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Pappagallo Spring 2011 37499 spring 2011 v2_29056GRIAA_PapFall07 2/17/11 2:18 PM Page 1 Funded by the Greater Rockford Italian American Association - GRIAA Spring 2011 P.O. Box 1915 • Rockford, Illinois 61110-0415 SICILY~SICILIA! Pappagallo has been around since the 1990ʼs and has Plato while in Syracuse, suggested that Sicily was the run the course of a variety of categories, then on to a model of Utopian Society. Syracuse emerged as more organized course where we visited 19 of the 20 Sicilyʼs most important city. regions of Italy. Now, in 2011 we share with all of you the largest island in the Mediterranean…Sicily! What difficulties I have had before me! Such as…shall we place all of the info we research into one issue of Pappagallo (our poor mailman!) or divide it in half (and where and how)? After weeks of thought and discus- sion with some of my friends, I have decided to play the part of Solomon and divide this amazing land. So this issue will be mainly about the eastern half of Sicily. What comes to your mind with you think of Sicily? Taormina? Syracuse? Mt. Etna or Erice? Above: An alle- Some of us who love mythology would say: the gorical figure rep- resenting Sicily. Cyclops, Ulysses, Medusa? This discussion could go Left: The monu- on forever, so we will “start at the very beginning” with ment at Naxos some of the prehistoric sites and dates in this “Land of commemorating the arrival of the the Golden Sun”. Greeks in Sicily.. Prehistoric Period: 45,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens began to populate Finally after years of Greek control, Syracuse falls to Europe the Romans and due to a misunderstanding the brilliant 30,000 B.C. where genetic haplotypes appear in Greek scientist, Archimedes is killed. (Check with Sicily Google to recall his tragic death). Now we arrive into 10,000 B.C. Proto-Sicanian language appears the AD times, do you remember what AD translates as? 8,000 B.C. Intro of agriculture: wheat and other (In fact, most politically correct “people” use the grains CE)…Do you agree with that or not? Let me know your 7,000 B.C. Neolithic crafts in Sicily (found in many thoughts! caves) In 59? AD St. Paul preaches in Syracuse on route to 4,000 B.C. Proto-Sicanians in Malta (oldest struc- Rome which will lead to another great era of the tures) Church. In AD 251 St. Enough of our Paleolithic History, so letʼs introduce the Agatha, patron saint of Early Native History of the Sicanians and the Sikels. Catania, Sicily was martyred This tribe, Sikels is thought by some researchers to be and still is venerated through- an early form for the word, Sicily. out Sicily but especially in According to Thucydides, about 2,000 B.C. the Sicans, Catania. a non-Indo-European culture dominated Sicily. They In AD 303 Santa Lucia of made pottery and used copper tools developing a Syracuse was martyred due unique culture. to Diocletianʼs run on In 1200 B.C. the Sicels, an Italic people arrived and Christian persecutions but it settled in eastern Sicily. left a huge impression on our In 735 B.C.Naxos was founded as the first permanent Sicilian culture. In Rockford, Greek in Sicily and in 733 B.C. the Greeks founded the at St. Anthony of Padua colony of Syracuse (Siracusa). The famous Greek, Church where Father Sicily 37499 spring 2011 v2_29056GRIAA_PapFall07 2/17/11 2:18 PM Page 2 Pappagallo ’11 Pappagallo ’11 SICILY~SICILIA! Marchesano established a haven for our huge Italian immi- today their pastries are world-famous ! The classic gration, we still celebrate Santa Luciaʼs bravery. Each Cassata comes from the Arabic qas'ah which refers to the December on her feast day, the Culture and Education terra-cotta container that is used to shape the cake.. division of Greater Rockford Italian American Association Marzipan also comes from the Arabic martabãn. (GRIAA) share with the community the story of St Lucia They also brought mathematics, primarily that area martyrdom and the tradition of “cuccia”. A young girl known as al gebra, astronomy, and the beautiful shade dressed as Santa Lucia relates to the congregation the life. gardens and fountains as a rest haven for the rich. The wonderful Franciscans fathers bless the vision of In 1087 the last major Arab stronghold is defeated by the those who have an eye malady and then take home the Normans. “cuccia” for preparation as all our parents did in ages past. At this point we will end part of this unique islandʼs history Have you visited St. Anthony of Padua during this time? If where Sicily has become a microcosm of Latins, Greeks, not, stop by and join us in celebrating our culture. So mark Arabs. They lived, traded, fought and eventually worked your calendar to attend a service on December 10th at the together giving a rich, heady flavor of a marriage of cul- 4:30 p.m.mass or December 11th at the 9 or 11:30 a.m. tures! More of this mix in the fall Pappagallo! masses and take home some “cuccia”! Viva Santa Lucia! Back to history: In 491 the Ostrogoths take complete Catania control of Sicily. By 533 the Byzantines annex Sicily to Catania is the second largest their Empire. The mosaics of this time in Sicily are truly city in Sicily, next to Palermo. It is brilliant, but more about that in our next issue. on the east coast of the country, The 800ʼs become a time for Arabic cultures to invade our facing the Ionian Sea and lies at land. Ziyadat Allah I becomes ruler. See the map below to the foot of the active volcano realize the extent of the Arabic rule. Mount Etna. It is one of the main ports of Sicily and the city is Messina known for many things, including Bal’harm Milazzo Cefalú being destroyed by a catastroph- Trapani Troina ic earthquake in 1169. There was Mazara Demone another earthquake in 1693 and Mars’Allah Kasr several volcanic eruptions from Janni Costumi della Sicillia: Mazara Catania Mount Etna. Although the vol- Pastore dell ʻEtna Noto canic activity has desolated parts Girgenti of the land at times, and buried the city seven times in his- Gela tory, it has also produced a rich fertile soil, particularly Syracuse good for agriculture, Emirates of Sicily circa 1060 Noto vineyards and orchards. Mount Etna is known as The Arab culture introduced a more sophisticated method the largest active vol- of irrigation. They also introduced eggplant, oranges and cano in all of Europe. At lemons. The Arab use of spices and dried fruit, in particular 10,992 feet (which varies raisins was common. They brought cous-cous, known in with summit eruptions), it Sicily as 'cuscusu'. Cous cous is made of tiny balls of flour is the highest mountain and water which are left to dry in the sun, then steamed in Italy, south of the Alps over a boiling pan of water. (more later in next issue) It is and by the far the largest said that the Arabs also brought rice dishes, where Sicily of three active volcanoes developed its classic rice dish, Arancini. (see recipe). in the country. Mount Many sweets as cookies, cakes and sherbets were trans- Etna, “beautiful moun- ferred from the Middle East during this invasion. Here, the tain” in Latin is almost in Sicilian sweet tooth took hold especially when the Arabs a constant state of activi- brought sugar cane. The first rudimentary sugar refinery ty. The first volcanic was established in Trappeto. The Sicilians took to this activity took place a half sweet marvel over the honey that they used earlier, and a million years ago and Etnaʼs Alcantara Gorge 2 continued on next page 37499 spring 2011 v2_29056GRIAA_PapFall07 2/17/11 2:18 PM Page 3 Pappagallo ’11 Pappagallo ’11 SICILYcontinued from page 2 the most recent was in January of Southwest of Catania is a town called Caltigerone, which this year. The mountain doesnʼt has been forever famous for its production of pottery, main- always erupt in the same place. ly Majolica and Terra-Cotta. Majolica is a tin-glazed pottery The most explosive eruptions dating back to the Renaissance. With bright colors on a happen at the summit, but erup- white background, the scenes depict either history or leg- tions have also occurred on the end. Terra-cotta is a baked clay-based pottery that is not ground level and on the sides of glazed and brownish-orange in color. The city flourished the mountain. The longest erup- under Norman and German domination, becoming a world- tion began in 1991 and lasted renown center for the production of ceramics. A collection more than a year. The most of ancient and modern pottery and terra-cotta can be seen unusual eruption occurred in the in the local Museum of Pottery, which opened in 1965. The early 1970s when the mountain city was completely destroyed by a severe earthquake in erupted smoke rings. Catania has Devils are the main 1693. Many buildings, both public and private, were rebuilt always been one of Italyʼs most characters in the Easter in the Baroque style. The main attraction in Caltigerone is important and flourishing cultural, celebration at Adrano in the 142-step monumental Staircase of Santa Maria del artistic, and political centers. It is Catania Monte, dating back to 1608 when its construction began in also the site of the first university in Sicily, which opened in the oldest part of the city.
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