Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle, Cornwall

Centred on NGR SW5785538894

Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Assessment ______

Prepared by: Peter Weddell

On behalf of: Hayle Community Rugby Facilities Ltd

Document No: ACD147/1/1

Date: March 2010

archaeology

LAND AT CARWIN RISE, HAYLE, CORNWALL

(CENTRED ON NGR SW5785538894)

ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

CONTENTS

Summary 1. Introduction.……………………………………………………………………...... …….…... 1 2. Aims……………………………………………………………………………………….………… 1 3. Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………...... 2 4. Legislation and guidance……………………………………………………………...... 2 5. Archaeological and historical background ………………………………………...... 3 6. Historic building records ……………………………………………………………...... 5 7. Historical development of the site…..………………………….……………………...... 5 8. Aerial photographic evidence………………………………………………….…………………. 6 9. Site inspection……………………………….....…………………………….……...... 6 10. Comments………………………………………………………………………..………...... 7 11. Conclusion and recommendations...... 7 12. Acknowledgements...... 8 13. Sources consulted………………………………….…………………………………...... 8

List of figures Fig. 1: Site location Fig. 2: Location of previously recorded archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures Fig. 3: Extract from the Phillack parish tithe map, 1842 Fig. 4: Extract from R. Symons’ Plan of Wheal Alfred Mining District, 1853 Fig. 5: Extract from the Ordnance Survey first edition 6-inch map, 1877 Fig. 6: Extract from the Ordnance Survey second edition 6-inch map, revised 1906/1938 Fig. 7: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 6-inch map, 1963 Fig. 8: Location of additional archaeological sites and buildings

List of plates Plate 1: General view of site, looking west Plate 2: Hedgebank between eastern and western fields, looking north Plate 3: View of western field, looking northeast Plate 4 Western field with adjoining boundary, looking northeast Plate 5 Eastern field, looking north

Appendix 1: Catalogue of previously recorded and additional archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures

Summary

An archaeology and cultural heritage assessment of a proposed new rugby club site on land at Carwin Rise, Hayle, Cornwall (NGR SW5785538894), has been prepared by AC archaeology during March 2010. The site covers an area of approximately 7.4 hectares and is currently under arable cultivation on ground which slopes gently down to the northwest and west.

There are no known statutory or non-statutory heritage constraints to the development of the site, and no impact on the setting of the Port of Hayle World Heritage Site, located to the west. Within or immediately adjacent to the site the assessment has identified removed field boundaries and a possible ‘sanding way’ identified from the tithe map. Second World War pillboxes were recorded here, but no remains survive. Recorded evidence in the area suggests that there is a possibility of later prehistoric or Romano-British activity being represented in the nearby locality.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 This archaeology and cultural heritage assessment for a proposed new rugby club site on land at Carwin Rise, Hayle, Cornwall, has been prepared by AC archaeology during March 2010. The location of the site is shown on Fig. 1.

1.2 The study has been prepared on behalf of Hayle Community Rugby Facilities Ltd in order to establish the cultural heritage and archaeological implications of the proposal to relocate Hayle Rugby Club to the site. It has been requested by Cornwall County Council in support of a future planning application for the above development. The site is located outside the built-up area of the town of Hayle and consists of one large broadly triangular arable field on the west and part of a smaller field to the northeast. It is bounded by the A30 Trunk Road to the north and Carwin Rise (old A30) to the south. It covers an area of approximately 7.4 hectares and lies on ground sloping gently down to a small stream valley in the west and northwest, at between c. 15m to 25m AOD. The underlying geology for the site comprises slate and siltstone of the Mylor Slate formation (British Geological Survey 1986).

2. AIMS

2.1 The principal aim of this assessment is to identify, and assess the importance of, the baseline archaeological and cultural heritage resources on, and adjacent to the proposed development site. The results may be used to inform decisions regarding further site surveys or subsequent mitigation which may be required prior to the submission, or following determination, of a planning application.

2.2 The site specific aims are to:

• Draw together the historical and archaeological information about the site. • Inform whether archaeological recording of any extant remains is required. • Inform whether any features are sufficiently important to be retained within the proposed development. • Inform whether an archaeological evaluation or further archaeological recording of any potential buried remains is required. • Inform whether palaeo-environmental sampling would be required.

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 The study has comprised a desk-based assessment, as defined by the Institute for Archaeologists Standards and Guidance for desk-based assessment (published 1994, revised 2001), of the archaeological and cultural heritage resource of the site. In addition, relevant other recorded information close by (up to c. 0.5km) is included in order to provide setting/context.

3.2 The scope of the study has included archaeological sites and finds (including Scheduled Monuments), historic buildings (including Listed Buildings), historic landscape features (including Registered Parks and Gardens, World Heritage Sites, Battlefields etc.), or other locally- designated features, or areas, of cultural heritage importance.

3.3 The following sources have been examined:

• Archaeological data, historic building information and aerial photographs held by Cornwall County Council’s Historic Environment Record (CCHER); • Cornwall County Council Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) map; • Historical cartographic and documentary information held by Cornwall Record Office (CRO), in Truro and Cornish Studies Library (CSL) in Redruth; • English Heritage website Listed Buildings online, and; • Other published or unpublished information.

3.4 A walkover survey of the site has also been undertaken in order to assess the condition of known sites within the application area, to identify any new sites and to determine how the land-use might have affected the survival of any hitherto unrecorded sites.

4. LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

Relevant protection, guidance and policies relating to the protection, maintenance and enhancement of archaeological sites and other aspects of cultural heritage may be summarised as follows:

4.1 Planning guidance for archaeology General policy and advice for best practice in the management of archaeological remains under development plan and control systems has been set out in the Department of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance note 16 (PPG 16, November 1990), relevant extracts of which follow:

A6: Archaeological remains should be seen as a finite, and non-renewable resource, in many cases highly fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction. Appropriate management is therefore essential to ensure that they survive in good condition. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that archaeological remains are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed. They can contain irreplaceable information about our past and potential for an increase in future knowledge. They are part of our national identity and valuable both for their own sake and for their role in education, leisure, and tourism.

A13: If physical preservation in situ is not feasible, an archaeological excavation for the purposes of ‘preservation by record’ may be an acceptable alternative. From the archaeological point of view this should be regarded as a second best option.

4.2 Listed buildings/structures Buildings of national, regional, or local historical and architectural importance are protected by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990. Buildings designated as ‘Listed’ are afforded protection from physical alteration or effects on their historical setting.

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4.3 Planning guidance for the historic environment Department of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 (1994) provides general policy and advice for the best practice in the management of Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, World Heritage Sites and Historic Parks and Gardens under development plan and control systems. This Guidance Note is intended to encompass all previous legislation concerning Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, World Heritage Sites, Historic Parks and Gardens and Historic Battlefields.

4.4 Historically important hedgerows The Hedgerow Regulations 1997, section 97 of the Environment Act 1995 state that any hedgerow which is defined, at that date, as being of historical or ecological importance requires grant of consent by the local planning authority prior to removal.

4.5 Regional Spatial Strategy Relevant policies from the Draft RSS for the South West 2006 – 2016 are as follows:

ENV1 Protecting and Enhancing the Region’s Natural and Historic Environment The quality, character, diversity and local distinctiveness of the natural and historic environment in the South West will be protected and enhanced, and developments which support their positive management will be encouraged. Where development and changes in land use are planned which would affect these assets, local authorities will first seek to avoid loss of or damage to the assets, then mitigate any unavoidable damage, and compensate for loss or damage through offsetting actions. Priority will be given to preserving and enhancing sites of international or national landscape, nature conservation, geological, archaeological or historic importance. Tools such as characterisation and surveys will be used to enhance local sites, features and distinctiveness through development, including the setting of settlements and buildings within the landscape and contributing to the regeneration and restoration of the area.

ENV5 Historic Environment The historic environment of the South West will be preserved and enhanced. Local authorities and other partners will identify and assess the significance of the historic environment and its vulnerability to change, using characterisation to understand its contribution to the regional and local environment and to identify options for its sensitive management.

4.6 Cornwall County Council Structure Plan Policies from the Cornwall County Structure Plan which are relevant to archaeology and cultural heritage are as follows:

Policy 2 Character Areas, Design and Environmental Protection The quality, character, diversity and local distinctiveness of the natural and built environment of Cornwall will be protected and enhanced. Throughout Cornwall, development must respect local character and: retain important elements of the local landscape, including natural and semi- natural habitats, hedges, trees, and other natural and historic features that add to its distinctiveness; contribute to the regeneration, restoration, enhancement or conservation of the area; positively relate to townscape and landscape character through siting, design, use of local materials and landscaping; create safe, aesthetically pleasing and understandable places; consider, where appropriate, a mix of uses that create vibrant and active places, including tenure, size and densities.

5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5.1 Previously recorded archaeological sites within 0.5km of the proposed development area are described in Appendix 1, Table 1 and shown on Fig. 2.

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5.2 While there are no recorded finds of earlier prehistoric date from the vicinity of the site, the location near a sheltered estuary would have been an attractive one at that time. Place-name and documentary evidence suggests the presence of later prehistoric or Romano-British defended settlements nearby. Both Carwin and Carthew names appear to contain the element ker which is often indicative of the presence of an Iron Age round, the former name possibly meaning ‘white fort’ and the latter ‘black fort’. (A17, A18). However, it has been suggested that the Carwin name is associated with a rectangular earthwork at Treeve Farm to the northeast, which is thought by some to be of Roman military date. A univallate enclosure of sub-rectangular form has also been recorded as a cropmark just to the east of the site (A15); while this cannot be dated at present, it could well have originated in the later prehistoric period.

5.3 A hoard of 27 Roman coins was recovered from the River Hayle when a causeway was constructed between Uny Lelant and Carnsaw Quay in the early 19th century (Pascoe 1981, 94) and the ‘playing card’ shape of the churchyard of St Uny at Lelant (on the west side of the estuary, could indicate that it may be positioned on the site of a Roman military fort. During the AD 5th to 7th centuries it is likely that the area had strong trading links with the continent, with imported pottery found at Hayle indicating that goods such as wine and oil were being imported into the area.

5.4 In the medieval period the area around the site is likely to have been primarily an agricultural landscape of dispersed settlement of hamlets and small villages. Carwin, just to the south of the site, is documented by 1311, Pulsack to the northeast is recorded by 1250 (A5, A18). The Towans or sand dunes to the north of the site would also have been an important agricultural resource; in western Cornwall sea sand was thought of as indispensable to arable cultivation in the late medieval period (Fox & Padel 2000, lxxxi). The site probably lay close to the limit of arable cultivation; the land immediately to the northwest was part of Loggans or Luggans Moor, which included the Great Moor bordering the site in the late 17th century (CRO FS/2/32/1/14).

5.5 It is possible that the site area was only taken into cultivation in the post-medieval or early modern period (see below). The fields to the south have a different configuration and may have been part of a strip field system, with a group of sinuous parallel field boundaries recorded on aerial photographs here (A16). This type of field system was not uncommon in western Cornwall which, due to the mining and fishing activities, was more heavily populated than other parts of the county and generated a high demand for bread (Fox & Padel 2000, lxxx-lxxxi).

5.6 The landscape around the site probably remained relatively unchanged from the 16th through to the early 19th century. It lay outside the areas of mineral interest, the closest of which were centred on Melanoweth and Coldharbour (Angarrack) to the south and Loggans to the west (A1). The construction of the turnpike road (the present Carwin Rise) by 1839 (Kanefsky 1999, 390- 61), which linked Redruth to Penzance, cut through the medieval landscape just to the north of Carwin. This bisected many of the fields in the area and in some cases cut off north-south access routes (see Fig. 3). The Hayle Railway was constructed in a similar fashion to the south of the site. The first section to Pool and Portreath opened in 1837 and included an incline at Angarrack, known as Steamers Hill, part of which is still visible. In 1852 the Hayle Railway was taken over by the West Cornwall Railway and the line closed for reconstruction and conversion, the new route passing to the south of Angarrack (A19).

5.7 In the 20th century very little development took place in this rural landscape, the exception being during the Second World War, when a network of concrete pillboxes was constructed as part of the defensive precautions against German invasion, in this case to resist a potential landing in St Ives Bay (A12, A13 and see 8.1 below). The last major change came in the latter part of the century with the construction of the present A30 carriageway, which was opened by 1988, thus bypassing the 19th century turnpike road (Ordnance Survey sheet SW53NE, 1989).

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6. HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDS

6.1 Historic buildings and structures close to the site are described in Appendix 1, Table 2 and shown on Fig. 2. There are two listed historic structures within the study area and these are Grade II, with the nearest being the 19th century milestone in the southern roadside verge c. 50m southwest of the site (B13). There are no Grade I or Grade II* buildings present within the study area.

6.2 Many of the historic buildings on the perimeter of the study area are houses and structures relating to the late 18th century to early 19th-century development of Hayle.

7. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

7.1 The site lies in the historic Cornish parish of St Phillack. The earliest map consulted that shows the site in any detail is the 1842 parish tithe map (Fig. 3). This depicts the site as divided into five separate plots of land and a road, within the fields of Carwin (plots 638-643) and part of one plot (637) belonging to Pulsack (boundaries are designated A6-A10 in Table 1, Appendix 1). The turnpike road (plot 644, later the A30 and Carwin Rise) forms the southern boundary of the site and this clearly severed a number of field boundaries when constructed.

7.2 The land in Carwin was owned by GWF Gregor and occupied by William Hosken and that in Pulsack by Rev William Hocken and Francis Nicholls (Phillack Tithe Apportionment 1842). Only three of the six fields were under arable cultivation at this time, the other three being described as moor. The southwestern arable field (643) was named ‘Northern Breachea’ (with ‘waste in ditto’) which may indicate that it had opened to cultivation relatively recently. The road in the centre of the site (642) was still in use, in part at least, and may originally have been a ‘sanding way’ by which sea sand was transported from the dunes to the fields to improve yields. In the 15th century such a ‘way’ is recorded in manorial accounts for Connerton manor at Pulsack, for which the tenants were required to pay 6d annual rent (Fox & Padel 2000, 45; 90).

7.3 The Plan of the Wheal Alfred Mining District in the County of Cornwall published in 1853 shows a very similar pattern to that on the tithe map (Fig. 4) but by 1877 (when the first edition Ordnance Survey 6-inch map was surveyed) major changes had occurred on Carwin land (Fig. 5). The ?sand road and several field boundaries had been removed leaving one large triangular field to the north of the turnpike road. Some of the smaller fields in Pulsack had also been amalgamated and the settlement of Carthew, to the east of Carwin (shown on Fig. 4) had disappeared. A rectangular millpond for Loggans Mill had been constructed in the field immediately to the west of the site. An arsenic works was also located to the north of Loggans Moor. There were few changes in the early 20th century. A plan for a sale catalogue of the Trewarthenick Estate, dated 1909 (CRO AD1512/2), shows no changes from the 1888 map. A lodge (B14) was later built on the south side of the main road at the entrance to Carwin farmstead (Fig. 6).

7.4 As noted above pillboxes were constructed in this area during the Second World War the HER records two structures alongside the main road (Carwin Rise), one of which was said to be disguised as a filling station (A12). There are no traces and the latter structure is said to have been removed during a road-widening scheme (HER 167100).

7.5 The Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) mapping provided by Cornwall Historic Environment Service shows the site as Post-Medieval Farmland, with Medieval Farmland to the south around Carwin.

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8. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

8.1 Three aerial photographs providing vertical coverage dating to 1946, 1988 and 1996 were consulted for this assessment. These were provided by Cornwall County Council. These all show the site in agricultural use, mostly arable. The 1946 photograph appears to show two possible structures on the north side of Carwin Rise (at SW57783870 and SW57993881); although the resolution of the photograph is poor, these could represent one or both of the pillboxes mentioned above. A small structure is shown on the 1963 Ordnance Survey map at the former location (Fig. 7). No additional areas of archaeological interest were identified.

9. SITE INSPECTION

9.1 Introduction (Plate 1) The site was examined on 11 March 2010 in order to establish the presence of unrecorded archaeological features, to review the locations of previously known features that may be affected by construction and to consider the general archaeological potential of the area. The site presently comprises one large triangular field to the west and part of an adjoining field to the east. Weather conditions were clear and sunny.

9.2 Boundaries The northwest and southeast perimeters of the site are bounded by public highways, the A30 to the north and Carwin Rise to the south. There is a low hedgebank on the southeast side which varies in size and form along the length of the highway and has probably been modified in recent times. The west boundary is indistinct with much vegetation in the form of hedge species and trees in the northwest corner. The east boundary is partly formed by a tall steep-sided bank with a few stunted trees on the summit; this extends some 70m from the road where there is gateway with granite gateposts. To the north of this gateway the proposed site boundary turns NNW towards the modern A30 but is undefined on the ground. The boundary between the two main fields is a tall substantial bank, very steep-sided, with stone-facing visible in places and a continuous hedge on the top of the bank (Plate 2). On the tithe map this formed a continuous boundary between Carwin and Pulsack land (A11).

9.3 Western field (Plates 3 and 4) The field had a gentle slope to the northwest and west to the stream valley. The very western edge of the field was extremely waterlogged as it is close to the stream which flows north past the site. At the time of visit the field was ploughed and had recently been harrowed. There were no obvious surface indications apart from a slight dip in the centre of the field, which may represent the position of the former road shown on the tithe map, although this feature had very little definition. There was no evidence for the positions of the former field boundaries. Although a formal fieldwalking exercise was not undertaken surface finds were examined wherever visible, although conditions were not ideal as the surface was dry and dusty. A number of modern and post-medieval glass fragments were seen, together with one or two brick fragments and clay pipe stems. This material was not collected. Some exposures of natural stone were observed suggesting that the ploughing has been sufficiently deep to strike natural bedrock.

9.4 Eastern field (Plate 5) This field was generally level throughout but otherwise in a similar condition to the western one. Modern glass was observed but not collected.

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10. COMMENTS

10.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments or Listed Buildings directly impacted upon by the proposed scheme. The nearest scheduled monument is located some 1km to the northeast of the site and comprises a rectangular earthwork, known as Carwin Round (SM no. CO417). It consists of an extant bank on the north west side, with traces of a return bank to the southwest and a ploughed down parallel bank on the south east side.

10.2 There are no Grade I or Grade II* listed buildings within 0.5km. The site does not lie within an Area of Great Historic Value, and it is located some 750m to the northeast of the Port of Hayle Mining World Heritage Site. The presence of a trunk road and substantial existing development in the intervening area, means that the construction of rugby club facilities in this location would have no impact on the setting of the World Heritage Site.

10.3 The boundaries on the north, south and west sides are mostly modern additions or modifications, whereas the mature hedgebank on the east side is shown on the parish tithe map of 1842. This boundary would be considered an important hedgerow under criterion 5a of Schedule 1, Part II of the Hedgerow Regulations of 1997, as it is recorded in a document held at the relevant date at a Record Office as an integral part of a field system pre-dating the Inclosure Act. Based on current development proposals, It is unlikely that it will be possible to retain this feature, but recording as part of groundworks should provide suitable mitigation.

10.4 There is limited recorded evidence for earlier prehistoric activity in the wider vicinity of Hayle. There is more definite evidence of later prehistoric and Romano-British activity in the form of nearby rectangular enclosures and place-name evidence for possible rounds. Although no sites of this date have been identified within the site itself, there is potential for remains of these periods to be present. However, the state of preservation of any buried remains is uncertain due to extensive ploughing of the site; ditch or pit features may survive but it is unlikely that bank material or ephemeral layers, such as surfaces would.

10.5 Several features within the site boundary have been assigned archaeological site numbers (Fig. 8). These comprise the former internal field boundaries, as shown on the tithe map of 1842, which have now been removed (sites (A6, A8-A10) and are considered to be of local interest. The road or possible sanding way (A7) may be considered to be of greater importance, but its historic value would lie in its survival as a landscape feature. The road is unlikely to have had surface structure, it was probably a hollow-way or sunken track, and with flanking banks removed there are unlikely to be any surviving archaeological components.

10.6 The previously recorded Second World War sites (pillboxes) do not appear to survive in or close to the site. However, there is a possibility that associated buried remains could survive in the extreme southwest corner of the western field where a structure is shown on the 1963 map (see 8.1 above). However, the date and function of this feature are not known at present.

11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11.1 While there is some evidence for archaeological remains on the site, most of these, for example, the former field boundaries, would be considered of only local or negligible importance, if they survive below ground. The possibility of any hitherto unrecorded prehistoric or Romano-British remains would be of more interest. If present, these sites would be considered of at least county importance. Based on the extent of cultivation on the site it is unlikely that any such sites will be well-preserved and therefore pose an overriding constraint to development. The small structure on the 1963 map (A12) is of unknown date and function, but might represent a Second World War pillbox.

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11.2 The construction of new rugby club facilities on the site will involve groundworks for the pitches, car parking and access, drainage etc and therefore any archaeological remains that might be present are likely to be damaged or destroyed by development. Because of the relative lack of disturbance on the site (i.e. it is not built up), it is considered likely that geophysical survey would be an effective technique to further define the archaeological resource on the site.

12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assessment was commissioned on behalf of Hayle Community Rugby Facilities Ltd by Damien Burley of Walker Developments (SW) Ltd. We are grateful to the staff of Cornwall Record Office and Cornish Studies Library for their help and assistance when providing the historical data. Jane Powning of CCHER supplied the archaeological information. The illustrations for this report were prepared by Sarah Cottam.

13. SOURCES CONSULTED

Cornwall County Council GIS mapping of the HER listings, NMP sites and Historic Landscape Character types for the study area. RAF vertical aerial photograph 5064 3G TUG/UK/209 Part 1, 15 May 1946 F12//90 SQDN-. (Cornwall County Council ref. a11 5064). 31 88 018 Vertical aerial photograph taken 10/05/1988. 96 11 197 Vertical aerial photograph taken 13/06/1996.

Cornwall Record Office (CRO) and Cornish Studies Centre Gascoyne, Joel, Map of Cornwall, 1699. Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 series, sheet SW53NE, published 1963, 1979, 1989. Ordnance Survey 6-inch map sheet Cornwall 62SW, surveyed 1877, published 1888, revised 1906, published 1908, revised and published 1938. Phillack tithe map and apportionment, 1842. Plan of the Wheal Alfred Mining District in the County of Cornwall, by R. Symons & Son, 1853 (M73/1-2). Sale Catalogue Trewarthenick Estate 1909 (Ref AD1512/2). Plan of Ludgvans (Loggans), 1696 (Ref FS/2/32/1/14).

Published and unpublished British Geological Survey, 1986, Geology of the Country around Penzance: Memoir for 1:50000 Geological Sheets 351 and 358 (England and Wales). Cornwall Archaeological Unit 2000 Hayle Historical Assessment, Cornwall. Main Report. (Cornwall County Council and English Heritage). Fox, H.S.A. & Padel O.J. (eds) 2000 The Cornish Lands of the Arundells of Lanherne, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries. Devon and Cornwall Record Soc. New Ser. 41. Gillard, G. & Newell, K. 2005 Cornwall & Scilly Urban Survey Historic Characterisation for Regeneration. Hayle. CCHES report number 2005R077. Kanefsky, J. 1999 ‘Turnpike Roads’ in Kain, R. & Ravenhill, W. (eds) Historical Atlas of South- West England, 357-63. Pascoe W.H., 1981, CCC The History of the Cornish Copper Company.

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Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Ó Crown Copyright AC archaeology, Chicklade, Wiltshire. Licence No AL100016452

40

0 500m

39

PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle 38

TITLE Fig. 1: Site location

SW 57 58 59 AC archaeology Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Ó Crown Copyright AC archaeology, Chicklade, Wiltshire. Licence No AL100016452

0 500m A5

A4 B11 A1 Recorded archaeological site B1 Historic structure

A16

B12 A15 A1 A17

A13

A12 B13 A18

A2 B3 B2 A18 B4 A19 A3 B5 B6 B7 PROJECT B9 B8 B10 Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE Fig. 2: Location of previously recorded archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures

AC archaeology AC archaeology PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE

Fig. 3: Extract from the Phillack parish tithe map, 1842 AC archaeology PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE

Fig. 4: Extract from R. Symons’ Plan of Wheal Alfred Mining District, 1853 AC archaeology PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

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Fig. 5: Extract from the Ordnance Survey first edition 6-inch map, 1877 AC archaeology PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE

Fig. 6: Extract from the Ordnance Survey second edition 6-inch map, revised 1906/1938 AC archaeology PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE

Fig. 7: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 6-inch map, 1963 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey map with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Ó Crown Copyright AC archaeology, Chicklade, Wiltshire. Licence No AL100016452

0 200m

A1 Additional archaeological site B1 Additional structure 639 Tithe parcel number A11

640 A9 A8 639 641 A10 638

A6 A7 642 A14 643 B14

PROJECT Land at Carwin Rise, Hayle

TITLE Fig. 8: Location of additional archaeological sites and buildings

AC archaeology Plate 1: General view of site, looking west

Plate 2: Hedgebank between eastern and western fields, looking north

AC archaeology Plate 3: View of western field, looking northeast

Plate 4: Western field with adjoining boundary, looking northeast

AC archaeology Plate 5: Eastern field, looking north

AC archaeology Appendix 1: Catalogue of previously recorded and additional archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures Table 1: Archaeological sites Site HER ref. NGR SW Type Date Description No. A1 31863 574 389 MINE Post-medieval Loggan’s Mine was active in 1851 (on or near the site of Wheal Dream which operated in 1770). MCO12244 Four shafts on an approx. N-S alignment are shown on the 1888 OS map and three visible on 1946 air photographs. Site now largely built over. A2 31862 57360 38570 CORN MILL Post-medieval Loggan’s Mill. First recorded in 1688 although probably has medieval antecedents. In 1752 it was MCO27848 recorded as a grist mill. The mill was rebuilt in 1852 following a fire and reorganised as a roller mill in 1884. The main structure, the largest in Cornwall in the late 19th/early 20th century, is still standing and Listed Grade II (see B2), but the machinery has been removed and the remainder of the site has been demolished. A3 139303 57300 38470 CORN MILL Medieval Recorded as site of a medieval corn mill. MCO33503 TIN MILL Post-medieval Approx. site (SW 573 385) of ‘Tin Mills and premises at Esterlow’ (East Loe or Hayle Pool), which were destroyed by sand in 1581.

A4 53641 58000 39300 CROPMARK Medieval A fragmentary field system, comprising ditches and banks, is visible as a cropmark on air MCO34036 FIELD SYSTEM photographs. There are two elements to the system: 1 boundary bank and 3 boundary ditches forming fields typically 150m x 120m; and 3 narrow SW-NE parallel ditches c. 20m apart. The separate elements do not appear to be contemporary, although the date of these boundaries is uncertain. It is likely, however, that the field system is associated with the settlement of Pulsack Manor to the east (see A5). A5 31795 58300 39400 SETTLEMENT Medieval Pulsack is first recorded in c. 1250. It is now known as Pulsack Manor. MCO16509 A6 - 57843 38842 BOUNDARY Post-medieval Removed boundary (hedgebank) between Tithe Map fields 643 and 641. A7 - 57963 38838 ROAD Post-medieval A sinuous road/trackway is shown on the Tithe Map (No. 642) crossing the site on a N-S alignment. It is not shown on later maps. A8 - 57890 38900 Post-medieval Removed boundary (hedgebank) between Tithe Map fields 641 and 640 A9 - 57925 38915 Post-medieval Removed boundary (hedgebank) between Tithe Map fields 640 and 639 A10 - 58054 38871 Post-medieval Removed boundary (hedgebank) between Tithe Map fields 639 and 638 A11 - 58008 38960 Post-medieval Extant boundary (hedgebank) formerly east boundary of 638 and 639 A12 53644 5778 3870 PILLBOX Modern Former site of WWII pillbox of unknown design disguised as a filling station. Demolished. This took MCO34039 the form of a slatted wooden building with a gabled roof. Possibly shown on 1946 air photograph on/near site of present Shell Garage. A13 167100 5799 3881 PILLBOX Modern Former site of pillbox. Demolished. Appears to be shown at south boundary of site on 1946 air MCO43153 photograph. A14 - 58036 38803 Post-medieval Carwin Rise represents the alignment of the earlier 19th century Turnpike Road (No. 644 on the Tithe Map). A15 53642 58180 38970 CROPMARK Undated A sub-rectangular enclosure, 100m x 40m, is visible as a cropmark ditch and bank on air MCO34037 ENCLOSURE photographs. Date and function uncertain. A16 53643 58510 39080 CROPMARK Medieval Four sinuous, parallel field boundaries are visible as cropmarks on air photographs. The MCO34038 FIELD SYSTEM boundaries are also parallel to several hedges in the current field pattern and appear to be fossilising the line of strips of a former open field system. Probably associated with the medieval settlement of Carwin (A18) or that of Pulsack (A5). A17 31838 58450 38880 ROUND? Iron Age The place-name ‘Carthew’ (so-named in 1719) suggests a site of an Iron Age or Romano British MCO7794 Romano British round. The name contains the elements ‘ker’, fort or round, and ‘du’, black. A field visit indicated Appendix 1: Catalogue of previously recorded and additional archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures that there is a definite terrace in the southeast of the field, with a slope below and probably some levelling of the interior, approx. 30.4 to 45.7m in diameter. The settlement of Carthew is first recorded on the first edition OS 1-inch map It is shown on the 31848 58450 38880 SETTLEMENT Post-medieval Tithe Map (described as ‘farmhouse, townplace and outhouses’. No buildings are now visible. MCO13860 A18 31784.10 58210 38530 ROUND? Iron Age The place-name ‘Carwin’ suggests the site of an Iron Age or Romano British. The name contains MCO7821 Romano British the elements 'ker', fort or round, and ‘guyn’, white. No trace of a round survives in the immediate vicinity of the settlement (though there is a large sub-circular field to the south). The settlement of Carwin is first recorded as ‘Kaergwyn’ in 1311. Carwin is mentioned as a 31784.00 58120 38660 SETTLEMENT Medieval mansion house in the Feet of Fines of 1325. MCO13896 A19 132119 584 385 INCLINED PLANE Post-medieval The Hayle Railway gained height from Hayle eastwards by means of an inclined plane. Extant. The MCO27835 Hayle Railway operated between 1837 and 1852. Appendix 1: Catalogue of previously recorded and additional archaeological sites and historic buildings/structures Table 2: Buildings Site HER ref. NGR SW Type Date Description No. B1 140902 57280 38580 HOUSE Modern House, c. 1900. This is the latest in a series standing on this plot since the late 18th century. MCO35060 B2 31862 57357 38564 LOGGAN’S MILL Post-medieval Loggan’s Mill. This mill is part of a large complex (see A2) much of which was demolished in the MCO27848 GRADE II 1980s. The building dates from the c. early 19th century, extended in 1852 for Mr W. Hosken and LBS Uid again extended in 1884. Granite rubble with granite dressings to the older parts, rock-faced granite to 70235 the later 19th century part. B3 31943 57360 38571 BRIDGE Medieval A granite clapper bridge was exposed during excavation work in 1975. It is still extant but has been MCO9617 buried. B4 141062 57300 38480 ARCHITECTURAL Modern Remains of a structure bridging the stream just below Loggan’s Mill. Probably early 20th century and MCO35219 FRAGMENT associated with the National Explosive works, although may be related to milling activity B5 140901 57370 38440 HOUSE Post-medieval House, now subdivided. Early 19th century, extended mid 19th century. May have had a partially MCO35059 commercial use during the C19 as a nursery. It has an extensive walled garden and a large orchard covering the garden on the 1879 OS map. The grounds to rear have now been developed for a small housing estate. 140900 MCO35058 57380 38440 WALL Post-medieval Wall associated with above. The wall is low and domestic in nature B6 141042 57460 38410 HOUSE Post-medieval Early 19th century house shown on the 1842 Phillack Tithe Map. Extant. MCO35200 B7 141043 57460 38390 HOUSE Post-medieval Early 19th century half-houses shown on the 1842 Phillack Tithe Map. Extant. MCO35201 B8 141045 57452 38375 HOUSE Post-medieval Early 19th century house recorded on the 1842 Phillack Tithe Map. Extant. May originally have had a MCO35203 non-domestic use. B9 141041 57428 38356 TERRACE Post-medieval Circa 1900 terrace of houses. Extant. MCO35199 B10 140898 57434 38332 HOUSE Modern House and shop, early 20th century. Extant. One of the latest buildings in Hayle to still show local MCO35056 vernacular traits. B11 166532 58076 39273 PILLBOX Modern Extant WWII pillbox. Type 24. MCO42597 B12 53646 57870 38990 PILLBOX Modern Extant WWII pillbox. Built into the junction of three field hedges and covered by vegetation. MCO34051 B13 172614 57755 38655 MILESTONE Post-medieval A milestone approx. mid 19th century survives northeast of Loggan’s Mill on the old A30. It is a painted MCO48539 GRADE II dressed granite monolith with pyramidal head, triangular-on-plan shaft over a rectangular on-plan LBS Uid base. The two rectangular-sides of the shaft face the road obliquely and rise from large pyramid stops. 70152 Each of these sides has incised lettering and Arabic numerals. HAYLE 1 MILE PENZANCE 9 LANDS END 29 and CAMBORNE 4 REDRUTH 14 TRURO 17. Extant. On the 1st Edition 1:2500 OS map the milestone is annotated Hayle 1 Camborne 5, suggesting that the additional names and distances might be late additions. B14 - 5801 3878 LODGE Modern Lodge (to Carwin) shown to south of Carwin Rise on the 1938 OS map.

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