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Potato Soil-Borne Diseases. a Review Fiers, Edel-Hermann, Chatot, Hingrat, Alabouvette, Steinberg

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Potato Soil-Borne Diseases. a Review Fiers, Edel-Hermann, Chatot, Hingrat, Alabouvette, Steinberg Potato soil-borne diseases. A review Fiers, Edel-Hermann, Chatot, Hingrat, Alabouvette, Steinberg To cite this version: Fiers, Edel-Hermann, Chatot, Hingrat, Alabouvette, et al.. Potato soil-borne diseases. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2012, 32 (1), pp.93- 132. 10.1007/s13593-011-0035-z. hal-00930506 HAL Id: hal-00930506 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930506 Submitted on 1 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2012) 32:93–132 DOI 10.1007/s13593-011-0035-z REVIEW ARTICLE Potato soil-borne diseases. A review Marie Fiers & Véronique Edel-Hermann & Catherine Chatot & Yves Le Hingrat & Claude Alabouvette & Christian Steinberg Accepted: 15 October 2010 /Published online: 24 June 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Potato crop is the fourth main food crop in the haulm killing and harvest, and dry and cool conditions for world and it will certainly feed a big part of the global tuber storage are good ways to control potato diseases. In most population in the next years. The economical outlets for this cases, potato pathogens develop specific survival forms, crop are great; however, numerous diseases either soil- or air- dissemination ways and host penetration methods. The borne can cause huge losses in the production. Worldwide, genetic variability of the pathogens implies the use of adapted about 40 soil-borne diseases affect potato and cause severe diagnostic and control methods. Decision support systems damages especially on tubers, the economically most impor- developed to predict yield losses allow choosing good control tant part of the plant. The occurrence and development of soil- methods such as the use of healthy seeds, adapted pesticides, borne diseases depend on very diverse factors affecting either cultural practices, and biological control agents for each potato the pathogen or the plant. Favorable conditions for potato disease. The complexity of the interactions between a diseases development are frequently the same as the con- pathogen and its host, influenced by biotic and abiotic factors ditions needed for potato growth: temperature between 10°C of the environment, make the control of the diseases often and 25°C, high humidity, medium pH, etc. Adapted cultural very difficult. However, deep knowledge of pathosystems practices such as a rotation longer than 4 years, appropriate allows setting up integrated pest management systems fertilization and water management, an adapted delay between allowing the production of healthy and good quality potatoes. : : : * Keywords Cultural practices Decision support system M. Fiers V. Edel-Hermann C. Alabouvette C. Steinberg ( ) . INRA, Université de Bourgogne UMR 1229 Microbiologie du Sol Pathogen ecology Pedologic and climatic factors Plant et de l’Environnement, CMSE, microorganism interaction . Soil . Soil suppressiveness 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France e-mail: [email protected] V. Edel-Hermann Contents e-mail: [email protected] Introduction....................................4 C. Alabouvette I. Effects of abiotic factors on the occurrence and e-mail: [email protected] development of soil-borne potato diseases ........10 : M. Fiers C. Chatot I. 1. Soil temperature ........................10 Germicopa R&D, Kerguivarch, I. 2. Soil moisture ..........................13 29520 Châteauneuf du Faou, France I. 3. Soil texture .............................14 C. Chatot I. 4. Soil pH ................................17 e-mail: [email protected] I. 5. Soil organic matter .......................17 M. Fiers II. Effects of biotic factors on the occurrence and Bretagne Plants, Roudouhir, development of soil-borne potato diseases ........18 29460 Hanvec, France e-mail: [email protected] II. 1. Autecology of pathogens .................18 1. 1. Inoculum sources, survival and dissemination Y. Le Hingrat Bretagne Plants, FNPPPT, Roudouhir, pathways ................................18 29460 Hanvec, France 1. 2. Relationship between inoculum density and e-mail: [email protected] disease severity ..........................22 94 M. Fiers et al. 1. 3. Mechanisms of infection ...............22 as the vectors (aphids, fungi, or nematodes) involved in their 1. 4. Genetic variability ....................28 transmission but they will not be detailed in this review. 1. 5. Diagnosis and detection methods ........28 Soil-borne diseases affecting potato crop can be divided II. 2. Interactions between microorganisms, organisms into two groups depending on symptoms: symptoms and pathogens .........................30 damaging tubers and those damaging other parts of the II. 3. Interactions between plants and pathogens ...34 plant (Gudmestad et al. 2007). III. Effects of cultural practices on the occurrence and Diseases affecting stems or roots affect the crop develop- development of soil-borne potato diseases .......35 ment and may lead to a reduction of the yield (Table 1). Stem lesions can be watery and may develop into the stem pith III. 1. Rotations .............................36 with (stem rot) or without (blackleg, white mold) the III. 2. Fertilization and amendments .............36 formation of sclerotia. Other lesions can appear like more III. 3. Tillage management ....................41 discrete light brown lesions but nevertheless affecting the III. 4. Planting, haulm destruction, lifting and harvesting yield of the crop (skin spot, stem canker). Some soil-borne ...........................................41 pathogens sometimes cause aerial symptoms like necroses or III. 5. Pesticides ............................42 chloroses (Phoma leaf spot, Verticillium wilt) occasionally III. 6. Organic farming versus conventional agriculture associated with wilting and rolling (bacterial ring rot). ..........................................42 Finally, root lesions, mainly caused by nematodes feeding III. 7. Handling and storage ...................43 on the roots, lead to necroses or rots. Nematodes feeding IV. Disease management ........................43 sites are good entry points for other soil microorganisms. IV. 1. Risk assessment and decision support systems .. Among diseases affecting tubers, symptoms can be ..........................................44 divided into three categories: galls, blemishes, and rots IV. 2. Control methods .......................47 (Table 1). Galls consist in outgrowth and tuber deformation. Conclusions ..................................50 The most frequent galls are provoked by powdery scab, References ...................................52 wart, Common Scab, root-knot nematode, and false root- knot nematode. Blemishes affect only the tuber skin but they are now economically important since consumers' 1 Introduction habits have changed and tubers are washed before selling. Blemishes can appear on the tuber surface as spots called Potato crop, the world’s number one non-grain food black dot, black scurf, skin spot or powdery scab, or as commodity, is the fourth main food crop in the world after areas of atypical appearance presenting a more or less maize, rice and wheat, with 325 million tons produced in pronounced scabby (common or netted scab) or silver 2007. Potatoes are grown in more than 100 countries, (silver scurf) aspect. Rots, which affect the tuber flesh more mainly in Asia (135 million tons) and Europe (130 million deeply, include different types such as dry rots, soft rots tons; FAO 2008). They have good gustative and nutritional (charcoal rot, leak, bacterial soft rot, black leg, and stem qualities and can be grown under various climates. This is rot), flesh discoloration (pink rot) or vascular ring discol- the reason why Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) oration (ring rot, brown rot, Verticillium wilt, and Fusarium has declared the year 2008 the international year of the dry rots). Dry rot diseases also damage stored potatoes. potato. Indeed, potato can help fulfill the first United Potato is becoming a more and more important Nations Organization’s (UNO) millennium development foodstuff in the world, it is therefore essential to control goal that aims at eradicating extreme poverty and hunger in diseases which cause direct yield losses and decrease of the world. However, potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop can farmer’s incomes due to downgrading the quality of suffer more than 40 pests and diseases caused by insects, affected tubers. Therefore, knowledge about the patho- nematodes, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Those pathogens gens as well as factors influencing disease severity is are air- or soil-borne and cause damages on all parts of the needed to setup efficient control strategies. Before plant. In this review, we will focus on soil-borne fungi, reviewing the different causes of occurrence and bacteria, and nematodes (Table 1, Fig. 1). development of the main soil-borne potato diseases, it Indeed, diseases caused by viruses or viroïds provoke is important to recall
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