGV In what follows, I will suggest that a look at network-based spaces of practice can help us make sense of the apparent messiness of WKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\¿HOG7KH¿UVWWKUHHVHFWLRQVH[SORUHDQRPDOLHV LQ HDUO\URPDQWLF *HUPDQ QHWZRUNV ZKLFK SURGXFH DYDQWJDUGLVW HI - IHFWVWKDWHOVHZKHUH DV,VKRZZLWKDFRPSDULVRQWRWKH3DULVERKHPLD RIWKHV UHTXLUHGL൵HUHQWFXOWXUDOHFRORJLHV,QDIRXUWKVHFWLRQ ,ZLOOFRQWUDVWWKHµVFKRODVWLF¶VHQVLELOLWLHVRIWKH*HUPDQVFHQHZLWK Leypoldt 23 WKHµJHQHUDOLVW¶RXWORRNRI)UHQFKOHWWHUVH[HPSOL¿HGE\*HUPDLQHGH 6WDsO¶VUHVSRQVHWROLWHUDU\:HLPDUDQG-HQD7KHVXEVHTXHQWWZRVHF - 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