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A 1Fjew3gffer 0/ the Clake3 and Pondj Unit Ouf . -.' -.... ... .' .. ' ::"... ' .. " ... -".. .... A 1fJew3gffer 0/ the clake3 and pondj Unit Spring/Summer 1991 No.2 Vermont Department of Battling an Underwater Exotic Aquatic Insects - A Potential BioJogicaJ Control for MilfoiJ ? Eurasian watermilfoil, or Myriophyllum spicatum, as it is known Many types of control methods have been used to botanists, is an aggressive, in Vermont to try to reduce milfoil growth, non-native aquatic plant that was including chemical, physical and mechanical introduced to this country from means. Biological control methods, however, have Europe some time between the late not yet been used. 1800's and mid .1900's. It is causing The term biological control refers to the use of problems not only in Vermont, but in a specific organism to control a pest species. many lakes and waterways across the Vegetable gardeners commonly use biological country. This fast growing plant is control when they apply the powdered bacterium, rooted in the lake bottom, grows up BT (Bacillus thuringiensis), to their broccoli and through the water column, and often cabbage plants to kill leaf-eating cabbage worms. forms dense surface mats. Biological con trol of aquatic plants may mean the Recreational activities such as use of insects, fish, fungi, bacteria or other swimming, boating and fishing can be biological organisms to control nuisance aquatic severely impaired. Milfoil may also weed growth. Whether the pest is an animal or a significantly alter a lake's natural plant, the objective of any biological control environment by outcompeting program is to create a "balanced" situation where beneficial native aquatic plants and the control organism reduces the impact of the ("Miltoil" continued on page 7) pest by keeping it's growth and spread in check. The nuisance species is usually not eliminated, but is maintained at a reduced level. Advantages in this issue... of biological control, compared to other methods such as mechanical and chemical control, may Lake Champlain AcL 3 include lower maintenance costs and fewer Zebra Mussels 4 environmental impacts. The main disadvantage of Managing to Protect Lakes 6 biological control is that the introduced organism Milfoil Spread Prevention 10 may cause some unanticipated impact to the lake, Phosphorus Study Update 12 causing even greater damage than the original Volunteer Divers 13 pest. Lake Lingo '" .. 14 The Vermont Department of Environmental Public Trust. 14 Conservation (DEC) is involved in a project to Calendar of Events 16 investigate the potential of three aquatic insects (2 moths and a weevil) to control Eurasian ("Insects" continued on page 8) Thank You c:;> AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS AVAILABLE <;:J Our sincere thanks to aU of you who assisted The Lakes and Ponds Unit has three slide shows and in updating the Lakes and two videos available for loan to any interested group or Ponds Unit's mailing list. We individual. All of the items are available free of charge. ap predate your eJforts in Each item is described briefly below: returning the updating card inserted in the first issue of Out of the Blue. Thank you Eurasian Watermilfoil•.•• A Threat To OUf Lakes for your cooperation! A 20 minute slide show with script that discusses the threat of Eurasian watermilfoil in Vermont, what can be done to control milfoil and how lake users can prevent further spread of this nuisance aquatic plant. Three copies are available for loan. lferbivores OUT OF THE BLUE A 30 minute slide show with audio tape will be available is produced semi-annually this summer on loan for those interested in learning by the Lakes and Ponds more about the Lake Bomoseen Demonstration Program, Unit. Our purpose is to a research project initiated to investigate the potential share information on lake of aquatic insects to control the nuisance aquatic plant, environments, water Eurasian watermilfoil. quality and state activities through articles on lake Vermont Lakes· Neglected or Protected? ecology and Unit programs. A 25 minute slide show including tape or script which Feel free to let us know explores lake ecology and water quality issues. Focus is what articles you would like on the watershed of a lake and those activities which can to see in future issues. To degrade water quality. One copy is available for loan. be placed on the mailing list, or to receive extra copies, please call . For Your Lake's Sake (802) 244-5638, or write: A 20 minute video about the land uses around a lake and how they affect water quality by accelerating Vermont DEC eutrophication. Although produced in Maine, the video Water Quality Division is very pertinent to issues in Vermont and features four Lakes and Ponds Unit high school students investigating a lake in their area. 103 So. Main Street, ION (Excellent for grade levels 7-12.) One copy is available Waterbury, VT 05671-0408 for loan. NEWSLEITER STAFF Lake Protection: Everyone Contributes Linda Lohner, Editor A 12 minute video produced in Minnesota discussing Ann Bove ways in which shoreline residents can prevent pollution from their properties. One copy is available for loan. CONTRIBUTORS Ann Bove (+artwork) If you are interested in borrowing a video or slide shows, Holly Crosson Kitty Enright - artwork please contact: Ann Bove, Lakes and Ponds Unit, Ginny Garrison (802) 244-5638. Kristianne Grief - artwork Jim Kellogg Please note: Cathy Kashanski was inadvertently ommitted Linda Lohner from the "Lakes and Ponds Unit Contacts" listed in the first Eric Smeltzer issue of "Out of the Blue". Cathy works on the Lake Susan Warren (+ artwork) Protection Program (with Susan Warren) and can be reached at 244-6951. page 2 OUT OF THE BLUE, Spring/Summer 1991 No.2 The Lake Champlain Special Designation Act On November 15,1990, President Bush management agencies and members signed into law the Lake Champlain Special of the academic research Designation Act, culminating many months community. The Lake Champlain of effective legislative effort by Senator Citizens Advisory Committees in f! Leahy and other Vermont and New York Vermont and New York established under t t Congressional delegates. This Act is a major the 1988 Vermont-New York Agreement on r step forward for the environmental Lake Champlain will continue to function in t management of Lake Champlain. a public participation role with the The first step in implementing the Act Management Conference. will be the convening of a 31 member Lake The Lake Champlain Special Champlain Management Conference on Designation Act authorizes $25 million to June 3, 1991. The Management Conference various federal agencies over the next five is composed of the Governors of Vermont years to carry out the programs developed and New York, representatives of several under the Comprehensive Plan. However, federal agencies, selected -members of the only $2 million has thus far been Vermont and New York legislatures, and appropriated to the Environmental representatives from local governments, Protection Agency. It is hoped that these nongovernmental interest groups, industry, initial funds will help get the Management educational institutions, and the general Conference off to an effective start so that public. the remainder of the authorized funding The Lake Champlain Management will follow. Conference will oversee the preparation of a The Vermont Agency of Natural Comprehensive Pollution Prevention, Resources is currently working with the Control, and Restoration Plan for Lake New York Department of Environmental Champlain. The Plan must develop Conservation to prepare joint briefing corrective actions, compliance schedules, papers and work plans for the Management and funding methods addressing the full Conference on all the major environmental spectrum of environmental problems on issues facing Lake Champlain. Questions Lake Champlain. The scope of the Plan will regarding Vermont's involvement with the include chemical, physical, and biological Lake Champlain Special Designation Act aspects of the lake's water quality, as well as may be addressed to: fish and wildlife, recreational, and economic Lisa Borre, Lake Champlain Coordinator concerns.. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources The Management Conference will be 103 South Main St., Center Building advised by a Technical Advisory Committee Waterbury, VT 05671-0301 including specialists from state and federal (802) 244-1137 or 1-800- 244-9140 OUT OF THE BLUE, Spring/Summer 1991 No.2. page 3 Zebra Mussels in The Great Lakes adult mussels are used to firmly attach to Reprinted from a fact sheet published by hard surfaces. the Michigan Sea Grant College Program, Although the majority of mussels a cooperative program of Michigan State found are thumbnail size, zebra mussels University and the University ofMichigan. can reach two inches (5 cm) long when fully grown. The mussels live an average Light and dark banded zebra mussels 3.5 years but can live as long as five years. have spread to all of the Great Lakes in just four years and are expected to spread to Threat Posed to Great Lakes System the rest of the U.S. in a decade. How to Although the mussels are sm all, they can fight the invasion of these prolific . ~ cluster together in colonies of thousands mussels is being explored from the ~k~ per square meter. Any hard Great Lakes to the Soviet Union. .~~~ underwater surface such as spawning Zebra mussels migrated from their :--1:' . reefs, docks, boat hulls, commercial native Black and Caspian Seas to Europe fishing nets, buoys, water intake via man-made canals. For almost 200 years pipes, and even other zebra mussels can the mussels have resided in the fresh waters be covered by layers of mussels in a short of western and central Europe. With the time. increased spread of ocean transport, zebra Colonization of spawning reef deprives mussels and other exotic species are now fish of spawning habitat and could decrease able to survive the journey via cargo ship Great Lakes fish populations.
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