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El Común De Unos Pocos. La Infrautilización Del Monte Vecinal En La Montaña Oriental Gallega

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El Común De Unos Pocos. La Infrautilización Del Monte Vecinal En La Montaña Oriental Gallega El común de unos pocos. La infrautilización del monte vecinal en la montaña oriental gallega Ana Cabana Iglesia, Ana Isabel García Arias, María do Mar Pérez Fra y Abel Rodríguez López Universidade de Santiago de Compostela DOI: 10.4422/ager.2012.05 ager Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural Journal of Depopulation and Rural Development Studies Páginas: 75-113 El común de unos pocos. La infrautilización del monte vecinal en la montaña oriental gallega Resumen: Combinando metodologías propias de los estudios de historia y de economía agraria, la presente investigación analiza el papel desempeñado por la propiedad comunal en el proceso de cambio de las áreas rurales de montaña. La hipótesis de partida es que los montes vecinales en mano común, fórmula jurídica propia del comunal gallego, suponen un recurso abundante y con una potencialidad productiva nada desdeñable. No obstante, están en la actualidad infrautilizados situándose al margen de los cambios experimentados por las áreas rurales en las últimas décadas. Se ha elegido para el contraste de dicha hipó- tesis un estudio de caso centrado en una zona de la alta montaña lucense en donde sobreviven usos tradi- cionales, como el pastoreo, y pujan por surgir otros novedosos, como los generados por las demandas ambientales y de ocio de las sociedades urbanas. Esta condición permite indagar en un aspecto que consi- deramos fundamental, las dificultades que las comunidades propietarias enfrentan para que estas superfi- cies puedan dar cobijo a la multifuncionalidad que se les requiere. Palabras clave: comunal, desarrollo rural, montaña, Galicia. The few people’s communal. Local forest infrautilized in the Eastern Galician mountain Abstract: Combining the methodologies of historiography and agrarian economy, this study analy- ses the role of communal property in the economic transformation of rural mountain areas. The initial hypothesis is that communal properties, defined by a legal figure unique to Spain’s region of Galicia, are a rich resource and have considerable productive potential. Nonetheless, they are currently underutilized, and hardly adapted to the changes that have taken place in rural areas over the last decades. To examine this hypothesis, we have chosen a high mountain area in the province of Lugo, as a case study of traditional land usage -such as shepherding- encountering demands for new forms of usage imposed by the environ- mental criteria and recreation needs of urban societies. This condition permits an examination of an aspect that is fundamental to determining the future and the current situation of communal lands, that is, the dif- ficulties that communal owners face when trying to make these lands fit the multifunctional needs of the present. Keywords: communal property, rural development, mountain, Galicia (Spain). Recibido: 8 de noviembre de 2011 Devuelto para revisión: 2 de mayo de 2012 Aceptado: 24 de mayo de 2012 Ana Cabana Iglesia. Departamento de Historia Contemporánea. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. [email protected] Ana Isabel García Arias. Departamento de Economía, Socioloxía e Politica Agraria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Lugo. [email protected] María do Mar Pérez Fra. Departamento de Economía, Socioloxía e Politica Agraria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Lugo. [email protected] Abel Rodríguez López. Doctorando del Departamento de Economía, Socioloxía e Política Agraria. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. [email protected] tada, porlospostuladosdeHar enladiscusiónsusci- entrar enelpasado.Noesobjetodeestetrabajo controversias común gallegosolosbaldíosportugueses). dio der alestu- conocersupotencialdecara sertestadapara dología específicaquepretende ello,yapartirdeunanálisiscaso, sediseñaunameto- demontaña.Para rurales de cambioexperimentadosporlasáreas enlosprocesos peñado unpapelrelevante comunal. Elobjetivoprincipaldelmismoesestudiarsiestassuperficiesestándesem- gallego:elrégimen enelmundorural yomnipresente institucional característico 1• laDespoblación deEstudiossobre Estainvestigaciónhacontado conelapoyoeconómicodelCentro Pr formanpartedelgrupodeinvestigación (CEDDAR).Losautores Rurales deÁreas y Desarrollo 09700)” (AnaCabanaIglesia). 09700)” ysusefectosambientales sociales(HAR2009- usoygestióncomunitariaderecursos propiedad, la delcomún.Unenfoque históricosobre deI+D “Losprovechos Arias)ydelProyecto Isabel García Ana y Fra (MaríadoMarPérez españoles(RURAGRI)(AGL2005-07827-C03-02)” territorios rurales oyecto deI+D:“Elpapellaagricultur Comenzaremos señalando que la propiedad comunal ha sido centro defuertes comunalhasidocentro señalandoquelapropiedad Comenzaremos contribuiralmejorentendimientodeunhecho pretendemos Con estetrabajo Introducción ealidades geográficas más extensas (como otros montesvecinalesenmano ealidades geográficasmásextensas(comootros 1 din (1968) sobre la relación causa-efecto entre dere- causa-efectoentre larelación din (1968)sobre a enlospr ocesos dedesarr ollo ydifer enciación delos 77 Ana Cabana Iglesia, Ana Isabel García Arias, María do Mar Pérez Fra y Abel Rodríguez López 78 El común de unos pocos. La infrautilización del monte vecinal en la montaña oriental gallega publicación dela En elmismosentido,Egger Chamoux,1996). última alanocióndecomunidad(LanaeIriarte,2006;2002; (informaloformalmente)ysureferencia territorio delimitado,sucarácterreglado un sobre suejercicio humanas quecompartensudimensiónlocaleintergeneracional, ycapacidades naturales articulación demodosgestiónyexplotaciónrecursos yuso,de depropiedad un conjuntovariadodeformasdefiniciónderechos 1996). Arbués, 1991; sistemanormativo (Aguilera, enlajurisprudenciaynuestro comunal, arraigada el ybiendistintadeaquellaqueaplicamos aquípara 1999;Ortega,2002) (Ostrom, yBishop,1975).Damosestaconcepciónporyasuperada tipo (Ciriacy-Wantrup deningún accesosinregulación delibre comúncomounrecurso ción delapropiedad yaquenacedeunaconsidera- colectivaydestrucciónderecursos, chos depropiedad (Egger delacomunidad” laspersonas suusopara ajenasyregulando yendo alaspersonas mediante lacualunacomunidadcontr dual ominoritaria.P 260/1992). 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Así, cuando nos referimos al régimen comunal estamos haciendo referencia a alrégimencomunalestamoshaciendoreferencia Así, cuandonosreferimos Cabe señalar que no estamos haciendo referencia a un tipo de propiedad resi- auntipodepropiedad Cabe señalarquenoestamoshaciendoreferencia El recurso que se analiza en este trabajo sonlosmontesvecinalesenmano queseanalizaenestetrabajo El recurso Las cifras anteriores evidencianelalcance deestassuperficies:constituyenun anteriores Las cifras 0 deoutubr otección estánr Lei de Montes Veciñais enManComún Lei deMontesVeciñais e elrégimenjurídicodelosMVMClecorr ar a darunaideaexactadelatr o de Montes Veciñais enManComún o deMontesVeciñais sston definepr 1 delEstatutodeAutonomía).Estassuperficiesfue ecogidos enelsistemanormativoatr opiedad comunalpr ola elaccesoaundeterminador as comunidadesdeveciños opiedad comunalcomo“pr ascendencia deester , 2006),existenalr opia deGalicia.Dehecho,la de 1968.Hoyendíasufun- esponde enexclusivaala y desuReglamento ” apartirdela avés dela ecur ecur ededor de so exclu so, basta opiedad Lei - - los aspectosenquesustentamos estaafirmación: final delar espacio rur cación económica.Laagricultur por lasdimensionesambientalesdelosterritoriosrurales. preocupación enlaparticipacióndepoblaciónlocal)yporunacreciente sustentarse cepción, porunadiver nómica atractiva a la población (López Iglesias y Pérez Fra, 2004; Pérez Fra Fra 2004;Pérez Fra, alapoblación(LópezIglesiasyPérez nómica atractiva unaopcióneco- quenoescapazdeofrecer alternativas económicasaunaagricultura seexplicaenparteporlaausenciade económicoydemográfico.Dichoproceso rioro dedete- estánsumidasenunintensoproceso gallegas quedisponendedichorecurso rurales estado desubexplotaciónaltiempoqueunapartesignificativalasáreas la competitividaddeagricultur ejes deunesquemacuatro ejemplodeesteenfoque,alcombinar através un claro nes deunamplioabanicoactuacio- lapuestaenmarcha yflexiblepara plural marco un estassuperficiesofrecen deusos, nificada. 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