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Ecological Studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary

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Ecological Studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 133 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN ESTUARY PART I Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, and Fishes of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, Zooplankton and Zoobenthos of the Delta Compiled by D. W. KELLEY 1966 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction, by D. W. Kelley 6 Description of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary__D. W. Kelley 8 Climate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 Hydrology 10 Tides - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Currents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Salinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 Historical Changes 14 Future Changes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 Zooplankton of San Pablo and Suisun Bays___Richard E. Painter 18 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Collection Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Channel Zooplankton 20 Acartia clausi 22 Eurytemora affinis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Clansocalanus arcuicornis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Neomysis awatschensis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Euterpina sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Cyclops spp. 30 Diaplomus spp. 30 0 ith ona sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Zooplankton in Shallow Waters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Major Species 34 Mysid Shrimp 35 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Species Composition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Depth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 Chlorinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 Zoobenthos of San Pablo and Suisun Bays____Richard E. Painter 40 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Station Location - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Sampling Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Laboratory Procedure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Chlorinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Sediments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Results - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Tapes semidecussata - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 ( 3 ) TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Gemma gemma - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Macoma inconspicua - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Mya arenaria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Photis calif ornica - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 Corophium spp. 49 Synidotea laticauda - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Neanthes succinea - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Glycinde armig era - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 Streblospio benedicti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 Polydora uncata - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 Substrate—Depth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 Chlorinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Limitations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 Fishes Collected in Carquinez Strait in 1961-1962 James Messersmith 57 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 Results - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Fishes and Decapods of the San Pablo and Suisun Bays David Ganssle 64 Methods 64 Results 66 Invertebrates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 Opossum Shrimp, Neomysis awatschensis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 Bay Shrimp, Crago - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Fishes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 American Shad, Alosa sapidissima - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 Pacific Herring, Clu pea pallasi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72 Threadfin Shad, Dorosoma petenense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 King Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Steelhead Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 Sacramento Smelt, Spirinchus thaleichthys - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 White Catfish, Ictalurus catus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 Staghorn Sculpin, Leptocottus armatus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86 Starry Flounder, Platichthys stellatus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87 ( 4 ) TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Discussion 88 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Seasonal Distribution of Crustacean Plankters in the Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jerry L. Turner 95 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95 Field Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95 Laboratory Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 Distribution and Relative Abundance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 Seasonal Differences - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 Effect of Water Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 Effect of Rate of Flow - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 Dead-End Sloughs 100 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 101 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Distribution and Concentration of Neomysis awatschensis in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Jerry L. Turner and William Heubach 105 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 Geographical Distribution and Concentration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 Salinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Rate of Water Flow - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Depth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 Oxygen - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 Reproduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 110 Zoobenthos of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Charles R. Hazel and D. W. Kelley 113 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 Results - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115 Corophium 116 OligochEeta 126 TendipedidEe 126 Corbicula fluminea 126 Sycamore Slough - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 126 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132 ( 5 ) INTRODUCTION The Delta Fish and Wildlife Protection Study was organized in 1961 to investigate the effects of future water development on fish and wildlife resources dependent upon the Sacramento-San Joaquin River estuary, and to recommend measures to protect and enhance these re- sources. The investigations described in this bulletin were designed to answer a number of specific questions relevant to water development plans and also to start us toward an understanding of the estuary 's ecology. The bulletin describes the results of about 2 years of collecting and 1 year of analysis on zooplankton, zoobenthos, and fishes of the middle or bay portion of this estuary and on zooplankton and zoo- benthos of the upper portion that is known as the Delta. With one exception, all papers are authored by the individuals who were responsible for the work almost from its inception in 1962. "Fishes Collected in the Carquinez Strait in 1961-1962," is the by-product of a study whose
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