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Mini Guide to APARTHEID

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Mini Guide to APARTHEID Mini Guide to APARTHEID Segregation in South Africa means much more than separation of the races. Black schools and health facilities are understaffed, iII equip­ ped and overcrowded. Waiting lists are long for inferior, overcrowd­ ed, overpriced township housing. Squatter camps supplement inade­ POPULATION quate urban housing with cardboard and tin shanties even less capable 1988 of protecting infants and the aged from exposure to rain and cold. Yet life is even worse for the 31;2 million Africans who have been for­ cibly removed to areas designated as black homelands. Ability to sur­ vive is minimal where the land is infertile and industries are non­ existent. And, despite government promises to the contrary, removals continue. The bantustans remain dumping grounds for the young, aged • African 25,901,139 74.2% and infirm, whom the apartheid regime has 0 White 4,961,062 14.7% labelled " superfluous appendages." Those who II "Colored" 2,881,362 8.5% can contribute to the white economy must leave fiijjj Asian 878,300 2.6% their families behind as they travel to the mines or cities to work for subsistence wages. TOTAL 34,621,863 AVERAGE MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME '1986 WHITES: R1733 THE AFRICAN HOMELANDS ASIANS: R915 I "'~' ~ V-', 1. Boptuthatswana 5. KwNgwame g, Ciskei ~·Zl '\ 2. Lebowa 6, Owaqwa 10. KwaNd ebe le 3. Gazankulu 7. KwaZulu COLORED:R620 4. Venda 8. Transkei AFRICANS: R482 PATIENTS PER DOCTOR 1982 SUPERFLUOUS APPENDAGES: a family stands before their home, AFRICAN 1:91,000 a tin hutin Ekuvukene, a resettlement village in KwaZu lu " homeland." As one of the millions of black South Africans discarded by the apart­ heid regime, this mother must contend daily with the problem of fin­ ding enough food for her family to eat. In several destitute bantustans, half of all children under age five die of disease and starvation. In ASIAN 1:730 an affluent land where food is exported for profit, allowing children to starve is a deliberate state policy of genocide. WHITE 1:330 Subsequent da ta unavailable LIFE UNDER APARTHEID The campaign to free Nelson Helen Joseph, white member Alan Boesak, and Bishop Des­ Sam Nujoma, leader of SW APO, Mandela, imprisoned leader of the 1956 women's anti-pass mond Tutu, winner of the the liberation movement of of the ANC, is a symbolic call march, displays the raised fist 1985 Nobel Peace Prize, are Namibia. Were Namibia to hold for the freedom of all political of the freedom struggle at age among black religious leaders U.N. mandated free elections for prisoners and the liberation of 80. Beyers Naude, once part who have challenged apart, president it is widely believed Nu­ all black South Africans. His of Afrikaaner inner circles, is heid through the UDF and joma would win. wife, Winnie, who defied ban­ now a leader with Joseph in the ,South African Council of ning orders, has emerged as a the multi-racial anti-apartheid Churches. leader of the freedom struggle organization, the United in her own right. Democratic Front. We the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people.•. The people shall govern! ..• All shall enjoy equal human rights! There shall be work and security! There shall be peace and friendship!-from the Freedom Charter of the Congress of the People, 1955 Resistance to white South African oppression African security forces. In the following days of began with the first white settlement in 1652, con­ student uprising, over 1,000 people, mainly youth, tinued through the massacre of Zulus at Blood were killed. Then, in 1977, Steve Biko, the student River in the 1830's, and has been relentless ever leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, was since. The 20th century began with the pacifist tortured and murdered by police during detention. campaign of Gandhi and the formation of the The United Democratic Front, a multi-racial African National Congress (ANC) in 1912. The alliance of over 700 anti-apartheid groups formed ANC's nonviolent Defiance Campaign of the in 1983 to protest the new constitution, continues 1950's served as a model for Martin Luther King's to organize peaceful protests and boycotts, and has civil rights campaign. For his leadership of the De­ called upon the international community to isolate fiance Campaign, Chief Albert Luthuli was award­ South Africa through strict economic and political ed the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960. That same year, sanctions. Though many of its leaders and members the South African police fired upon an unarmed have been among the thousands detained during anti-pass demonstration at Sharpeville, killing 69 . two states of emergency declared since their for­ Since the apartheid regime denied access to legiti­ mation, and though the group is now "listed" by mate means of protest, these groups abandoned the government and can no longer receive dona­ nonviolence as their only strategy and adopted tions from abroad, its supporters remain un­ armed struggle. Nonviolent protest continued, daunted. The ANC continues its call to make the however. In June, 1976, a march of Sowetan school black townships ungovernable until the goal of one children protesting their segregated and inferior person, one vote in a unitary state is achieved. "Bantu" education was fired upon by South APARTHEID'S CHILDREN 40070 of the 35,000 people detained in South Africa since 1984 have been children, 18 or younger. Some have been as young as 7 years old. On several occasions, security forces have swooped down on a school and arrested hundreds of students, whose only crime was to attend a school where anti-apartheid organizing had taken place. The sight of military trucks loaded with children on their way to jail is not uncommon. Nor are the reports of torture inflicted on many of these children once they are in detention. Many black schools have been closed by apartheid authorities in order to prevent students from protesting the inadequate education which they receive in South Africa's segregated Ban­ tu school system. Other schools have been shut down by the students themselves, who refuse to waste their time in inferior schools. Unfortunately, a new kind of school was opened in 1986; retraining centers for detained youth are being run by the regime to intimidate and brainwash dissident children. And black children are not the only ones to suffer. Every year, bundreds more white youth choose to evade a military draft which would force them to occupy black townships and shoot down innocent women and children. Black children live in a world of hunger, separated families and danger. White children live a life of affluence, but are then told to de­ fend with their lives the legacy of privilege and hate which they have inherited. Less than 1% of the black workforce benefits from the work conditions which "We believe tbat foreign investments do not benefit tbe oppressed American companies provide, and most still perform the lowest paid menial and exploited people of Soutb Africa but bolster tbe apartbeid tasks. These limited benefits are more than offset by the active harm which government. " these companies do to all black South Africans. Corporate taxes support -United Democratic Front resolution, 1985 oppressive laws and the maintenance of separate and unequal apartheid in­ stitutions. But, most importantly, many American goods and services are "Tbere are various otber forms of figbting in our struggle, but strategic to the functioning of the apartheid system. U.S. computers automate disinvestment is one of tbe greatest weapons. If, in fact, tbe West military research and operations, nuclear plants, racial classification, prisons bad listened to our pleas to disinvest ••• we would be very far in and local repressive governments. The apartheid police, military and security our struggle today. Tbe West and tbose countries tbat bave trade forces drive U.S.-built vehicles equipped with the finest in U.S. electronic links witb Soutb Africa are tbose wbo are protracting our struggle. technology, such as two-way Tbey are prolonging our suffering." radios. And police and military - Winnie Mandela. vehicles are fueled with oil refined by U.S. companies in defiance of Those who support a continued U.S. corporate presence in South a U.N. embargo on oil to South Africa claim that those companies exert a "progressive influence" Africa. To stay in South Africa, oil on apartheid by enforcing the Sullivan Principles, an equal op­ companies must sell to the regime portunity employment code. However, the multi-national corpora­ on demand, including military and tions' "enlightened" employment practices have resulted in no police. And all oil, computer, elec­ significant changes in apartheid. Instead, opponents argue that U.S. tronic and motor vehicle companies economic interests bolster apartheid and must be withdrawn im­ are Key Point Industries, which mediately. In June of 1987 Rev. Sullivan renounced his principles have agreed to convert to military and called for comprehensive economic sanctions against South operations in case of civil war. If Africa. South Africans who advocate economic disengagement of violence occurs, their white work­ foreign firms risk imprisonment for treason. This indicates how ers must defend their plants. much the regime fears the loss of money, technology and interna­ tional prestige that U.S. corporate withdrawal would bring. The Reagan Administration policy of Constructive Engagement has argued that the U.S. must maintain a relationship of friendly persuasion with the apartheid regime in order to effect change in South Africa. Anti-apartheid advocates in this country have disagreed, stating that years of friendly persuasion and decades of an allegedly enlightened U.S.
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