Fitoterapia Exótica Teresa Martín López

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Fitoterapia Exótica Teresa Martín López Fitoterapia exótica Teresa Martín López 1. INTRODUCCIÓN a publicitar la utilización de «medicamentos naturales» cuando quedan por definir sus ca- El avance de la investigación científica ha- racterísticas en cuanto a condiciones de uso, ce que, cada día, se estudien más plantas me- seguridad y eficacia, aludiendo a ensayos dicinales con el objeto de descubrir sustan- comparativos llevados a cabo únicamente con cias útiles en terapéutica por sí mismas, o animales de experimentación, o ensayos clí- bien que sirvan de cabeza de serie para la sín- nicos de calidad y significación dudosa. tesis de nuevos fármacos. Por ello, cada día En función de todo lo anterior se dividi- es más frecuente la investigación de plantas rá el capítulo en los siguientes apartados: medicinales de origen tropical o exótico Plantas medicinales originarias de la India, pues, en muchos casos, algunas de estas de China, de Sudamérica, de Norte y Cen- plantas superan las cualidades terapéuticas troamérica, plantas africanas y plantas aus- de las conocidas tradicionalmente en la cul- tralianas. En cada apartado se relacionan tura occidental. las plantas medicinales, drogas o princi- Son numerosas las especies exóticas que pios activos que actúan a nivel de los dife- en los últimos años han sido objeto de inves- rentes aparatos o sistemas, en función de tigación farmacológica, por lo que es difícil su actividad farmacológica. hacer una selección de las mismas. El criterio de selección que utilizaremos será el de aque- llas plantas medicinales exóticas de las que se 2. PLANTAS MEDICINALES han realizado estudios experimentales y que ORIGINARIAS DE LA INDIA han demostrado, bien las actividades farma- cológicas por las que se utilizan, o bien han En la India y las zonas circundantes, la puesto de manifiesto nuevas aplicaciones te- medicina ayurvédica es la tradición fitote- rapéuticas. Considerando dos de los objetivos rápica dominante. Hoy día esta medicina primordiales en la etnofarmacología: está fomentada por el Estado como alter- – Justificar el empleo terapéutico de espe- nativa a la medicina occidental. cies vegetales de uso tradicional en las distintas culturas. – Identificar, como ya se ha mencionado, 2.1. Drogas activas sobre el los principios activos responsables de su sistema nervioso actividad y la posibilidad de nuevas aplicaciones. En este apartado se incluyen las hojas de Abies pindrow y Centella asiatica, que en No debemos olvidar, sin embargo, que los un ensayo clínico doble ciego y controlado estudios experimentales no hacen sino abrir por placebo, ponen de manifiesto una po- la puerta a futuras investigaciones o a un se- tente actividad ansiolítica. guimiento científico de su empleo tradicio- La decocción de las hojas de Nyctanthes nal, una vez constatada la actividad farmaco- arbor tristis produce una depresión general lógica. Con demasiada frecuencia se empieza de la actividad motora espontánea y aumen- 15 Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV ta el tiempo de sueño inducido por pento- de Dalbergia sissoo y de Azadirachta indi- barbital en animales de experimentación. ca, las raíces de Sida cordifolia y las semi- Un extracto rico en alcaloides de las raí- llas de Pongamia pinnata. ces de Inula royleana demuestra actividad Se ha estudiado la actividad antiinflama- bloqueante neuromuscular y este bloqueo toria de diferentes principios activos aisla- parece ser ejercido a nivel de receptores ni- dos de plantas hindúes, como los ácidos bos- cotínicos. wélicos, aislados de la gomorresina de Bos- El extracto de las hojas de Sesbania gran- wellia serrata, que inhiben la síntesis de leu- diflora contiene triterpenos con actividad cotrienos por inhibición de la 5-lipooxigena- anticonvulsivante y ansiolítica. sa; los triterpenos roxburghiadiol A y B, ais- Un extracto metanólico de Bacopa mon- lados de la parte aérea y los frutos de Aglaia niera estandarizado en bacósido A tiene una roxburghiana, y el ácido 2-hidroxi-4-metoxi actividad antidepresiva comparable a la de benzoico, de las raíces de Hemidesmus indi- imipramina, en diferentes modelos de depre- cus, que tiene actividad antiinflamatoria en sión en ratones. ratones. El extracto acuoso de las raíces de Clito- ria ternatea produce un aumento de la re- tención y desarrollo de la memoria espacial 2.3. Drogas con actividad en animales de experimentación. Igualmen- antioxidante te se han demostrado estas propiedades en Whitania somnifera, tanto en animales como Existen numerosas plantas medicinales en ensayos clínicos. originarias de la India con actividad antioxi- dante. Las ensayos farmacológicos recientes ponen de manifiesto que las plantas con esta 2.2. Drogas que actúan sobre actividad son: Terminalia chebula, Emblica el dolor y la inflamación officinalis, Curcuma longa, Mangifera indi- ca, Momordica charantia, Santalum album Existen numerosas investigaciones que y Swertia chirata, extractos metanólicos de demuestran actividad antiinflamatoria de Celastrus paniculatus y Picrorhiza kurrooa, plantas medicinales de origen indio. extractos etanólicos y acuosos de Sida cor- Las plantas medicinales que han demos- difolia, Evolvulus alsinoides y Cynodon trado actividad antiinflamatoria son Saus- dactylon, extractos acuosos de Terminalia surea lappa, Argyreia speciosa y Achyrant- arjuna y de Podophyllum hexandrum,ex- hes aspera, la variedad india de Hypericum tracto hidroetanólico de Desmotrichum fim- perforatum y la fracción rica en alcaloides briatum y un extracto estandarizado de Ba- de Adhatoda vasica, que tiene una activi- copa monniera. dad antiinflamatoria equivalente a la hidro- Las drogas que demuestran esta actividad cortisona. son la raíz de Tinospora cordifolia, la corte- Las drogas con actividad antiinflamatoria za de las raíces de Hemidesmus indicus y las son la corteza de Syzygium cumini, las hojas vainas de Phaseolus vulgaris (Figura 1). 16 Fitoterapia exótica extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Aza- dirachta indica tiene efecto hipotensor, dosis- dependiente, en corazón aislado de rana. Por otra parte, a partir del zumo fresco de los frutos de Emblica officinalis se han aisla- do dos compuestos, emblicanina-A y embli- canina-B, que ejercen una acción cardiopro- tectora en animales de experimentación. En un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado frente a placebo, realizado Figura 1. Frutos de Phaseolus vulgaris. en pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca conges- tiva crónica, la administración del polvo de la Se han aislado principios activos antioxi- corteza de los tallos de Terminalia arjuna pro- dantes de diferentes plantas indias, entre ellos dujo en los pacientes tratados una mejoría de aparecen orientina y vicenina, aisladas de las los síntomas y de la tolerancia al esfuerzo con hojas de Ocimum sanctum (Figura 2), y los la consiguiente mejora de la calidad de vida. sitoindoisidos VII-X y whitaferina A, aisla- dos de Withania somnifera. 2.5. Drogas activas sobre sangre y sistema hematopoyético A partir de un extracto de la raíz de Hemi- desmus indicus se aísla un ácido orgánico que, administrado a ratones por vía oral, tiene actividad anticoagulante. Una fracción parcialmente purificada de Rubia cordifolia inhibe la agregación plaque- taria inducida por PAF en plaquetas de cone- jo, actuando a nivel del receptor bien por blo- queo o por desensibilización del mismo. Figura 2. Ocimum sanctum. 2.4. Drogas activas sobre el 2.6. Drogas activas sobre el aparato cardiovascular aparato respiratorio Las plantas medicinales que actúan a nivel En diferentes ensayos clínicos, doble cie- del aparato cardiovascular lo hacen a diferen- go y controlados frente a placebo, se pone tes niveles. Las últimas investigaciones reali- de manifiesto que las especies Solanum zadas al respecto ponen de manifiesto que un xanthocarpum y Solanum trilobatum y los áci- 17 Plantas Medicinales y Fitoterapia IV dos boswélicos aislados de Boswellia serrata Existen plantas medicinales con actividad tienen propiedades antiasmáticas. hepatoprotectora, como son diferentes espe- Ensayos realizados en ratas demuestran la cies del género Swertia (S. purpurascens, S. eficacia de diferentes extractos de frutos de chirata, S. paniculata y S. Cordata), Picrorhi- Elaeocarpus sphaericus en el tratamiento del za kurrooa y Phyllanthus amarus. asma bronquial. Entre las drogas con actividad hepatopro- tectora aparecen la raíz de Hemidesmus indi- cus, las hojas y la corteza de los tallos de Gly- 2.7. Drogas activas sobre el cosmis pentaphylla, las semillas de Apium gra- aparato genitourinario veolens y de Hygrophila auriculata, las hojas de Moringa oleifera y de Azadirachta indica y Son pocos los ensayos realizados de plan- los rizomas de Nardostachys jatamansi. tas medicinales y drogas que actúan a este ni- Se han aislado principios activos que po- vel. En ratas se demuestra la actividad diuréti- seen esta actividad, entre ellos destacan los ca de las especies Aerva lanata y Vediuppu principios tanoides emblicanina A y B; puni- chunnam, y las propiedades antiandrogénicas gluconina y pedunculagina, de los frutos de del polvo de las hojas de Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis; el ácido ursólico, aislado que producen una disminución de los niveles de las flores de Ixora coccinea; el ácido gálico, de testosterona en suero. de los frutos de Terminalia belerica, y querce- tina, aislada de Phyllanthus emblica. La gomorresina de Boswellia serrata, debi- 2.8. Drogas activas sobre el do a su ya comentada capacidad de inhibir la aparato digestivo 5-lipooxigenasa, inhibe la formación de leuco- trienos, que desencadenan la
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