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Crisis Management in Late Antiquity (410–590 CE) Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae Texts and Studies of Early Christian Life and Language Editors J. den Boeft – B.D. Ehrman – J. van Oort D.T. Runia – C. Scholten – J.C.M. van Winden VOLUME 121 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vcs Crisis Management in Late Antiquity (410–590 CE) A Survey of the Evidence from Episcopal Letters By Pauline Allen Bronwen Neil LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Allen, Pauline, 1948- author. Crisis management in late antiquity (410-590 CE) : a survey of the evidence from episcopal letters / by Pauline Allen, Bronwen Neil. pages cm – (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae ; volume 121) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18577-7 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-25482-4 (e-book) 1. Church history–Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. 2. Christian literature, Early–History and criticism. 3. Bishops–Correspondence. I. Neil, Bronwen, author. II. Title. III. Series: Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae ; v. 121. BR219.A45 2013 270.2–dc23 2013021422 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 978-90-04-18577-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25482-4 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhof Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ix Abbreviations. xi 1 Crisis in Late Antiquity . 1 Rationale . 1 De ning “Crisis” in Late Antiquity. 3 Overview of the Volume . 4 Population Displacement . 4 Natural Disasters . 5 Religious Disputes. 6 Violent Conict . 6 Social Abuses. 7 Breakdown of the Structures of Dependence . 8 Conclusion . 9 2 Studying Late-Antique Crisis Management through Letters . 11 Status Quaestionis .................................................. 11 Using Letters as a Source . 14 The Nature and Function of Letters . 16 Terminology. 17 The Question of Audience: Public or Private? . 18 Hybrid Forms . 21 Compilation of Letter-Collections. 23 Epistolary Sources on Crisis . 26 The Greek Corpus . 26 The Latin Corpus . 28 3 Population Displacement . 37 Introduction . 37 Prisoners of War . 38 Exile, Flight, Con nement. 44 Asylum-Seekers and Refugees . 47 Conclusion . 52 vi contents Case-Studies of Exiles, Refugees and Asylum-Seekers . 53 Case-Study 1. Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople (428–431). 53 Case-Study 2. Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe (c. 507–533) . 56 Case-Study 3. Vigilius of Rome (531–555) . 58 Case-Study 4. Theodoret of Cyrrhus (423–c. 466) . 61 Case-Study 5. Severus of Antioch (512–518) . 66 4 Natural Disasters . 71 Introduction . 71 Earthquakes . 72 Food-Shortages and Famine . 79 Epidemic Diseases. 83 Silence of the Sources . 86 Conclusion . 91 Case-Studies of Natural Disaster Management . 91 Case-Study 1. Cyril of Alexandria (412–444) . 91 Case-Study 2. Theodoret of Cyrrhus (423–c. 466) . 94 5 Religious Controversies and Violence . 97 Introduction . 97 Cyril and Nestorius: An Unfortunate Pairing . 98 Eutyches: Letters Read and Not Read . 100 Council of Ephesus II (449) . 101 The Tome of Leo . 102 Chalcedon and Its Aftermath. 103 The Acacian Schism . 107 Western Heresies . 111 Arianism . 111 Pelagianism in North Africa, Italy and Gaul . 115 Priscillianism in Spain . 118 Donatism in North Africa . 119 Review of Sixth-Century Christological Disputes . 122 Council of Constantinople II (553) . 128 Conclusion . 129 Case-Studies of Religious Conict Management . 130 Case-Study 1. After Chalcedon: The Codex Encyclius ........... 130 Case-Study 2. The Patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch and Alexandria 564–581 . 137 contents vii 6 Social Abuses . 147 Introduction . 147 Usury............................................................... 147 Extortionate Taxation . 150 Human Tra cking . 151 Indentured Child Labour . 152 Alienation of Church Property . 153 Corruption, within the Church and without. 154 Conclusion . 157 Case-Studies of Social Abuse Management. 158 Case-Study 1. Synesius of Cyrene (411–413) . 158 Case-Study 2. Gelasius of Rome (492–496) . 163 7 Breakdown in the Structures.
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