Mutation Breeding Review
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Ecological Differentiation and Incipient Speciation in the Fungal Pathogen Causing
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.02.129296; this version posted June 3, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INCIPIENT SPECIATION IN THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN CAUSING 2 RICE BLAST 3 Maud THIERRY1,2,3, Joëlle MILAZZO1,2, Henri ADREIT1,2, Sébastien RAVEL1,2,4, Sonia BORRON1, Violaine 4 SELLA3, Renaud IOOS3, Elisabeth FOURNIER1, Didier THARREAU1,2,5, Pierre GLADIEUX1,5 5 1UMR BGPI, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France 6 2 CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France. 7 3ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Mycology Unit, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Bâtiment E, F-54220 Malzéville, France 8 4 South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Alliance Bioversity-international CIAT, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 9 France. 10 [email protected]; [email protected] 11 12 ABSTRACT 13 Natural variation in plant pathogens has an impact on food security and ecosystem health. The rice 14 blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae, which limits rice production in all rice-growing areas, is structured into 15 multiple lineages. Diversification and the maintenance of multiple rice blast lineages have been 16 proposed to be due to separation in different areas and differential adaptation to rice subspecies. 17 However, the precise world distribution of rice blast populations, and the factors controlling their 18 presence and maintenance in the same geographic areas, remain largely unknown. -
Mutation Breeding in Pepper S
XA0101052 INIS-XA--390 Mutation Breeding Review JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA No. 4 March 1986 MUTATION BREEDING IN PEPPER S. DASKALOV* Plant Breeding Unit, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development, Seibersdorf Laboratory, IAEA, Vienna Abstract Pepper (Capsicum sp, ) is an important vegetable and spice crop widely grown in tropical as well as in temperate regions. Until recently the improvement programmes were based mainly on using natural sources of germ plasm, crossbreeding and exploiting the heterosis of F hybrids. However, interest in using induced mutations is growing. A great number of agronomically useful mutants as well as mutants valuable for genetic, cytological and physiological studies have been induced and described. Acknowledgements: The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. A. Micke, Head, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, FAO/IAEA Joint Division and to Dr. T. Hermelin, Head, Agriculture Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme, Seibersdorf Laboratory, for their critical review of the manuscript and valuable contributions. * Permanent Address: Institute of Genetics, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria 32/ 22 In this review information is presented about suitable mutagen treatment procedures with radiation as well as chemicals, M effects, handling the treated material in M , M and subsequent generations, and mutant screening procedures. This is supplemented by a description of reported useful mutants and released cultivars. Finally, general advice is given on when and how to incorporate mutation induction in Capsicum improvement programmes. INTRODUCTION Peppers are important vegetable and spice crops widely grown in tropical as well as in temperate regions. -
2015 Top 100 Founders Whether It’S in Plant Breeding Or Business, Policy Or Marketing, Sales Or Education, Leadership in the Seed Industry Takes Many Forms
FOUNDERS SERIES PART 6 OF 6 2015 Top 100 Founders Whether it’s in plant breeding or business, policy or marketing, sales or education, leadership in the seed industry takes many forms. Meet the most transformational men and women in the seed industry during the past 100 years. From all across the globe, they shape your world. THESE ARE THE individuals his first batch of okra seeds research stations and farmers’ fields of Mexico that Borlaug who have provided leadership to his neighbors, his com- developed successive generations of wheat varieties with broad during trying times, insight to pany contracts with more and stable disease resistance, broad adaptation to growing con- complex issues, and a com- than 100,000 growers. Since ditions across many degrees of latitude and with exceedingly mitment to something larger then, seed distribution in India high yield potential. These new wheat varieties and improved than self. has grown 40-fold. In 1998, crop management practices transformed agricultural produc- The 100 founders of the he received the World Food tion in Mexico during the 1940s and 1950s and later in Asia and seed industry that we’ve Prize award and invested that Latin America, sparking the Green Revolution. Because of his chosen to represent the money into research pro- achievements and efforts to prevent hunger, famine and misery dramatic changes during the grams for hybrid rice varieties. around the world, it is said that Borlaug has saved more lives past century have all left a than any other person who has ever lived. tremendous mark — be it in Henry Beachell plant breeding, technology, Creator of IR8 Rice Kent Bradford business or the policy arena — Today, most of the rice Launched the Seed Biotechnology Center that impacts the seed indus- grown in the world comes Through workshops and courses, the try. -
Pho300007 Risk Modeling and Screening for Brcai
?4 101111111111 PHO300007 RISK MODELING AND SCREENING FOR BRCAI MUTATIONS AMONG FILIPINO BREAST CANCER PATIENTS by ALEJANDRO Q. NAT09 JR. A Master's Thesis Submitted to the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology College of Science University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY March 2003 In memory of my gelovedmother Mrs. josefina Q -Vato who passedaway while waitingfor the accomplishment of this thesis... Thankyouvery inuchfor aff the tremendous rove andsupport during the beautifil'30yearstfiatyou were udth me... Wom, you are he greatest! I fi)ve you very much! .And.. in memory of 4 collaborating 6reast cancerpatients who passedaway during te course of this study ... I e.Vress my deepest condolence to your (overtones... Tou have my heartfeligratitude! 'This tesis is dedicatedtoa(the 37 cofla6oratingpatients who aftruisticaffyjbinedthisstudyfor te sake offuture generations... iii This is to certify that this master's thesis entitled "Risk Modeling and Screening for BRCAI Mutations among Filipino Breast Cancer Patients" and submitted by Alejandro Q. Nato, Jr. to fulfill part of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology was successfully defended and approved on 28 March 2003. VIRGINIA D. M Ph.D. Thesis Ad RIO SUSA B. TANAEL JR., M.Sc., M.D. Thesis Co-.A. r Thesis Reader The National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology endorses acceptance of this master's thesis as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. -
Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of GMO Regulation in Australia
plants Opinion Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of GMO Regulation in Australia Robert Redden RJR Agriculture Consultants, 62 Schier Drive, Horsham 340, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: Genetic engineering (GM) of crops, modified with DNA transfer between species, has been highly regulated for over two decades. Now, genome editing (GE) enables a range of DNA alterations, from single base pair changes to precise gene insertion with site-directed nucleases (SDNs). Past regulations, established according to the precautionary principle of avoiding potential risks to human health and the environment, are predicated on fears fanned by well-funded and emotional anti-GM campaigns. These fears ignore the safety record of GM crops over the last 25 years and the benefits of GM to crop productivity, disease and pest resistance, and the environment. GE is now superseding GM, and public education is needed about its benefits and its potential to meet the challenges of climate change for crops. World population will exceed 9 billion by 2050, and world CO2 levels are now over 400 ppm in contrast with a pre-industrial 280 ppm, leading to a projected 1.5 ◦C global warming by 2050, with more stressful crop environments. The required abiotic and biotic stress tolerances can be introgressed from crop wild relatives (CWR) into domestic crops via GE. Restrictive regulations need to be lifted to facilitate GE technologies for sustainable agriculture in Australia and the world. Keywords: genetic engineering; genome editing; regulation; climate change; precautionary principle Citation: Redden, R. Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of 1. Introduction GMO Regulation in Australia. -
Final Report V1.2 Q01108 12 NOV 07
Rice LabChip Analysis - Q01108 Adaptation Of DNA Analysis Techniques for the Analysis of Basmati Rice Varieties, Adulterant Varieties and other Fragrant Rice Varieties for use on the Agilent 2100 BioAnalyzer Final Technical Report October 2007 12 June 2006 – 20 June 2007 Katherine Steele and Rob Ogden Page 1 of 27 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Glossary 5 3. Aims and Objectives of the Investigation 6 3.1 Why is enforcement needed for basmati rice? 6 3.2 Existing basmati rice tests with SSR markers 7 3.3 Alternative marker systems for rice 7 3.4 Aims and Objectives 8 4. Experimental Procedures 9 4.1. Sourcing of standard varieties and DNA extraction 9 4.2. Testing INDEL markers in different rice genotypes 10 4.3. Testing Rim2/Hipa and ISSR markers in different rice genotypes 10 4.4. Optimizing multiplex PCRs for INDELS 10 4.5. Developing a SOP for variety analysis of bulk extracts using the LabChip system 10 4.6. Optimizing existing SSRs for LabChip analysis 11 4.7. Evaluating INDEL markers for quantitative testing 11 5. Results and Discussion 12 5.1 Results with INDEL markers 12 5.2 Results with Rim2/Hipa and ISSR markers 12 5.3 Database of markers 14 5.4 Development of INDEL markers for variety testing 16 5.5 Quantitative analysis 16 5.6 Problems encountered when adapting the tests for the Agilent Bioanalyzer 17 6. Acknowledgements 17 7. References 18 Appendices 20 Page 2 of 27 1. Executive Summary Aromatic basmati rice is sold at a premium price on the world market. -
Plant Genetics – History of Genetic Modification of Crops We Eat
Plant Genetics – History of Genetic Modification of Crops We Eat WHAT? • Virtually all plants we eat have been genetically changed or modified by humans • This means we have been determining what genes or traits are propagated WHY? • Modifying and selecting plants that have desired traits for yield, taste, quality, texture, disease resistance, etc. benefit farmers and consumers • Responsible for half of crop yield improvements over the last 50 years HOW? • Natural mutations in genes or DNA • 10,000 years ago humans begin to select and breed crops • Crossbreeding of plants of the same species • Mid 1800’s modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel cross pollination of peas • To improve existing plant characteristics by crossing two varieties ….. • 1940s- Man-made mutations or mutation breeding using chemicals and radiation to create new plant varieties • Example: Ruby red grapefruit which is cold tolerant Source: Biofortified.org • 1980s- GMOs or genetically modified organisms: Scientists learned to copy a gene (DNA code) from one organism to another to add a new desired trait called transgenes using gene engineering (GM/GE). • 1990s first GMOs on the market • 2015- Gene editing makes a tiny, controlled, modification of a gene by editing the DNA code • Works like find and replace in word processor for specific, known genes which are modified without changing other genes Source: University of California, Berkley GM/GMO Crops: What’s in a name? • Genetically Modified Organism or GMO is commonly used to describe several terms: • Genetically modified (GM) • Genetic engineering (GE) • Biotech seeds • GMO refers a modern method of breeding that improves plant genetics by adding a gene(s) to a plant by “directly inserting” the gene or DNA from another organism into the genetic code to add a new trait such as insect or disease resistance, drought tolerance or enhance nutrition. -
Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Utility of Sd1 Alleles in Rice Breeding
Breeding Science 57 : 53–58 (2007) Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Utility of sd1 Alleles in Rice Breeding Kenji Asano1), Tomonori Takashi2), Kotaro Miura1), Qian Qian3), Hidemi Kitano1), Makoto Matsuoka1) and Motoyuki Ashikari*1) 1) Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan 2) Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., 2-1-4 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan 3) China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China The widespread adoption of the high-yielding semi-dwarf rice variety, IR8, led to the “green revolution” in Asia in the 1960s. The short stature of this variety is due to a loss-of-function of the SD1 gene that encodes a GA20 oxidase-2 (GA20ox-2) which catalyzes late steps of gibberellin biosynthesis. In this study, we inves- tigated how widely sd1 mutations have been employed in the generation of semi-dwarf varieties of rice. Ge- netic and molecular analyses revealed that the sd1 allele of IR8 has been used in the production of japonica varieties. Sequence analysis of the SD1 locus of 57 semi-dwarf varieties showed that at least 7 sd1 alleles have been used in the breeding of semi-dwarf rice varieties in China, USA and Japan. The utilization of such a high number of different alleles all controlling the same target trait highlights that mutations in GA20ox-2 induce an agronomically advantageous architecture in rice. Key Words: rice, semi-dwarf, sd1, IR8. Introduction (IRRI), contributed to the green revolution in Asia. IR8 was bred by crossing between a Taiwanese native semi-dwarf In the 1960s, the rapid expansion of the world popula- variety, Dee-geo-woo-gen (DGWG), which carries the semi- tion and dramatic decrease in cultivated lands raised concern dwarf 1 (sd1) gene, and an Indonesian good-taste variety, that food production would not meet the growing demand, Peta (Hargrove and Cabanilla 1979, Dalrymple 1986). -
Mutagenesis for Crop Breeding and Functional Genomics
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Chapter 1 Mutagenesis for Crop Breeding and Functional Genomics Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Chikelu Mba, and Bradley J. Till Abstract Genetic variation is a source of phenotypic diversity and is a major driver of evolutionary diversification. Heritable variation was observed and used thousands of years ago in the domestication of plants and animals. The mechanisms that govern the inheritance of traits were later described by Mendel. In the early decades of the twentieth century, scientists showed that the relatively slow rate of natural mutation could be increased by several orders of magnitude by treating Drosophila and cereals with X-rays. What is striking about these achievements is that they came in advance of experimental evidence that DNA is the heritable material. This highlights one major advantage of induced mutations for crop breeding: prior knowledge of genes or gene function is not required to successfully create plants with improved traits and to release new varieties. Indeed, mutation induction has been an important tool for crop breeding since the release of the first mutant variety of tobacco in the 1930s. In addition to plant mutation breeding, induced mutations have been used extensively for functional genomics in model organisms and crops. Novel reverse-genetic strategies, such as Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING), are being used for the production of stable genetic stocks of mutant plant populations such as Arabidopsis, barley, soybean, tomato and wheat. These can be kept for many years and screened repeatedly for different traits. -
Rice Novel Semidwarfing Gene D60 Can Be As Effective As
plants Article Rice Novel Semidwarfing Gene d60 Can Be as Effective as Green Revolution Gene sd1 Motonori Tomita 1,* and Keiichiro Ishimoto 2 1 Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 September 2019; Accepted: 7 October 2019; Published: 30 October 2019 Abstract: Gene effects on the yield performance were compared among promising semidwarf genes, namely, novel gene d60, representative gene sd1 with different two source IR8 and Jukkoku, and double dwarf combinations of d60 with each sd1 allele, in a Koshihikari background. Compared with the culm length of variety Koshihikari (mean, 88.8 cm), that of the semidwarf or double dwarf lines carrying Jukkoku_sd1, IR8_sd1, d60, Jukkoku_sd1 plus d60, or IR8_sd1 plus d60 was shortened to 71.8 cm, 68.5 cm, 65.7 cm, 48.6 cm, and 50.3 cm, respectively. Compared with the yield of Koshihikari (mean, 665.3 g/m2), that of the line carrying Jukkoku_sd1 allele showed the highest value (772.6 g/m2, 16.1% higher than Koshihikari), while that of IR8_sd1, d60 and IR8_sd1 plus d60, was slightly decreased by 7.1%, 5.5%, and 9.7% respectively. The line carrying Jukkoku_sd1 also showed the highest value in number of panicles and florets/panicle, 16.2% and 11.1% higher than in Koshihikari, respectively, and these effects were responsible for the increases in yield. -
Rice Research Studies
B.R. Wells RICE RESEARCH STUDIES R.J. Norman and J.-F. Meullenet, editors ARKANSAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Division of Agriculture University of Arkansas August 2001 Research Series 485 Layout and editing by Marci A. Milus. Technical editing and cover design by Cam Romund. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville. Milo J. Shult, Vice President for Agriculture and Director; Gregory J. Weidemann, Associate Director. PS1.20PM65. The Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station follows a nondiscriminatory policy in programs and employment. ISSN:0099-5010 CODEN:AKAMA6 ISSN:0099-5010 CODEN:AKAMA6 B.R. Wells R I C E Research Studies 2 0 0 0 R.J. Norman and J.-F. Meullenet, editors Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 DEDICATED IN MEMORY OF Bobby R. Wells Dr. Bobby R. Wells was born July 30, 1934, at Wickliffe, KY. He received his B.S. in Agriculture from Murray State University in 1959, his M.S. in Agronomy from the University of Arkansas in 1961, and his Ph.D. in Soils from the University of Missouri in 1964. Dr. Wells joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas in 1966 after two years as an Assistant Professor at Murray State University. He spent his first 16 years at the U of A Rice Research and Extension Center near Stuttgart. In 1982, he moved to the U of A Department of Agronomy in Fayetteville. Dr. Wells was a world-renowned expert on rice production with special empha- sis on rice nutrition and soil fertility. He was very active in the Rice Technical Work- ing Group (RTWG) where he served on several committees, chaired and/or moder- ated Rice Culture sections at the meetings and was a past Secretary and Chairman of the RTWG. -
Genetically Modified Organisms Vocabulary Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Gene - a Section of DNA That - the Long, Double-Stranded Codes for a Specific Product
A Quick Look at Genetically Modified Organisms Vocabulary Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Gene - a section of DNA that - the long, double-stranded codes for a specific product. helical molecule that contains Genes (and environmental fac- an organism’s genes. tors) determine traits exhibited The “blueprint” or “recipe” for by an organism. an organism. Genetically Modified Transgenic Organism - an Organism (GMO) - an organism organism that has had genes whose DNA has been changed from another species, or syn- in some way. Includes alteration thetic genes, introduced into its by genetic engineering and DNA by genetic engineering. non-genetic engineering meth- Sometimes found in nature, ods. Frequently occur in nature. most created in laboratories. Genetic Engineering - the Mutation - a spontaneous or in- introduction or change of DNA, duced change in an organism’s RNA, or proteins by human DNA. Plant “sports”, like blood manipulation. oranges, are common examples of mutation. Methods Used in Plant Breeding Conventional Breeding Genetic Engineering Cross Pollination Agrobacterium-mediated The natural or artificial Transformation transfer of pollen from one The use of the naturally sexually compatible part- occurring, soil-dwelling ner to another. The oldest bacterium Agrobacterium technique used in plant tumefaciens to transfer breeding. genes into a target plant. Chromosome Doubling Gene Editing Inhibiting proper cell divi- The use of sequence-specific sion to produce cells with enzymes to alter targeted, twice the amount of DNA. non-random sites in the Can be induced by radia- DNA. Allows for precision tion, chemical treatment, or genetic engineering. natural errors in cell division. Mutation Breeding Particle Bombardment The process of exposing “Gene gun” method.