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Integral Environmental Assessment of Ogosta River Basin (Northwestern Bulgaria)

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Integral Environmental Assessment of Ogosta River Basin (Northwestern Bulgaria) Integral Environmental Assessment of Ogosta River Basin (Northwestern Bulgaria) Dora Angelova Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria email: [email protected] Abstract The present catchment basin of Ogosta river takes an area of 3,110 km2. The forming of river system in this basin is a result of diversities of endogenic-exogenic geodynamics of Fore Carpathian basin and Carpathian-Balkan horst-block mountain chain in Neogene and Quaternary. The cyclic tectonic and climatic undulations lead to radical changes of regional erosion base and local bases as well. These radical changes resulted in realization of multiple reorientations of water basins on the background of disappearing Neogene basin and simultaneously raising up of Carpathian-Balkan mountain chain, more precisely – of West Stara Planina mountain. At the lower courses of the rivers belonging to Ogosta river basin the Pleistocene loess complex up to 110 m thick with its five buried soil horizons mark and fossilize the development of older river valleys. The varied geological-tectonic structure facilitated the development of selective erosion and denudation to various extents. This resulted in the origination and shaping of multiple gorges, falls, valley widening, mountain and plain karst, asymmetric and symmetric parts, different river bed dips, etc. The erosion, erosion-denudation, deflation and karst relief in the Ogosta river basin besides the intensified recent morphodynamic processes is strongly influenced by the anthropogenic impact as well from the remote past to the present days (mining, agriculture, engineering, etc.). As a result of these processes in the basin are found 94 terrains strongly polluted with substandard substances in soil and water. With the purpose of improving environmental quality an integral assessment of all its compounds is made. Key words: environment, environment’ compounds, integral assessment, Ogosta river basin, Northwestern Bulgaria. Introduction Ogosta river is one of the biggest draining systems in Northwestern Bulgaria. In its water catchment it involves more than 40 feeders. The biggest river Ogosta is 141 km long, taking an area of more than 3,110 km2, at average altitude of 395 m, mean river slope of 11.4‰, average density of the river system 0.73 km/km2, and afforesting 37%. The biggest tributary is Skat river, which is 134 km long, area 1,074 km2, average altitude 200 m, afforesting 6%, mean river slope 2.8‰, and average density of the river system 0.27 km/km2. The production capacities of such industrial branches, as mining, chemistry, food and agriculture, disturbed the natural environment mainly in the 70-ies of 20th century. Till and after the liquidation of mines and a great portion of the enterprises-pollutants in 1990 a purposeful ecological policy is not realized. The future development of Northwestern economic region as mostly undeveloped in the EU requires implementing of purposeful ecological policy. Up to now the studies are concentrated in single parts just regarding single components. For that purpose is necessary the implementing of purposeful assessments of environment. The aim of this work is to orient towards the main and comprehensive assessments of ecological burden of the studied territory. This work is grounded on theoretical and methodical principles of systematic analysis of main components of natural and technogenic environment and their relations in compliance with the legislation in Bulgaria and European Union. Assessment and state of environmental components Assessment and state of relief In its original view the relief in Ogosta river basin represents a synthesis between various types relief (structural, structural-denudation, erosional, erosional-denudation, erosional-accumulation, accumulation, deflation, gravitational and karst) (Mishev, 1959; Vaptsarov, Stoilov, 1969; Stoilov, 1970; Angelova 2001, 2003, 2004, etc.). The relief forming is a result of complex interaction between endogenic and exogenic geodynamic processes. BALWOIS 2008 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia – 27, 31 May 2008 1/15 Figure 1. Orographic-hypsometric map of the Ogosta river basin (NW Bulgaria). The forming of river-valley system in Ogosta river basin is a result of differences in the development of endogenic-exogenic geodynamics of Fore Carpathian basin (Lom depression), cratonizated Moesian plate with its deformed edge and Carpathian-Balkan horst-block mountain chain in Neogene and Quaternary. The cyclic tectonic and climatic undulations lead to general changes of regional and local erosional bases. As a result of this several reconstructions of the water basins are realized to 670 mil years (Angelova, 2001, 2003, 2004, etc.) on a background of gradually vanishing Fore Carpathian basin and the uplifting of mountain chain of West Stara Planina mountain (Fig. 1). The variegated geological-tectonic structure (Filipov et al., 1989, 1993; Angelova, 2001) facilitated the development of selective erosion and denudation to various extents. The material eroded from West Stara Planina mountain had been transported by Neogene and Plio-pleistocene rivers mainly to the north and northeast, as they gradually in-filled the Lom depression (Fig. 2). The present view of the river-valley system comes from the formed initial surface, which is strongly altered and deformed in the subsequent stages and well preserved in the Danubian lowland, where it is fossilized by the Pleistocene loess complex up to 110 m thick and the five buried soils there (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The rivers shift to the east caused their asymmetric profile within the Danubian plain, and in the deformed parts of Stara Planina and Fore Balkan both tectonic processes and change of deep erosion with accumulation lead to the forming of river terraces – 5 Quaternary terraces above floodplain, and 2 up to 3 floodplain terraces. The differences between local tectonic units are realized during the Late Pliocene – Early Quaternary, mainly during the Middle Pleistocene and the boundary Pleistocene/Holocene. The Quaternary vertical tectonic deformations have a total value between 80-100 m, 120-180 m and 220-320 m. The vertical tectonic deformations are reflected in the vertical deformations and outlevellings of the terrace levels. For example, the fifth overflood Ogosta river terrace in the various sections is observed at levels 75-85 m, 60-70 m, and 50-60 m. The vertical tectonic movements between both fifth and fourth overflood terraces are between 10 and 45 m for the various local morphostructural units. The fourth above BALWOIS 2008 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia – 27, 31 May 2008 2/15 floodplain terrace is at level of 40-45 m averagely, but in the section near Hayredin it is at 30-35m height and shows the local tectonic subsidence. The tectonic shift at the boundary of fifth and fourth terraces above flood plain is of the order of 10-15 m, and between third and second and second and first terraces it is about 10-12 m. The tectonic shifts realized at the boundary Pleistocene/Holocene vary into quite wide ranges – from +7 m to -30 m. These tectonic anomalies are outcropping between the villages Lehchevo and Kriva Bara, where the alluvial deposits of the second terrace above floodplain contact tectonically to the alluvial deposits of the flood terrace. The character of the horizontal tectonic deformations is strike-slip. Generally, these are small amplitude movements along fault structures. They control the change of river flow to the NE towards the erosion basis. For example, the Ogosta river flows along a fault W-E oriented between the villages Vladimirovo and Gromshin, and it abruptly changes its direction to NE northward of Gromshin village. The morphological structures delineated by faults are seismically originated. Earthquakes with M=2-4 occurred in the period 1980-1987. The recent vertical movements for a period from 1930 to 1985 are 1.2-2.0 mm per year (Karagyuleva, Shanov, 1990; Vaptsarov et al., 1993; Spiridonov, 1994; Angelova, 2001). The tectonic movements at the boundary Pleistocene/Holocene are characterized with great deformations which resulted in the forming of local Kozloduy block structure. The total value of Holocene tectonic movements ranges from -20 m to -30 m. The recent vertical movements calculated here for the period 1930-1985 amount to 1.2-2.5 mm per year (Spiridonov, 1994; Angelova, 2001). Figure 2. Lithological map of the Quaternary base in the Danubian Plain: (1-8) Neogene: (1-3) Pliocene: 1 – sands, 2 – clays, 3 – marls; (4-8) Miocene: 4 - sands, 5 – clays, 6 – sandstone, 7– marls; 8 – limestone (Pliocene – Miocene); (9-11) Cretaceous: 9 – sandstones, 10– marls, 11 – limestone. The present relief developed on the initial natural relief is strongly affected directly or indirectly by the anthropogenic development. The earliest anthropogenic morphostructural changes in Ogosta river basin are dated from more than 3 M years, referred to the placer gold native silver production (Georgiev, 1987); Roman settlements and barracks, fortresses, roads, necropolis; fortification and defensive works from the times of First Bulgarian State; architectural-historic monuments, etc. BALWOIS 2008 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia – 27, 31 May 2008 3/15 Figure 3. Map of the distribution and thickness of the covering gravel in the Danubian Plain: 1 – areas without covering gravel; (2-6) thickness: 2 – 0-1 m, 3 – 1-3 m, 4 – 3-5 m, 5 – 5-10 m, 6 – 10-15 m. Later the anthropogenization continues with the creation of anti-erosion terraces,
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