Carpenters in Medieval London C. 1240 – C. 1540
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Carpenters in Medieval London c. 1240 – c. 1540 Doreen Sylvia Leach Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, March 2017 Department of History, Royal Holloway, University of London 1 Declaration of Authorship I, Doreen Sylvia Leach, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 2 Abstract Carpenters in medieval London have not previously been the focus of sustained research, either as a group, or as individuals. This thesis contributes fresh understanding to our perspective on London in the later Middle Ages by providing new information about this lesser known craft. The period chosen for review is a wide one starting from when carpenters first began to appear in official records and concluding on the eve of the Reformation and the English Renaissance, both of which were to have a profound impact on the style of, and the demand for, structures made from wood, and on the work available to carpenters. The thesis starts with a consideration of the current state of knowledge about medieval carpenters. The central role carpentry played in the lives of all medieval people will be emphasised. The second chapter includes an evaluation of the ambivalent evidence for carpenters as an organised craft before the fifteenth century. It will show that the city authorities were happy to make use of the specialist knowledge of some carpenters to assist in enforcing civic regulations relating to the urban environment but that, on the whole, these craftsmen (along with other building workers) were seen as needing to be kept under firm control to maintain order in society. The next two chapters take forward discussion of the organisation of the craft into the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and consider the activities of the newly formed company. The range of work undertaken by carpenters and the way in which they obtained their primary source material, timber, will be the focus of the fifth chapter. The following chapter will consider the religious life of these craftsmen and the final chapter will place carpenters and their families in their social and economic context within medieval London. 3 Contents Declaration of Authorship ................................................................................ 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 3 List of Tables (within the text) ......................................................................... 6 List of Appendices ........................................................................................... 6 List of Maps ..................................................................................................... 7 List of Illustrations ........................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 10 Notes on Conventions ...................................................................................... 13 Introduction .................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 The current state of knowledge about medieval carpenters .. 17 1.1 Medieval carpentry: a definition........................................................ 17 1.2 The importance of carpentry in the medieval period – ‘An age of timber’ ............................................................................... 20 1.3 The historiography of guilds and of carpenters in medieval London ................................................................................................. 26 1.4 Sources and methodology .................................................................. 30 1.5 Time period and geographical boundaries of the research ................ 46 Chapter 2 Carpenters in London before c. 1400 ....................................... 51 2.1 The contribution of carpenters to civic regulation............................. 52 2.2 The city’s attempts to regulate carpenters ......................................... 64 2.3 Geographical origin of ‘London’ carpenters ..................................... 70 2.4 Evidence for carpenters organising collectively ................................ 78 2.5 An organised craft? The 1388-9 guild returns. .................................. 81 Chapter 3 The Carpenters’ Company c. 1410 - c. 1540 – Part I ............. 91 3.1 Becoming established ........................................................................ 91 3.1.1 The first evidence for the existence of the Company .............. 91 4 3.1.2 The hall, garden and other properties ...................................... 95 3.2 Management of the Company ........................................................... 105 3.2.1 Officers and employees............................................................ 105 3.2.2 Becoming free of the Company ............................................... 112 3.3 The activities of the Company ........................................................... 115 3.3.1 Livery clothing ......................................................................... 122 3.3.2 Participation in national and civic events ................................ 126 Chapter 4 The Carpenters’ Company c. 1410 - c. 1540 – Part II ............ 132 4.1 Training the next generation .............................................................. 132 4.2 Food, feasting and entertainment within the Company ..................... 150 Chapter 5 Carpenters at work .................................................................... 166 5.1 Obtaining timber and assembling structures ..................................... 166 5.2 Tools .................................................................................................. 177 5.3 Types of buildings constructed .......................................................... 181 5.4 Working conditions and rewards ....................................................... 185 5.5 King’s Chief Carpenters .................................................................... 189 Chapter 6 Carpenters and the church ............................................................ 193 6.1 Personal piety .................................................................................... 193 6.2 Corporate piety .................................................................................. 202 Chapter 7 The personal life of carpenters ................................................. 208 7.1 The social and economic position of carpenters ................................ 208 7.2 Carpenters at home ............................................................................ 222 7.3 Families, friends and ‘dynasties’ of carpenters ................................. 227 7.4 Clothing and the visual appearance of carpenters ............................. 237 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 245 5 List of Tables (within the text) Table 1: Carpenters who served on the London Assize of Nuisance 1300 - c. 1450 ............................................................................................. 60 Table 2: Daily wage rates for qualified carpenters c. 1280.............................. 64 Table 3: County of origin of London based carpenters c. 1250 - c. 1360 .......................................................................................... 72 Table 4: Extract of fines and amercements imposed on labourers etc. in 1359 ......................................................................................................... 78 Table 5: The Company’s income from rents in 1495 ...................................... 104 Table 6: Examples of money spent by the Company on ‘arresting’ members ...................................................................................................... 117 Table 7: Simon Byrlyngham’s employment of assistants ................................ 144 Table 8: The Bridge House’s expenditure on carriage of building materials 1461-2 ......................................................................................... 174 Table 9: King’s Chief Carpenters to 1544 ....................................................... 190 Table 10: London carpenters’ burial choice..................................................... 195 Table 11: Costs of constructing the almshouse in 1456 ................................... 220 Table 12: Richard Smalley’s clothing bequests ............................................... 239 Table 13: Simon Byrlyngham’s clothing in his house in Wood Street ................................................................................................. 240 List of Appendices Appendix 1: List of 1573 carpenters in London c. 1240 – c. 1540 This can be found on a CD at the back of the thesis Appendix 2: Certificate of the Fraternity of Carpenters, St Thomas Acon & St John Baptist ....................................................................................... 250 Appendix 3: Ordinances of the Mystery of Carpenters ................................... 252 Appendix 4: Wills of London carpenters enrolled in the PCC 1450-1545 ...... 258 Appendix 5: Extant wills of carpenters