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Samizdatové Lidové Noviny 1987-1989

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Samizdatové Lidové Noviny 1987-1989 UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH V ĚD Institut komunika čních studií a žurnalistiky Katedra mediálních studií Tereza Rottová Samizdatové Lidové noviny 1987-1989 Bakalá řská práce Praha 2009 Autor práce: Tereza Rottová Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Barbara Köpplová, CSc. Oponent práce: …………………………………. Datum obhajoby: 2009 Hodnocení: ……………………….. Bibliografický záznam ROTTOVÁ, Tereza. Samizdatové Lidové noviny 1987-1989 . Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních v ěd, Institut komunika čních studií a žurnalistiky, 2009. 87 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce Doc. PhDr. Barbara Köpplová, CSc. Anotace Bakalá řská práce Samizdatové Lidové noviny 1987-1989 pojednává o všech podstatných aspektech vydávání tohoto periodika ve výše zmi ňovaném období. Autorka na základ ě literatury zabývající se touto problematikou, dostupných pramen ů a sv ědectví osob na vydávání Lidových novin v této dob ě p římo zú častn ěných popisuje nejen okolnosti vedoucí k jejich obnovení, ale zabývá se též samotnou podobou listu, jeho výrobou a distribucí, problémy, kterým museli vydavatelé Lidových novin čelit a obsahovým zam ěř ením celého titulu. Vzhledem k tomu, že řada osobností podílejících se na výrob ě Lidových novin plnila nezanedbatelnou úlohu p ři zm ěně politických pom ěrů v Československu v roce 1989, pojednává část této bakalá řské práce též o petici Několik v ět a listopadových událostech roku 1989. Nad rámec výše uvedeného podává autorka na začátku této práce stru čný výklad pojmu samizdat , shrnuje nejvýznamn ější momenty v historii Lidových novin v letech 1893-1987 a popisuje politickou a spole čenskou atmosféru panující v Československu na konci 80. let 20. století. Annotation The bachelor thesis Lidové noviny in samizdat from 1987 to 1989 (Samizdatové Lidové noviny 1987-1989 ) deals with all substantial publishing aspects of this periodical in the aforementioned period. On the basis of literature concerned with this topic, accessible information sources as well as testimonies of persons directly involved in publishing of Lidové noviny at that time, the author describes not only circumstances leading to its renascence, but she also examines the features of the journal, its content orientation, production, distribution and problems, to which the publishers of Lidové noviny had to face. In view of the fact that a number of personalities participating in the production of Lidové noviny fulfilled a not negligible role in the change of the political situation in Czechoslovakia in 1989, one part of this bachelor thesis deals also with a petition Several Phrases and with the November events in 1989. At the beginning of this work, beyond the scope of the above- cited facts, the author gives a brief explanation of the notion samizdat and summarizes the most important moments in the history of Lidové noviny from 1893 to 1987 as well as the political and social atmosphere in the late 1980s. Klí čová slova Samizdat, Lidové noviny , Slovo ke spoluob čan ům, perzekuce, Několik v ět, listopad 1989 Keywords Samizdat, Lidové noviny , Word to Fellow Citizens (Slovo ke spoluob čan ům) , persecution, Several Phrases (N ěkolik v ět) , November 1989 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředkládanou práci zpracovala samostatn ě a použila jsem jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. Vlastní text práce bez anotací a p říloh má celkem 135 910 znak ů s mezerami, tj. 75 normostran. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zp řístupn ěna ve řejnosti pro ú čely výzkumu a studia. V Praze dne 19. kv ětna 2009 Tereza Rottová Pod ěkování Na tomto míst ě bych ráda pod ěkovala Doc. PhDr. Barba ře Köpplové, CSc. za cenné rady a připomínky p ři vypracování této bakalá řské práce. Obsah 1 Úvod…………………………………………………………………………………3 2 Uvedení do tématu………………………………………………………………….. 5 2. 1 Samizdat – výklad pojmu……………………………………………………… 5 2. 2 Stru čná historie Lidových novin do roku 1987…………………………………10 2. 3 Politická a spole čenská situace v Československu v 2. polovin ě 80. let 20. století……………………………………………………………………………12 3 Cesta k obnovení Lidových novin………………………………………………….. 15 3. 1 Slovo ke spoluob čan ům……………………………………………………….. 15 3. 2 První písemný dokument………………………………………………………. 16 3. 3 Nultá čísla……………………………………………………………………… 20 3. 4 První řádné číslo……………………………………………………………….. 22 3. 5 Redak ční rada………………………………………………………………….. 25 3. 6 Výroba a distribuce…………………………………………………………….. 29 3. 7 Kroky k registraci……………………………………………………………… 32 4 Lidové noviny a související politické události………………………………………38 4. 1 Perzekuce redaktor ů…………………………………………………………….38 4. 2 N ěkolik vět…………………………………………………………………….. 47 4. 3 Listopad 1989 a zvláštní vydání Lidových novin……………………………… 49 5 Profil samizdatových Lidových novin………………………………………………54 5. 1 Pravidelné rubriky a auto ři článk ů…………………………………………….. 54 5. 2 Obsahové zam ěř ení článk ů…………………………………………………….. 56 5. 2. 1 Lidská práva a politi čtí v ězni…………………………………………….. 57 5. 2. 2 St řety se státní mocí……………………………………………………… 59 5. 2. 3 Zprávy ze zahrani čí………………………………………………………. 61 5. 2. 4 Kulturní rubrika………………………………………………………….. 63 6 Konec samizdatových Lidových novin……………………………………………65 7 Práce s pam ětníky………………………………………………………………… 67 8 Záv ěr……………………………………………………………………………… 68 9 Resumé…………………………………………………………………………… 69 10 Seznam zkratek……………………………………………………………………. 70 11 Použitá literatura a prameny……………………………………………..……….. 71 12 Seznam p říloh…………………………………………………………………….. 79 1 13 Přílohy…………………………………………………………………………….. 80 2 1 Úvod Ve své práci se zabývám historií Lidových novin v letech 1987-1989. Jedná se o dobu, kdy byly po t řiceti p ěti letech od svého zastavení v roce 1952 op ět obnoveny, ale vlivem politických pom ěrů panujících v Československu nemohly být vydávány oficiáln ě. K volb ě tématu m ě p řivedl nejen dlouhodobý zájem o historii, ale i zjišt ění, jak vnímají historii Lidových novin moji vrstevníci. Mnozí z nich si vybaví sou časný český deník, ale často jim už není znám jeho vývoj p řed rokem 1989, p řičemž o jeho dvouleté existenci v samizdatu nev ědí prakticky nic. Samotnou m ě zajímalo dozv ědět se o tématu více, a proto jsem se rozhodla prostudovat dostupné materiály a získat o tomto výjime čném období Lidových novin další informace. Cílem mé práce bylo vypracovat historickou studii zachycující vznik a vývoj tohoto periodika ve výše zmi ňovaném období. Práci jsem rozd ělila na čty ři hlavní tematické části a t ři dopl ňkové kapitoly v četn ě záv ěru, ve kterém se pokusím shrnout zjišt ěné poznatky. V první části rozd ělené na t ři podkapitoly se v rámci celkového uvedení do tématu zabývám nejprve výkladem pojmu samizdat a dále stru čnou historií Lidových novin do roku 1987. Pro snazší pochopení historických souvislostí také p ředkládám krátký exkurz do politické a spole čenské situace v Československu v druhé polovin ě 80. let 20. století. V části nazvané Cesta k obnovení Lidových novin popisuji okolnosti, které vedly k jejich op ětovnému vzniku v roce 1987. P řipomínám p řitom obsah dokumentu Slovo ke spoluob čan ům, dvou nultých čísel a prvního řádného čísla Lidových novin vydaného v lednu 1988. Zabývám se také podrobn ěji složením redak ční rady periodika a zp ůsobem jeho výroby a distribuce. Pro ilustraci též shrnuji jednotlivé kroky, které redakce u činila za ú čelem řádné registrace tohoto listu u p říslušných orgán ů ve řejné moci. Vzhledem k tomu, že samizdatové Lidové noviny ve své dob ě p ředstavovaly ur čitou opozi ční platformu v ůč i vládnoucímu režimu, vzbuzovaly od svého po čátku zvýšený zájem Státní bezpe čnosti a dalších represivních orgán ů komunistického režimu. Ve t řetí části své práce proto popisuji pronásledování jednotlivých člen ů redakce a redak ční rady ze strany těchto složek. Jelikož se na tvorb ě tohoto samizdatového listu podílela celá řada osobností z řad disentu, považuji za nezbytné v ěnovat se i podstatným událostem roku 1989, zejména vydání petice Několik v ět a pr ůběhu listopadové revoluce. Poslední z hlavních částí mé práce pojednává o jednotlivých rubrikách, jejich autorech a celkovém obsahovém zam ěř ení Lidových novin v letech 1987-1989. 3 Při psaní práce jsem se snažila dodržet obsahovou strukturu svých výchozích tezí, nakonec jsem ale u činila několik drobných zm ěn, které však do celkového pojetí práce nijak výrazn ě nezasáhly. Po logické úvaze jsem tak v páté kapitole spojila podkapitoly s názvem Pravidelné rubriky a Auto ři článk ů. Usoudila jsem, že pokud bych je nechala samostatné, jak bylo mým p ůvodním zám ěrem, zcela zbyte čně bych v nich opakovala ty samé informace, což by mohlo být pro čtená ře obt ěžující. Pro v ětší p řehlednost jsem dále následující kapitolu Obsahové zam ěř ení článk ů rozd ělila na čty ři podkapitoly s názvy Lidská práva a politi čtí vězni , St řety se státní mocí , Zprávy ze zahrani čí a Kulturní rubrika . Poslední zm ěny jsem ud ělala pouze kv ůli formálním požadavk ům na strukturu práce – seznam p říloh jsem za řadila až za seznam použité literatury a p řidala jsem také seznam zkratek a resumé v anglickém jazyce. V pr ůběhu psaní této práce jsem zjistila, že ve výchozích tezích je ve t řetí kapitole uvedeno chybné číslování podkapitol (po podkapitole 3. 5 následuje rovnou podkapitola 3.7). V práci je již proto tato chyba opravena. Dostupná literatura a prameny se z po čátku jevily jako problém. Existuje sice pom ěrn ě mnoho publikací pojednávajících o samizdatové literatu ře a samizdatu obecn ě, ale až na jednu výjimku neexistuje žádná monografie, která by se zevrubn ě zabývala vznikem a vývojem Lidových novin v letech 1987-1989. Podstatné informace tak lze získat zejména z knihy Ji řího Pernese Sv ět Lidových novin 1893-1993. Stoletá kapitola z dějin české žurnalistiky, kultury a politiky , ve které se autor zabývá historií tohoto titulu od jeho založení na konci 19. století až do po čátku 90. let 20. století, kdy za čaly vycházet legáln ě op ět jako deník. Kapitolu v ěnující se jejich etap ě v samizdatu napsal Ji ří Ruml. Zdrojem informací se pro m ě staly i mnohé novinové články, z nichž nejp řínosn ější byla Reportáž psaná na obrátce Ji řího Rumla, otišt ěná na pokra čování v Lidových novinách v období od července do října roku 1990.
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