PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES in FIELD PEA and POTATO and THEIR EFFECT on PLANT GROWTH and YIELD a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate
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PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES IN FIELD PEA AND POTATO AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Arjun Upadhaya In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Plant Pathology June 2018 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES IN FIELD PEA AND POTATO AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD By Arjun Upadhaya The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Guiping Yan Chair Dr. Julie Pasche Dr. Andrew Robinson Approved: June 11, 2018 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT In this study, surveys were conducted in pea and potato fields in North Dakota and Central Minnesota to investigate the incidence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes in these fields. Moreover, the effect of the pin nematode, Paratylenchus nanus, on plant growth and yield of six field pea cultivars was determined under greenhouse conditions. Similarly, the influence of lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, and wilt fungi, Fusarium oxysporum alone and together on growth and yield of potato cultivar ‘Red Norland’, was evaluated in microplots under field conditions. The results indicate Paratylenchus spp. and Pratylenchus spp. are the most frequent nematodes, respectively, in pea and potato fields. Pin nematodes reproduced on field pea cultivars and caused up to 37% reduction in plant height and 40% reduction in yield. Additionally, both P. penetrans and F. oxysporum alone, and together had significant negative effect on growth and yield of potato. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Guiping Yan, you have been a tremendous mentor to me throughout my graduate study as my major advisor. I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards you for the constant support, encouragement, and guidance which helped me to improve and do better in the field of Science. Particularly, your immense knowledge and dedication helped in completion of research work and preparation of this thesis. You have created an enthusiastic environment in Nematology team which has made the learning process easier for every graduate student from our lab including me. In spite of your busy schedule, you were always available to discuss research problems, review the drafts and even help in field trials. Lastly, your caring nature always helped me to do better in my studies and research. Dr. Julie Pasche, first I would like to thank you for accepting my proposal to be in my advisory committee. Particularly, I appreciate your support and guidance during the field pea project. I would also like to thank you for helping me to identify pea fields in Western North Dakota during the nematode survey. Dr. Andrew Robinson, foremost I would like to thank you for serving as my advisory committee member. I appreciate your help for all the logistic support and guidance during micro- plot trials in Sand Plain Research Farm, Becker, Minnesota. Trials in Becker would not have been possible without your support. I am thankful to Dr. Richard Baidoo and Dr. Danqiong Huang for their help during molecular identification of nematode species. I would also like to thank Addison Plaisance, Intiaz Chowdhury, Krishna Acharya, Ashmit KC, Nasima Akhter, and Gurminder Singh for their assistance during my field works. iv I am grateful to my father, Gopal Prasad Upadhaya and mother, Sita Devi Sharma for their love, care and encouragement to do better in my life. I am thankful to my life partner, Sudha GC Upadhaya for her love, care, support and encouragement in our journey. I would also like to thank my brother, Suman Kumar Upadhaya for taking care of my parents. Finally, I would like to thank all my friends in Fargo community who helped me in different ways during this journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 4 Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) ....................................................................................................... 4 Background of field pea .......................................................................................................... 4 Status of field pea production in the world, United States and North Dakota ........................ 4 Biotic constraints of field pea production ............................................................................... 5 Nematode pests of field pea .................................................................................................... 6 Nematode interactions with other pathogens of field pea ....................................................... 7 Nematode association with soil factors ................................................................................... 7 Management of plant-parasitic nematodes .............................................................................. 8 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) ................................................................................................... 9 Background of potato crop ...................................................................................................... 9 Biotic constraints of potato production ................................................................................. 10 Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) in potato .................................................................... 11 Pratylenchus penetrans ......................................................................................................... 11 Nematode fungal interactions ................................................................................................ 12 Management of nematodes in potato fields ........................................................................... 14 References ................................................................................................................................. 15 vi CHAPTER 3. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF VERMIFORM PLANT- PARASITIC NEMATODES AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH SOIL FACTORS IN FIELD PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.) IN NORTH DAKOTA ....................................................... 25 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 26 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 29 Soil sample collection............................................................................................................ 29 Nematode extraction .............................................................................................................. 32 Plant-parasitic nematode identification and quantification ................................................... 32 Soil property analysis ............................................................................................................ 34 Data analysis .......................................................................................................................... 35 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Vermiform plant-parasitic nematodes in pea fields in North Dakota.................................... 37 Genus and species............................................................................................................. 37 Frequencies and densities of PPN genera ......................................................................... 39 Nematode distribution and abundance in counties over the four years survey ..................... 42 Relationship of nematode genera abundance with edaphic variables ................................... 46 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 47 References ................................................................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER 4. REPRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF PIN NEMATODE, PARATYLENCHUS NANUS ON SELECTED FIELD PEA CULTIVARS ................................. 61 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Introduction