Race and Representation in Disney's Live-Action Remakes of Aladdin
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A “ Whole New World ” : Race and Representation in Disney’s Live - Action Remakes of Aladdin, The Lion King, and Mulan by Amany Yehia Elmogahzy A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements fo r the Degree of Master of Communication Auburn, Alabama December 15, 2018 Keywords : Race, Representation, Disney, Pre - reception, Live - action Copyright 2018 by Amany Yehia Elmogahzy Approved by Dr. Andrea Kelley, Chair, Assistant Professor of Med ia Studies Dr. George Plasketes, Professor of Media Studies Hollie Lavenstein, Associate Professor and Associate Director of Media Studies Abstract When Disney began adapting their animated classics into live - action remakes, the studio assumed t hat this representationa l shift would be a perfect fit for their audiences. However, these films, specifically quickly became contested sites of cultural discussion, with audiences demanding inclusivity and diversity in th eir production practices. T his study examines how audience discourses are shaping public understanding of Disney’s films with regard to their racial politics . In critically examining the representations and the paratexts surrounding both the animated and live - action texts of Aladdin (2019 ) , The Lion King (2019) , and Mulan (20 20) , this analysis interr ogates the racial ideologies which have defines Disney ’ s representation s of race historically and in co ntemporary con texts. Ultimately, this study evaluates to what extent th e pr e - reception discourse continues to influence Disney’s approach to the casting of the ir films. ii Acknowledgments To my father, Yeh ia Elmogahzy, because I owe it all to you! You have been my emotional support not only throughout this process but throughout my entire life and always encouraged me even when all I wanted to do was give up. Your pride in me and my achievements has always guided my path and kept me stead fast . Serving as my example, you are the person who has fostered my interest in Academia for all these years, and will no doubt be the person who urges me forward in the future. And one day who knows maybe I will fulfill you r dream of seeing me as a Ph.D. just like you! Additionally, to my friends and family, your love and support inspires me daily and encourages me to be the best version of myself, and for that, I am eternally grateful. I am also thankful for my c ommittee and mentors: Andrea Kelley, George Plasketes, and Hollie Lavenstein. Without you, all no ne of this would have been possible. I appreciate your commitment to seeing me through to the finish line. Finally, to Walt Disney, without whose imagina tion this thesis would not have been possible, and whose films have always reminded me: “If you can dream it, you can do it. Always remember that this whole thing was started by a mouse.” - Walt Disney iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... ii Acknowledgments ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ iii List of Illustrations ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... v i Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 1 Literature Review ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8 Mickey, the Bla ckface Minstrel ................................ ................................ ........................ 8 The Song of the South and Blacks in American Film ................................ ..................... 1 2 Racial Anthropomorphism ................................ ................................ .............................. 1 6 Casting Practices and Whiteness in Hollywood ................................ ............................. 2 0 Theoretical Framework and Method ................................ ................................ ........................... 2 7 Methodology ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 3 1 Looking Ahead: Chapter Overview ................................ ................................ ................ 34 Chapter I ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 3 8 Multi culturalism in Disney’s Aladdin , The Lion King , and Mulan ............................... 4 3 Casting ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 45 Star Power ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 49 Visual Representations and Animation Styles ................................ ................................ 51 Performance ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 5 7 Conclusio n ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 67 iv Chapter I I ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 69 Casting and Star Power ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 7 3 Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 11 7 Discussion ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 1 2 1 Findings ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 12 2 Conclusion and Further Implications ................................ ................................ ............ 12 4 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 1 3 0 v List of Figures Figure 1 - Disney’s Live - Action Mulan Spec Script ................................ ................................ 7 4 Figure 2 - 18 Million Rising organization’s response to AngryAsian.com anonymous blog post by Concerned for Mulan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 7 9 Figure 3 - Asian Actor Harry Shum Jr. also responds to Concerned for Mulan blog ............... 79 Figure 4 - Disney’s Live - Action Mulan Castin g Call ................................ ................................ 8 2 Figure 5 - Twitter response criticizing Mulan casting call announcement ................................ 8 6 Figure 6 - Twitter response expressing dismay at exc itement to Mulan casting call ................. 8 6 Figure 7 - Twitter response noting Hollywood’s problematic representation practices. ............ 8 7 Figure 8 - Disney’s Live - Action Aladdin Casting Call ................................ .............................. 9 1 Figure 9 - Twitter user suggesting Zayn Malik as possible Aladdin. ................................ ......... 9 2 Figure 10 - Twitter user suggesting Avan Jogia as possible Aladdin. ................................ ........ 9 3 Figure 11 - Director Lexi Alexander tweeting asking Guy Ritchie to contact her for actors ..... 9 4 Figure 12 - Twitter user expressing dismay at Aladdin live - action casting. ............................... 9 8 Figure 13 - Twitter use r recognizes Naomi Scott as “white girl” ................................ ............... 99 Figure 14 - Twitter user compares Naomi Scott and animated Jasmine ................................ ... 10 0 Figure 15 - Twitter user jests about whitewashing in live - action Aladdin ............................... 10 2 Figure 16 - Twitter user question addition of white prince to A laddin ................................ .... 10 3 Figure 17 - Disney confirms Live - Action The Lion King All - Star Cast ................................ ... 1 09 Figure 18 - Twitter user remarks disbelief and joy at Lion King casting ................................ 11 2 vi A “WHOLE NEW WORLD”: RACE AND REPRESENTATION IN DISNEY’S LIVE ACTION REMAKES OF ALADDIN, THE LIO N KING, AND MULAN Introduction Flashback to Saturday Night Live (SNL) circa 2015 and a sketch opens to images of scenes from the recent live - action Disney film, Cinderella (2015). In the background, a voiceover announces, “Walt Disney has brought the m agic back by turning your favorite animated classics int o live - action hits, and in 2016 Disney brings you the biggest remake yet…. From the director of Furious 7 comes a new Disney classic on overdrive.” The sketch then goes on to air a mock film trailer w hich opens to a forest where there is a hunter nailing up a “hunting season” sign, a muscle car proceeds to pull up, and out steps a muscly clad Dwayne “The Rock ” Johnson smoking a cigar dressed in makeup and prosthetic ears to look like a deer. When asked who he is, The Rock proclaims, “ I’m Bambi,” and proceeds to shoot the hunter. This clever role reversal of Bambi continues, announcing Bambi’s companions, who m asterfully mirror the cast of