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Analysis of Surface Water Key Pollutants of the Tributaries of the Danube River in Bulgarian Section

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Analysis of Surface Water Key Pollutants of the Tributaries of the Danube River in Bulgarian Section Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. The attached copy is furnished for non-commercial research and education use only. Authors are permitted to post this version of the article to their personal websites or institutional repositories and to share with other researchers in the form of electronic reprints. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to third party websites are prohibited. For further information on Pliska Studia Mathematica visit the website of the journal http://www.math.bas.bg/~pliska/ or contact: Editorial Office Pliska Studia Mathematica Institute of Mathematics and Informatics Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Telephone: (+359-2)9792818, FAX:(+359-2)971-36-49 e-mail: [email protected] 24 Pliska Stud. Math. (2015 ), 151–162 STUDIA MATHEMATICA ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER KEY POLLUTANTS OF THE TRIBUTARIES OF THE DANUBE RIVER IN BULGARIAN SECTION M. Filipova, I. Zheleva, A. Lecheva, P. Rusev Based on official data, a comparative analysis of the surface water along the rivers flowing into the Danube River in the transborder area Bulgaria– Romania is presented. The content of dissolved oxygen, nitrate nitrogen and Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5 and COD) for a five year period 2009–2013 is analyzed. The aim is the dynamics of these indicators and the reasons for the current exceedances to be traced and analyzed. Measures for improving the condition of the surface runoff are also proposed. 1. Introduction Pursuant to the operational European program for CBC Bulgaria - Romania for the period 2007–2013 [1] includes the border areas of both countries. This program creates a connection between the two countries and aims to promote and support the development of the regions situated on both banks of the Danube. We are currently discussing the continuation of this program in the new programming period year 2014–2020. So, together with Romania good results along the Danube and the Danube region could be achieved to make one of the best places to live. An important indicator for the successful development of the region, to pro- tect human health and the natural resources is the water quality. Water is the defining element of human existence. We cannot imagine a human activity, the 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 62-07, 62P12, 92F99. Key words: surface water, key pollutants, statistical data, environment. 152 M. Filipova, I. Zheleva, A. Lecheva, P. Rusev presence of life forms and the current balance without water. Water is a renew- able natural resource, a source of energy and an important factor in maintain- ing the ecological balance. Water is used for many different purposes: agricul- tural;industrial; transport and other purposes. This leads to serious pollution of the water resources and is a serious threat to the ecological balance in nature. A typical example of this exploitation and unreasonable attitude of man to the state water resources is one of the largest rivers - the Danube, in its section be- tween Bulgaria and Romania. It is well known that wastewater from thousands of settlements, industrial sites and agricultural areas are flowing into the river. Good coordination between all Danube countries, environmental understanding between them and their joint efforts in the global European policy on the Danube will help to restore the purity of the river. Danube water catchment is very large and diverse. It supports different ecosystems (karst caves, alpine steppes and lakes, floodplain forests,delta) and various wetlands of European importance. This paper provides an analysis of the monitoring network along the Bulgarian section and is referred to, the cities with significant contamination of surface water. For building a monitoring system Ordinance №1 of 11.04.2011 have been issued [3]. The purpose of the ordinance is to settle the terms and conditions of planning and monitoring the establishment of networks for monitoring water in all river basin districts, also to regulate tasks and activities for operation, maintenance, communications and laboratory information service. According to this regulation, the monitoring of groundwater bodies include programs for the quantitative status of surface water bodies, programs and operational control monitoring of chemical status. 2. Geographical location of the Bulgarian section of the Danube River Fig. 1 shows the Danube River basin. It includes territories or parts of territories of many European countries – Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovak Repub- lic, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Particular interest to the Bulgaria–Romania border region represents the state of the Danube River. Biological research in the Bulgarian section of the Danube (399 km) shows alarming results: places for recreation around the river are weakened to the extreme limit; deterioration of water quality and it becomes dangerous to human health; overall pollution of the river with mineral substances – hydrogen carbonates, sulfates, chlorides – in recent years, growing by about 1 percent per year; nutrient pollution – nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, phosphorus, Analysis of Surface Water Key Pollutants 153 Figure 1: The Danube River Basin threatens water quality; biomass decreases in places; benthic fauna is completely destroyed – in the sections below major industrial centers; bacteriological load increases, particularly worrying is the increase of salmonellosis causes; outflow of household waste seriously exacerbated ecological imbalance in the region. Responsibility for water quality in the border Bulgarian section of the Danube River, according to the Water Act, is assigned to the Danube River Basin Dis- trict administrative center of Pleven. This section covers the most of territory of northern Bulgaria. The area of the region is 42 837 km2, which is more than 38% of the territory of Bulgaria and 44% of the total population. In the Danube re- gion there are 111 municipalities, 15 districts, 25 water companies. In the region is also the country’s capital, Sofia (in Iskar sub-basin), which is the fastest de- veloping economic center of Bulgaria. The Danube River Basin District (DRBU) includes the valleys of rivers flowing into the Danube River or crossing the western boundary of the country which are shown in Fig. 2. • Along the Erma and Nishava – catchment area of the River Erma on Bulgar- ian territory is 523 km2 and flows into the River Nishava (with a catchment area of Bulgarian territory – 331 km2) and empties into the River Morava and then into the Danube River. • Ogosta’s valley along with the rivers in the west of Ogosta - the valley is located in the northwestern part of Bulgaria between Western Balkan, Timok, Danube and along the Iskar River. The rivers of the basin originate from the main ridge of the Balkan Mountain except Tsibritsa and Skomlya that spring from the foothills of the Balkan Mountain. A significant part of the rivers in the basin are flowing directly into the Danube – Topolovets, 154 M. Filipova, I. Zheleva, A. Lecheva, P. Rusev Figure 2: Scheme of the river flows of the Bulgarian Danube River Basin District Management [2] Voinishka, Vidbol, Archar, Skomlya, Lom, Tsibritsa, Ogosta, Skat (are listed in order of acquisition in the Danube river). The total area of the sub-basins is 8022 km2, and the total annual flow is 1 254 106 m3. Larger rivers are Lom with 202 106 m3 annual runoff and Ogosta with 750 106 m3 annual runoff. • Iskar River is the longest internal river in Bulgaria with a length of 368 km and catchment area of 8646 km2. Originates from south part of the Rila Mountain (Gyolechitsa – Cherni Iskar, Prav Iskar), south-southwest of Govedarci, Sofia and south-southwest of its highest peak Musala (Levi Iskar, Beli Iskar). It occupies part of the territory of six administrative districts: Sofia, Sofia region, Pernik, Vratsa, Pleven and Lovech with a population of about 1.6 million inhabitants. There are 25 major tributaries, some of the big ones are – Iskar (85.5 km), Stari Iskar (65.2 km), Zlatna Panega (50.3 km) and others. The larger right tributaries are the Lesnovska, Iskar and Zlatna Panega and larger left tributaries are Palakaria River, Blato and Slivnishka, Kakach, Ruchene, Gaberska. • Vit River has length of 189 km and a catchment area of 3220 km2. There are about 10 inflows with average lengths of 10 km. The larger inflows are the river Kamenska with length 49 km and a catchment area of 500 km2 and the river Kalnik – with length of 41 km. • Along the Osam – formed by the merger of the rivers Cheren and Beli Analysis of Surface Water Key Pollutants 155 Osam near the town of Troian. Both of its major tributaries originate from the northern slopes of the Troyan Balkan, located in the Central Balkan Mountain. The length of the river is 314 km, and the area of its catchment area – 2824 km2. Catchment area is narrow with an average width of 20 km, which is the reason for the development of a dense river network. There are not many tributaries, they are short and with small watersheds – rivers Barra, Lom, Mechka etc. • Along the Yantra – the size of catchment area along the Yantra River is the second largest area in the Danube region, after Iskar and amounts to 7862 km2. The river is 285 km long and originates from the peak of Hadji Dimitar, approximately 1340 m altitude, and it flows into Danube at about 18 m of altitude. There are thirty tributaries with a length of 10 km. Larger ones are: river Rositsa – 164 km long and with catchment area of 2265 km2, River Stara reka – 92 km long with an area of 2424 km2, Djulyunitsa River – 85 km long with an area of 892 km2. • Valleys of Ruse’s Lom River and Dobrudja’s Rivers – these basins are lo- cated in the eastern part of the Danube region.
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