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Distribution, Deposition and Impact of Tailing Disposal on the Seafloor in Ranfjorden, Northern Norway

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Distribution, Deposition and Impact of Tailing Disposal on the Seafloor in Ranfjorden, Northern Norway Institute of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway Distribution, deposition and impact of tailing disposal on the seafloor in Ranfjorden, northern Norway — Anders Eirik Haugen Master’s thesis in Geosciences… July 2018 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Aim of Study ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 Mine tailings .................................................................................................................... 5 Submarine Tailings Placement ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 Previous Work ....................................................................................................................... 11 2 Study Area .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Physiographic setting ............................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Regional Geology .................................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.4 Ranaelva River ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Rana Gruber Mines ............................................................................................................... 16 Submarine Tailing Placement ........................................................................................ 16 3 Fjord Hydrography and Sedimentary Processes ........................................................................... 18 3.1 Fjord Hydrography ................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Fjord Sedimentation .............................................................................................................. 20 4 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Sediment Collection .............................................................................................................. 22 Sediment Grab Documentation ..................................................................................... 22 4.2 Swath Bathymetry ................................................................................................................. 24 4.3 TOPAS Seismic ..................................................................................................................... 24 4.4 Laboratory Analysis .............................................................................................................. 25 Opening, Photography and X-Ray of Cores .................................................................. 25 XRF Analysis ................................................................................................................ 25 Sedimentary Core Logging............................................................................................ 25 Shear Strength Test ....................................................................................................... 26 Grainsize Analysis ......................................................................................................... 26 5 Swath Bathymetry ........................................................................................................................ 28 5.1 2012 WASSP and 2016 EM2040 Multibeam Bathymetry .................................................... 28 Interpretation: ................................................................................................................ 32 5.2 2014-2016 Changes in Bathymetry ....................................................................................... 32 Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 35 6 Sediment Cores and Grabs............................................................................................................ 36 6.1 Sediment Cores...................................................................................................................... 36 Core P1502-001 ............................................................................................................. 36 Core P1502-016 ............................................................................................................. 40 Core P1502-013 ............................................................................................................. 44 Core P1502-015 ............................................................................................................. 47 Core P1502-009 ............................................................................................................. 50 Core P1502-004 ............................................................................................................. 53 6.2 Sediment Grabs ..................................................................................................................... 56 Sediment Grab P1502-030 ............................................................................................ 57 Sediment Grab P1502-029 ............................................................................................ 57 Sediment Grab P1502-028 ............................................................................................ 58 Sediment Grab P1502-027 ............................................................................................ 58 Sediment Grab P1502-026 ............................................................................................ 59 Sediment Grab P1502-025 ............................................................................................ 59 Sediment Grab P1502-024 ............................................................................................ 60 Sediment Grab P1502-023 ............................................................................................ 60 Sediment Grab P1502-022 ............................................................................................ 61 Sediment Grab P1502-021 ............................................................................................ 61 Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 62 7 TOPAS Seismic ............................................................................................................................ 63 7.1 Profile 1502006 ..................................................................................................................... 64 7.2 Profile 1502027 ..................................................................................................................... 65 7.3 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 66 8 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 67 8.1 Depositional Environment ..................................................................................................... 67 Sediment Distribution .................................................................................................... 67 Sedimentary Processes .................................................................................................. 72 8.2 Impact of Tailings on the seafloor of the fjord ...................................................................... 74 9 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 76 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 78 List of Tables Table 1.Mo i Rana average monthly temperatures (https://no.climate-data.org/) ................................. 15 Table 2. Sediment core lengths, sampling depths and positions (*Degrees Minutes Seconds) ............ 22 Table 3. Sediment grab depth and location (Degrees Minutes Seconds) .............................................. 24 List of Figures Figure 1. Ranfjorden Study Area ............................................................................................................ 3 Figure 2. World mining production 1984-2016 by continents (without construction minerals, in Million metric tons) ................................................................................................................................
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