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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan a STUDY of the CORRESPONDENCES BETVVŒIEN the ROMAN 72-15,298 SMITH, Richard Emmanuel, 1936- A STUDY OF THE CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN THE ROMAN DE RENARD, JAMAICAN ANANSI STORIES, AND WEST AFRICAN ANIMAL TALES COLLECTED IN CULTURE-AREA V. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan A STUDY OF THE CORRESPONDENCES BETVVŒIEN THE ROMAN DE RENARD. JAMAICAN ANANSI STORIES, AND WEST AFRICAN ANIMAL TALES COLLECTED IN CULTURE-AREA V DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Richard Emmanuel Smith, B.A ., B .D ., M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by A dviser Department of English PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company PREFACE Emblazoned on the coat-of-arms of the former British. South American colony of British Guiana was the motto Damus Petimuscfue Vicissim (We give and take in turn). Used in a dif­ ferent context, this motto appropriately describes a phenomenon long noted by folklorists—the common stock from which people having the most widely divergent cultural and linguistic back­ grounds draw some of their oral narratives, particularizing them with local characters and adapting them to cultural norms so that they constitute a body of oral literature representative of a given area, in spite of their universality. This study will attempt to isolate from three representa­ tive narrative traditions, those tale-types and episodes which they share. Specifically, it will compile a Type-Motif index, based on Stith Thompson's indexes, of The Roman de Renard (édite d'après le manuscript de Congé par Mario Roques, 6 vols. Paris, 1948-58), and will collate this with the summaries of Jamaican tales in Helen Flowers' A Classification of the Folktales of the W est Indies by Types and Motifs (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 195 2) and with the summaries of West African tales (Culture Area V—The Guinea Coast) in May Augusta Klipple's African Folktales with Foreign Analogues (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1938), and the motifs in ii Kenneth Clarke's A Motif-Index of the Folktales of Culture Area V, West Africa (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 195 8), in order to isolate common types and motifs. These common types and motifs will be analyzed for evidence of cultural adapta­ tion and they will, in addition, provide some evidence as to whether Jamaican tales are predominantly W est African or European. I have given relatively long summaries of the branches of the Roman de Renard in order to preserve something of their satiric atmosphere and to differentiate what is traditional from what is literary. The type-motif index of the Roman de Renard follows Stith Thompson's system; motifs and types which do not comfortably fit Thompson's description are differentiated by the symbol (+) after the number in Thompson. I have also compiled a list of episodes in the Roman de Renard which are not included in Thompson. Because of the total chaos in the branche numbers of the three editions of the Roman de Renard and also because the Meon edition (Le Roman de Renart, 4 vols. Paris, 1826) has been superseded by the Ernest Martin edition (Le Roman de Renart, 3 vols. Strasbourg, 1882-87) and the Mario Roques edition, I have provided cross-references in my summary of the branches and in the type-motif index between the latter two editions. As stated before, the summaries of Jamaican tales are generally taken from Flowers' classification, but with some minor errors having been silently corrected. Some of the summaries of West African tales (Culture Area V) are taken from May Augusta iii Klipple's study of African Folktales with Foreign Analogues . I have incurred many debts, both academic and personal, in the course of my research. Among my academic debts, the most pressing are to Bucknell University which granted me a dis­ sertation fellowship, to Professor Luc Lacourciere of Laval Univer­ sity, Quebec, who kindly provided me with a mimeographed copy of his unpublished paper on the oral branches of the Roman de Renard in French-Canadian tradition, and, above all, to my adviser. Dr. Francis Lee Utley, v/hose patient understanding and competent scholarship guided this study to its completion. Among my personal debts, I owe much to my father, who died before the completion of this study, and to my mother, whose letters provided more encouragement than she, perhaps, was aware of. My greatest personal thanks are, of course, to my family, to my children, Hazel-Mae Denise, Mark Lambert, and Martin Richard, who themselves are sources of joy and thanks­ giving, and, most of all, to my wife for very good and personal reasons. I dedicate this study to her. IV VITA January 1, 1936................................... Bom - New Amsterdam, Guyana, S. America. 1959 ......................................................... B.A., Inter-American University of Puerto Rico, San German, Puerto Rico. 1962 ......................................................... B.D ., Waterloo Lutheran Univ­ ersity, Waterloo, Ontario, C anada. 1962-1965 ............................................ Pastor, the Lutheran Church in G uyana. 1965-1967 ............................................ Teaching Assistant, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1967 ......................................................... M .A ., The Ohio State U niver­ sity, Columbus, Ohio. 1967-1971 ................................... Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Literature Studies in Medieval Drama. Professor Martin Stevens Studies in Beowulf. Professor Robert Estrich Studies in the works of the Gawain Poet. Professor Francis Utley Studies in Chaucer. Professor Detlef. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE................... ii VITA............................................................................................................ V INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 Chapter I SUMMARY OF BRANCHES IN THE ROQUES EDITION OF THE ROMAN DE RENARD WITH CROSS-REFERENCES TO THE MARTIN ED ITIO N.............................................................. 20 II TYPE-INDEX OF THE ROMAN DE RENARD 63 III MOTIF-INDEX OF THE ROMAN DE RENARD 82 IV RENARD MOTIFS NOT LISTED IN THOMPSON .. 118 V TYPE-INDEX OF JAMAICAN TALES HAVING CORRESPONDENCES IN WEST AFRICAN AND RENARD TALES......................................................... 120 VI MOTIF-INDEX OF JAMAICAN TALES HAVING CORRESPONDENCES IN WEST AFRICAN AND RENARD TALES................................................................... 140 VII TYPE-INDEX OF WEST AFRICAN TALES HAVING CORRESPONDENCES IN RENARD ........... 159 VIII MOTIF-INDEX OF WEST AFRICAN TALES HAVING CORRESPONDENCES IN RENARD ........... 162 CO NCLUSION........................................................... 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................. 169 VI INTRODUCTION You have taught me language, and my profit on 't Is, I know how to curse. The red plague rid you For learning me your language 1 THE TEMPEST, I . ii. 363-365. Thus does Caliban attempt to transfer responsibility to Prospero for his own aberrant and selective use of language, but even more fundamental is the subtle irony which places Caliban's aberrant use of language in the context of a drama which uses language poetically to illuminate Shakespeare's vision of life. Unlike Caliban's, Shakespeare's profit "on" language is that he knows hoW| to shape it to give dramatic and often poignant expres­ sion to the desires, dreams, and fears common to mankind. He is a member of the genus "homo narrans, Man the Narrator. Homo narrans has existed in all cultures. He has used la n guage passionately to give immortality to his national heroes; he has used language wittily to ridicule the foibles of fools. He has used language to create a fabulous world peopled with toads and orphans who, in marvellous reversals, become princes and princesses; he has used language to explain a physical world A phrase coined by K. Ranke in an address (Prague, 1960) and cited in Linda Degh's, Folktales and Society; Story- Telling In a Hungarian Peasant Community, trans. Emily H. Schossberger (Indiana, 1969), 353, n.2. 1 2 filled with natural phenomena which are in turn beneficent and malevolent. But despite cultural differences and geographic distance, homo narrans has created stories which are amazingly similar, often exhibiting variations only in type of character or arrange­ ment of motifs. Melville J. Herskovits remarks on this similarity: "Stories in the Philippines, in Persia, and in Tibet, wherein animals are characters, exhibit the same series of incidents com­ bined into plots wherein similar points are made. The characters show the greatest variation, as might be expected; but whether rabbit ^tortoise, or spider figures as the trickster in the New World and African Negro tales, or Jackal and crow figures in the stories in India and ancient Greece, the animals do similar things in 2 similar sequences for similar reasons . " It is the awareness of this amazing similarity between tales told among the most widely separated peoples which led to 3 the attempt to establish the provenience of a tale. Early scholars constructed huge generalizations to
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