Printable Version

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Printable Version CERN Bulletin Nos 49 & 50 – 7 & 14 December 2011 RP delves underground Summer students, Higgs bosons or something else entirely? The choice is yours t the beginning of my mandate, AI undertook to write a message in each issue of the Bulletin, and I’ve been true to my word. Over the last three years, I’ve spoken about eve- rything from LHC physics to summer student programmes. But now I think the time has come to ask you what you’d like me to write about in my bi-weekly messages to the CERN community. (Continued on page 3xxx) News New life for CERN’s first accelerator 1 A word from the DG: Summer students, Higgs bosons or something else entirely? The choice is yours 1 LHC Report: positive ion run! 2 In this issue #JOBS #CERN - hashtags for your career 3 Muon’s (g-2): The obstinate deviation from the Members of the Radiation Protection Group measure radiation in the LHC tunnel. Standard Model 4 New childcare solution helps CERN’s global community 4 t 7-00 a.m. on 8 The LHC’s winter technical stop is rapidly approaching. As in Astroparticle physics in Europe gets a new December the past years, technical staff in their thousands will be flocking roadmap 5 CERN firefighters have got your back covered 6 ALHC and all of to the underground areas of the LHC and the Linac2, Booster, the upstream accel- Enter FameLab and become the new face of erators will begin PS and SPS injectors. To make sure they are protected from science in Switzerland 7 their technical stop. ionising radiation, members of the Radiation Protection Group e-EPS News: Highlights from the European At 7-30 a.m., mem- will perform an assessment of the levels of radioactivity in the Physical Society 8 bers of the Radiation tunnels as soon as the beams have stopped. Origins: Science inspires Art 8 Protection Group will The Slate Garden 9 enter the tunnel to perform a radiation the tunnel 30 minutes after the beams stop You’ve received a Hallmark E-Card? Delete it! 9 mapping, necessary so that the numer- circulating, the amount of time necessary to Ombud’s corner: A simple confidential discussion ous teams can do their work in complete completely exchange the air in the tunnels. can help 10 safety. “Before we proceed underground, We are always the first ones on the scene.” News from the Library: CERN Bookshop we always check first to make sure that the Christmas sales 10 readings from the induced radioactivity Walking, cycling or riding electric trucks, the Take note 11 monitors installed in the tunnels are all members of the Radiation Protection Group Seminars 14 normal,” underlines Christophe Tromel, the make their rounds of the 45-odd kilometres Meeting at CERN 14 engineer in charge of coordinating radiation of the LHC, SPS, and injection and transfer protection operations for the SPS and LHC tunnels. With their meters they continually accelerators. “Normally, we are able to enter measure the ambient radiation level and Published by: record the readings for all machine compo- The European Organization for Nuclear Research - CERN nents. It takes eight people working one- 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland - Tel. + 41 22 767 35 86 Printed by: CERN Printshop © 2010 CERN - ISSN: Printed version: 2077-950X (Continued on page 2) Electronic version: 2077-9518 www.cern.ch/bulletin RP delves underground (Continued from page 1) and-a-half days to survey the 27 kilometres on 5 and 8 December. Most of the under- In 2010, the number of trips to the under- of the LHC tunnel. ground portion of the LHC will be open to ground facilities during the winter technical the Radiation Protection Group members stop numbered in the tens of thousands. “We use two types of detector to measure half an hour after the beams stop circulat- This year, the tunnels of the world’s biggest the radiation: a scintillation detector and ing, but a few areas will not be opened until accelerator will once again witness a very a Geiger counter. If the reading from the several hours later. The SPS and its transfer large number of interventions. first detector is above 0.5 μSv per hour*, tunnels will be mapped later, between 12 we change to the second, which is better and 14 December. * The level of radioactivity measured around suited to measuring higher levels of radia- CERN is some 0.1 μSv per hour. tion,” explains Nadine Conan, the engineer Once all of the measurements have been in charge of coordinating radiation protec- taken, the Radiation Protection Group will Anaïs Schaeffer tion operations for the LHC and HiRadMat draw up a “radiation map” for the under- experiments. “And when we approach one ground facilities and put up signs marking of the more radioactive points (of the order the most highly radioactive points, so that More information about radiation protec- of several millisieverts per hour), for exam- a visual overview of the radiation levels in tion at CERN can be obtained at: ple an injection, extraction or collimation the area can be rapidly obtained. “For the region, we fit the Geiger counter with a LHC, the radiation maps change from one espace.cern.ch/hse-unit/ special “Teletector” probe that allows us to year to the next,” says Nadine Conan. “They remain at a safe distance from the radiation are affected by various factors, namely the The radiation classification of the LHC tun- source.” increase in intensity, the operation mode, nels can be consulted at: and technical modifications carried out on The upstream accelerators (Linac2, Booster the accelerator.” www.cern.ch/rp-lhc-rad-class-new/ and the PS) will be the first to be mapped, LHC Report: positive ion run! (Continued from page 1) he peak lumi- The current LHC ion run has been progressing very well. The Summer students, Higgs bosons nosity in ATLAS first fill with 358 bunches per beam - the maximum number reached 5x1026 T-2 -1 for the year - was on Tuesday, 15 November and was followed or something else entirely? cm s , which is a The choice is yours factor of ~16 more by an extended period of steady running. The quality of the than last year’s peak beam delivered by the heavy-ion injector chain has been Next year will not be short of subject of 3x1025 cm-2s-1. The excellent, and this is reflected in both the peak and the matter. We’ll have the final word on integrated luminos- integrated luminosity. the Standard Model Higgs, discussions ity in each of ALICE, about the long-term future of the ATLAS and CMS is now around 100 magnets situated near to Point 3. The LHC, and the development of global inverse microbarn, already comfort- cryogenics recovery and the cool-down particle physics. For those of you ably over the nominal target for the run. of the link took until Wednesday after- based at CERN, local concerns might The polarity of the ALICE spectrometer noon. The warm-up of the link required be of interest: how are we developing and solenoid magnets was reversed on some revalidation tests of the magnet our relationship with our neighbours, Monday, 28 November with the aim of circuits, and beam was finally back early and what plans do we have in mind for delivering another sizeable amount of Thursday morning. the Prévessin site? These are just some luminosity in this configuration. of my thoughts. I’m sure you’ll have In the following days, there will be a many others. On the whole, the LHC has been behav- luminosity calibration exercise using ing very well recently, ensuring good Van der Meer scans. There will also be Whatever you’re interested in, drop a machine availability. On Monday even- some machine studies related to future line to [email protected] with ing, however, a faulty level sensor in the performance improvements. Otherwise, your suggestions. Although I doubt cooling towers at Point 4 caused the the accelerator teams are looking forward I’ll be able to respond to them all, I loss of primary cooling water for a short to the end of the run on Wednesday, 7 will answer the most popular requests time. This disturbed the operation of the December. during the course of the year. For my cryogenics system, and one knock-on final message this year, I’ll be report- effect was the warming of a 500m super- Mike Lamont for the LHC Team ing on highlights from the December conducting link between a feed-box and Council meeting. Rolf Heuer 2 – 7 & 14.12.2011 #JOBS #CERN - hashtags for your career ot long ago, Last year, CERN’s HR Department leapt ahead of the curve in recruitment experts, the HR Department jobseekers had recruitment techniques by moving into the social media scene. organised a day-long round-table seminar. Dubbed the “accidental conference”, the Nbut two tools Their success is in the numbers, with applications for CERN jobs they could use to find seminar became a smash hit in the recruit- work: a red pen and increasing significantly. ment industry before it had even begun. a recent newspaper. “As soon it was announced, we started Nowadays, recruitment services are going fessional lives,” says Michel Guye-Bergeret, receiving a remarkable amount of feedback,” right up to their virtual doorstep: posting CERN Recruitment and Sourcing specialist. says organiser Catherine Nederman from announcements on Twitter, Facebook, the HR Department. “In the end, we had LinkedIn, and other social media spheres. As a result of the new strategy – of which over 50 participants attending – includ- The CERN Recruitment Service launched social media is key – applications for CERN ing the Head Recruitment Officers from their social media profiles in October 2010, positions have increased.
Recommended publications
  • Poster: G-2 Measuring the Muon [Pdf]
    g-2 measuring the muon In the 1950s the muon was still a complete enigma. Physicists could In 1959, six physicists joined forces to try to measure the muon’s The second g-2 experiment started in 1966 under the leadership magnetic moment using CERN’s first accelerator, the Synchrocyclotron. of Francis Farley and it achieved a precision 25 times higher than not yet say with certainty whether it In 1961, the team published the first direct measurement of the muon’s the previous one. This allowed phenomena predicted by the theory anomalous magnetic moment to a precision of 2% with respect to of quantum electrodynamics to be observed with a much greater the theoretical value. By 1962, this precision had been whittled down sensitivity — vacuum polarisation for instance, which is the momentary was simply a much heavier electron to just 0.4%. This was a great success since it validated the theory of appearance of ‘virtual’ electron and antielectron pairs with very short quantum electrodynamics. As predicted, the muon turned out to be lifetimes. The experiment also revealed a quantitative discrepancy a heavy electron. with the theory and thus prompted theorists to re-calculate their or whether it belonged to another predictions. species of particle. g-2 was set up to “g-2 is not an experiment: it is a way of life.” John Adams test quantum electrodynamics, which predicts, among other things, an A third experiment, with a new technical approach, was launched in anomalously high value for the muon’s 1969, under the leadership of Emilio Picasso.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertex Detectors - a Historical Overview
    Vertex Detectors - a historical overview Chris Damerell (RAL, Open U and Oxford U) CONTENTS • History from perspective of our RAL group – unavoidably biased … • Also, developments under study by our new collaboration (all pixel-based): • detectors for particle tracking systems with enhanced performance (notably much reduced material) • X-ray detectors for 4th generation light sources (FELs including UKFEL if it happens) • detectors for super-resolution optical microscopy 24th August 2016 RAL PPD seminar Chris Damerell 1 1969 Expt S120. Hypercharge exchange processes at CERN PS. Tony G, Fred W, Blair Ratcliff Clean test of the bootstrap theory of hadronic interactions Ideas for a focusing spectrometer for SPS startup, to definitively test this theory Need for few mm precision tracking … 1970 Supported by Godfrey Stafford (amazingly, given his challenges when appointed Director of RHEL in 1969) - invited talk to the Lab’s Scientific Policy Committee Visit to Alvarez group; initiated then shelved ideas for liquid xenon MWPC .. 1972 Bootstrap theory was disintegrating without our help. We joined CERN-Munich group to create the ACCMOR Collaboration, Experiment WA3; relatively conventional physics (meson spectroscopy with multi-particle spectrometer) but wonderful colleagues 24th August 2016 RAL PPD seminar Chris Damerell 2 Charm Pre-History and Discovery 1964 Bjorken and Glashow predicted the charm quark on general grounds. Key properties of D mesons included: decay nearly always to kaons, and with relatively high multiplicity. Physics case strengthened later by GIM mechanism to suppress strangeness-changing neutral currents. But as with the Higgs boson, experimental interest was at first non-existent – there was so much more ‘solid physics’ to do, such as discovering the patterns of meson and baryon resonances.
    [Show full text]
  • H E Rm Ordes O Ff[F2y Years Cf Research
    1954-2004 CERN H e rmordes o ff[F2y years cf research SCIENCES HISTOIRE EDITIONS SUZANNE HURTER Contents Foundations for European science 1954 CERN is created by 12 European countries to revive science on the continent 2 Franwis de Rose: A noble cause 7 1955 On neutral territory Geneva is chosen as the site for the future Laboratory 10 Maurice Bourquin: The Geneva spirit in the field of science 14 1957 A place for theorists The theory group, initially hosted in Copenhagen, is the first group to be created 16 Jacques Prentki: All good friends 18 Tatiana Faberg:Theory in practice 20 1957 A machine for learning The first accelerator, the Synchrocyclotron (SC), begins Operation 22 Franco Bonaudi: Great enthusiasm 26 1958 Already a discovery! Experiments begin at the Synchrocylotron (SC) and important results soon appear 28 Giuseppe Fidecaro: The news went around the world 30 1959 The heut of CERN The Proton Synchrotron (PS), an innovative and powerful accelerator, starts up 32 Günther Plass: A dream come true 36 1959 The dark side of the muon A series of experiments on the muon begins and will last more than 20 years 38 Francis Farley: What invention is all about 40 1961 A new direction CERN gains new drive by adopting new long-term planning 42 Mervyn Hine: Still more applied physics! 44 1963 The collider way An experimental accelerator, CESAR, tests new, essential techniques for colliders 46 Heribert Koziol: On the hunt with CESAR 48 1963 Sharing knowledge The training service is created to contribute to CERNs obligation to educate
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 1994 Vol
    p A PERIODICAL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS SUMMER 1994 VOL. 24, NUMBER 2 Editors RENE DONALDSON, MICHAEL RIORDAN Executive Editor BILL KIRK Editorial Advisory Board JAMES BJORKEN, ROBERT N. CAHN, DAVID HITLIN, JOEL PRIMACK, NATALIE ROE, HERMAN WINICK Illustrations page z TERRY ANDERSON Production VANI BUSTAMANTE RAY ISLE Photographic Services TOM NAKASHIMA Distribution CRYSTAL TILGHMAN page 21 The Beam Line is published quarterly by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, PO Box 4349, Stanford, CA 94309. Telephone: (415) 926-2585 INTERNET: [email protected] BITNET: BEAMLINE@SLACVM FAX: (415) 926-4500 SLAC is operated by Stanford University under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy. The opinions of the authors do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Cover: A transverse profile of an electron beam in the SLAC linac. Particle densities have been color coded. The bright, high-density core contains 3 x 1010 electrons. These elec- tron (and positron) beams are focused to diameters of less than a micron at their collision point, which is located at the center of the SLD detector. Printed on recycled paper As CONTENTS FEATURES 2 THE HEART OF A NEW MACHINE After years of effort, the world's first linear collider is producing exciting physics results at Stanford. Nan Phinney 12 WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING? A brief report on the current status of string theory. Lance Dixon 21 OPINIONS ABOUT EVERYTHING: EPAC '94 In which Werner tells about his summer vacation in London. Werner Joho -, -. I DEPARTMENTS 28 THE UNIVERSE AT LARGE Fossil Radioactivities & How We Knm .""''i 3 5 the Solar System Formed in a Hurry 10 m | Virginia Trimble 38 CONTRIBUTORS page 12 40 FROM THE EDITORS' DESK DATES TO REMEMBER page 28 The e0 New |yI .:, byNA...D :2:- i iE I I..- PHINNEY After-::IE:I:: years of effort, st linear collider is producinf results at Stanford.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Status of the Muon G 2 −
    Theoretical status of the muon g 2 − Andreas Nyffeler Institute of Nuclear Physics Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany [email protected] Service de Physique Th´eorique Universit´eLibre de Bruxelles, Belgium January 29, 2016 Outline • Basics of the anomalous magnetic moment • Electron g 2: Theory, Experiment at Harvard, Determination of α − • Muon g 2: − • Brookhaven Experiment • Theory: QED, weak interactions, hadronic contributions (HVP, HLbL) • Current status of the muon g − 2 • New Physics contributions to the muon g 2 − • Complementarity between precision physics at low energies and searches for New Physics at high-energy colliders • New Physics contributions to g − 2: general observations • Supersymmetry • Dark Photon • Conclusions and Outlook Basics of the anomalous magnetic moment Electrostatic properties of charged particles: Charge Q, Magnetic moment ~µ, Electric dipole moment ~d For a spin 1/2 particle: e 1 ~µ = g ~s; g = 2(1 + a); a = (g 2) : anomalous magnetic moment 2m | {z } 2 − Dirac Long interplay between experiment and theory: structure of fundamental forces In Quantum Field Theory (with C,P invariance): γ(k) 2 3 iσµν k µ 2 ν 2 =( ie)¯u(p 0) 6 F (k ) + F (k )7 u(p) γ 1 2 4 5 − 2m | {z } | {z } p p’ Dirac Pauli F1(0) = 1 and F2(0) = a 2 ae : Test of QED. Most precise determination of α = e =4π. aµ: Less precisely measured than ae , but all sectors of Standard Model (SM), i.e. QED, Weak and QCD (hadronic), contribute significantly. Sensitive to possible contributions from New Physics. Often (but not always !): 2 2 m` mµ a` 43000 more sensitive than ae [exp.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan/Feb 2015
    I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS CERNCOURIER WELCOME V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 1 J ANUARY /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the January/February 2015 issue of CERN Courier. CMS and the The coming year at CERN will see the restart of the LHC for Run 2. As the meticulous preparations for running the machine at a new high energy near their end on all fronts, the LHC experiment collaborations continue LHC Run 1 legacy to glean as much new knowledge as possible from the Run 1 data. Other labs are also working towards a bright future, for example at TRIUMF in Canada, where a new flagship facility for research with rare isotopes is taking shape. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/sign-up. To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. TRIUMF TRIBUTE CERN & Canada’s new Emilio Picasso and research facility his enthusiasm SOCIETY EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN for rare isotopes for physics The thinking behind DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p26 p19 a new foundation p50 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 1 J AARYN U /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier January/February 2015 Contents 4 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Covering current developments in high-energy Which do you want to engage? physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Status of the Muon G 2 −
    Theoretical status of the muon g 2 − Andreas Nyffeler PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Institut f¨urKernphysik, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz Johannes Gutenberg Universit¨atMainz, Germany [email protected] KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, December 1, 2016 Outline Basics of the anomalous magnetic moment • Electron g 2, determination of α • − Muon g 2: QED, weak interactions, hadronic contributions • − Hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) • Hadronic light-by-light scattering (HLbL) • A data-driven approach to HLbL using dispersion relations • Precision of a data-driven approach to HLbL: pseudoscalar-pole • contribution New Physics contributions to the muon g 2 • − Conclusions and Outlook • Basics of the anomalous magnetic moment Electrostatic properties of charged particles: Charge Q, Magnetic moment ~µ, Electric dipole moment ~d For a spin 1/2 particle: e 1 ~µ = g ~s; g = 2(1 + a); a = (g 2) : anomalous magnetic moment 2m | {z } 2 − Dirac Long interplay between experiment and theory: structure of fundamental forces In Quantum Field Theory (with C,P invariance): γ(k) 2 3 iσµν k 0 µ 2 ν 2 =( ie)¯u(p ) 6γ F (k ) + F (k )7 u(p) 1 2 4 5 − 2m | {z } | {z } p p’ Dirac Pauli F1(0) = 1 and F2(0) = a 2 ae : Test of QED. Most precise determination of α = e =4π. aµ: Less precisely measured than ae , but all sectors of Standard Model (SM), i.e. QED, Weak and QCD (hadronic), contribute significantly. Sensitive to possible contributions from New Physics. Often (but not always !): 2 2 m` mµ a` 43000 more sensitive than ae [exp. precision factor 19] ∼ mNP ) me ∼ ! Anomalous magnetic moment in quantum field theory Quantized spin 1=2 particle interacting with external, classical electromagnetic field 4 form factors in vertex function (momentum transfer k = p0 p, not assuming parity or charge conjugation invariance) − i p0; s0 jµ(0) p; s ≡ h j j i " µν 0 0 µ 2 iσ kν 2 = ( ie)¯u(p ; s ) γ F1(k ) + F2(k ) − | {z } 2m | {z } γ(k) Dirac Pauli # σµν k 5 ν 2 5 2 µ µ 2 + F (k ) + k k k F (k ) u(p s) γ 3 γ γ = 4 ; 2m − p p’ µ 2 k= = γ kµ.
    [Show full text]
  • Fun with Muons, GPS, Radar, Etc
    FunWithMuons051607b.doc (From FunWithMuons093904.doc and Fun_LHL.pdf) Fun With Muons, GPS, Radar, etc. Lee Historical Lecture Harvard University March 18, 2003 R.L. Garwin Thank you for the honor of presenting the Lee Historical Lecture. In thinking about this opportunity, I considered two candidates-- first the 1957 demonstration that parity is not conserved-- that a mirror universe can readily be distinguished in the case of the mu meson. The second possibility would be to present my involvement in observations from 1950 to the present regarding defense against ballistic missiles. I chose the parity experiment, but I would be glad to take questions at the end on any subject in which I have been involved. Foil 1 I begin with a wonderful experiment I had the good fortune to conduct in January 1957 with Leon Lederman and Marcel Weinrich at the Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory of Columbia University. I want to tell briefly the story of that experiment and another which followed it, and then to describe a couple of the simple techniques involved, which I had introduced years earlier to particle physics. March 18, 2003 Fun With Muons, GPS, Radar, etc. 1 Harvard University Richard L. Garwin 08/30/2007 Foil 2 I then leave physics for technology and policy (both in my talk and in my personal history) and touch lightly on a few topics simple in concept and incredibly complex in implementation with which I was involved. First the muons. Muons first came on the scene (as "mesotrons" because their mass of 207 electron masses was intermediate between that of the electron and the proton) in the 1930s as the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magnetic Moment of the Muon Worries Theorists
    The magnetic moment of the muon worries theorists Europhysics News (2001) Vol. 32 No. 5 The magnetic moment of the muon worries theorists Francis J.M. Farley Last February the Brookhaven muon (g-2) collaboration [1] announced a new meaurement of the muon g-factor, disagreeing with theory by 2.6 standard deviations. Either some term in the theory has been wrongly calculated or this could be the first sign of physics beyond the standard model. To see why this matters let us look back at the electron. The magnetic moment of the electron is g times the natural unit which is its angular momentum h/4p multiplied by the Larmor ratio e/2mc. Dirac theory predicted g = 2 but we now realise that this is modified by quantum fluctuations. In quantum field theory the electron is surrounded by a thin soup of evanescent particles which wink in and out of existence in fractions of a second. This soup is slightly magnetic so it increases the magnetic moment to g = 2 (1 + a). The small correction a (about 0.12%), called the anomalous moment, but often referred to as ìg-2î is a pure quantum effect entirely due to the soup of virtual particles around the electron. Its detection and measurement with gradually increasing accuracy inspired the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and the present spectacular agreement [2] with calculation to 24 parts per billion (ppb) in a is one of the main pillars of the theory. (The measurement is more accurate, but independent knowledge of the fine structure constant a limits the comparison).
    [Show full text]
  • Muon G − 2 and Tests of Relativity
    June 16, 2015 15:45 60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries – 9.75in x 6.5in b2114-ch15 page 371 Muon g − 2 and Tests of Relativity FrancisJ.M.Farley∗ Energy and Climate Change Division, Engineering and the Environment, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England, UK [email protected] After a brief introduction to the muon anomalous moment a ≡ (g − 2)/2, the pioneering measurements at CERN are described. This includes the CERN cyclotron experiment, the first Muon Storage Ring, the invention of the “magic energy”, the second Muon Storage Ring and stringent tests of special relativity. 1. Introduction Creative imagination. That is what science is all about. Not the slow collection of data, followed by a generalisation, as the philosophers like to say. There is as much imagination in science as in art and literature. But it is grounded in reality; the well tested edifice of verified concepts, built up over centuries, brick by brick. All this is well illustrated by the muon (g − 2) theory and measurements at CERN. It also illustrates the reciprocal challenges. Theorists come up with a prediction, for example that light should be bent by gravity: how can you measure it? Eddington found a way. Conversely experiments show that the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron is not 2, but slightly larger: then the theorists are challenged to explain it, and they come up with quantum electrodynamics and a cloud of virtual photons milling around the particle. How can we check this? And so on. By reciprocal challenges the subject advances; step by step.
    [Show full text]
  • Waiting for the W and the Higgs
    EPJ manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Waiting for the W and the Higgs M. J. Tannenbauma Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973-5000 USA Abstract. The search for the left-handed W ± bosons, the proposed quanta of the weak interaction, and the Higgs boson, which sponta- neously breaks the symmetry of unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions, has driven elementary-particle physics research from the time that I entered college to the present and has led to many unex- pected and exciting discoveries which revolutionized our view of sub- nuclear physics over that period. In this article I describe how these searches and discoveries have intertwined with my own career. 1 Introduction 1.1 Columbia College|1955-1959 When I was a sophomore at Columbia College, my physics teacher, Polykarp Kusch, had just won the Nobel Prize. In my senior year, another teacher, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, had also just won the Nobel Prize. I thought this was normal. Kusch together with Willis Lamb (then at Yale) were awarded the Prize for two experiments which proved the validity and precision of Quantum Electrodynamics: the anomalous magnetic moment of electron [Foley and Kusch 1948] (ge −2); and the (Lamb) shift of two fine structure levels in Hydrogen [Lamb and Retherford 1947]. Both these experiments were performed at Columbia a few stories higher in Pupin Laboratories than the classrooms where I attended College and Graduate School. Lee (and Yang) were awarded the Prize for the suggestion of Parity Violation in the Weak Interaction (β decay) [Lee and Yang 1956] which was discovered by C.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
    Title slide FERMILAB-SLIDES-20-071-E Standing on The Shoulders of Giants Past, Present, and Future of Muon 품 − ퟐ Josh LaBounty, on behalf of the Muon 푔 − 2 Collaboration New Perspectives 2020 07/21/2020 Background: What is 품 − ퟐ? The spin of a muon (or any similarly charged fermion) will precess about an external magnetic field like: 풅풔 품풒 푆Ԧ = 흁 × 푩 = 풔 × 푩 풅풕 ퟐ풎풄 Dirac (in 1928) calculated (for a Spin- ½ charged particle) that 품 = ퟐ 풑ퟐ 풆 푯 = + 푽 풓 + 푩 ⋅ 푳 + ퟐ푺 ퟐ풎 ퟐ풎 By the late 1940’s, there was substantial evidence that this was not exactly true, and so the search was on for the deviation from the 0th order prediction: Inception (2010) 품흁 − ퟐ 풂 ≡ 퐹Ԧ 흁 ퟐ 푔푟푎푣푖푡푦 2 7/20/2020 Josh LaBounty | Muon g-2: Past, Present, And Future | New Perspectives 2020 Initial Calculations Julian Schwinger, in 1948, calculated the first correction to 품 due to the 1- photon loop: 휶 풂퐒퐜퐡퐰퐢퐧퐠퐞퐫 = 흁 ퟐ흅 Since then, over 12,000 QED diagrams have been computed (complete out to 5th order) as well as many other contributions Axis scales will change as we zoom in All 푔 − 2 values scaled 10 × 10 up by a factor of 1010 3 7/20/2020 Josh LaBounty | Muon g-2: Past, Present, And Future | New Perspectives 2020 Present: Theory Whitepaper Released April 2020 (Schwinger term is off the scale) Theory whitepaper just released! Wonderful talk by Prof. Aida El- Khadra given at Fermilab summarizing the results The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the Standard Model arXiv:2006.04822 ➢ Uncertainty on the theoretical Why did we need this level × 1010 result is now 풪(ퟑퟎퟎ 풑풑풃) of precision? 4 7/20/2020 Josh LaBounty | Muon g-2: Past, Present, And Future | New Perspectives 2020 Past: Nevis The Nevis and Liverpool experiments in 1957 showed that 품흁 was consistent with the Dirac prediction: 품흁 = ퟐ ± ퟏퟎ% These experiments both stopped muons in a target and rotated their 푆 = 0 푆Ԧ 푝Ԧ spins with a changing magnetic field.
    [Show full text]