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Ethnic Saliency, Socialization, and Attitudes Among High School Seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Ethnic Saliency, Socialization, and Attitudes Among High School Seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by eGrove (Univ. of Mississippi) University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2015 Divided Schools and Divided Societies: Ethnic Saliency, Socialization, and Attitudes among High School Seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina Matthew Thomas Becker University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Becker, Matthew Thomas, "Divided Schools and Divided Societies: Ethnic Saliency, Socialization, and Attitudes among High School Seniors in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1513. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1513 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIVIDED SCHOOLS AND DIVIDED SOCIETIES: ETHNIC SALIENCY, SOCIALIZATION, AND ATTITUDES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science The University of Mississippi by MATTHEW THOMAS BECKER May 2015 Copyright Matthew Thomas Becker 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the role of schools, families, and other-group contact on ethnic saliency and student attitudes towards outside groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) via statistical analysis. It was found that families, via familial example, have a statistically significant (p < 0.001) effect on increasing tolerance towards outside groups, and schools tend to play a secondary role due to a high degree of ethnic homogeneity within secondary schools. Frequency of religious service attendance also plays a statistically significant role in increasing ethnic saliency. Another significant finding is that a majority of high school seniors are not opposed to socializing outside of their own respective ethno-national groups. This dissertation finds that a coupling and de-coupling of ethno-national identity and religion are currently taking place in BiH; among Bosniaks and Croats they are coupled, whereas among Serbs and self- identifying Bosnians they are de-coupled. Data was gathered via field surveys taken by high school seniors from 78 high schools in 53 cities and towns located across the country. ii ON ETHNICITY, LANGUAGE, AND RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION OF THE PEOPLES OF FORMER SFR YUGOSLAVIA BOSNIAK: The Bosniaks are followers of Sunni Islam, speak Bosnian (formerly Serbo- Croatian), and write using the Latin alphabet. Before the Bosnian War, Bosniaks used „Muslim‟ (Musliman) as their ethnic group. The right to define themselves as „Muslim in the national sense‟ was given to them under the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. CROAT: The Croats are Catholic, speak Croatian (formerly Serbo-Croatian), and write using the Latin alphabet. MACEDONIAN: The Macedonians are Macedonian Orthodox, speak Macedonian, and write using the Cyrillic alphabet. MONTENEGRIN: The Montenegrins are Montenegrin Orthodox, speak Montenegrin (formerly Serbo-Croatian), and write using the Latin alphabet. SERB: The Serbs are Serbian Orthodox, speak Serbian, (formerly Serbo-Croatian), and write using the Cyrillic alphabet. SLOVENE: The Slovenes are Catholic, speak Slovenian, and write using the Latin alphabet. When the term “Muslim” (Musliman / Muslimanka) is used in this dissertation, it is used as an ethnic identifier, and it refers to Bosniaks. Citizens (Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs) may also self- identify as being “Bosnian” (Bosanac / Bosanka), and speaking Bosnian as their language. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….……………………...ii ON ETHNICITY, LANGUAGE, AND RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION OF THE PEOPLES OF FORMER SFR YUGOSLAVIA……………………………………………iii FUNDING DISCLOSURE…………………………………………………………………..…...v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…..……………………………………..………………………..…....vi LIST OF MAPS…………………………………………….…………………………….……...vii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………..…………..………..….viii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...1 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………….………………………….22 EDUCATION AND SCHOOL SYSTEMS…………………………………………….……….52 DATA AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………..………….64 ETHNIC SALIENCY AND NATIONAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA…………………………………………………..………..78 FAMILIAL SOCIALIZATION………………………………………………………………...117 OTHER-GROUP ORIENTATION AND THE CONTACT HYPOTHESIS………………….130 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS………………………...…….…...152 LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..………..162 LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….…………182 VITA……………………………………………………………………….………….……….189 iv FUNDING DISCLOSURE Research for this dissertation was funded in full by a National Security Education Program, David L. Boren Fellowship. The opinions expressed herein are the author‟s own and do not necessarily express the views of the National Security Education Program or the Institute of International Education. Research for this dissertation was also supported in part by a Title VIII Fellowship, which is funded by the U.S. State Department, Title VIII Program for Research and Training on Eastern Europe and Eurasia (Independent States of the Former Soviet Union). The opinions expressed herein are the author‟s own and do not necessarily express the views of the U.S. Department of State. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb – Center for Educational Research and Development for hosting me during my time abroad, especially Dr. Branislava Baranović, Iva Košutić, and Jelena Matić. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Dinka Čorkalo- Biruški of the University of Zagreb for her help. I would like to thank my wonderful language professor, Dr. Ellen Elias-Bursać, for without her classes, I would not have been able to communicate in-field and would not have been able to secure the nesessary permissions to conduct my fieldwork. Finally, and most importantly, I would also like to thank all of the students, for without their time and honest answers to sensitive questions, this dissertation would not be possible in its current form. This, in turn, would not have been possible without the help and permission of all the school principals for allowing me into their schools. The relevent ministries of education must also be recognized for granting me permission to carry out my research in their respective jurisdictions, for which I am grateful. vi LIST OF MAPS 1. Post-Dayton Political Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………………...….…xi 2. Ethnic Composition at the Municipal Level in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 Census)…….………………………..………………….…...xii vii LIST OF TABLES 1. Cantonal Ethnic Saliency Scores……………………………………………………..………84 2a. Effects of Religious Service Attendance on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………………………………………………………………....89 2b. Effects of Religious Service Attendance on Ethnic Saliency in the Federation of BiH…….92 2c. Effects of Religious Service Attendance on Ethnic Saliency in Republika Srpska…………93 2d. Effects of Religious Service Attendance on Ethnic Saliency in the Brčko District of BiH...94 2e. Effects of Religious Service Attendance on Ethnic Saliency in Herzegovina…………...….95 3a. Frequency of Religious Service Attendance…………………………………….…………..98 3b. Is Religion an Important Part of Your Life?...........................................................................98 4. Effects of School Curricula (NPP) on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina………..103 5. Cantonal Residence and Ethnic Saliency among Serbs………………………………...…...105 6a. National Self-Identification of Students in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………………...110 6b. Effects of Civic Pride on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………...…….111 6c. Effects of Ethnic Saliency on Civic Pride in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………………112 7. Effects of Familial Socialization on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina………….121 8. Familial Socialization vs. Ethnically Divided Towns in Three Cantons (Central Bosnia, Herzegovina-Neretva, and Zenica-Doboj)……………………………...…127 9. Effects of Religious Service Attendance and Urbanism on Other-Group Orientation in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………………………………………….…….135 10. Attending a Non-appropriate Ethnic School and its Effects on Tolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………………………………………………...137 viii LIST OF TABLES 11. Tolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina – the Role of Families vs. Attending a Non-appropriate Ethnic School…………………………………..………………………...140 12. Effects of Student Enjoyment of Being around other National Groups on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………………………………..……..145 13. Effects of Spending Time with People from Other National Groups on Ethnic Saliency in Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………………………..…..….146 14. Meaningful Contact in Bosnia and Herzegovina ………………………………………….150 ix MAP 1: POST-DAYTON POLITICAL MAP OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Key (Federation of BiH): 1 – Una-Sana Canton…………................Bosniak majority 2 – Posavina Canton………………….. ...Croat majority 3 – Tuzla Canton………………………...Bosniak majority 4 – Zenica-Doboj Canton………………..Bosniak majority 5 – Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goraţde…..Bosniak majority 6 – Central Bosnia Canton………………ethnically mixed (Bosniak and Croat) 7 – Herzegovina-Neretva Canton……….ethnically mixed (Bosniak and Croat) 8 – West Herzegovina Canton…………..Croat
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