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Women, Peace and Security WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY asdf United Nations Women, Peace and Security Study submitted by the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) United Nations 2002 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publi- cation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secre- tariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com- bined with figures. United Nations Publication Sales No.E.03.IV.1 ISBN 92-1-130222-6 Copyright© United Nations, 2002 All rights reserved Contents Abbreviations ……………………………………………………… v Foreword …………………………………………………………… ix Acknowledgements …………………………………………….….. xi I. Introduction ………………………………………………... 1 II. Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Girls ………….... 13 A. Violence against women and girls ………………….… 14 B. Health of women and girls ………………………..…... 18 C. Socio-economic dimensions ………………………….. 22 D. Displacement: women and girls as refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons .………...…………… 25 E. Disappearance and detention ……………………….… 29 F. Challenges to gender roles and relations ……….…….. 30 III. International Legal Framework ……………………….…... 33 A. International humanitarian law and human rights law .. 33 B. Redress for women and girls for conflict-related abuses …………………………………………………. 38 C. Reparations for victims of conflict ………………….... 46 D. Protecting refugee and internally displaced women and girls …………………………….…………………. 47 E. Challenges …………………………………………..… 48 IV. Peace Processes ………………………………………... 53 A. Involvement of women and girls in informal peace processes …………………………………………. 53 B. Involvement of women and girls in formal peace processes ………………………………………..... 58 66 C. Responses and challenges …………………...……. iii V. Peacekeeping Operations ……………………………... 73 A. Gender perspectives in peace operations …………….... 74 B. Responses and challenges ………………………….. 79 VI. Humanitarian Operations ……………………………….…. 93 A. Gender perspectives in humanitarian operations 94 B. Responses and challenges …………………….………. 98 VII. Reconstruction and Rehabilitation ………………………… 111 A. Political, civil and judicial reconstruction ………….… 111 B. Economic reconstruction ……………………………... 115 C. Social reconstruction ………………………………….. 118 D. Responses and challenges ……………………………. 122 VIII. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration …………. 129 A. Disarmament ………………………………………….. 130 B. Demobilization ………………………………….…….. 131 C. Reintegration ………………………………………..… 134 Notes ……………………………………………………………..…. 139 Annex – Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) ………………… 165 Bibliography ……………………………………………………….. 169 iv Abbreviations AU African Union (formerly Organization of African Unity) BONUCA United Nations Peace-building Support Mission in the Central African Republic CAP Consolidated Appeals Process CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CVA Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis DAW Division for the Advancement of Women DDA Department for Disarmament Affairs DDR Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration DESA Department of Economic and Social A ffairs DFAIT Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development DPA Department of Political Affairs DPI Department of Public Information DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECHA Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FMLN Farabundo Marti National Liberation (El Salvador) HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross v ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IDP Internally displaced person IFP InFocus Programme IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration MONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-governmental organization OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization for African Unity OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OHRM Office of Human Resources Management OSAGI Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSRSG/CAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General for Children and Armed Conflict OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief SOP Standard Operating Procedure SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General STI Sexually transmitted infection STOP Special Trafficking Operations Programme TES Training and Evaluation Service UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNAMSIL United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission II vi UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNMEE United Nations Missions in Ethiopia and Eritrea UNMIBH United Nations Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina UNMIK United Nations Mission in Kosovo UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOGBIS United Nations Peace-building Support Office in Guinea-Bissau UNOL United Nations Peace-building Support Office in Liberia UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Ca mbodia UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UNTOP United Nations Tajikistan Office of Peace-building UNU United Nations University WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom vii viii United Nations Nations Unies THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOREWORD TO THE STUDY ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY Most of today’s conflicts take place within states. Their root causes often include poverty, the struggle for scarce resources, and violations of human rights. They have another tragic feature in common: women and girls suffer their impact disproportionately. While women and girls endure the same trauma as the rest of the population -- bombings, famines, epidemics, mass executions, torture, arbitrary imp risonment, forced migration, ethnic cleansing, threats and intimidation -- they are also targets of specific forms of violence and abuse, including sexual violence and exploitation. Efforts to resolve these conflicts and address their root causes will not succeed unless we empower all those who have suffered from them -- including and especially women. And only if women play a full and equal part can we build the foundations for enduring peace -- development, good governance, human rights and justice. In conflict areas across the world, women’s movements have worked with the United Nations to rebuild the structures of peace and security, to rehabilitate and reconcile societies, to protect refugees and the internally displaced, to educate and raise awareness of human rights and the rule of law. Within the Organization itself, the integration of gender perspectives in peace and security areas has become a central strategy. An Inter-agency Task Force on Women, Peace and Security has been established to address the role of women in peacemaking, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance and other activities. This study, like the Inter-agency Task Force, is an initiative undertaken in response to Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security adopted in October 2000 – in which the Council underlined the vital role of women in conflict solution, and mandated a review of the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, the role of women in peacebuilding, and the gender dimensions of peace processes and conflict resolution. While the study shows that many positive steps have been taken to implement the resolution, women still form a minority of those who participate in peace and security negotiations, and receive less attention than men in post-conflict agreements, disarmament and reconstruction. Our challenge remains the full implementation of the landmark document that resolution 1325 represents. This study points the way to a more systematic way forward. Kofi A. Annan ix Acknowledgements The study was prepared within the framework of the Inter-agency Task Force on Women, Peace and Security and coordinated by the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. Task Force me mbers developed the outline of the study, provided input from headquarter and field perspectives, commented on several drafts and provided input to the formulation
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