DOCSLIB.ORG

Fgm in Sierra Leone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fgm in Sierra Leone COUNTRY PROFILE: FGM IN SIERRA LEONE June 2014 Registered Charity: No. 1150379 Limited Company: No: 08122211 E-mail: [email protected] © 28 Too Many 2015 v2 October 2018 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................ 2 Case Study: Masanga Education Assistance ........................................... 3 Information on Country Profiles ............................................................. 4 Background ................................................................................................................................. 4 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Use of this Country Profile .......................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 4 The Team ..................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 6 A Note on Data ............................................................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ................................................................................. 8 Introduction .......................................................................................... 11 Millennium Development Goals ........................................................... 14 General National Statistics .................................................................... 16 Political Background.............................................................................. 18 Bondo ................................................................................................... 21 Anthropological Background ................................................................. 26 Overview of FGM Practices in Sierra Leone .......................................... 35 Countrywide Taboos and Mores ........................................................... 40 Sociological Background ....................................................................... 42 Healthcare System ................................................................................ 44 Education .............................................................................................. 50 Religion ................................................................................................. 55 Media .................................................................................................... 58 Attitudes and Knowledge Relating to FGM ........................................... 60 Laws Relating to FGM ........................................................................... 65 Interventions and Attempts to Eradicate FGM ..................................... 70 International Organisations .................................................................. 78 National and Local Organisations .......................................................... 84 Challenges Faced by Anti-FGM Initiatives ............................................. 91 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 93 Appendix I – List of International and National Organisations .............. 96 1 Foreword In disease control and social movements alike, there are three elements that lead to an epidemic: contagiousness, small causes having big effects, and change happening at one dramatic moment. Having worked on aid projects since 2001 and in anti-female genital mutilation (FGM) for ten years, I have seen an appetite for change, and a window of opportunity for that change, that has not been there for 2,000 years. Could the passing of the UN General Assembly resolution in December 2012; strong leadership and momentum in Africa; together with increasing numbers of communities, non- governmental organisations, faith-based organisations, policy-makers and ambassadors working to end FGM be the tipping point for change? In excess of 125 million women and girls alive today in Africa have experienced FGM, and 30 million more girls will be affected by 2022 – one girl being cut every ten seconds. While FGM is practised primarily in 28 African countries, clustered from West Africa to Egypt and the Horn, it is also seen in parts of the Middle East, Asia and across the world in diaspora groups who bring their traditions with them upon migration. FGM is known to have no health benefits and has serious, immediate and long-term physical and psychological health consequences, which can be severe, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and reduced sexual desire or satisfaction. Babies born to women who have experienced FGM suffer higher rates of neonatal death, and mothers can experience obstetric complications and fistulae. Globally, reasons for FGM are highly varied between ethnic groups and communities; it is a deeply embedded social practice associated with adulthood, marriageability, purity and sexual control. This is true, too, in Sierra Leone, where it is also linked to the ordering of community power structures through membership to secret societies for which FGM is the badge of belonging. It is also linked to early child marriage and girls dropping out of compulsory education. At the end of the civil war, Bondo initiation was used as a way of restoring social relations lost in the destruction. It also presented itself in a war-torn economy as an economic opportunity for younger women, a rarity in Sierra Leone. Traditionally, FGM is carried out by older women in unhygienic conditions in isolated bush camps. This Country Profile shows that there has been a slight reduction in the overall prevalence of FGM in Sierra Leone from 91.3% in 2008 to 89.6% in 2013, according to the Demographic and Health Surveys. Prevalence is 94.3% in rural areas, and the districts in the Northern Province have the highest prevalences, although prevalence is 75% or higher in all districts across the country. As there is no national anti-FGM law in Sierra Leone, this report covers the twelve measures we feel are required to address FGM in the context of post-war reconstruction. Among these are wider access to education as a viable alternative or delaying factor in FGM, improvements to the healthcare system and a reduction in the number of people living below the Government’s defined poverty line. Since first visiting Africa in 2001, I have visited 12 African countries and communities in Malaysia, Pakistan, the Middle East, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand that have migrant communities that practise FGM. I have listened to the stories of over two thousand survivors; no woman or girl was pleased she was cut. All have physical or mental trauma from FGM and many have begun themselves to campaign for FGM to end. After an initial meeting with our research team in 2 2012, I was delighted to meet representatives of the Sierra Leone Inter Africa Committee in April 2014 and hear how they are working with non-governmental organisations and civil-society organisations nationally and internationally to help advance the work towards abolishing FGM. While we highlight in this report areas that need addressing, we also recognise the work of non- governmental organisations and civil-society organisations using initiatives such as alternative rites of passage, working with ‘men against FGM’ and reducing the importance of FGM in urban youth. I look forward to seeing further progress and talking with activists in my forthcoming visit to Sierra Leone. Dr Ann-Marie Wilson, 28 Too Many Executive Director Case Study During our research in Sierra Leone, we came across an organisation that appears to bridge the need for cultural continuity and the ethos of ‘no harm to women or girls’. Among the Temne, who live in Masanga village and its surrounding areas, FGM is often carried out on girls between the ages of three and Soweis wearing new colours in an MEA-run project, to five. Masanga Education Assistance show they now conduct Bondo without cutting (© MEA) (MEA) has been working in the area since 2004, sponsoring education for children both in the private and state sectors. In 2007 they opened their own kindergarten. The condition for anyone accessing education with their help is ‘trade excision for education’. In 2009 reports came back to MEA that these girls were being socially excluded from even simple activities like bathing with Bondo initiates. It was at this point that Michèle Moreau, the founder of MEA, came up with the idea of persuading the Soweis to initiate without cutting. An early convert and now president of MEA Sierra Leone, Ramatu Fornah was the head Sowei in the village. Her conversion and ‘putting down of the basket’ (a ceremonial renunciation of the Soweis’ cutting tools) was very influential in the community. Following her lead, a number of Soweis in Masanga and its surrounding villages have also renounced FGM, discarded the old Bondo colours of red and white and embraced yellow as the colour of the new Bondo. In 2010 the first ceremony without FGM was conducted, after which the Paramount Chief of Tonkolili, the district’s highest authority, asked Michèle to extend the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sierra Leone
    SIERRA LEONE 350 Fifth Ave 34 th Floor New York, N.Y. 10118-3299 http://www.hrw.org (212) 290-4700 Vol. 15, No. 1 (A) – January 2003 I was captured together with my husband, my three young children and other civilians as we were fleeing from the RUF when they entered Jaiweii. Two rebels asked to have sex with me but when I refused, they beat me with the butt of their guns. My legs were bruised and I lost my three front teeth. Then the two rebels raped me in front of my children and other civilians. Many other women were raped in public places. I also heard of a woman from Kalu village near Jaiweii being raped only one week after having given birth. The RUF stayed in Jaiweii village for four months and I was raped by three other wicked rebels throughout this A woman receives psychological and medical treatment in a clinic to assist rape period. victims in Freetown. In January 1999, she was gang-raped by seven revels in her village in northern Sierra Leone. After raping her, the rebels tied her down and placed burning charcoal on her body. (c) 1999 Corinne Dufka/Human Rights -Testimony to Human Rights Watch Watch “WE’LL KILL YOU IF YOU CRY” SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE SIERRA LEONE CONFLICT 1630 Connecticut Ave, N.W., Suite 500 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road 15 Rue Van Campenhout Washington, DC 20009 London N1 9HF, UK 1000 Brussels, Belgium TEL (202) 612-4321 TEL: (44 20) 7713 1995 TEL (32 2) 732-2009 FAX (202) 612-4333 FAX: (44 20) 7713 1800 FAX (32 2) 732-0471 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] January 2003 Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Women and Gender in Conflicts
    SPANISH MINISTRY OF DEFENCE STRATEGIC DOSSIER 157-B SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES (IEEE) GRANADA UNIVERSITY-ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND COMBINED CENTRE (MADOC) THE ROLE OF WOMEN AND GENDER IN CONFLICTS June 2012 GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS http://www.publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Publishes: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA www.bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es © Author and Publisher, 2012 NIPO: 083-12-253-3 (on line edition) NIPO: 083-12-252-8 (e-book edition) Publication date: February 2013 ISBN: 978-84-9781-801-8 (e-book edition) The authors are solely responsible for the opinions expresed in the articles in this publication. The exploitation righits of this work are protected by the Spanish Intellectual Property Act. No parts of this publication may be produced, stored or transmitted in any way nor by any means, electronic, mechanical or print, including photo- copies or any other means without prior, express, written consent of the © copyright holders. SPANISH SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR MINISTRY STRATEGIC STUDIES OF DEFENCE Workgroup number 4/2011 THE ROLE OF WOMEN AND GENDER IN CONFLICTS The ideas contained in this publication are the responsibility of their authors, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the IEEE, which is sponsoring the publication CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Soledad Becerril Bustamante Chapter I EQUALITY AND GENDER. BASIC CONCEPTS FOR APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS OF SECURITY AND DEFENCE M.ª Concepción Pérez Villalobos Nuria Romo Avilés Chapter II INTEGRATION OF THE PERSPECTIVE OF GENDER INTO THE
    [Show full text]
  • From Ritual to Recovery: Spirituality As a Tool for Recovery Among Women Recovering from War-Related Trauma in Sierra Leone.”
    “From Ritual to Recovery: Spirituality as a Tool for Recovery Among Women Recovering From War-Related Trauma in Sierra Leone.” B.A. August 2000, University of Maryland by Sariane Leigh A Thesis submitted to: The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 17, 2009 Thesis directed by Daniel Moshenberg Associate Professor of English and Director of Women’s Studies © Copyright 2009 by Sariane Leigh All rights reserved ii Dedication The author wishes to dedicate this thesis to: The Dead My grandmother, Lee Pearl Cooper, you resolved that you would never let a traumatic experience alter your spirit for success My mother Heysette E. Leigh, you often fell off the balance beam of trauma, coping and healing but always pulled yourself back up for a stunning finish. My cousin Deborah Renee Turner, you overcame the odds through unconditional love My father, Dr. Johnnie S. Leigh, your love and care as a father was short-lived but your commitment to Sierra Leone and your legacy will solidify your footprint in this world The Living My siblings, Yahya-Johne, your patience, strength and discipline is unmatched Amandae, your generosity and humility continues to ground me and reminds me of my own humanity Anita, my baby and sister, you have taught me the pain and joys of learning to cope and survive on your own iii Acknowledgment The author wishes to acknowledge the encouragement, supportive guidance, limitless vision and honesty of Professor Dan Moshenberg.
    [Show full text]
  • 02012012122430 Bangalie (Library).Pdf
    DISSERTATION TITLE: ‘AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: SIERRA LEONE A CASE STUDY’ MA in Contemporary Diplomacy Mrs Florence N. Bangalie A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Arts in the University of Malta for the degree of Master in Contemporary Diplomacy March, 2011 WORD COUNT: 23,260 (Word Limit 20-25.000 words with 10% margin) 1 DECLARATION Sir/Madam, I hereby certify that this dissertation, and all related research, is my own original work Signature Mrs Florence N. Bangalie March 30 2011 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am acknowledging that this dissertation project has been possible through generous support of my colleagues at the Embassy and my family, not to mention the constant support I received from tutors and lecturers of the Diplo Foundation in these undertakings. I am grateful to the Sierra Leonean community for giving me the information, insight, knowledge and understanding of the issues confronting women and women’s groups, and their contribution, during the bloody civil war and the peace process that followed in Sierra Leone. All of these people their time, and generously shared knowledge, experience and expertise. I interviewed many of them personally, some of whom did not want their names mentioned in my dissertation. 3 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all Sierra Leonean women who have and are still working hard to contribute to the development of our beloved nation. 4 ABSTRACT This paper examines the role of women in conflict management, using Sierra Leone as a case study. It argues that despite the traditional challenges women faced they were able to contribute significantly to the conclusion of the 11-year civil war in Sierra Leone, and have since earned a position of respect in society that has given them a larger role to play in government, politics and the private sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking Barriers: Women in Transition
    Breaking Barriers: Women in Transition (An investigation into the new emerging social sub group of professional Muslim women in Sierra Leone) Fatmatta B. Taqi (Cole) October 2010 This thesis is in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Anglia Ruskin University for the award degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Women’s Studies (Social Sciences), Cambridge, United Kingdom. “Two parties are required in order to bring about oppression. One is the oppressor and the other is the one who accepts oppression. Oppression cannot be one sided. An oppressor cannot perform oppression in the air. Oppression is like a piece of iron which is formed by the striking of the hammer of the oppressor upon the anvil of the oppressed. Thus, women themselves participate in the attack upon their values by allowing themselves to be oppressed and by not searching out their roots.” Ali Shariati (1991, p8) Dedication To my mother, who has been my total inspiration and who has succeeded in breaking barriers by overcoming the burdens associated with being an African, a Sierra Leonean, a Muslim, a wife, a mother and a career professional. To my sons, Murad and Hafeez, who I hope would be the new generation of Sierra Leonean Muslim men, who will ensure that their female counterparts are given a chance at self fulfilment and to Najmah, my daughter, whose generation might not face the trials experienced by participants of this study. i Acknowledgements Doing this research has been an un-bargained self realisation and life changing experience for me. When I decided to pursue a PhD after my Masters Degree, I neither envisaged nor imagined that it would be such a challenging task.
    [Show full text]
  • Facilitators Training Manual Young Women's Political Participation In
    This report is presented as received by IDRC from project recipient(s). It has not been subjected to peer review or other review processes. This work is used with the permission of Aisha Fofana Ibrahim, Nemata Majeks‐Walker, Lena Thompson, the 50/50 Group of Sierra Leone. © 2013, Aisha Fofana Ibrahim, Nemata Majeks‐Walker, Lena Thompson, the 50/50 Group of Sierra Leone. The Gender, Research and Documentation Centre and the Political Science Departments of the University of Sierra Leone in collaboration with the 50/50 Group of Sierra Leone in partnership with Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) BREAKING BARRIERS EMPOWERING YOUNG WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE IN DEMOCRATIC POLITICS MANUAL FOR FACILITATORS “never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed Young women can change Sierra Leone; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword i Acknowledgement ii Background to the project iii Overview of the manual iv Unit 1: Introductory Element 1 Unit 2: Gender Concepts 6 Unit 3: Human Rights, Democracy and Women’s Right to Vote 9 and Participate in Democratic Politics Unit 4: Breaking the Barriers 14 Unit 5: Leadership and Teambuilding Skills 20 Unit 6: Strategies for Advocacy, Lobbying and Campaigning 25 Unit 7: Presentation and Communication Skills 33 Unit 8: How to Start an Advocacy Group 38 Unit 9: Engaging the Media 47 Unit 10 : Fundraising 52 APPENDICES 1. Handout 1 Aims and Objectives of the Workshop 62 2. Handout 2 Workshop Programme 63 3. Evaluation Form 65 FOREWORD I am delighted to write a foreword to this excellent manual, and proud that the IDRC is so closely associated with the foundation and aims of this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone
    SIERRA LEONE © UNICEF/UNI109103/Asselin STATISTICAL PROFILE ON FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION No national decree/legislation banning FGM Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM) refers to “all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the KEY STATISTICS ON WOMEN’S STATUS female genital organs for non-medical reasons.”1 While the exact number of girls and women of women 20-24 years were married or worldwide who have undergone FGM remains 13% in union before age 15 unknown, at least 200 million girls and women have been cut in 30 countries with representative of women 20-24 years old married or in data on prevalence. FGM is a violation of girls’ and 30% union before age 18 women’s human rights and is condemned by many of women 20-24 years have given birth international treaties and conventions, as well by age 18 as by national legislation in many countries. Yet, 31% where it is practised FGM is performed in line with of women 15-49 years old think that a tradition and social norms to ensure that girls are husband/partner is justified in hitting/ socially accepted and marriageable, and to uphold 53% beating his wife/partner under certain their status and honour and that of the entire circumstances family. UNICEF works with government and civil society partners towards the elimination of FGM in of women 15-49 years old who make countries where it is still practised. use of at least one type of information media at least once a week (newspaper, 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender-Related Asylum Claims In
    LEAD NGO www.cear.es GENDER-RELATED ASYLUM CLAIMS IN EUROPE ASYLUM GENDER-RELATED OFICINAS CENTRALES C/ General Perón 32, 2º drcha. 28020 MADRID Tel: 915980535 - Fax:915972361 DELEGACIONES: Cataluña, Extremadura, Valencia, Euskadi, Canarias, Madrid, Andalucía The Spanish Ministry of Labour and Immigration co-financed the project. PARTNERS co-financed by the European Commission GENSEN PROJECT European Refugee Fund – Community Actions 2009 GENDER-RELATED ASYLUM CLAIMS IN EUROPE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LAW, POLICIES AND PRACTICE FOCUSING ON WOMEN IN NINE EU MEMBER STATES FRANCE, BELGIUM, HUNGARY, ITALY, MALTA, ROMANIA, SPAIN, SWEDEN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM May 2012 1 GENDER-RELATED ASYLUM CLAIMS IN EUROPE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Hana Cheikh Ali, Christel Querton and Elodie Soulard. The partners involved in the project were the Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado (Spain – coordinator), France terre d´asile (France), Asylum Aid (United Kingdom), Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati (Italy) and the Hungarian Helsinki Com- mittee (Hungary). The research was undertaken by: Belgium and France: Elodie Soulard (France terre d’asile) Hungary: Gruša Matevžič (Hungarian Helsinki Committee) Italy: Daniela Di Rado (Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati) Malta: Daniela Di Rado and Anna Galosi (Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati) Romania: Bianca Albu and Luiza Burlibasa (Jesuit Refugee Service) Spain: Hana Cheikh Ali (Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado) Sweden: Maria Bexelius (Consultant for Asylum Aid) United Kingdom: Christel Querton (Asylum Aid) Cover designed by Rami Abbas www.ramiabbas.blogspot.com.es Design and layout by Jesús Correal This comparative analysis was the main activity of the GENSEN project aiming at enhancing gender-sensitivity and a harmonised approach to gender issues in Euro- pean asylum practices in order to better identify and serve the needs of vulnerable asylum seekers.
    [Show full text]
  • FGM in Liberia: Sande (2014)
    7 0 Registered Charity: No. 1150379 Limited Company: No: 08122211 E-mail: [email protected] © 28 Too Many 2019 Second Edition Efua Dorkenoo OBE 1949–2014 28 Too Many dedicates this report to Efua Dorkenoo. A courageous and inspirational campaigner, Efua worked tirelessly for women’s and girls’ rights and to create an African-led global movement to end Female Genital Mutilation. 2 Contents Foreword to the 2014 Edition .................................................... 5 Case Study: Blessing ................................................................... 6 Foreword to the 2019 Edition .................................................... 7 Information on Country Profiles ................................................ 8 Background ............................................................................................................................... 8 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Use of This Country Profile ....................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 9 The Team .................................................................................................................................. 9 List of Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kissi Penny, Salt and Manilla: Traditional Money in Africa
    Kissi Penny, Salt and Manilla: Traditional Money in Africa The attempt to pack the various means of payment differing from western coins into one term is ethnocentric, and moreover rather difficult. For many years, the expression "primitive money" has been ordinary. This name is, even though unfortunate, regrettably still frequent. The common name "pre- coinage currencies" is more neutral, but insufficient for uncoined forms of money, as it refers to means of payment before the development of coins, to cultural-historical pre-stages of coined money thus. Yet uncoined forms of money form a much wider field: Its most important and long-lasting representative was the cowry currency, which circulated in many countries parallel to coins; in some places, cowry shells were even a fixed denomination within the currency system. Also often used, but wrongly so, it the term "natural money" for uncoined forms of money. Yet manilas, Katanga crosses and many other uncoined monies are made from metal, and thus not more natural than western gold and silver coins. In fact, natural money is a specific level of development of these means of payment, just as tool money, ornamental money, and bar money. To pay tribute to the diversity of uncoined forms of money, the MoneyMuseum compiles these means of payment under the term "traditional money." Such currencies were developed in virtually all cultures. With the following tour, we will introduce a small selection of African forms. 1 von 16 www.sunflower.ch Cowrie Shell Cypraea moneta Denomination: Cypraea moneta (Money Cowrie) Mint Authority: Mint: Year of Issue: 1900 Weight (g): 2.9 Diameter (mm): 22.0 Material: Others Owner: Sunflower Foundation Cowrie shells were used as money in China, India, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, the Maldives, in New Guinea, the Pacific and in Africa for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • This Paper Has Been Submitted to the Journal African Studies Review Published by Cambridge University Press
    Understanding social resistance to Ebola response in Guinea James Fairhead, April 2015 This paper has been submitted to the journal African Studies Review published by Cambridge University Press Abstract This paper seeks to understand the fear many Guineans feel towards Ebola response initiatives and why the educators, doctors and burial teams have sometimes encountered resistance, occasionally violent. Resistance has been catastrophic for the epidemic, preventing treatment, contact tracing and quarantine, permitting its spread. The paper sketches a history of dissent and violence during the epidemic before showing how some actions that Ebola response teams interpret as ‘resistance’ are less actions ‘against’ Ebola response, than actions that have their own cultural logics. But the paper then considers how resistance emerges as cultural sensitivities play into divisive ethnic and related party-political tensions relations, and the interpretive grids through which people make sense of politicians and the ‘white’ world. The analysis calls into question the social distance between the institutions of epidemic response and the communities affected, and the politicisation of health delivery where political parties are read as ethnically aligned. Key words Ebola, Guinea, Violence, Resistance, Funerals, Party Politics, Mining, Sorcery. Introduction This paper seeks to understand the fear felt by many Guineans towards Ebola response initiatives and why the educators, doctors and burial teams have sometimes encountered resistance, occasionally
    [Show full text]
  • Tenth Session, Commencing at 7.30 Pm WORLD SILVER & BRONZE
    Tenth Session, Commencing at 7.30 pm 2493* WORLD SILVER & BRONZE COINS Netherlands, William I, ten cents, 1827 (KM.53). Nearly uncirculated. $150 2490* Nepal, Vira Vikram, (1911-1950), silver four mohars, VS 1971 (1914), (KM.696). Proof-like, choice uncirculated and scarce. $200 Ex Dr V.J.A.Flynn Collection and previously from A.H.Baldwin & Sons, London with ticket on 3.12.1993. 2494* Netherlands, William II, one gulden, 1845 (KM.66); William III, one gulden, 1859 (KM.93). Cleaned, nearly extremely fi ne; extremely fi ne. (2) $400 2495 Netherlands, William II, two and a half gulden, 1847, 1848, 1849 pm sword (KM.69.2). good fi ne - good very fi ne, the 1849 scarce. (3) $120 Ex J.F.Brown Collection. 2491* Netherlands, Holland, silver rider or ducaton, 1791 (KM.90.2). Beautifully toned, nearly uncirculated. $500 2496* Ex W.Rado Collection. Netherlands, William III, two and a half gulden, 1854 (KM.82). Uncirculated/choice uncirculated. $300 2492* Netherlands, William I, twenty fi ve cents, 1825 (KM.48). Uncirculated. $200 273 part part 2497 * 2500* Netherlands, William III - Wilhelmina, half cents, 1872, Netherlands, Wilhelmina, twenty fi ve cents, 1894, 1897, 1891, 1903, 1934; one cent, 1863, 1878, 1901 (both), 1905, 1901, 1919, 1926 (KM.115 (2), 170.2, 146, 164); half 1939, 1942; two and a half cents, 1877, 1906, 1941 (both) gulden, 1908, and 1913 (KM.121.2, 147). The fourth a rare (KM.90/171), also two and a half gulden, 1930 (KM.165). date, very fi ne - nearly uncirculated. (7) Very fi ne - uncirculated.
    [Show full text]