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'Die Täter Werden Eines Tages Verschwunden Sein, Ihre Taten ‘Die Täter werden eines Tages verschwunden sein, ihre Taten werden aber weiterleben’ ‘Augenblickliche Stimmungsbilder’ van Friedrich Kellner Renate van Rheenen 10765123 Masterscriptie Duitslandstudies Begeleider: dhr. dr. Willem Melching Tweede lezer: dhr. dr. Moritz Föllmer 13-6-2016 Inhoudsopgave Inhoudsopgave………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 3 1: Het dagboek als betrouwbare historische bron .............................................................. 8 De opkomst van egodocumenten ....................................................................................................... 8 Selectieprocedure voor betrouwbare bronnen ................................................................................ 10 Het dagboek van Friedrich Kellner .................................................................................................... 12 Wie was Friedrich Kellner? ............................................................................................................... 14 2: ‚Von alle Versprechungen haben sie nur die Ausrottung der Juden gehalten’ – De Duitsers en de Jodenvervolging ........................................................................................ 17 ‚Juden sind vollkommen rechtlos’ – Joden worden onteigend en rechteloos. ................................. 20 ‚Warum sind wir ein so grausames Volk geworden?’ – De houding van de bevolking ten opzichte van de Jodenvervolging. ................................................................................................................... 22 ‚Von alle Versprechungen haben sie nur die Ausrottung der Juden gehalten’ – Vernietiging van de Europese Joden. ................................................................................................................................ 25 Conclusie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31 3: ‘Vernebelt, verdunkelt sind alle Hirne’ – Populariteit van het regime onder de bevolking ........................................................................................................................................ 33 ‘Die nat.soz. Propaganda hat in der Tat die Hirne des deutschen Volkes vollkommen vernebelt’- De invloed van propaganda. .................................................................................................................. 36 ‘Frau D. Aus Giessen äußerte zu Frau M.: “Hitler ist uns von Gott gesandt”’ – Politieke religie ...... 39 ‚Das Volk hungert gern, wenn es nur „ausgezeichnet“ wird’ – De kans voor persoonlijke verbetering ....................................................................................................................................... 42 ‘Das deutsche Volk ist in seiner Gesamtheit geistig erkrankt’- Steun voor het regime .................... 45 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................... 46 1 4: ‘Wir kapitulieren nie!’ – Zelfvernietiging in de laatste fase van de oorlog ..................... 48 Totalitaire staat of conformerende bevolking? – Stand van het onderzoek. ................................... 49 ‚Ohne Hilfe von draußen gibt es keine Aenderung’ – Stemming ten opzichte van de oorlog. ......... 51 ‚Im großen und ganzen ist der Soldat kein Denker’- De beperkingen van de Wehrmacht. .............. 55 ‘Kommende Generationen werden es nie verstehen’ –Redenen voor het gebrek aan weerstand. 56 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Conclusie ......................................................................................................................... 60 Literatuurlijst ................................................................................................................... 64 2 Inleiding De interesse voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog lijkt, vijfenzeventig jaar na de bevrijding, alleen maar te groeien. In Nederland worden de bevrijdingsfestivals op 5 mei ieder jaar omvangrijker en de hoeveelheid literatuur die uitgegeven wordt over het Derde Rijk neemt alleen maar toe. Deze interesse heeft waarschijnlijk te maken met het feit dat het aantal mensen dat behoort tot de generatie van de Tweede Wereldoorlog aan het verdwijnen is en er binnenkort geen ooggetuigen meer zullen bestaan. Het is daarom van belang om alle beschikbare vormen van informatie over deze periode te waarborgen. In 2011 verscheen er een nieuw dagboek, het dagboek van de Duitse burger Friedrich Kellner waarin hij verslag deed van het dagelijks leven in het Derde Rijk. Op 1 februari 1885 werd Friedrich Kellner geboren in het Duitse dorpje Vaihingen an der Enz. Hij was de zoon van een dienstmeisje en een bakker. Hij bezocht de Volksschule en vervolgens de Oberrealschule, wat vergelijkbaar is met de basis- en middelbare school, maar geen universiteit. Zijn vader, Georg Kellner, raadde hem aan een juridische loopbaan te volgen en in februari 1903 begon Kellner dan ook zijn opleiding tot secretaris. Na drie jaar voorbereidende praktijkervaring werd hij aangesteld als secretaris aan het justitiegebouw van Mainz. Later promoveerde hij tot Justizinspektor. Toen de Eerste Wereldoorlog uitbrak werd Kellner opgenomen in het Duitse leger als onderofficier. Hij was een patriot maar worstelde met het idee dat miljoenen Duitse mannen stierven in deze oorlog. Kellner was geïnteresseerd in politiek. Hij was blij met de oprichting van de Weimar Republiek na de Eerste Wereldoorlog en sloot zich in 1920 aan bij de Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands. Hij zette zich actief in voor de partij en hekelde de opkomst van de NSDAP. Toen Hitler in januari 1933 tot Reichskanzler werd benoemd verhuisde Kellner naar het dorpje Laubach, uit angst voor vervolging. Kellner raakte gechoqueerd over het antisemitische karakter van het nationaalsocialisme toen hij, in de nacht van 9 op 10 november 1938, met eigen ogen zag hoe gewelddadige relschoppers op het huis van zijn Joodse buren afstormden tijdens de beruchte Kristallnacht. Terwijl Kellner de lokale nationaalsocialistische rechter Schmitt probeerde te overtuigen om iets te ondernemen tegen deze rellen, probeerde zijn vrouw Paulina hetzelfde bij één van de bekende nazi-partijgenoten van het dorp, mevrouw Ehemann. Geen van beiden had succes. De volgende dag probeerde Kellner een proces te starten tegen de aanstichter van de rellen in Laubach, maar in plaats hiervan werd er een onderzoek gestart naar de stamboom van de familie Kellner. Kellner had echter alle papieren om te bewijzen dat zowel hij als zijn vrouw Paulina van Arische komaf waren, waardoor het onderzoek werd beëindigd. Met deze acties had Kellner zichzelf echter wel in de kijker gespeeld bij de nazi’s. Hij werd in de gaten gehouden totdat hij plotseling op 22 maart 1940 gesommeerd werd te verschijnen 3 voor de NSDAP-Ortsgruppenleiter omdat hij een slechte invloed zou hebben op de mensen om hem heen. Hij werd een uur ondervraagd door de Gestapo waarbij hij zich succesvol had weten te verdedigen, waarna hij werd vrijgelaten. Deze ervaring leerde hem dat zijn openlijke weerstand tegen het regime gevaarlijk werd en hij besloot een dagboek bij te houden en zijn kritiek voortaan voor zich te houden. Pas in 1968 deelde Kellner de inhoud van zijn dagboek met zijn kleinzoon, Robert Scott Kellner. Robert Scott bracht het boek in 2011 uit in samenwerking met het Arbeitsstelle Holocaustliteratur. Kellners dagboek is dus pas sinds kort beschikbaar waardoor historici nog niet de kans hebben gekregen om het te gebruiken in wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Het boek bevat een schat aan informatie over het dagelijks leven in het Derde Rijk. Omdat het boek nog maar zo’n korte tijd beschikbaar is, is het interessant om Kellners verslag te analyseren om het te kunnen vergelijken met de ontwikkelingen in de geschiedschrijving over het nazi-regime. Biedt deze recentelijk beschikbaar gekomen bron nieuwe inzichten, weerlegt het bestaande theorieën of ondersteunt het juist de beschouwingen van historici die zich bezig hebben gehouden met de belangrijkste aspecten van nazi-Duitsland? Dit kan samengevat worden in de hoofdvraag van dit onderzoek: Hoe verhoudt het dagboek van Kellner zich met de onderzoeken van historici in de hedendaagse geschiedschrijving van het Derde Rijk? Rond 1955 werd de term egodocumenten voor het eerst gebruikt door de Nederlandse historicus Jacques Presser als verzamelnaam voor autobiografische geschriften.1 Deze documenten werden toen nog niet serieus genomen als historische bron vanwege het subjectieve karakter van de teksten. Historici beschouwden dagboeken, brieven en reisverhalen meer als aanvullende geschriften om geschiedenis toegankelijker te maken voor het grote publiek. Met de opkomst van de mentaliteitsgeschiedenis in de jaren zeventig en tachtig raakten historici echter meer geïnteresseerd in de beleving van het verleden en kwamen egodocumenten in een ander daglicht te staan. Pas toen werd het dagboek door historici beschouwd als een waardevolle historische bron en niet alleen meer als aanvulling op bestaande feiten. Ook in het onderzoek naar het Derde Rijk worden dagboeken beschouwd als waardevolle bron van informatie over de beleving in het nazi-regime. Ongeveer twintig jaar na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog richtte het historisch onderzoek naar nationaalsocialisme zich vooral op de totalitaire staat
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