CORNWALL BIRD-WATCHING & PRESERVATION SOCIETY SIXTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 1999

Chough {Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) The emblem of The Bird-watching & Preservation Society OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE 2000/01

President Steve Madge, Seawinds, Lower Trerieve, , , PL 15 3LZ

Chairman Graham Sutton, Harcombe, West Park Road, , EX23 8PB

Vice-Chairman Stuart Hutchings, 24 Kernick Road, Penryn, TRIO 8NT

General Secretary Steve Rogers, Roseland, Cyril Road, , TR1 3TA

Treasurer Keith Harris, Lowina Cottage, Chyvarloe, Gunwalloe, , TR21 7PY

Membership Secretary Debbie Melarickas, 20 Midway Drive, Truro, TR1 1NQ

Recorder Kester Wilson, 1 Tol-Pedn House, School Hill Road, , TR19 6LP

Editor 'Birds in Cornwall Ian Wilson, 3 Hunters Close, Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, LEI7 6LG

Conservation Oficer Brian Craven, 15 Compass West, Tregadillett, Launceston, PL 15 7EA

Newsletter Editor Darrell Clegg, 55 Lower Fore Street, , PL 12 6JQ

Field Meetings Officer John Chappie, 28 Carclew Street, Truro, TR1 2EZ

Public Relations Officer Tony Langford, Miango, Trewirgie Road, , TR15 2SX

Recorder : Paul Stancliffe, 1 Heydor Flats, Garrison Lane, , Isles of Scilly, TR21 0JD

Editor 'Isles of Scilly Bird Report' Martin Scott, 6 Museum Flats, St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, TR21 0JU

Committee Members: Francis Couch (), Roger Jones (St. Austell), Andy Pay (Helston), Martin Rule (Helston) & Paul Stubbs ().

Records Committee: Greg Conway, Pete Fraser, Steve Madge, Andy Pay, Graham Sutton & Laurie Williams

Photographs: Front Page: Red-flanked Bluetail at in October - Peter Leigh. Back Page: Night Heron at Sladebridge in April - Adrian Langdon

2 CONTENTS

Page

Review of the Year 1999 Kester & Ian Wilson 4 Editorial Ian Wilson 10 Acknowledgements 10 Submission of Records 11 Submission of Rarity Reports 13 Systematic List for 1999 Kester & Ian Wilson 15 Records for which details are still required 123 First and Last Dates of Summer Migrants 123 Contributors 124 Photographers 127 Gazetteer 127 Ringing Report 1999 Greg Conway 133 Red-flanked Bluetail at Rame Head Darrell Clegg 141 Cornwall's Farmland Birds Dave Flumm 142 Chairman's Report Graham Sutton 167 Conservation Officer's Report Brian Craven 168 Obituary: Brian and Sheila Bottomley V.S. Paton, J.A. Paton R.J. Chandler & H. Hems 169 1999 Balance Sheet and Accounts 170 The Society's Rules 173 Advertisements 174 Map of Cornwall 176

Printed by B.J. Press Ltd., Unit 29 Threemilestone Ind Estate, Truro, Cornwall, TR4 9LD Copyright Cornwall Bird-watching & Preservation Society 2000

3 REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1999

JANUARY The year commenced with many of the previous year's impressive array of north american ducks still in residence. Black Ducks were at Walmsley until 20th May, and Reservoir until 20th Feb. Two female Lesser Scaups were at Argal Reservoir, one leaving on 6th February and the other remaining until 5th March. An American Wigeon was at Mawgan Porth and stayed until 8th. Other birds staying from last year were a Great Bittern at Walmsley until 10th and a Pied-billed Grebe on the pond at Nanjizal until 14th April. Iceland Gulls were in the area, with at least eight different birds being seen during the first five months of the year, with others scattered widely over the county. Glaucous Gulls were more thinly spread, again across the county. The wintering adult Ring-billed Gull remained at Hayle until 10th March, and was joined by another which stayed for most of the month. An adult Ring-billed Gull was also at Par Beach where it remained until 17th Feb. Good numbers of Mediterranean Gulls were seen until early March, and Yellow-legged Gulls were also reported in the flocks of large gulls. Sixty two Black-throated Divers were in Veryan Bay, and twenty-four in Falmouth Bay on 1st, when the first Grey Phalarope of the year was seen in Harbour. The 1 st saw flocks of one thousand Linnets at both Winnards Perch and St Merryn, and wintering Water Pipits at Maer Lake and Walmsley. There were three Velvet Scoters in which stayed until 20th February. A Grey Phalarope was at St Ives on 3rd when a Leach's Petrel and four Balearic Shearwaters were also recorded. Four Balearic Shearwaters were at St Ives on 8th, and a Little Auk was off on 12th. There was the occasional Firecrest and the usual scattering of wintering Chiffchaffs, with an impressive one hundred and fifty at Sewage Works on 12th. A large flock of one hundred and twenty Greenfinches was at Winnards Perch on 16th, and eight wintering Spotted Redshanks were at Tresemple Pond on 17th when nine Tundra Swans were on Tresillian River. The 17th also saw the arrival of a Black Duck at Colliford Res where it stayed until 16th February. There were eight Jack Snipes at Copperhouse Creek on 20th, and six Greenshanks on Tresillian River on 21st. Nineteen Great Northern Divers and twenty-five Slavonian Grebes were on the Carrick Roads on 22nd, with sixteen Great Northern Divers in Carbis Bay on 26th. A good find on 24th January was a Hawfinch on a bird table in Hayle, and a new/additional Ring- billed Gull appeared at Par on 27th and remained until February 27th. A flock of six hundred Chaffinches was seen at Badgers Cross and eight Red-necked Grebes were in Veryan Bay on 29th, and a Dotterel was a good winter record when found on 30th with European Golden Plovers at Maer Lake where it remained until mid-February. The 30th also saw thirty-four Black-necked Grebes on Carrick Roads, and what was presumably last year's Green-winged Teal appeared at Loe Pool and stayed until 20th Feb. The month ended with a new Ring-billed Gull at .

FEBRUARY As always, this was a quiet month with periods when there was little movement other than the slow turnover of gulls. Seventy-two Red-throated Divers were in Harlyn Bay on 1st, and a Ringed-billed Gull was at Bude Marshes on 2nd. A Cirl Bunting was found on Bude Marshes on 2nd. Ring-billed Gull number three appeared at Hayle on 6th (to join the two already there) and remained until 18th. The Chiffchaffs at St Austell Sewage Works had increased to one hundred and eighty by 9th. There were twenty-five Slavonian Grebes at Seaton/Downderry on 11th, a Spotted Crake was at Trevorrian Pool, and there were ten Greenshanks on the Camel Estuary on 13th.

4 A Lesser Spotted Woodpecker made an appearance at Penrose Armity, Helston on 14th. The 17th saw a Black Duck arrive at Colliford Reservoir for a four-day stay. There were four Red-necked Grebes at Portscatho and twenty-three Slavonian Grebes at Pendower on 20th. The 21st saw seventy-five Bramblings at Bake Lakes.

MARCH The flock of Goldfinch at Winnards Perch had built up to eight hundred by 6th. The first sign of the coming spring was seen on 8th with six Sand Martins at Maer Lake, but thirteen Barnacle Geese at (until 11th) confirmed that winter had not yet departed. Marazion received a brief visit from thirteen Avocets on 8th, and a third Ring-billed Gull for the year was found at Par on 10th. A Little Ringed Plover was at Trethewey on 12th, and the 14th saw twenty-two Black-necked Grebes on Carrick Roads. Thirty-two Great Northern Divers were in St Austell Bay on 16th, together with forty-eight off Downderry. Fifty-eight Black-throated Divers were in Veryan Bay, and seven in Mounts Bay, on 22nd. The first Willow Warblers were reported on 26th, which also saw two Swallows at Marazion and one at Drift. A very obliging Richard's Pipit appeared at on 28th and remained until 11th April. On 29th some six hundred Sand Martins were at Nanjizal where a Spotted Crake was also seen on 31 st.

APRIL A Hoopoe was seen at Porth Joke on 1st, an appropriate place on April Fool's Day (!) and another at Mousehole on 2nd.The 4th saw a Kumlein's Gull at Drift. Another Hoopoe was on the Lizard on 6th. The 9th saw the first Grasshopper Warbler at Retallack, and the 10th was the start of a three-day stay of a Night Heron at . A Richard's Pipit was at Trevose Head on 10th, and the first Cuckoo was at St Columb Minor on 11th. Night Herons appeared at Little Petherick on 10th - 12th, at on 12th - 13th, and at Sladebridge on 14th - 16th. The 12th also saw a Lesser Scaup arrive at Stithians Res for an eight-day stay. A Great Bittern was at Walmsley on 14th and a Night Heron at Sladebridge, with both remaining until 16th. The 16th saw an Osprey at Tideford, the first of the year. A Cory's Shearwater was seen at Chapel Point on 20th, and a Pomarine Skua flew past on 22nd. Land's End had a Serin on 25th when a Purple Heron was seen flying east from St Just, and what was probably the same Purple Heron was seen at Marazion on the same and the following day. The 26th saw a Cattle Egret at Mawgan Porth and a Hoopoe in Lizard Village. A Wood Warbler was ringed on The Lizard on 27th, and the first Garganey was at Marazion. An Osprey was seen at Crowdy Res and the first Hobby at Marazion on 28th, a Serin was at Porthgwarra and a Blue-headed Wagtail at Nanjizal. A Ring Ouzel at Porthgwarra and a Ring-necked Duck at Nanjizal were seen on 29th and 30th respectively.

MAY The 2nd saw a Serin on The Lizard and a Blue-headed Wagtail at Land's End. A Tree Sparrow appeared at Porthgwarra, and a Golden Oriole at Skewjack on 4th. A Woodchat Shrike was at Nanjizal on 5th and stayed to 10th, and was joined by another for one day on 6th. The 6th also saw six Garganey at Walmsley. A Woodchat Shrike was at Upton Towans on 7th, until 9th when a Quail was found at Porthgwarra. Walmsley had a Black-headed Wagtail from 11th to 12th, and an American Bittern on 13th to 17th. There was a Hoopoe at Kernick Farm on 14th, and two Golden Orioles at Treaveal. The 16th was a

5 busy day with a Woodchat Shrike at Siblyback Res, a Golden Oriole at Skewjack, thirty Ravens together at Draynes Common, nine Spotted Flycatchers in the Nanjizal area and a Quail at Porthgwarra. On 22nd and 31 st there was a singing Wood Warbler at Draynes Wood. A Black Duck was found on 23rd and remained at Hannafore and Island until 4th Jul. A Little Bittern was videoed at Land's End on 25th, and remained until 2nd May. There was also a Golden Oriole at Skewjack on 25th, and a Red-footed Falcon at Land's End on 26th and 27th. A Cattle Egret made an all too brief appearance at Mawgan Porth on 26th. Three Quails were heard at St Newlyn East on 28th, and the month ended with a Golden Oriole at Kenidjack and a Kentish Plover at Hayle on 30th.

JUNE A relatively quiet month commencing with a Golden Oriole on 1 st at Porthgwarra, and a female Red- backed Shrike on . The 10th saw a Rosy Starling at Helston. Another (or possibly the same) Rosy Starling was at Upton Towans on 12th, a Golden Oriole was at St Buryan and a Quail was at St Eval. A Cattle Egret stayed at Kynance from 13th to 15th, and a Corncrake was calling at Colliford Res on 16th. The 19th was the day when a Black-browed Albatross was photographed from a fishing boat ten miles south of Looe, and thirty-eight Cory's Shearwaters went past Porthgwarra. Sea- watching off Porthgwarra on 28th produced one Great Shearwater, seventy Cory's Shearwaters, eleven Sooty Shearwaters and eight Balearic Shearwaters. A further seven Great Shearwaters were seen on 31 st - an early start, and a portent of the good numbers of large Shearwaters which were to come.

JULY The Black Duck returned to Colliford Res on 7th and remained for the rest of the year: It was seen to mate with a on 26th July, raising the spectre of hybrid offspring. Two hundred and two Storm Petrels were ringed at on 10th, and a further two hundred and sixty-six on 11th. The sound of a singing Cirl Bunting, now very rare in Cornwall, was heard on 13th at St Just in Roseland.

AUGUST Twenty-eight Greenshanks were seen by the Devoran River on 8th, and a Tawny Pipit was at Nanjizal on 9th. The first Sabines Gull of the year was seen at Pendeen on 10th, a Little Shearwater passed Porthgwarra on 13th, and a Melodious Warbler was at Land's End on 14th. Nanjizal had three Tree Pipits on 16th when five Sabines Gulls also went past Trevose Head. One thousand nine hundred and fifty Great Shearwaters passed Porthgwarra on 17th. An Icterine Warbler was ringed at Lizard Village on 21st when a Tawny Pipit was also seen at Nanjizal. Nanjizal had a Melodious Warbler the following day when a Baird's Sandppiper appeared on the Camel Estuary, staying until 25th. Twenty Knots were seen at Hayle on 24th. The 25th produced four Wood Sandpipers at Maer Lake, thirty-five Curlew Sandpipers and six Little Stints on Hayle Estyary. A Fea's Petrel was seen at Porthgwarra on 26th when the year's high count of one thousand four hundred and seventy Cory's Shearwaters passed by. Yellow Wagtail numbers built up to thirty-three at Predannack on 28th, there were fourteen Black Terns at Carbis Bay and the first Wryneck of the year was found at Bodmin. Seven Green Sandpipers were at St Levan, twenty-five Tree Pipits were at Nanjizal and nineteen Crossbills at Ninestones on 30th, and a Spotted Crake was at Marazion on 31st.

6 SEPTEMBER The month started with a Wryneck at Kenidjack on 1st. A Pectoral Sandpiper at Stithians Res was the first of an estimated fourteen for the county. There was an Ortolan Bunting at Trevose Head on 3rd. The only Aquatic Warbler recorded in the county in 1999 was seen at Perranporth on 4th, and there was also a Wryneck which stayed at Kynance and Caerthillian Cove until 9th. A Citrine Wagtail was seen at Nanjizal on 6th, and a good period for sea-watching peaked with seven hundred and fifty Cory's Shearwaters and two hundred and thirty Great Shearwaters at Porthgwarra on 8th. There were twenty-five Greenshanks on the Camel Estuary on 9th. The 10th saw one hundred and fifty House Martins moving through at Trevose Head, and three non-resident Kingfishers at Nanjizal. An Ortolan Bunting was at Trevose Head on 11th, thirty five Curlew Sandpipers at Hayle, and two hundred and thirty Great Shearwaters passed Porthgwarra. Fifty-nine Sooty Shearwaters passed Pendeen on 13th, and a Citrine Wagtail was at Marazion from 14th to 17th. Twelve Leach's Petrels were seen at Killiggeran Head on 16th. Seven hundred and fifty Cory's Shearwaters passed Porthgwarra on 17th. Sea-watching on 18th produced forty-one Balearic Shearwaters at Torpoint, thirty six at Porthgwarra and forty-eight at Killigerran Head, together with forty-three Storm Petrels and twelve Leach's Petrels at Killigerran Head. A good inland record was a Grey Phalarope at Crowdy Res on 19th when a Green-winged Teal arrived at Siblyback Res for a six-day stay. That day also saw a Wryneck at Upton Towans which stayed until 20th, and another at Porthgwarra until 25th. A flock of twelve hundred Linnets were at Trevilley on 20th, and five Long-tailed Skuas passed Killigerran Head on 22nd. The 25th saw a Lesser Yellowlegs arrive at Drift Res and stay until 29th, together with two Ospreys which stayed well into October. Porthgwarra had a Common Roseflnch on 26th, Kenidjack had a Wryneck and twenty-eight Knots flew past Pendeen. The first Richard's Pipits of the autumn were seen at Sennen (two) and Pentire on 28th, with another at Rumps Point on 29th. A Red-backed Shrike visited Kynance on the last day of the month, a Red- throated Pipit was on Davidstow Airfield, forty-six Arctic Skuas passed St Ives and thirty-seven Great Skuas were seen at Pendeen.

OCTOBER This month turned out to be exceptional for people interested in seeing new rarities, and a number of journeys were made to and from the Isles of Scilly which also had several rare visitors during the same period. A Lapland Bunting was at Penlee on 1st, and a Rosy Starling arrived at Helston on 2nd October and stayed until 27th (the second record in the same garden this year). Sea-watching at St Ives produced three Sabines Gulls, twenty-four Arctic Skuas, one Long-tailed Skua, sixteen Sooty Shearwaters and sixteen Storm Petrels, and Trevose Head had seven Pomarine Skuas. The last Cory's Shearwater of the year passed St Ives on 3rd together with Nineteen Balearic Shearwaters and seven Leach's Petrels. A Black Duck returned to Colliford Res on 4th and stayed until the end of the year. That day there was also a Common Rosefinch at Porthgwarra, a Hoopoe was at Cambourne, and the wintering Black Duck returned to Stithians Res where it remained for the rest of the year. Two hundred and fifty Meadow Pipits were counted at Porthgwarra on 5th. On the same day there was also an American Golden Plover at Davidstow Airfield until 10th, a late Buff-breasted Sandpiper on St Just Golf Course and a Richard's Pipit at Porthgwarra, the latter remaining until 18th. There was a Serin at Trevose Head on 6th, and an American Golden Plover on Davidstow Airfied from 7th to 10th. A Yellow-billed Cuckoo was found in on 10th but, unfortunately, was not to be seen the next day. The 10th also saw a Booted Warbler arrive at Land's End for a two-day stay but, although

7 videoed, no report has been submitted and this potential first record for the county has not been added to the mainland list. That day also saw the arrival of a Ring-necked Duck at Stithians Res for a five- day stay, a Red-backed Shrike at Rame, and a Rosy Starling at Helston which stayed until 2nd November. A Yellow-browed Warbler appeared at Nanjizal on 11th, the first of nineteen for the county. Two Lapland Buntings were at Trevose Head on 12th, a Red-breasted Flycatcher in Cot Valley and a Melodious Warbler at Porthgwarra. Porthgwarra also had two Tree Sparrows on 13th, two Richard's Pipits which stayed until 18th, eight hundred and twenty-three Chaffinches, two hundred and thirty- five Siskins and one hundred and seventy-six Greenfinches, whilst Sennen had an American Golden Plover. Last, but certainly not least, a Veery paid an all too brief visit to St Levan on 13th. A Wryneck was at Trevose Head from 14th to 18th, and a Lesser Scaup at Looe Pool on 15th to 24th. Single Yellow-browed Warblers were at Clodgy Point, Porthgwarra, The Lizard and Polpe on 15th. A Barred Warbler was at Kenidjack from 16th to 17th. Two Long-eared Owls were at Porthgwarra on 17th, and one was seen at Nanjizal. A White-winged Black Tern was found at Marazion on 17th, but moved to the small beach at the foot of Cot Valley on 18th to 20th, and a Corncrake was flushed at Head. One of the birds of the year was at Rame on 17th to 24th, a Red-flanked Bluetail. A Serin and a Pallas's Warbler were at Nanjizal, and a Wryneck was at on 18th. A Pacific Golden Plover was at Culdrose Airfield from 19th until 29th November. A Great Bittern was seen walking across the road at Kelynack on 19th, and a Common Crane moved around the St Just area until 24th. The 20th saw a Kentish Plover which remained at Hayle until 22nd, and twenty-three White-fronted Geese flew south over Skewjack. A Pallas's Warbler was ringed at Lizard Village on 21st, and Hayle Estuary had a Whiskered Tern and saw the return of the wintering American Wigeon. A Serin was at Polgigga on 22nd, remaining until 25th, but the day will best be remembered for an influx on Chimney Swifts - one at Rame//Millbrook/Maker Heights until 23rd, and two at Drift/Penzance until 24th. There was also an American Golden Plover at Sennen. The 23rd saw Ortolan Buntings at Polgigga and Nanjizal and a White-rumped Sandpiper at Stithians Res. A Booted Eagle was at Porthgwarra on 24th and then moved quite widely around west Cornwall until 11th November, but appeared the favour the area surrounding Drift Reservoir for much of its stay. The first mainland record of Blue Rock Thrush was also found on 24th. A second Green-winged Teal spent the day at Loe Pool on 25th, and there were three hundred and twenty-one Skylarks at Porthgwarra. A Red-breasted Flycatcher was at Polgigga on 26th, and a White-rumped Sandpiper arrived at Nanjizal on 26th, stayed until 27th and also visited Land's End and Porthgwarra. Good numbers of migrants on 27th included a Dusky Warbler which was ringed at Nanjizal, a Serin in the same area, and a Red-breasted Flycatcher at Blackhead. There was a Dartford Warbler at Porthgwarra on 28th, a Great Bittern at Drift, and a flock of fifteen-hundred Redwings flew over Maer Lake. A Pallas's Warbler was at Nanjizal on 29th to 31st, with other birds at Falmouth on 30th and Porthgwarra on 31st. Four Velvet Scoters crossed Portnadler Bay on 31st.

NOVEMBER A late Red-backed Shrike was at Culdrose from 2nd to 9th. The 2nd also saw a Lapland Bunting at Penlee. A Pallas's Warbler was at Nanquidno on 3rd when a second Black Duck appeared at Colliford Res and stayed until 15th. An impressive thirty-four Pomarine Skuas and six Grey Phalaropes passed St Ives on 6th. Large, late autumn movements of thrushes were in evidence at Sancreed on 7th which had five hundred Fieldfares. Sancreed also had five thousand four hundred and fifty Woodpigeons on 7th, and there were a further two thousand eight hundred at Marazion. There were three hundred Chaffinches at Nanjizal on 9th, and a Serin at Chapel Cam Brea the following day.

8 The 11 th saw one hundred and fifty Greenfinches at Porthgwarra, seven Firecrests at Looe Pool and ten Spotted Redshanks on the Tresillian River. A Red-rumped Swallow visited Sennen and Porthgwarra on 13th, and a Green-winged Teal arrived at Maer Lake to stay for the rest of the year. There were ninety Skylarks at Rame on 13th, and this had increased to one hundred and thirty by 2nd December. Nineteen Woodlarks and fifty Yellowhammers were seen at Reskadinnack on 14th, and three hundred Stock Doves at Sancreed. Kynance Cove had a Pallas's Warbler and eight Black Redstarts on 15th, and there were two Waxwings at Falmouth Art College which stayed until 23rd. On 16th to 22nd there were three Richard's Pipits at Land's End. A Great Bittern was at Marazion on 21st, a Lesser Scaup appeared at Drift Res and stayed until the year-end, and Drift also played host to a Bonaparte's Gull on 28th. Green-winged Teals were seen at both Crowdy Res and Stithians Res on 29th, and that night's Starling roost at Marazion contained and estimated two hundred and twenty seven thousand birds.

DECEMBER Pomarine Skuas were still in evidence with fifteen past St Ives on 3rd, and there was a good count of one hundred and thirty-one Black-tailed Godwits on the . A Black Guillemot was at on 4th, and a Little Auk passed on 6th. The 7th saw two hundred and fifty Goldfinches at Maker farm. The first of the winter's Iceland Gulls was at Land's End on 13th, thirty- one Little Grebes were counted at Stithians Res on 14th, a Green-winged Teal was at Colliford Res on 16th, and there was a Lesser Whitethroat at Hayle and twenty-six Black-necked Grebes in Carrick Roads on 19th. The 21st saw twenty-five Crossbills at St Austell Golf Club, the 24th a Glaucous Gull at Lamorna Cove and there were nine hundred Chaffinches at Penjerrick on 26th. A final Pallas's Warbler was seen at St Levan on the last day of the year.

Avocets

9 EDITORIAL

A very large 'thank you' to all who helped with the production of this report. This has been a year of catching up on a backlog of annual reports which has undoubtedly placed additional demands on willing helpers. Once again, my thanks to you all.

The County Recorder is often asked which reports are of use. The short answer is "all reports are of use". Whilst not every report is included in 'Birds in Cornwall', they are all entered in the Society's data-base where they are available for research. They will be of additional interest for the year 2000 onwards as they will be used to assist with the compilation of a Cornish Bird Atlas, a long term project for which data will be required over several years - the greater the coverage, the better will be the final result.

Although a very large number of records were submitted during the year, there were again some notable omissions of records for some rarer species. It is most sad when the arrival of interesting birds do not feature in the county records owing to a failure to submit details to the County Recorder, particularily when the list of species requiring a full description has been reduced to a minimum. I do not believe that time is a problem as it does not take long to compile a report, particularly if it is done immediately when the sighting is fresh in one's mind and the field notes are readily to hand, so please submit that record - share your pleasure with us.

A number of reports of scarce species, and some rare species, have been omitted from this report owing to insufficient information - comments like T have seen hundreds abroad' is not an alternative to a full description. Please submit reports of all rarities for which full details are required, and please remember that the Rarities Committe have to base their decisions on the information submitted.

You will notice that many more sites have been included in the tables of regular reports and maximum numbers. The aim is to provide a fuller picture of the spread of sightings across the year, and of the variation in numbers between sites, than can be provided by way of comment. With that aim in mind, regular reports from sites throughout the year are most welcome.

Producing this report has been a very interesting experience - a late start, pressure to complete the work quickly, an absence of recent historic information because the previous two reports were not initially available, and delays in receiving reports and records. There is a saying that procrastination is the thief of time. Many birders appear to work on the basis of not doing anything today if it can be put off until tomorrow, and this has certainly resulted in much time being lost whilst waiting for information, and in the very frustating task of chasing people to produce information - August is perhaps just a little late. That said, producing the report has been an enjoyable experience overall. Perhaps 2000 will be the year when all birds are seen by everyone who has an interest in seeing them, when records are submitted on a quarterly basis and detailed reports (where necessary) are submitted shortly after birds are seen!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To everyone who submitted records to the County Recorder. To Paul Chesbrough, Dave Conway, Greg Conway, Jim Dustow, Steve Kolodziejski, Paul McCartney, Sara McMahon, and Paul Stubbs for entering the huge number of records received during the year. To Dave Conway for WeBS count data. To Steve Madge for providing details of Field & Natural History Club records.

10 To Mashuq Ahmed and Pete Fraser for providing details of sightings reported to Birding South West. To Darrell Clegg and Dave Flumm for articles. To the County Records Committee for their assessment of county rarity reports. To all ringers who have provided details of their ringing activities. To the photographers who allowed their pictures to be used in this report. To Terry George and John Chappie for providing video footage. To Pete Fraser for assistance with his COBRA program, and Emma White for assistance with the operation of the computer.

SUBMISSION OF RECORDS

All records for the year 2000, including descriptions where appropriate, should, be submitted to the County Recorder by 31st January 2001 to guarantee inclusion in "Birds in Cornwall 2000".

The entry of records into the datbase is a huge task which needs to be spread over the whole year. If the submission of reports is left until the year-end, the result is late completion of the annual report. If you submit more than just a few records please submit them on at least a quarterly basis (and ideally monthly) so that "Birds of Cornwall 2000" can be a report of recent sightings rather than of ancient history.

Please ensure that your name and address, together with the year to which the records apply, are shown clearly on the front page.

Information required for county and national rarities is shown under "Rarities". All other records, to be of greatest value, should contain as much of the following information as possible:

Species - English name, new or old Date - 5.10, 5/10, or 5 Oct are all acceptable Location - as accurate as possible, using names appearing on the current 1:50,000 Ordnance Survey maps. It would be greatly appreciated if grid references could be included for less well-known sites. Number - individuals, pairs, singing males, etc. Age - adult, first (calendar) year, second year, etc. Sex - male or female Direction - (flying) N, S, E, W, NW, NE, etc.

All records are worthwhile, but those included in the following categories are particularly useful:- <> First and last dates for summer migrants <> Scarce and rare species <> Counts of migrants (e.g. finches, wildfowl, gulls, thrushes, waders, seabirds, etc.) <> Breeding records (April to August) to include a six figure grid reference (e.g SX123456) for each singing male/pair/nest or group of males/pairs/nests, for the following species:

Common Kestrel Green Woodpecker Cetti's Warbler Peregrine L. S. Woodpecker Sedge Warbler Grey Partridge Wood Lark Reed Warbler Common Quail Skylark Dartford Warbler Moorhen Sand Martin Lesser Whitethroat

11 Oystercatcher Tree Pipit Spotted Flycatcher Northern Lapwing Meadow Pipit Pied flycatcher Grey Wagtail Willow Tit Common Curlew Dipper House Sparrow 'colonial' Seabirds Common Redstart Linnet Stock Dove Whinchat Common Redpoll Turtle Dove Common Stonechat Bullfinch Barn Owl Northern Wheatear Yellowhammer Little Owl Song Thrush Cirl Bunting European Nightjar Mistle Thrush Reed Bunting Common Kingfisher Grasshopper Warbler Corn Bunting

Winter records (November to February) to include a six figure grid reference, flocks of the following species:

European Golden Plover Fieldfare Yellowhammer Northern Lapwing Redwing Cirl Bunting Barn Owl (individuals) House Sparrow Reed Bunting Woodlark Goldfinch Corn Bunting Skylark (flocks over 50) Linnet

Roost Records (all year) to include a six figure grid reference, particularity for the species and groups listed below:

Great Cormorant All Gulls (200+ birds) All Corvids Little Egret All Terns Common Starling Hen Harrier Sand Martin All Finches Merlin Barn Swallow All Buntings All Waders Pied Wagtail

Guidelines for submission of computer generated records Records should ideally be submitted to the Recorder on a 'comma-separated variable' (.CSV) file which can easily be made using most proprietary spreadsheet packages. Files with the same format, with the text (.TXT) suffix, can also be made using the same packages (e.g. MS Works, Excel). Word processed files are seldom any more use than hand written notes, although sometimes easier to read! Please send your file to the Recorder by post or (better) by email to: [email protected]

Please do not: - forget to include a header record with the names of each column (e.g. species, site, etc.) - save your spreadsheet in its own format. The Recorder may not have the same spreadsheet as you, or may not have the same version. That is why the .CSV/.TXT format is so useful - it is easily read by other software. - include more than one year's records in one file.

Sample submission style:- SPECIES, SITE, DATE, NO, AGE, AGENO, SEX, SEXNO, NOTES Purple Heron, Marazion Marsh,25/04/99,l,AD,l„,flew in from W at 1400 Whooper Swan, Long Rock Pool,02/03/99,4„„,1430 and 1530 Brent Goose, Marazion Beach,30/01/99,1,,,,,

12 WILDFOWL and WADER COUNTS The organising and collating of these important counts is the responsibility of D.A. Conway, Tregenna, Cooksland, Bodmin, PL31 2AR. County volunteers are always required and anyone interested is asked to contact Dave at the above address.

BTO BREEDING BIRDS SURVEY This important survey is our main means of monitoring the commoner species. Additional participants are always needed to assist with the undemanding survey work so, if you are interested in helping and would like to receive details, please contact Paul Stubbs, BTO Regional Representative, 1 Gulveal Villas, Penmenner Road, The Lizard, Cornwall, TR12 7NW. Telephone 01326 290404. Email; paulstubbs @ lineone.net

SUBMISSION OF RARITY REPORTS

National Rarities Descriptions of national rarities should be sent to the County Recorder, who will then forward them to the British Birds Rarities Committee (BBRC) for appraisal. These descriptions should follow the criteria listed below or can be submitted on special BBRC forms, available from the County Recorder or the Secretary of the BBRC, Mr. M. J. Rogers, 2 Churchtown Cottages, Towednack, St Ives, Cornwall, TR26 3AZ. Please enclose copies of field notes and photographs, where possible, as these will be most helpful.

County Rarities The identification of the majority of county rarities is quite straight forward for experienced observers and, consequently, the following list of 'Group A' species requiring a full description is relatively small. Many of the species which used to require a full description are now included in 'Group B'. Descriptions are not required for sightings of 'Group B' species unless specifically requested by the County Recorder, and provided the bird(s) have been seen by three experienced observers who are known to the Rariries Committee - the names of the observers should be included when details of sightings are submitted. These arrangements have been introduced to eliminate the need for unnecessary descriptions of 'easy' rarities, without compromising the integrity of the county records.

Group A - Species requiring a full description Surf Scoter European Honey Buzzard Montagu's Harrier Northern Goshawk Rough-legged Buzzard Long-tailed Skua Ring-billed Gull Yellow-legged Gull Kumlein's Gull Roseate Tern Richard's Pipit Tawny Pipit Marsh Warbler 'Siberian' Chiffchaff Red-billed Chough Twite Rustic Bunting Little Bunting

Group B - Species not normally requiring a description, provided the bird(s) has been seen by at least three experienced observers who are known to the Rarities Committee - please submit names of observers with the record details. Purple Heron White Stork Bean Goose Pink-footed Goose Snow Goose 'Green-winged' Teal Ring-necked Duck Ruddy Duck Corn Crake

13 Common Crane Kentish Plover Stone Curlew Temminck's Stint Pectoral Sandpiper Buff-breasted Sandpiper Red-necked Phalarope Sabine's Gull European Bee-eater Short-toed Lark Horned Lark Bluethroat 'Scandinavian' Rock Pipit Rufous Nightingale Aquatic Warbler Barred Warbler Icterine Warbler Melodious Warbler European Serin Red-breasted Flycatcher Woodchat Shrike Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Common Rosefinch Little Bunting Ortolan Bunting Rustic Bunting Cirl Bunting -Plus any uncommon races

Criteria for national and county rarity descriptions All descriptions, no matter how brief, are of great value so do not be put off by the list below. This list is for guidance to show the type of information which should ideally be included in a description. Always include as much information as possible; even the smallest or obvious features should be noted as these are often invaluable when records are assessed. Try to make notes and sketches in the field, and before you refer to any text books.

Information to be included in a description * Species * Previous experience of species * Location * Experience of similar species * Date(s) (first and last if known) * Weather conditions * Time(s) * A brief summary of how the bird * Number was found and/or identified * Age and sex * Full details of plumage and bare parts * The finder and/or identifier * Calls * Duration of observation * Distinctive behaviour (whilst feeding, * Distance from bird(s) flying, etc.) * Optical aids used * Any other distinctive features * Species nearby for comparison

14 SYSTEMATIC LIST FOR 1999

Sightings are mainly listed in the alphabetical order of localities to facilitate easier reading of the report. All the records included in this report, together with many other sightings, are included in the Society's computerised records from which data can be extracted in alternative formats with relative ease.

The tables headed 'Approximate monthly totals' illustrate the maximum number of birds recorded on the county mainland during each month, after (as far as possible) allowing for the movement of individual birds.

A review of historical data has been undertaken for many species and, from this, the 'Approximate monthly totals (historic)' and 'Top sites' have been calculated. Whenever possible, the figures have been adjusted to take account of birds wandering from site to site.

The 'Regular reports and maximum numbers' tables give maximum counts at selected sites for each month.

The term 'first year' is used as a shortened version of 'first calendar year' (i.e. a bird hatched in June of year one will enter its second calendar year on the following 1st January) and the same use is made of 'second year' etc. These terms are used for the sake of simplicity and clarity (instead of 'juveniles, first winter', second summer, etc.), particularity with species like larger gulls which undergo staggered moults.

Abbreviations used within the report include the following:

BBRC - British Birds Rarities Committee BTO - British Trust for Ornithology CP - Country Park Est. - Estuary Res. - Reservoir RSPB - Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Sane. - Sanctuary Tetrad - 2km x 2km grid square

The symbol ' - ' in various tables indicates that either no birds were present or that no count was received for that particular period.

Please note the following name definitions: Porthgwarra includes the area south of the line drawn from Cam Les Boel to St. Levan. Mount's Bay refers only to the part of the bay between Mousehole and Trenow Cove to the east of Marazion. St. Austell Bay includes Par Bay. Pentire Point refers to the headland north of .

References Penhallurick, R.D., The Birds of the Cornish Coast, Truro, 1969. Penhallurick, R.D., The Birds of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, Penzance, 1978. Cornwall Birdwatching and Preservation Society Reports 1931-1998 Caradon Field and Natural History Club Report 1999. British Birds Vol. 92. Birding World Vol. 12.

15 RED-THROATED DIVER - Gavia stellata Uncommon winter visitor. Passage migrant. Thinly distributed along the entire coastline with concentrations of spring migrants regularly occuring, albeit briefly, along the north coast off headlands between Perranporth and Port Isaac, and off the south coast at Seaton. The seventy two birds in Harlyn Bay on 1st Feb (with sixty on 18th) were presumably from South Wales, pushed there by the weather or gathering before heading north. They have been noted at this site in past years, and there has been an appreciable increase in the number of birds recorded in February since 1996. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 53 102 15 2 ------20 7

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Gerran's Bay ------10 - Killigerran Head - - 2 ------Mount's Bay 2 ------1 Newquay/Holywell 1 5 3 ------1 Perranporth - 21 ------Rame Head 3 ------Seaton/Downderry 23 12 3 ------2 - St Ives 3 3 3 ------7 1 Trevose/Harlyn/Con. 15 72 5 ------1 1

BLACK-THROATED DIVER - Gavia arctica Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Chiefly a bird of the more sheltered south coast with large gatherings regularly occurring between and Falmouth Bay. Veryan and Gerran's Bay regularly hold five percent of the UK wintering population. Modest flocks can occur in St. Austell Bay, Mount's Bay and St. Ives Bay. Numbers were higher than normal at the start of the year but were slow to return towards the end of the year and numbers were still below average in December. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 121 72 99 12 24 - 1 - - 1 10 29 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Falmouth Bay 24 1 ------6 Gerran's Bay 12 12 13 4 - - - - - 8 14 Mount's Bay 8 - 7 4 ------1 Porthgwarra - - - 3 ------2 Rame Head 5 ------Seaton/Downderry - 2 - - 2 ------1 St. Austell Bay - - 12 - 15 ------1 St. Ives/Carbis Bays 6 - - - 7 ------Very an Bay 62 55 58 ------

GREAT NORTHERN DIVER - Gavia immer Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Although the most widespread of the diver species, most birds tend to be solitary and rarely form more than small "rafts". Concerted survey work in the past has confirmed the significance of the stretch of coast from St. Austell Bay to the where, although thinly distributed, internationally important numbers (>50) have been located. St. Ives Bay and Mount's Bay hold good wintering populations. Numbers were above average during the first quarter of the year, but below normal in November and December.

16 Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 141 99 129 36 53 6 - 1 - 42 30 61 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 3 2 ------1 1 Carrick Roads 19 12 7 ------4 Cawsand Bay - - 2 ------ Est. 2 ------Gerran's Bay 6 14 14 1 8 ------5 Hayle Est. 6 1 ------1 Helford River 2 5 3 ------• Looe Bay 12 1 3 ------11 Mevagissey Bay 12 - - 5 9 ------Mount's Bay 8 8 7 1 5 - - - - 20 11 6 Porthgwarra 2 1 3 - 6 1 - - - 2 2 - Rame Head 2 1 - - 6 ------Seaton/Downderry 8 18 48 12 7 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 Sennen Cove 6 3 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 - St. Austell Bay 15 12 32 12 11 1 - - - 9 4 8 St Ives/Carbis Bays 16 5 ------5 2 17 St John's/Millbrook 4 1 ------1 1 Very an Bay 8 6 5 ------

PIED-BILLED GREBE - Podilymbus podiceps Rare vagrant. The over-wintering bird remained at Nanjizal until 14th April, leaving when there was a large build­ up of algae in the water KAW et al. It was considered to be a female in view of its size and as it was not heard to call, and it appeared to be paired with a Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis). The county mainland total remains at c. 5. The records were at Argal Reservoir in 1992, Loe Pool and Hayle in 1996, and Crowdy Reservoir and Nanjizal in 1998. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 ------3 1

LITTLE GREBE - Tachybaptus ruficoltis Scarce resident. Occasionally breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The number of birds recorded is always low in spring and summer. Whilst this will in part be due to some migration of birds out of the county, it probably also reflects the skulking nature of this species during the breeding season when other than single birds are rarely seen. Recorded numbers have increased steadily in the 1990's, with the exception of November which has remained fairly stable. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 182 167 99 32 4 4 13 40 89 145 148 166 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 15 16 6 2 - 1 - 2 1 16 16 16 Camel Est. 12 15 18 1 1 - 2 2 2 12 10 13 College Res 4 5 ------1 2 Drift Res. 10 11 9 2 - - - - 2 6 8 5 Fowey Est 10 6 2 ------1 - 8 Harlyn Pools 4 2 6 ------1 5 - Hayle Est/Copp. 11 13 3 1 1 1 1 - 1 6 11 24 Helford River 4 6 4 - - - - - 1 - 3 2 Helston Lake ------1 1 2 - - Loe Pool 6 8 5 - - - 2 3 12 7 4 1

17 Lynher Est. 1 ------1 1 1 - 1 Marazion Marsh 1 1 1 - - - - - 3 6 2 4 Millbrook 9 14 11 8 - - - 1 6 9 8 7 Nanjizal 2 1 1 1 - - - - - 4 2 2 Par Beach Pool 2 3 4 4 - - - - 2 1 2 1 St. John's Lake 5 6 6 - - - - 4 6 6 6 6 Siblyback Res. 2 2 - - - - - 1 3 4 4 5 Stithians Res. 7 15 11 7 2 2 2 10 31 33 22 31 Swanpool 30 15 - - - - 1 - - - 17 3 Tresillian 15 10 3 - - - - - 5 10 7 11 Walmsley Sane. 6 6 3 2 - - 2 2 5 9 8 9

GREAT CRESTED GREBE - Podiceps cristatus Rare resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Recorded numbers were average for recent years, but higher than seen in the first part of the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals (away from breeding sites): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 75 68 34 29 20 14 10 36 47 44 63 51 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res 1 2 - - - -. - - - 1 - - Camel Est. 4 6 2 - - 1 - - - 6 - - Colliford Res. - 2 3 11 11 8 2 3 - - - - Crowdy Res. - 1 1 2 2 - - 5 2 1 - - Lynher Est. 18 23 13 4 - - 1 16 31 22 41 18 Millbrook 3 ------1 - - 6 2 St. Austell Bay 15 10 8 3 ------4 St. John's Lake 20 12 - 1 1 1 - 2 - - 10 20 Stithians Res 1 2 5 5 6 4 6 9 4 9 - - Tamar Est. 10 6 1 - - - - - 2 4 2 4 Tamar Lakes 2 ------7 - 2 -

Breeding pairs at Upper Tamar Lake, Stithians Res (2) and Colliford Res (4).

Great Crested Grebes

RED-NECKED GREBE - Podiceps grisegena Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. The majority winter on the south coast between St. Austell Bay and the Helford River, but birds are also regularly encountered on the north coast at St. Ives Bay and the Hayle Estuary. Good numbers were seen at the start of the year, which were slightly above the average for the previous four years, but records were sparse at the end of the year.

18 Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 17 7 ------4 4 2 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res 1 ------1 1 1 Carrick Roads 2 ------Gerran's Bay 2 4 ------1 Gorran Haven - 2 ------Hayle Est. 2 ------Helford River 2 2 ------Maen Porth - 1 ------Mevagissey Bay 1 ------Mount's Bay ------1 - - Porthmellion Head 1 ------Siblyback Res. - - 1 ------St. Austell Bay 2 2 ------2 1 - St. Ives/Carbis Bays 3 1 ------St John's Lake ------2 - Veryan Bay 8 5 6 ------

SLAVONIAN GREBE - Podiceps auritus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Largest parties occur along the south coast in Gerrans, Veryan, Whitesand and St. Austell Bays, with smaller numbers regularly frequenting the Camel Estuary on the north coast. Numbers have been higher in the first quarters of the last three years than they were during the earlier part of the 1990's. However, appreciably fewer birds were recorded in November and December this year than in previous years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 71 92 49 13 ------2 19 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 10 11 5 ------7 Falmouth Bay 2 ------1 - Gerran's Bay 25 23 3 9 ------2 Looe 7 - 1 ------1 3 Lynher Est. 2 6 ------Mount's Bay 4 5 2 ------Seaton/Downderry 6 25 15 2 ------Siblyback Res 1 1 1 ------St. Austell Bay 9 19 22 2 ------5 St. John's Lake 1 ------1

BLACK-NECKED GREBE - Podiceps nigricollis Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. The rarest of the regular grebes in Cornwall. It occurs mainly off the south coast between St. Austell Bay and Falmouth, but is more likely to be encountered on freshwater sites than the Slavonian Grebe. In recent winters numbers have increased almost annually, particularly on the Carrick Roads, reflecting a doubling of the UK breeding population over the last two decades. Numbers were appreciably higher at the start of this year than last, but a little lower at the end of the year. Reports include: Argal Res: One on 12th Nov.

19 Camel Estuary: One on 9th Jan. Carbis Bay: Two on 5th Jan. Carrick Roads: The overwintering flock stood at thirty-four on 30th Jan, reducing to eleven by 11th Feb and then to seven on 9th Mar as they headed north. The returning flock stood at twenty- one on 21st Nov, and had increased to twenty-six by 19th Dec. College Res: One on 1st - 24th Jan. Loe Beach: Eleven on 11th Feb. Land's End: One on 24th Sep. Lyner Est: One on 6th Feb. Maenporth: Two 16th March. Millbrook Lake: One on 21st Jan: Two on 23rd Jan. Porthscatho: Fifteen on 31st Jan. Siblyback Res: One on 13th Mar. St Buryan: One on 3rd Jan: St John's Lake: One on 1st Jan: Six on 2nd Jan: One on 6th Jan: Three on 17th - 21st Jan: Four on 22nd - 31st Jan: One on 14th Feb: One on 26th Oct: One on 21st Nov: Four on 24th Nov - 4th Dec with five on 2nd: Six on 26th Dec: Four on 27th Dec: Six on 28th - 31st Dec. Stithians Res: One on 1st - 18th Jan: Two on 22nd - 26th Feb, with three on 14th Feb: Three on 13th March: One on 24th Oct. Torpoint: One on 1st Jan: Three on 30th Jan: Four on 6th Feb: Four on 20th Nov. Approximate monthly totals Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 75 27 13 - - - - - 1 2 29 32

Top sites: Carrick Roads, Mount's Bay, Lynher Est., St. Ives Bay and Camel Est.

BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS - Diomedea melanophris Very rare vagrant A much envied shark fisherman photographed a sub-adult feeding around a shark-fishing boat south of Looe. This may well be the same bird photographed in Danish waters in July. Looe: One seen about ten miles offshore on 19th Jun. This report is still under consideration by the BBRC and, as it was seen outside the three-mile limit used to determine 'Cornish waters' for county mainland records, the total remains at c. 2. The accepted records were at St Ives in 1982 and Porthgwarra in 1988. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - -

NORTHERN FULMAR - Fulmarus glacialis Resident. Breeds. Most leave British waters to moult during September and October. Passage migrant. First bred in Cornwall in 1944 and has subsequently colonised the entire coastline. Breeding success is best assessed in July/August when adults vacate their ledges to moult, leaving their well grown young in the nests. Reports include: Killigerran Head: 231 in lhr on 21st April: 45 in lhr on 10th May: 126 in 7hrs on 18th Sep. Porthgwarra: 114 on 4th Apr: 192 in 4hrs on 20th Jul: Ninety-five in 4hrs on 5th Aug. Rame Head: 117 on 21st Aug. Trevose Head: 378 lhr on 16th Jan: 120 in lhr on 3rd Mar: 190 in 2hrs on 21st Jul: 245 in 3 hrs on 16th Aug: 174 in 2hrs on 9th Sep. A blue phase bird on 11th December.

20 FEA'S PETREL - Pterodroma feae Very rare oceanic visitor It appears that a bird or birds have started visiting British and Irish waters, with an increased number of sightings which may not just be a result of increased watcher awareness. Porthgwarra: One on 26th Aug AJM et al. The mainland total is now 3. The two previous records were also at Porthgwarra, on 12th - 14th Aug 1989 and on 11th Jun 1996. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - -

CORY'S SHEARWATER - Calonectris diomedea Scarce pelagic visitor (mid-June to early September) with occasional good years. Pre-1959 data is sketchy, although noted by Ryves in 1948 as occurring around Wolf Rock. Since 1980 records have been annual with regular reports from the main seawatching points in the west of the county. Exceptional numbers have been seen during the last two years when records represented 47.9% of the historic total. This could be a reflection of increased numbers in the west Atlantic, but could equally just be a coincidence of favourable weather patterns whilst the birds have been passing through the west Atlantic. The grand total of 3,855 is the second highest annual total recorded, the highest being 4,910 last year. The first record of the year was on 25th April, only the fourth ever for that month. Larger numbers started to be seen in late June with a high count of 1,470 at Porthgwarra on 4th August. Birds appeared to be lingering in the area this year as, rather than having to wait for 'classic' large shearwater weather, they could at times be seen on winds of almost any direction during August and September. Reports include: Cam Gloose: A raft of sixty on 20th Sep. JS Chapel Point: One on 20th April. RL Clodgy Point, St Ives: Twenty-one on 20th Jul. BSW Killigerran Head: Three on 3rd Sep. SMC Mount's Bay: Ten on 8th Sep. DSF, PAF Pendeen: Forty-five on 14th Aug: Forty-one 9th Sep: 2 on 2nd Oct. MCH, SMC Pentewan: Eighty on 8th Sep. RL Porthgwarra: One on 25th Apr: Thirty-eight on 19th Jun: Fifty-three on 26th Jun: Seventy on 28th Jun: Thirty-eight on 19th Jul: 139 on 20th Jul: Seventy-seven on 14th Aug: Seventy on 17th Aug: 1,470 on 26th Aug: Forty-three on 27th Aug: 750 on 8th Sep: Fifty-six on 12th Sep: 358 on 17th Sep: 113 on 18th Sep: Sixty on 24th Sep. BKM, PAF, MCH, KAW, BSW St Ives: One on 3rd Oct. VRT, ARP Trevose Head: Two in 2hrs on 21st Jul: Twenty-three in 2hrs on 15th Aug. SMC Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 - 167 203 1,877 1,603 3 - - The county mainland total advances to c. 18,280 since 1959. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 4 7 286 2476 9220 6275 7 2 2 Top sites: Porthgwarra and Pendeen.

GREAT SHEARWATER - Puffinus gravis Scarce pelagic visitor (mainly mid-July to late September) with occasional good years. A very good year. As with Cory's Shearwater, birds appeared to be lingering in the area as, rather than

21 having to wait for 'classic' large shearwater weather, they could at times be seen on winds of almost any direction. The 1999 total of 2,825 was the highest ever, the previous highest being 2,326 in 1991. Reports include: Clodgy Point, St Ives: Two on 20th Jul. BSW Between Eddystone and Rame Head: Four on 8th Sep. BSW Killigerran Head: Three on 18th Sep: 282 on 22nd Sep: Five on 23rd Sep. SMC Mount's Bay: Two on 8th Sep. PAF Pendeen: Thirty on 14th Aug. MCM, KAW, BSW Pentewan: Thirty on 8th Sep. RL Porthgwarra: One on 19th Jun: Seven on 31st Jul: Twelve on 13th Aug: 1950 on 17th Aug: Ninety on 18th Aug: 230 on 8th Sep: Twenty-two on 12th Sep: Ninety-five on 17th Sep. SML, BKM, AJM, PAF, SMC,KAW, BSW et al Rame Head: Four on 8th Sep. SCM Scillonian III: Twelve on 12th Oct. DSF Trevose Head: Five on 13th Sep. SMC Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 2 9 2102 700 12 - - The county mainland total is now c. 7,727 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 3 - 4 100 3303 4190 125 2 -

Top sites: Porthgwarra, Pendeen and St. Ives.

SOOTY SHEARWATER - Puffinus griseus Pelagic visitor (mainly mid-August to mid-September). There have been reports of a global decline of this widespread seabird but, whilst numbers fluctuate considerably from year to year, there has been no obvious reflection of this in the number of annual county mainland records over the last ten years. Reports include: Downderry: Two on 1st October. Killigerran Head: Eleven on 18th Sep: Newquay: One on 22nd Jul. Pendeen: Seventeen on 18th Aug: Thirty on 9th Sep: Fifty-nine on 13th Sep: Ten on 2nd Oct: Eighteen on 30th Oct. Pentewan: Twelve on 18th Sep. Porthgwarra: Eleven on 28th Jun: Twenty on 17th Aug: Twenty-two on 8th Sep: Twelve on 17th Sep: Fourteen on 18th Sep. Trevose Head: One on 25th Jan: Forty-one on 15th Aug: Seventeen on 13th Sep: Forty-one on 8th Oct. St Agnes Head: Two on 3rd Nov. St Ives: Sixteen on 2nd Oct. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - - - 13 12 165 206 95 3 -

MANX SHEARWATER - Puffinus puffinus Passage migrant, mainly late March to October, increasing in late summer when non-breeders appear. Possibly breeds. Feeding parties are seen off-shore in summer. A few are seen during winter months. Breeding at the last known mainland colony, at Kellan Head, is believed to have ceased in 1936. Numerous corpses have subsequently been recovered on a regular basis from north coast headlands which are riddled with rabbit burrows and provide suitable breeding habitat. Reports include:

22 Chapel Point: 2,000 in lhr on 8th May. Clodgy Point, St Ives: 5,000 on 17th Jul. Downderry: Seventy on 26th May: Seventy on 14th Jul. Hannafore: Hannafore: Fifty-three on 11th May. Lizard Point: Fifty on 4th Apr. Mounts Bay: 120 on 21st Apr: 200 on 2nd Jul. Newquay: 816 in lhr on 12th Apr: 2,676in lhr on 21st May: 2115 on 4th Jun: 4,737 in lhr on 28th Jun: 2,145 in 1.5hrs on 15th Jul: 3,216 in 1.5hrs on 16th Jul: 372 in lhr on 18th Aug: Two on 3rd Dec: One on 25th Dec. Pendeen: 3,000 on 14th Aug: 550 on 13th Sep: 350 on 13th Sep: 170 on 2nd Oct. Porthgwarra: Fifty-four in lhr on 4th Apr: 2,000 in 2.5hrs on 23rd May: 800 on 30th Jun: 450 on 16th Jul. Rame Head: 236 on 10th April: 220 on 8th May: Fifty on 9th May: 123 on 28th May: 479 on 31st May: 458 on 5th Jun: 190 on 4th Jul: 179 on 16th Jul. St Ives: One on 8th Jan: Twenty-two on 21st Mar: 1,000 on 13th Apr: Forty on 3rd Oct: Four on 5th Nov. Bay: 250 on 8th May. Trevose Head: Three on 25th Jan: 1,837 in lhr on 10th Apr: 4,296 in 2hrs on 4th May: 659 in lhr on 19th Jun: 5,049 in 2hrs on 21st Jul: 2,598 in 2hrs on 14th Aug: Sixty-three on 13th Sep: Forty- five on 2nd Oct: Three on 6th Nov.

BALEARIC SHEARWATER - Puffinus yelkouan Uncommon passage migrant (mainly late July to late October). Occasionally seen in winter. Numbers have averaged higher in the second half of the 1990's, and 1999 was about average for this period. Reports include: Downderry: Four on 9th Aug: Four on 29th Sep. Hannafore: Four on 29th Sep. Newquay: Two on 3rd Dec. Pendeen: Nine on 16th Aug: Thirty-one on 30th Sep: Thirteen on 2nd Oct: Nineteen on 3rd Oct. Porthgwarra: Eight on 28th Jun: Six on 20th Jul: Fifteen on 6th Aug: Twenty-nine on 11th Aug: Twelve on 22nd Aug: Thirty-six on 18th Sep: One on 29th Dec. Rame Head: Eight on 11th Sep: One on 29th Sep. St Ives: Four on 8th Jan: Forty-six on 30th Sep: Twenty-four on 2nd Oct: Twenty-six on 3rd Oct: Three on 6th Nov: Three on 26th Dec. Torpoint: Forty-one on 18th Sep. Trevose Head: Two on 26th Jan: One on 10th Apr: Eight on 9th Sep: Thirteen on 30th Sep: Nineteen on 1st Oct: Three on 6th Nov. There were an estimated 546 birds during the year, taking the county mainland total to c. 8,476 since 1956. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 - - 1 - 8 19 155 211 125 13 7

LITTLE SHEARWATER - Puffinus assimilis Very rare visitor from the south-west approaches. Porthgwarra: One on 13th August. JKA,JAF,TNN Trevose Head: One on 9th: One on 30th Sep. SMC The county mainland total is now c. 6. The only previous records were at Land's End on 11th Sep 1975, at Porthgwarra on 12th June 1982 and at St Ives on 14th October 1982. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 1 - 1 3 1 -

23 EUROPEAN STORM-PETREL - Hydrobates pelagicus Common summer visitor, mainly May to September. This species normally remains well out to sea unless driven inshore by storms and, consequently, occasional sightings from the shore do not give an accurate indication of the number of birds present offshore. Evidence of breeding was last found in 1997 when two old eggs were discovered on The . Exceptionally rare inland. Reports include: : Two on 21st May. Hannafore Point: One on 23rd May. Killigerran Head: Forty-three on 18th Sep. Newquay: One on 4th Jun. Pendeen: 202 trapped on 10th Jul: 266 trapped on 11th Jul: Eight on 16th Jul. : Ninety-three on 10th Jul. Porthgwarra: Eight on 16th Jul: Twenty on 17th Aug: Ten on 27th Aug: Eleven on 18th Sep. Rumps Point: Ninety-six trapped on 9th Jul: Eighty-three trapped on 17th Jul. Talland Bay: Twenty on 8th May.

LEACH'S STORM-PETREL - Oceanodroma leucorhoa Scarce passage migrant, mainly early September to early November. Rare inland. A poor autumn passage, possibly owing to a lack of regular wind from the right direction. Clodgy Point, St Ives: Five on 3rd Oct (probably also seen at St Ives). SMC, BMP Killigerran Head: Twelve on 16th Sep. SMC PAN Pendeen: One on 13th Sep: One on 1st Oct. BSW, KAW St Ives: One on 3rd Jan: Four on 30th Sep: Seven on 3rd Oct: One on 6th Nov. SMC, DSF, BKM, DE Trevose Head: One on 4th Aug. SMC The county mainland total advances to c. 2570. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 66 - 1 3 2 4 2 36 1,360 714 223 159

NORTHERN GANNET - Morus bassanus Present offshore throughout the year. Large numbers winter. Bred on Gulland Island, Padstow until 1478 but the nearest colony is now on Grassholm Island, Pembrokeshire. Reports include: Chapel Point: 500 on 20th Apr: 400 On 8th May. Clodgy Point, St Ives: 756 in 6hrs on 3rd Oct. Cot Valley: 1,000 on 24th Oct. Hannafore: 220 in lhr on 18th Jan: 457 on 27th Mar: 105 in thirty minutes on 3rd Jun: 735 on 7th Aug: 184 in 2hrs on 29th Sep. Killigeran Head: 1,079 in 7hrs on 18th Sep. Lizard Point: 500 on 22nd Jul. Newquay: 138 in lhr on 12th Jan: 114 in lhr on 12th Apr: 87 in lhr on 28th Jun: 180 in 1.5hrs on 16th Jul: 156 in lhr on 16th Aug: 678 in 2hrs on 5th Nov: 877 on 3rd Dec: 292 in lhr on 7th Dec. Pendeen: 550 on 3rd Mar: 960 on 14th Aug: 2,000 on 2nd Oct. Porthgwarra: 546 in lhr on 4th Apr: 312 in 4hrs on 20th Jul: 830 in 4hrs on 5th Aug:1270 on 11th Aug: 684 on 17th Aug: 1,587 on 17th Sep: 1,606 in 3hrs on 29th Sep: 724 in 2hrs on 25th Oct: 1,504 on 31st Dec. Sancreed: A juvenile on 31st Oct. Trevose Head: 183 in 2hrs on 25th Jan: 102 in lhr on 6th Feb: 283 in lhr on 3rd March: 114 in 1.5hrs on 10th Apr: 78 in 1.5hrs on 27th Jun: 207 in 2hrs on 21st Jul: 1,189 in 4hrs on 18th Aug: 1,023 in 6 hrs on 30th Sep: 1,679 in 2 hrs on 2nd Oct

24 Highest day counts: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Newquay 138 - - 114 - 87 180 156 - - 678 877 Rame 73 93 457 311 351 270 129 735 122 193 100 393 Trevose 783 102 282 114 - 78 207 1189 1023 1679 72 -

GREAT CORMORANT - Phalacrocorax carbo Resident. Breeds in low numbers on all coasts. Migrant and winter visitor. Occurs inland, from time to time, on reservoirs and other freshwater localities. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included sixty nine between Mullion and Predannack, and twenty two between and Boscastle. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 193 128 115 104 125 91 227 150 122 228 174 207 Regular reports & maximum numbers (away from breeding sites): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - Camel Est. 15 18 8 13 22 18 22 24 71 43 11 16 Carrick Roads 12 - - - 1 - 8 10 - 8 9 5 College Res 2 1 ------4 Colliford Res. 12 8 9 6 5 6 13 12 15 9 12 10 Crowdy Res. - 2 4 - 3 - 1 11 5 5 2 - Drift Res 3 3 1 - 1 - 7 9 11 5 1 1 Fowey Est. 7 8 3 ------5 - 8 Gannel Est 1 ------3 1 Hayle/Copperhouse 4 7 1 2 - 4 - 1 10 15 5 5 Helford River 5 3 8 3 4 - 1 - - 2 - 3 Helston Boat Lake 3 1 - - - - - 2 2 - 1 1 Loe Pool 22 31 28 8 1 9 7 9 11 39 12 5 Looe Est - 10 - 17 17 17 - - - 1 40 6 Lynher Est. 10 1 9 5 5 3 12 11 12 11 9 11 Millbrook Lake - - 3 - - - - 6 8 12 10 10 Mount's Bay 6 - - 4 7 - 1 - 1 2 1 - Par Beach 3 4 - 1 - - - - 11 4 5 4 Porth Res - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 4 1 Rame 10 - 5 10 9 11 33 6 - - 9 - Siblyback Res. 5 2 1 2 6 5 8 11 16 15 15 7 St. John's Lake ------12 Stithians Res 2 2 - 3 - - 1 11 2 - 1 12 Tamar Est 43 24 30 18 - 14 9 23 41 43 24 41 Tresillian River 4 - 2 ------3 - 4 Truro River ------3 3 7 Other reports include: Halzephron Cove (close to Loe Pool): Fifty on the cliffs and fifty in the cove on 23rd Jul. Hell's Mouth: Eleven nests reported.

Nare Head: Twenty pairs on nest sites on Gull Rock on 23rd May.

SHAG - Phalacrocorax aristotelis Widespread resident. Breeds in small colonies on all coasts. First year birds disperse widely. Large "rafts" are seen at favoured feeding sites in winter. Rare inland. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included 179 from Mousehole around Land's End to St Ives, 101 from Mullion to Predannack, fourteen between Predannack and Kynance, and sixty-nine from New Polzeath to Boscastle. Other reports include: Clodgy Point, St Ives: 168 in 6hrs. Harlyn Bay: 115 on 15th Sep. Killigerran Head: Eighteen in lhr on 21st April: 183 in 8 hrs on 22nd Sep: 230 on 23rd Sep 25 Mounts Bay: Seventy on 9th Jan. Nare Head: Seventy-five pairs on nest sites on Gull Rock on 23rd May. Newquay: Thirty-three in lhr on 28th Jun: Forty three in 3 hrs on 9th Dec. Pentewan: Thirty-three on 29th Jan: Forty pairs on 1st Jun. Porthgwarra: Twenty on 8th May: 103 in 3hrs on 29th Sep. Ralph's Cupboard: Twenty-six nests and forty one young. Rame: Seventy-five on 30th Aug: Ninety-three on 27th Nov: 109 on 23rd Dec. Sennen: Forty-two on 4th Apr: St Austell Bay: 100 on 1st Feb. Swanpool Bay: 300 on 3rd Jan. The Brisons: Sixty-five nests on 12th Jun. Trevose Head: Twenty-four in lhr on 3rd Mar: Fifty nine in 2hrs on 21st Jul: 188 in 4hrs on 18th Aug: Eighty-three in 6hrs on 30th Sep. : 145 on 3rd Feb.

GREAT BITTERN - Botaurus stellaris Occasional passage migrant and winter visitor, occurring mainly between late October and early March. An average year with four records. Drift Res: One on 28th Oct. BSW Kelynack: One on 19th Oct. BSW Marazion: One on 1st - 20th Mar: One on 21st Sep was presumably last winter's returning bird. Stithians Res: One on 17th Feb. SK Walmsley Sane: The wintering bird from 1998 on 1st - 10th Jan and on 14th - 16th April. SMC, BMP, BTC, DIJ The county mainland total is now c. 141. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 48 30 9 1 - - 1 2 6 4 15 25 Top sites: Marazion Marsh, Loe Pool, Par, Camel Est. and Porth Res.

AMERICAN BITTERN - Botaurus lentiginosus Very rare vagrant One at Walmsley on 13th - 17th May. SMC BMP The mainland total is now c. 6. Previous records were at Tresamble in 1873, Beach in 1906, in 1927, Stratton in 1953 and Marazion Marsh in 1977. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 2 - *one undated

LITTLE BITTERN - Ixobrychus minutus Rare vagrant - mainly spring overshoots from continental Europe. Land's End: A male on 25th Apr - 2nd May. Although a video recording was made of this bird, no report has been submitted to the BBRC. Thus, although potentially the thirtieth county mainland record, it is not included in the present total of c. 29. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 10 8 3 - 1 - - 1 * five undated

26 NIGHT HERON - Nyticorax nyticorax Vagrant - mainly spring overshoots from continental Europe. A warm, sultry airstream encouraged a few birds to overshoot. Little Petherick, Padstow: An adult on 10th - 12th Apr. SMC BMP MP et al Perranporth: An adult on 12th - 13th Apr. SMC RH Sladebridge: An adult on 14th - 16th Apr. SMC SG et al The mainland total is now c. 37. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 7 6 14 - 1 - 1 2 - - - *six undated

CATTLE EGRET - Bubulcus ibis Very rare vagrant. Kynance: One on 13th - 15th June, spending much of its time with cattle in a rough grass field and substantially reducing the population of common frogs. Presumably the Mawgan Porth Bird. JRL,ARP Mawgan Porth: One on 26th April. PC BC PG et al The seventh and eighth county mainland records. Previous records were at Polgigga and Saltash in 1980, the Camel Estuary in 1981, Looe in 1985, a dead bird at Lukulyan in 1986 and Sennen Cove in 1996. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 2 4

LITTLE EGRET - Egretta garzetta A scarce resident which bred for the first time in 1997. Passage migrant and winter visitor. Reports were received from sixty-one sites and numbers were quite similar to 1998. A majority of the birds had moved off to their breeding areas by April. Breeding was confirmed at two sites, both pairs rearing two young. Birds started to return from July onwards, increasing to peak numbers in September. Numbers have increased steadily in the 1990's, but recorded numbers this year were slightly lower than last year.

Approximate monthlv totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 124 150 182 52 35 19 151 217 291 206 118 125 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 30 28 25 18 3 4 14 37 61 32 15 18 Drift Res. 6 4 5 ------Gannel Est. 3 3 3 2 - - 1 1 2 1 4 2 Fowey Est. 17 27 24 - - - 12 - - 31 - 11 Hayle/Copperhouse 10 10 8 8 5 5 15 17 14 18 12 10 Helford River 9 12 9 11 15 4 16 24 17 12 10 7 Kingsmill Lake ------25 - - - Looe Est. 8 8 7 - 4 - - 7 7 9 9 6 Lynher Est. 11 28 22 10 - 1 15 77 78 38 38 12 Ruan Lanihorne 8 - 6 - - 5 5 - - 5 - 4 St John's Lake 4 3 6 - 1 - 5 10 17 1 11 8 Tamar Est. 3 10 - - - - 65 20 65 24 - 24 Tresillian 2 3 2 - 3 - - - 7 7 3 - Truro River ------3 4 -

27 GREY HERON - Ardea cinerea Resident. Breeds. Disperse widely after breeding. Passage migrant. Breeding was reported from the following heronries during 1999; figures represent number of occupied nests. 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 Bear Wood 2 - - 5 5 6 7 6 - Borlase Wood, Philleigh 4 4 5 3 3 7 6 5 4 Kea Wood, Malpas 7 9 9 6 7 5 9 7 10 Marazion Marsh 3 5 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 Newbridge, - - 1 1 6 3 5 5 - Pelyn, Percuil 1 2 1 7 6 7 5 4 7 Penpoll Creek, Fowey Est. 4 - 4 2 4 2 1 - - Pill Creek, Feock 7 3 5 4 6 1 5 6 4 Pinkson Creek, Camel Est. 17 14 20 12 13 12 13 14 18 Polwheveral Creek, Helford 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 13 12 5 7 4 5 4 2 1 1 - Shillingham Creek, Lynher Est. 16 11 15 13 15 18 23 19 24 Trenant Point, Looe 10 8 9 8 9 7 8 9 7 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 1 - - 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 - Camel Est. 19 20 2 16 7 6 16 31 43 17 13 2 College Res. 2 1 1 - - 2 - 3 2 1 1 - Crowdy Res. 6 - 2 - - - 5 - 1 1 - - Drift Res. 2 4 4 1 2 2 1 7 6 4 4 2 Fowey Est. • ------. - - - 11 - 6 Hayle/Copperhouse 6 1 1 2 2 6 10 3 3 4 1 3 Gannel Est. - 2 ------3 - Helford River 11 5 5 5 17 - 17 5 9 8 10 13 Loe Pool 2 4 1 1 2 4 12 3 5 - - 3 Looe Est. - - - 20 7 3 - - - 4 2 2 Lynher Est. 7 3 3 32 35 2 7 7 7 8 8 4 Maer Lake ------1 2 - Marazion Marsh 3 4 3 7 5 5 4 6 3 5 4 2 Par Beach Pool 1 1 2 1 - - - - 1 2 2 1 Stithians Res. 2 - 1 1 - - 1 3 1 2 3 4 St. Johns Lake ------11 - - - 10 Tamar Est. - 10 - - - 9 9 9 15 13 15 14 Tresillian 3 - 2 - 4 - - - - 5 2 2 Truro River ------8 5 6

PURPLE HERON - Ardea purpurea Vagrant - mainly spring overshoots from continental Europe. The St Just bird was seen to fly east, and was presumably the bird which arrived at Marazion a short time later. Marazion: One on 25th - 26th Apr. PAF St Just: One on 25th April. MPS The mainland total is now c. 29.

Purple Heron

28 Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 2 12 11 - - - 2 1 - - *one undated

EURASIAN SPOONBILL - Platalea leucorodia Rare passage migrant. Occasionally overwinters. Hayle: The 1996 bird was present all year, now having been on the estuary for a total of 26 months. Lyner Estuary: Last year's bird remained in the area until 16th February. It returned on 10th Oct for its eleventh consecutive winter, and remained until the end of the year. RMB, A&PB et al With no new birds this year the county mainland total remains at c. 202 since 1,900. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 10 18 16 16 6 1 18 56 36 10 Top sites: Camel Est., Hayle Est., Ruan Lanihome, Tamar Est., Marazion Marsh and Lynher Est.

MUTE SWAN - Cygnus olor Resident. Breeds. Moulting herds in autumn. Winter visitor. After a period of decline during the 1970's and 1980's there was a distinct improvement in the 1990's although numbers were a little lower in 1999. Mortality caused by lead poisoning, through the ingestion of discarded lead fishing weights, is considered to be the cause of this decline. The increase in numbers has coincided with the use of alternative materials for these items. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 196 131 134 122 144 194 176 195 172 172 152 215 Regular reports & maximum numbers Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. - 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 Camel Est. 30 21 24 15 16 33 49 32 29 33 20 33 College Res. 10 2 - 2 - - 1 2 - 1 2 2 Drift Res. 40 44 42 30 29 12 5 9 7 6 7 9 Fowey Est. ------10 - - 7 - - Hayle Est. 10 - 10 13 13 18 5 14 14 16 42 33 Helford River 4 2 7 4 4 - - 2 3 - 1 4 Helston Boat Lake 4 2 6 - 5 5 3 - - 7 7 - Loe Pool 6 - - - 5 23 23 16 14 4 4 7 Looe Est. - 6 10 4 10 8 - 12 13 11 8 13 Lynher Est. 4 2 4 8 1 5 - 5 5 4 5 5 Marazion Marsh 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - Millbrook Lake 6 9 6 16 8 13 9 11 8 9 8 19 Par 2 3 11 4 7 19 12 20 15 15 8 6 Ruan Lanihorne 2 _ _ - _ - 12 5 1 _ 1 St John's Lake 6 9 - - 4 - 4 6 6 6 9 9 Tamar Est. 9 - - 4 - 7 5 16 9 9 - 21 Torpoint 15 - - 12 12 32 28 32 28 22 10 18 Tresillian River 3 - - - 3 - - - - 4 2 4 Truro River 5 ------1 1 5

TUNDRA SWAN - Cygnus columbianus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Annual since 1959. Tresillian River: Nine on 17th - 24th Jan. Walmsley Sane: Two from last year on 1st Jan - 13th Feb. The county mainland total is now c. 516 since 1930.

29 Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 141 48 33 6 - - - - - 27 138 123

WHOOPER SWAN - Cygnus cygnus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Annual since 1971. Drift Reservoir: Four from last year on 1st - 16th Jan: Five on 17th - 24th Jan: Four on 25th Jan - 4th Mar. Hayle Est: One on 30th Oct: Three on 8th Nov. Hayle Kimbro: Three on 11th Nov - 2nd Dec. Land's End: One on 7th Jan. Lizard: One on 14th Nov. Loe Pool: One on 16th -19th Oct. Long Rock Pool: Four on 2nd Mar. Maer Lake: Five on 7th Oct: Three on 25th Oct. Marazion: One on 6th - 7th Nov. Nanjizal: One in 28th Oct. Sennen: One on 28th Oct, presumably the same bird as at Nanjizal. St Bury an: One on 10th Jan - 4th Mar. Walmsley Sane: Two on 12th Nov - 18th Dec. The county mainland total advances to c. 512 since 1930, prior to which data is incomplete. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 103 22 14 1 - - - - 1 72 180 119 Top sites: Camel Est., Tamar Lakes, Marazion, Hayle Est., Hayle Kimbro Pool.

PINK FOOTED GOOSE - Anser brachyrhynchus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Colliford Res: One on 29th Oct - 22nd Nov. Crowdy Res: One on 8th - 12th Oct. : One on 5th - 11th Oct with White-fronted Geese. Assuming two birds, the county mainland total increases to c. 85. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 3 1 - 1 - - - 28 36 3 6

WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE - Anser albifrons Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Most Cornish records relate to birds of the Eurasian race A.a.albifrons but small parties of the rare Greenland race A.a.flavirostris (which migrates a little earlier) occasionally occur. Bude Marshes: An adult of the race albifrons on 2nd Jan. Camel Est: One on 13th Oct. Colliford Res: Three on 6th Nov - 16th Dec. Hayle Est: One on 16th Oct. Maer Lake: A juvenile on 13th Nov. Ruan Lanihorne: Three on 22nd Mar - 17th May. Nanjizal: Twenty three flying south on 20th Oct. Wadebridge: Three on 12th Oct.

GREYLAG GOOSE - Anser Anser Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Many records undoubtedly relate to feral escapes. Annual since 1973. Numbers remain at a low level. Whilst feral birds are breeding widely and in increasing numbers in

30 many parts of , this has not yet happened in the county. Camel Est: One on 13th Oct. Colliford Res: One on 13th - 20th Jan: Two on 6th Feb: Three on 29th May - 4th Sep: One on 20th Nov, presumably the two birds from last year. Sibleyback Res: One on 6th Jan - 16th Dec, with a second on 9th - 10th Jan: Two on 18th Jun: Two on 28th Nov, presumably the same two birds as last year. Upper Tamar Lake: One on 2nd Jan. The county mainland total increases to c. 253. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 37 15 15 13 4 5 11 3 14 48 64 23 * one undated

SNOW GOOSE - Anser caerulescens Rare vagrant and escapes. Siblyback Res: One on 14th Oct

CANADA GOOSE - Branta canadensis Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal in winter. This species is undergoing a population explosion, with numbers trebling in the UK in the 20 years from 1976. County numbers have steadily increased although very few are recorded in the western half of the county. At the present rate of increase it may not be long before numbers reach problem proportions, as in some other parts of the country. Large numbers move to the moorland reservoirs to moult between June and August. They are flightless at this time and require the protection from predators which is provided by large areas of water. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ,107 497 258 115 689 1,220 863 883 1,296 742 1,209 688 Regular reports & maximum numbers Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Bude Marshes 78 ------Camel Est. - 15 24 10 20 21 38 323 412 55 18 1 Colliford Res. 358 334 126 43 600 879 714 291 64 94 478 118 Crowdy Res. 41 - 32 - - 200 - - 2 116 - - Hayle Est. - - - 1 4 ------Lynher Est. 217 44 16 4 - - - 70 13 2 41 113 Maer Lake 28 ------219 - Siblyback Res. 316 103 51 34 31 70 102 163 75 450 346 450 Stithians Res. - - - 5 3 ------6 Upper Tamar Lake - - - - 26 - 26 595 - 103 - Winnard's Perch ------106 - - -

BARNACLE GOOSE - Branta leucopsis Uncommon drift migrant and winter visitor. Feral escapee. The flock of thirteen was a rare sight for Cornwall. A flock of thirteen was also seen on Portland Bill on 27th February, only nine days before the Porthleven flock arrived, and up to seventeen birds wintered on the River Tor in . Both are possible sources of the Cornish flock, and all three records could relate to the same birds. Camel Estuary: Two escapes on 1st March. Colliford Res: Two escapes all year. Crowdy Res: One escape on 31st Jan. Porthlevan: Thirteen on 8th - 11th Mar. Siblyback Res: One on 3rd Jan: One on 28th Nov. The county mainland total advances to c. 283 (excluding known feral individuals).

31 Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 26 30 6 1 - - - 33 90 64 21

BRENT GOOSE - Branta bernicla Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Both dark-bellied B.b.bernicla (Western Siberia) and pale-bellied B.b.hrota (Arctic Canada and Greenland) races occur. No regular wintering flocks exists despite increasing numbers of both races in recent years. Birds of Pale - bellied hrota race reports include: Camel Est: Fourteen on 9th Sep: Twenty-one on 13th Sep: Twenty-four on 15th Sep: Twenty-five on 16th - 26th Sep including 12 adults: Twenty-nine on 28th Sep: Nineteen on 2nd Oct: Twenty- eight on 5th Oct. Hayle Est: Twelve on 6th Sep with four remaining on 24th. Mounts Bay: Three on 24th - 29th Apr: Three on 2nd - 9th May: Eighteen on 4th Sep: Thirty-one on 5th Sep: Twenty-six on 9th - 11th Sep. Par Bay: Forty-six on 7th Sep: Fourteen on 9th Sep: Six on 10th Sep: Twenty-eight on 18th Sep. Porthgwarra: Forty on 4th Sep. Sennen: One on 15th Mar: Nine on 7th Sep. Approximate monthly totals of Pale-bellied: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec _ _ 1 4 3 _ - - 179 28 - Birds of Dark-bellied bernicla race reports included: Camel Est: One on 20th Nov. Devoran Riv: One on 5th Dec. Gannel Est: One on 7th May. Hayle Est: Two on 29th - 31st Jan: Sixteen on 18th Oct: Two on 19th Oct. Land's End: One on 4th May - probably the same bird as Nanjizal. Loe Pool: One on 25th Oct. Mount's Bay: One on 31st Jan: Two on 1st Feb: Six on 9th Mar: One on 23rd Oct. Nanjizal: One on 2nd May. Par Bay: Four on 25th Mar. Porthgwarra: Four on 23rd Oct. St John's Lake: An adult on 16th - 31st Jan, with two on 24th Jan: Six on 2nd Dec - probably the Torpoint birds. Torpoint: One on 6th Feb: Six on 1st Dec. Trevose Head: One on 26th April: Sixteen on 16th Oct. Approximate monthlv totals of Dark-bellied: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 3 4 7 2 - - - 30 66 4 10

EGYPTIAN GOOSE - Alopochen aegyptiacus Rare visitor. Feral escapee or wanderer. This category "C" species occurs as a feral species in the UK, mainly East Anglia, but with small populations elsewhere, including East Devon. Wadebridge: The bird, first noted in 1987, was present throughout the year. The county mainland total remains at c. 28. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 1 - - 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 *eleven undated

32 COMMON SHELDUCK - Tadorna tadorna Resident. Breeds in low numbers on most of the main estuaries. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A common sight on all estuaries, with an increase in numbers around the start of the year. After the breeding season the majority of birds move to regular moulting grounds, returning at the end of October. The nearest moulting site is Bridgwater Bay. Numbers have been fairly stable in the 1990's, but with some increase during the last two years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1,409 1,475 1.086 601 445 350 139 116 58 288 650 987 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 209 232 142 188 144 128 53 30 4 22 52 144 Calenick Creek - 70 40 ------Devoran River - 63 ------Fowey Est. 29 27 13 - - - - - 25 - - 14 Hayle Est. 46 43 61 68 53 51 10 5 1 1 36 65 Helford River 32 43 21 13 18 - 3 - - 3 5 18 Lynher Est. 218 216 216 180 148 44 40 44 20 23 147 96 Millbrook Lake 188 105 103 - 2 ------46 Percuil River 55 ------Restronguet Creek - - - - - . ------Ruan Lanihorne 47 22 71 - - 7 7 - - 3 - 28 St. John's Lake 220 200 120 - 2 10 10 1 - 220 200 185 Tamar Est. 118 141 75 48 - 33 7 2 - 3 55 86 Tresillian 72 67 75 - 30 - - - - 3 49 86 Truro River 102 115 98 40 30 30 - 30 - 3 50 99 Upper Tamar Lake 3 55 45 48 - 33 7 2 7 3 55 112

MANDARIN DUCK - Aix galericulata Rare visitor. Feral release and escapee. A category "C" species. The majority of Cornish records probably originate from the small feral population in the Plym Estuary, Devon but the probability of escapes cannot be eliminated. Cotehele: A male on 23rd May. East Looe: A male on 21st Feb: A male on 28th Feb - 19th Apr. Seaton: A male on 5th April. St Austell: A male on 17th Feb. St Ewe: A male on 23rd Jan. Portmellon: A male from last year on 1st - 7th Jan. Terras: One on 28th Feb - 1st Mar. Assuming that the East Looe and Seaton records were of the same bird wandering along the coast, the county mainland total is now c. 71. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4 3 9 6 5 - - 7 6 6 16 7 *two undated

EURASIAN WIGEON - Anas penelope Abundant winter visitor. Passage migrant. Occurs in very large numbers in cold weather. Recorded numbers were below average for the 1990's, and well below the peak in 1997. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2,200 1,335 510 10 3 2 6 24 435 2,390 2,623 2,790 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 650 170 160 2 1 1 48 380 318 277

33 Colliford Res. 20 16 12 - 1 ------Gannel Est. - 6 ------36 445 Hayle/Copperhouse 650 136 127 8 2 2 6 19 287 1,380 1,700 1,300 Lynher Est. 200 222 64 - - - - - 71 280 222 225 Maer Lake 198 123 3 - - - - - 6 40 110 153 Ruan Lanihorne 216 180 143 ------35 - 50 Stithians Res. 120 220 ------1 56 91 204 St John's Lake 40 28 ------60 102 60 Truro River 71 120 ------25 52

AMERICAN WIGEON - Anas americana Rare vagrant. Hayle: A male on 21st Oct which remained until the end of the year. SMC, LW et al Mawgan Porth: A first year female on 1st - 8th Jan. SMC The Hayle bird is assumed to be the annually returning bird which first appeared for sixteen days in 1996, and the Mawgan Porth bird remined from 1998 when it was first seen on 29th December. A second bird was reported at this site on 3rd - 4th November, but no report was received. The county mainland record remains at c. 22 , all since 1981. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 1 - - - 12 3 4 1

GADWALL - Anas strepera Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Although numbers fluctuate from year to year, depending on the severity of winter weather, the species has become more regular since 1980. This year's numbers were below average for the first quarter and December, but with high numbers in November. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 32 36 8 8 1 3 4 14 49 22 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 4 7 2 2 - 1 1 - - - - Crowdy Res. - 1 ------3 5 - Drift Res. 3 3 ------1 2 Hayle Est. 7 4 2 ------20 4 Loe Pool 10 15 - - - - - 4 10 17 14 Par Beach Pool 2 - 2 2 ------Stithians Res. - 2 ------1 5 2

COMMON TEAL - Anas crecca Abundant winter visitor. Passage migrant. Breeding has been confirmed only sporadically since 1975. Recorded numbers were about average for the 1990's, but below the higher levels seen in 1996 and 1997. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3,553 1,261 274 63 10 6 18 157 748 1,332 1,581 2,530 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 202 114 - 7 1 - 1 11 12 3 4 6 Colliford Res. 600 123 34 24 7 3 1 27 128 68 83 52 Crowdy Res. 95 14 21 - 1 - - - - - Drift Res. 38 33 20 - - - - 40 10 -

34 Hayle Est. 530 105 - - - - 20 159 460 400 850 Loe Pool 220 65 12 - - 2 - 103 124 62 10 Lynher Est. 264 209 61 - - - - 15 62 100 136 Maer Lake 385 246 84 22 1 - 22 97 330 408 415 Marazion Marsh 71 8 3 - - 1 - 1 - - 172 Millbrook Lake 56 49 7 - - - - 6 36 36 - Mawgan Porth 240 - - - - 8 - - - 28 172 Siblyback Res. ------9 10 7 17 - Stithians Res. 55 100 3 - - - 4 39 118 137 105 Tamar Est. 42 17 ------28 Truro River 121 60 12 - - - - - 21 67 130 Walmsley 370 80 10 10 1 2 5 18 29 55 160 320

GREEN-WINGED TEAL - Anas carolinensis Regular vagrant. Colliford Res: A male on 16th Dec. SMC Crowdy Res: A male on 29th Nov. SMC Loe Pool: A male on 30th Jan - 21st Mar which returned on 17th Oct and stayed to the end of the year: A second male on 20th Oct. ARP, SB, DJC, IK, DSF, SFE Maer Lake: A male on 13th Nov - 31st Dec. GPS, BMP, SMC Siblyback Lake: A male on 19th Sep - 24th Sep. SMC Stithians Res: A male on 29th Nov. NJP The county mainland total is now c. 50 occurrences involving c. 38 individuals. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 3 3 1 - - - 1 9 10 10 Top sites: Hayle Est., Stithians Res., Marazion and Lynher Est.

MALLARD - Anas platyrhynchos Abundant resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Feral release for wildfowling purposes at many sites. Numbers are very similar to those recorded during the last few years, doubtless indicating a fairly stable population. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1,702 720 421 241 302 412 547 810 1,386 1,473 1,235 1,246 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Estuary 60 27 7 14 22 20 71 142 153 4 126 11 Colliford Res. 124 22 30 13 28 11 30 15 124 101 40 56 Crowdy Res. 95 7 6 - 6 - - 29 93 66 73 - Drift Res 11 7 7 5 1 1 - - 1 9 34 11 Fowey Est. 37 32 3 ------166 - 43 Harlyn Ponds 85 9 4 4 ------26 Hayle Est. 12 2 3 - - - 16 21 130 219 107 60 Helford River 22 12 11 3 - - - - 3 6 4 25 Helston Boat Lake 52 25 38 15 12 28 56 30 35 41 35 28 Loe Pool 210 104 82 18 23 140 110 121 186 219 107 60 Looe Est. 29 20 - 8 11 15 40 - 40 18 37 20 Lynher Est. 124 72 30 13 18 16 25 41 69 101 74 84 Maer Lake 35 19 12 ------27 48 62 Marazion Marsh 41 11 8 16 20 34 10 21 8 46 66 45 Mawgan Porth 60 ------55 Millbrook Lake 56 33 14 15 28 50 32 61 58 62 37 58 Par 50 96 89 18 - - - - - 50 50 50 Porth Res. 56 21 24 ------34 47

35 Siblyback Res. 22 19 16 10 12 12 37 40 36 6 32 16 Stithians Res 39 37 3 14 12 - 2 6 14 96 73 95 St John's Lake 12 8 - 28 - - 2 1 24 1 24 30 Tamar Est. 79 54 - - - 54 12 70 70 165 - 86 Tresillian River 44 15 15 - 9 - - - - 73 64 20 Truro River 1 - 4 ------7 51 35

AMERICAN BLACK DUCK - Anas rubripes Rare vagrant An exceptional year, with three birds at the start of the year and two seen in the autumn. Colliford Res: A male on 17th Jan - 16th Feb, which was seen to mate with a Mallard Anas platyrhynchos on 21st Jan, and again on 7th Jul - 31st Dec: A female on 3rd - 15th Nov. SMC et al Hannafore Point: A male on 23rd May - 4th Jul. GJC,MA et al Stithians Res: The 1998 bird was seen sparodically in the spring, and then reappeared on 4th Oct and remained until the end of the year. AJAD et al Walmsley Sane: The male from 1998 remained until 20th May. SMC The mainland total is now c. 7. Prior to this year, the first record was at Crowdy Reservoir in 1994, and two were found at Walmsley Sanctuary and one at Stithians Reservoir in 1998. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - - - 1 - - • - - 2 1 2

NORTHERN PINTAIL - Anas acuta Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Apart from feral birds, the species has only bred once in Cornwall - in 1978. Numbers were well below average by comparison with the records for 1993 to 1998. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 14 21 2 2 - - 4 1 17 28 17 13 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 4 - 2 - - 1 5 3 3 - Colliford - 2 - - - _ 3 3 1 Drift Res. - - - - - _ 3 - - Gannel Est. - - - - - _ - 1 - Hayle Est. - - 2 - - 1 12 1 9 Lynher Est. 10 21 - - - 9 8 9 - Mounts Bay - - - - - _ - 4 - Stithians Res. - - - - - 1 - - -

GARGANEY - Anas querquedula Scarce passage migrant (mainly spring) with numbers fluctuating from year to year. Has bred on at least six occasions including three successive years 1981-83. Camel Est: Males were seen on 16th Mar, 28th Apr, 5th - 10th May, 29th Jul, and two on 4th - 10th Sep DIJ, SMC Loe Pool: two on 30th Sep: One on 19th Oct. BSW Maer Lake: Singles on 4th Sep, 12th Sep and on 24th Sep. GPS Marazion Marsh: A male on 27th Apr - 3rd May: Two males and one female on 28th May: Two on 2nd - 8th Aug, with one remaining until 25th Aug. DIJ, PAF Porthgwarra: One on 29th April. BSW Siblyback: An eclipse male on 14th Sep: One on 19th, 24th - 25th Sep. MPF, GDL, J&RS, RS. Skewjack: A male on 4th May. KAW Stithians Res: A male on 11th May: One on 20th Aug: Two on 27th Aug: One on 28th Aug: One on 4th - 20th Sep. SML, JH

36 Walmsley Sane: Two on 2nd May: Four on 6th May: Five males and a female on 11th - 12th May: Six on 15th May: Three males on 17th May: One on 20th May. SMC, ALn The county mainland total is now c. 800 since 1930. Approximate monthlv totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 258 189 93 14 41 123 51 24 1 3 Top sites: Marazion Marsh, Stithians Res., Par and Hayle Kimbro Pool.

NORTHERN SHOVELER - Anas clypeata Winter visitor. Scarce passage migrant. The first confirmed attempt at breeding in 199'/ unsuccessful. Numbers were very similar to 1998, but considerably down on the previous three years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 75 34 6 8 12 1 - 12 13 40 30 42 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 17 11 - 4 3 - - - 5 - - - Colliford 1 3 3 ------9 1 1 Hayle Est 2 - - - 7 - - - 1 10 - - Loe Pool 10 ------11 9 11 Lynher Est. ------9 1 Maer Lake 7 ------1 2 3 Marazion Marsh 1 - 6 - - - - 10 - 1 - 4 Stithians Res. 17 3 ------3 3 10 11 Walmsley Sane. 18 12 4 2 1 - - 4 12 - 12

Northern Shoveler

RED-CRESTED POCHARD - Netta rufina Rare visitor with the possibility of feral birds. College Res: Two females on 1st Jan - 21st Feb. DE The two birds from 1998 continued their stay for a further seven weeks. The mainland total remains at c. 26. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 1 1 2 - - 1 - 13 - 1 4

COMMON POCHARD - Aythya ferina Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Probably bred at Crowdy Reservoir in 1977. Numbers in the first quarter have been running at higher levels during the last half of the decade, but similar levels have been maintained in the last quarter during the whole of the 1990's.

37 Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 530 433 100 5 1 1 9 21 67 109 244 220 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 7 10 ------5 6 Colliford Res. 200 37 32 4 1 1 5 12 24 10 52 18 Drift Res. 3 2 3 ------1 Helston Boat Lake 4 8 2 - - - - - 2 2 4 Loe Pool 213 273 42 - - 4 6 16 76 127 117 Millbrook Lake 6 5 2 - - - - 3 - 3 3 Par 21 16 12 ------4 10 Siblyback Res. 19 40 3 - - - - 24 1 24 13 Stithians Res. 40 36 3 1 - - - 3 - 13 22 21

RING-NECKED DUCK - Aythya collaris Rare vagrant Nanjizal: A male on 30th Apr KAW. Stithians: One from 1st Jan - 29th Mar, and then 10th - 14th October. BSW The Stithians drake remained from last year and, what was presumably the same bird, returned in autumn. The drake at Nanjizal could possibly have been the same bird. The mainland total is now c. 38. Approximate monthlv totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11 2 - 2 - - - - 4 10 5 4

TUFTED DUCK - Aythya fuligula Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Occasionally breeds. Recorded numbers have remained fairly constant during the 1990's, and the month-by-month variations during 1999 were in line with the normal pattern. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 376 322 191 74 18 17 63 88 78 182 313 319 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 49 48 24 40 1 - 1 1 1 28 65 65 College Res. 23 20 ------1 7 10 Colliford Res. 50 26 30 4 3 5 39 19 23 22 22 28 Drift Res. 30 17 7 ------17 27 24 Helston Boat Lake 25 25 18 2 2 3 - 1 3 11 3 2 Loe Pool 42 31 45 - 2 2 16 22 25 35 59 13 Par Beach Pool 5 6 4 2 ------3 6 Siblyback Res. 25 28 24 - - - - - 5 34 27 31 Stithians Res. 66 81 36 22 4 2 5 44 17 31 32 62 Swanpool 40 38 - - 1 - - - - - 44 60

GREATER SCAUP - Aythya marila Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Numbers fluctuate from year to year, with highest counts in severe weather. Numbers have been quite similar over the last decade with the exception of the winter of 1996/7 when they were higher. The monthly totals reflect an average year. Reports include: Argal Res: Three on 1st and 10th Jan, with two remaining to 20th Jan and one to 16th Feb. Colliford Res: A male and a female on 1st - 21st Jan: A male 22nd Jan - 13th Mar, but also with a female on 2nd Feb, and with three females on 12th February: A male and a female on 17th

38 Nov: One on 22nd Nov. Colliford Res: A male on 23rd Jan: One on 6th Mar: Two on 20th Mar: Two on 10th Apr. : One on 3rd - 8th Nov. Drift Res: One on 5th Aug: Two on 27th Oct - 14th Nov: Three on 15th Nov - 31st Dec. Loe Pool: A female on 14th Feb: One on 6th Mar: One on 25th Oct: One on 7th Nov. Lyner Est: A juvenile/female on 27th Oct. Millbrook: The long-staying female was present all year, having first been recorded in October 1990. Porthgwarra: One on 1st Jun. Siblyback: A female on 24th Sep. St John's Lake: One (possibly not the Millbrook bird) on 26th Sep: A male on 28th Dec. Stithians Res: Two females on 3rd Feb: A male on 1st Jan - 30th Apr: A male on 10th - 14th Oct: A female on 10th Oct - 7th Nov: One on 19th Dec. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8 11 6 4 1 2 1 2 3 7 9 6

LESSER SCAUP - Aythya affinis Rare Vagrant Now that the identification criteria (of this formerly very rare species) is much better known, sightings in Britain are now annual. Cornish records outnumbered Ring-necked Ducks in 1999. An exceptional year. Argal Res: The two females from 1998 remained until 6th Feb, with one remaining until 5th Mar. SMC Drift Res: A male on 22nd Nov - 31st Dec. GH,FH Loe Pool: A first winter male on 15th - 24th Oct. CDRH, APB, JY Stithians Res: A female on 12th Mar - 17th Apr. ARP Assuming that Pool and Drift records were the same bird, and that the Stithians record was one of the Argal birds,the county mainland total increases to c. 9. This species has been recorded in each year since the first records in 1996. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 - - 2 - - - 1 3 2

COMMON EIDER - Somateria mollissima Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. A few summer. There are only eight documented records pre-1900, and only eight records between 1931 and 1951, but the species has been annual since 1952. Reports include: Daymer Bay: Two on 14th Nov: One on 20th Nov. Point: Two on 18th Oct: Four on 18th Nov - 31st Dec. Loe Pool: A female on 1st Jan. Mounts Bay: One on 18th - 25th Oct: Seven on 13th Nov. Newquay: One on 21st - 26th Dec: Two on 27th - 31st Dec. Cove: Three on 9th March. Polhawn Cove: A female on 1st Jan - 28th Feb. Polurrian Cove: Five on 31st Jan - 2nd Feb. St Ives: Three on 28th Oct: One on 6th Nov. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 6 3 1 - - - - - 7 16 6

LONG-TAILED DUCK - Clangula hyemalis Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally encountered on freshwater sites. Numbers fluctuate from year to year.

39 An above average year with the highest number recorded since 1991. Colliford Res: One on 24th Apr. Cot Valley: One in Porth Nanven on 1st Nov. Dozmary Pool: One on 31st Jan: One on 13th Mar. Drift Res: One on 22nd Oct - 12th Nov. Hannafore: An immature male on 27th Dec. Mounts Bay: One on 28th Oct - 9th Nov. Pendeen: One on 6th Nov. St Ives: One on 12th Dec:. Scillonian: One on 30th October. Sennen Cove: One on 26th Oct - 1st Dec. Siblyback Res: A female/immature on 1st Jan - 12th Feb. Stithians Res: One on 3rd Dec. The county mainland total is c. 438 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 56 33 48 16 4 3 1 1 1 53 114 108 Top sites: Sennen, Mounts Bay, Loe Pool, St.Ives Bay, Hayle Est., Gannel Est.

COMMON SCOTER - Melanitta nigra Winter visitor. Passage migrant (mainly late June to mid-October). A few summer. Significant wintering flocks regularly occur along sheltered coasts such as Gerran's Bay, StAustell Bay and . Numbers were average for the first nine months of the year, but low in the last quarter. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 127 53 22 31 222 72 288 35 143 22 85 29 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Downderry - - - - 70 12 21 9 6 3 - - Loe Bar 40 ------Mount's Bay 40 6 - - 3 40 37 - - - 30 3 Par Beach - 12 ------Pendeen Watch 4 2 - - - - - 2 20 5 - - Porthgwarra - - - 1 - 11 22 8 - - - - Rame Head 5 - 6 18 124 - 47 4 2 - 3 3 St.Austell Bay 31 19 10 12 25 9 55 1 5 - 28 8 St.Ives/Carbis Bay 1 ------56 9 - - Talland Bay 4 - - - - - 60 - 3 - - - Trevose Head ------37 10 29 4 20 -

VELVET SCOTER - Melanitta fusca Rare passage migrant and winter visitor (mainly November to February). Carrick Roads: Three on 1st Jan - 20th Feb from last year. DE et al Gerrans Bay: One on 31st Jan - 27th Feb. SMC Porthgwarra: One on 22nd April: An immature female on 31st Dec. JL, SML Portnadler Bay: Four flew west across the bay on 31st Oct. SCMJWt The county mainland total advances to c. 450, all since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 59 85 27 16 2 - - 1 2 48 110 100 Top sites: St. Ives, Carrick Roads, Mount's Bay, Whitsand Bay/Rame Head.

40 COMMON GOLDENEYE - Bucephala clangula Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Numbers were average if one excludes the exceptional year of 1995, but numbers were low at the end of the year. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 87 72 44 6 - - - - - 1 22 21 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 15 15 7 ------2 1 Camel Est. 11 10 10 - - - - - 1 3 2 Carrick Roads 23 9 3 ------1 Colliford Res. 21 18 21 6 ------5 3 Drift Res 2 1 ------1 1 Loe Pool 6 15 1 ------2 7 Stithians Res. 10 14 10 ------9 6

SMEW - Mergellus albellus Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Colliford Lake: One on 13th Mar. Tresemple Pond: One on 6th Jan - 7th Feb. The county mainland total advances to c. 339 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 164 95 21 2 1 1 - - - 2 13 40 Top sites: Siblyback Res., Camel Est., Colliford Res., Tamar Est., Loe Pool.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER - Mergus serrator Winter visitor. Uncommon passage migrant. Rare inland. The majority of birds occurring in the county are encountered at Carrick Roads and other estuarine sites. They gather to roost, along with grebes and other waterfowl, off Turnaware Point and Loe Beach. At dawn they break up into small flocks to feed within the Fal Estuary complex. Numbers have increased steadily over the last eight years and are now more than double the 1992 levels. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 156 146 99 9 - - - - 14 16 80 121 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 12 2 22 2 - - - - - 1 2 - Carrick Roads 80 33 53 ------55 80 Loe Beach - 80 ------Lynher Est. 17 10 9 - - - - - 1 8 12 8 Millbrook Lake 3 7 7 - - - - - 7 - - 7 Ruan Lanihorne 10 - 5 ------3 St. Johns Lake 3 1 ------3 3 3 3 Tamar Est. 2 8 ------3 4

GOOSANDER - Mergus merganser Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Probably breeds annually on the Cornwall/Devon border. Birds typically occupy regular sites on Bodmin Moor and other inland water bodies. Numbers in the first quarter were above average, but were low at the end of the year.

41 Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 62 40 22 ------12 17 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 9 10 3 ------3 Colliford Res. 3 2 6 ------2 - Crowdy Res. 2 2 ------3 Drift Res. 2 1 1 ------Loe Pool 8 8 ------1 - Lyner Est. ------5 Porth Res. ------3 - Siblyback Res. 5 5 4 ------2 Stithians Res. 5 11 8 ------1 1 Tamar Est 24 ------2 -

RUDDY DUCK - Oxyura jamaicensis Scarce winter visitor from the Midlands and northern England.. Stithians Res: A female on 1st Jan - 20th Apr: A female on 15th - 16th May: Two on 5th -29th Oct: One on 29th Oct - 31st Dec: Colliford Res: A female on 16th May. The county mainland total is now c. 131, all since 1977. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 45 20 2 - 1 - 2 - 16 19 20 6

EUROPEAN HONEY-BUZZARD - Pernis apivorus Rare passage migrant. The reluctance of raptors to venture out over water, combined with a wish to travel south, is perhaps why west Cornwall is a good place to find migrant raptors. Kynance Cove, The Lizard: A juvenile on 25th Sep. DE, MT The county mainland total advances to c. 105, all but nine since 1972. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 7 18 7 7 9 28 23 - 1 *five birds undated

Top sites: Hayle, Porthgwarra/St. Levan, Rame Head.

RED KITE - Milvus milvus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Increasing records from reintroduction scheme. The possibility of successful breeding should not be overlooked, especially in view of the success of the national reintroduction scheme. Reports include: Black Head, : One on 28th Oct. DMY Cambourne: One on 17th May. BSW Colliford Res: One on 17th - 20th Apr. BSW Cot Valley: One on 13th Nov. BSW Drift Res: One on 12th - 13th Nov. BSW Gwithian: One on 14th Oct. BSW Halvana Plantation: One on 24th Jun - 10th Jul. BTC Lands End: One on 20th Nov. RKM et al Lords Waste: One on 17th Apr. SG Porthgwarra: One flew out to sea on 13th Oct: One on 21st Nov. BSW 42 Portmellon: One on 1st - 24th Jan. BKM St Buryan: One on 13th Oct. BSW St Just Airfield: One on 11th Oct. DSF There were probably as few as seven individuals involved in these records. The county mainland total is now c. 123 since 1952. There are twelve 19th Century records, but none between 1930 and 1952. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 4 18 9 13 7 4 2 9 25 14 8

BOOTED EAGLE - Hieraaetus pennatus A pale morph appeared at Drift Reservoir on 24th Oct and ranged widely around the area until 11th Nov. A stunning raptor to see flying over the Cornish countryside; this individual was most likely the bird seen in earlier in the year. If accepted into Category A by the BBRC, this will be the first record for the county. However, acceptance is doubtful as the bird had some anomolies with its flight feathers for the time of year and (assuming it is the same bird) owing to the time of year it first appeared.

MARSH HARRIER - Circus aeruginosus Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. An increase in records in the 1990's is no doubt related to an expanding UK breeding population. Crowdy Res: One on 2nd May: One on 18th - 19th May: SG Drift Res: One on 31st Jul. GH Kynance Cove: One on 24th Sep. MT Land's End: One on 5th Aug - 12th Sep. RA, PSC Lizard Village: A first summer male on 19th May. SK : One on 27th Oct. ARP Marazion: One on 17th Apr - 19th May. BD, PAF St Bury an: A male on 14th Nov. JL Walmsley Sane: An adult female on 18th May: A ringed, second year female on 2nd Jun - 2nd Oct: Two on 5th Aug - 11th Sep. DIJ, SMC, GHT, DE The county mainland total advances to c. 192 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 3 16 26 46 6 4 19 30 26 4 6 Top sites: Marazion, Lizard Downs, Sennen, Gunwalloe and Porthgwarra.

HEN HARRIER - Circus cyaneus Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Forms communal roosts in winter. Most reports are received from West where the shape of the land mass funnels the birds into a relatively small area in which there is a concentration of observers. However, although there are a good number of records, there were probably no more than four males and two female type birds in West Penwith during the first part of the year and three males and two female type birds during the latter part of the year. Bodmin Moor Colliford Res: A female type on 23rd Jan. Crowdy Res: A female type on 27th Apr. Mid-Cornwall Moors Tregonetha Downs: A female type in Jan, Feb and Dec. Lizard Peninsula Lizard Downs: A male on 28th Apr. Predannack: A male on 28th Apr to 30th May: A male on 4th Sep: A female type on 31st Dec.

43 West Penwith Bartinney Downs: A male and a female. Boswednack: A male on 22nd Jan: A female type on 21st Sep. Cam Galver: A male on 11th Apr. Carnyorth: One on 15th Dec. Drift: A male on 3rd Jan: A female type in February: A male on 11th Mar: A male on 8th Apr: A female on 5th Nov. Foage: One on 11th - 14th Nov. Great Bosuilow: A female type on 16th Feb - 9th Mar and 28th May. Land's End: A male on 1st Jan: A female type on 19th Oct: A Male on 28th Oct: Two males on 17th Nov. Men-an-Tol: A male on 1st April. Nanjizal: Two males and a female type on 7th Jan. Nanquidno: A male on 30th Oct. Pendeen: A female type on 28th Apr. Sancreed: A male on 10th Jan: A male on 5th Dec. Sennen: A female type on 24th Oct. St Buryan: A female type on 12th Dec. Trewey Common: A male and a female type on 7th Mar. Trythal: A female type on 21st Jan. Elsewhere : A male on 14th Mar. East Moor: A male on 24th Jan. Walmsley: A female type on 14th Oct.

EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK - Accipter nisus Common and widespread resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. There were reports of birds at seventy-three localities. Most reports are of single birds out of the breeding season, with an increase in sightings during August, September and October. However, as most observers do not submit records of single sightings of this common raptor, it is not possible to assess increases/decreases in numbers.

COMMON BUZZARD - Buteo buteo Abundant resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. There were reports of birds at sixty-nine localities indicating that this species is still widely distributed across the county. Largest numbers are recorded in the autumn when juveniles join their parents soaring on the wind and thermals. Whilst there is a general feeling that numbers are increasing, only a survey would provide an accurate picture. Reports include: Grumbla: Twenty-six on 10th Nov. Lamelgate: Seven pairs. Leswidden: Twenty-nine on 20th Oct. Little Comfort: Seventeen on 12th Oct. Porthgwarra: Ten on 26th Oct. Sancreed: Nineteen on 2nd Nov.

OSPREY - Pandion haliaetus Scarce passage migrant. The number of reports was the highest for the 1990's Reports include: Argal Res: One on 20th Oct. DJ Camel Est: A first year on 26th Aug - 20th Sep: A second first year on 23rd - 28th Sep. DIJ, SMC Capel Cam Brae: One on 3rd Oct. JL Cargreen: One on 28th Aug. DC

44 Colliford Res: An adult on 27th Oct. RWG Crowdy Res: One on 28th April. BSW Deveran River: One on 18th Sep. DE Downderry: A probable male on 6th Sep. SCM Drift Res: One on 13th Jun: Two on 25th Sep - 11th Oct, with one remaining until 25th Oct, and a third bird on 22nd Oct.GH et al Gweek: One on 18th May. SK Hayle Est: One on 17th June: One on 25th June. JCh Helford River: One on 17th May: One on 11th Jul. SK Kingsmill Lake: A probable juvenile on 25th Sep. DC Millbrook Lake: One on 3rd Oct: One on 22nd Oct. J&RS, WDL, BSW Newlyn: One on 17th June. BD Porthgwarra: One on 24th Sep. BD Porth Res: A first year on 12th Sep.BSW Porthgwarra: One on 24th Sep. BSW Ruan Lanihorne: One on 11th Sep. BSW Siblyback Res: One on 19th Sep. GDL Stithians Res: One on 18th Jul: One on 5th Aug. DE, SCH St John's Lake: One on 17th Oct. RMB,SMcM Tamar Est: An adult on 25th Aug - 5th Sep. DE, PEt Tideford: One on 16th April. BC As usual, sighting were at their highest in September and October. The county mainland total is now c. 301. The numbers recorded show a significant increasing trend in the 1990's, with 1999 having a significantly higher number of sightings than any previous year. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 6 34 47 11 15 66 89 30 3 - Top sites: Camel Est., Tamar Est., Ruan Lanihorne, Lynher Est., Hayle Est.

COMMON KESTREL - Falco tinnunculus Resident. Breeds. Migrant. This is another species which is under-recorded because observers rarely submit records of single or even pairs of birds. Reports were received of birds at forty localities. We should obtain a much clearer picture of their distribution from work on the Cornish Bird Atlas over the next ten years. Reports included: Porthgwarra: Six on 27th Oct. Rame: Five on 24th Jul and 4th Sep. Scillonian: One on 15th Oct.

Kestrel

45 RED-FOOTED FALCON - Falco vespertinus Rare vagrant Land's End: A female on 26th - 27th May. Although a video recording was made of this bird, no record has been submitted and it is not included in the mainland total which remains at c. 17. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 8 5 - - 1 1 2 -

MERLIN - Falco columbarius Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally roosts communally, often associating with Hen Harriers. Records of this species are normally only of single birds, and it is important that details of all sightings are reported. Numbers were low this year, the sightings in October presumably reflecting the passage of migrating birds on their way to/from continental Europe. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 7 6 8 1 - - - 3 24 11 3 Reports include: Davidstow: One on 25th Sep. Goss Moor: Four including three males at the roost on 16th Jan. Porthgwarra: Two on 27th Oct. Trevose Head: Two on 28th Apr. Wadebridge: One on 5th May.

HOBBY - Falco subbuteo Scarce passage migrant (increasing). Rare breeding species in East Cornwall - regular since 1991. This species has occurred with increasing regularity throughout the county since 1975 with a good number of sightings in spring. This trend looks set to continue given the steady increase of the UK breeding population. Three breeding sites were located, the pair at one site successfully rearing young. Numbers were very similar to 1998, but lower than the two previous years. Reports included: Bedruthen Steps: One on 15th May. Bodmin: Two on 2nd May. Brown Gelly Downs: One on 16th - 31st May. Cape Cornwall: One on 23rd Jul. Copperhouse: One on 29th April. Croft Pasco Plantation: One on 20th Jun, 25th Jun and 10th Jul. Crowdy Res: One on 11th Sep: One on 26th Sep: One on 11th Oct. Drift Res: One on 30th May: One on 12th Jul: One on 19th Jul. Fowey Valley: One on 3rd May. : One on 19th May and on 25th May. Halvana Plantation: One on 10th Jul. Harrowbridge: One on 13th August. Hayle Est: One on 19th April: One on 16th Sep. Jericho: One on 10th Oct. Kelly Bray: One on 8th Jul. Kelynack: Two on 26th May. Kenidjack: One on 6th Oct. Downs: One on 28th May: One on 20th Jun. Lyner Estuary, Ince: One on 11th Aug. Marazion: One on 28th April: One on 27th May: One on 6th - 9th Oct.

46 Nanjizal: One on 4th May An immature on 2nd Sep. Ninestones: One on 15th May.One on 7th Aug. Perranuthnoe: One on 31st May. Petherwin: One on 1st May. Porthgwarra: One on 12th Oct: One on 27th Oct. Saltash: One on 12th May. : One on 1st May. Spey Moor: One on Ist Jun. St Agnes: One on 11th Aug. St Buryan: One on 15th and 22nd May. St Levan: One on 4th May. Tregeseal: One on 26th May Trethewey: One on 20th Jun. Treworthal Tor: One on 10th Jun. Upper Fowey Valley: One on 3rd May. Wadebridge: One on 6th Jul. Walmsley Sane: One on 12th - 16th May: One on 2nd Jul: One on 28th Jul - 7th Aug. The county mainland total is now c. 702 (plus c. 62 young) since 1930. Approximate monthly totals, excluding young (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 47 201 104 62 97 135 56 - -

PEREGRINE FALCON - Falco peregrinus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Records were received from only seventy-three localities. It seems that fewer reports are being submitted for this species as it becomes more numerous, perhaps because sightings are frequently of single birds. A better indication of numbers should hopefully be obtained from the BTO Survey during the year 2000.

RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE - Alectoris rufa Feral release. Resident. Breeds. Many hundreds of hand-reared birds were released for shooting purposes in the 1970's and 1980's, particularly in mid and east Cornwall. However, the breeding success of these feral birds was poor, and few birds are seen today. Bear's Downs: One on 25th May. Camel Est: One on 9th Jun. Carnton: One on 8th Oct: One on 23rd Dec. Gribbin Head: One on 28th Oct. Higher Tredis: Four on 3rd Jan. Mt Edgcumbe: One on 15th May. Pawton: One on 8th Jul. Pentire: Two on 24th May. Porthpean: One on 28th May. Walmsley Sane: One on 11th Mar: Two on 20th Mar - 8th Jun.

GREY PARTRIDGE - Perdix perdix Feral release. Scarce resident. Breeds. The Grey Partridge has been declining nationally for many years, but this decrease has accelerated since the 1980's. This is most obviously demonstrated by the retraction in range in western counties. The reason for the decline is considered to be the impact of modern intensive farming practices. All sightings of this species should be reported. Carnanton: One dead on road on 8th Oct. Lizard: Five on 28th Oct.

47 Newlyn East: One on 2nd Jul. Pentire/Rumps Point: Nine on 31st Jan: Two on 19th Nov. Retallack: Two pairs on 30th April, the first since 1994: A pair and ten young on 20th Aug. St Eval: Two males on 9th Mar: One on 12th Jun. St Jidgey: Two on 12th Mar. Tollgate: One on 1st May. Tregaswith: One dead on road on 1st Sep. One dead on road on 15th Sep.

COMMON QUAIL - Coturnix coturnix Scarce passage migrant and summer visitor. Numbers fluctuate from year to year, but has been annual since 1975. Occasionally breeds. Has overwintered. Bear's Downs, St Eval: One male calling on 12th Jun. SMC Boscadjack: A Male on 21st - 22nd Jun. ARP Grampound: One on 5th Jul. PAM Porthgwarra: One on 9th May: One on 16th May. KAW, BSW Newlyn East: Three calling males on 28th May: Two calling males on 30th May: One on 23rd Jun. SMC The county total is now c. 313 (plus 63 young) since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - 1 5 83 125 53 26 12 4 3 -

COMMON PHEASANT - Phasianus colchicus Resident. Breeds. Thousands released annually for sporting purposes, thus ensuring that populations are maintained at a high level.

WATER RAIL - Rallus aquaticus Resident. Breeds in low numbers. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. It is difficult to estimate numbers, particularity during migration when there is a regular turnover of birds passing through. That said, numbers recorded are average for the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 55 16 13 2 2 1 2 7 34 26 53 34 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Bude Marshes 5 1 3 - - - - - 1 - 15 - Drift 2 1 1 ------1 Goss Moor 6 ------Harlyn Bay 5 ------2 Helston Boat Lake 1 ------2 Loe Pool 11 4 4 - - - - - 5 3 11 12 Maer Lake 3 2 1 1 - - - - 3 2 3 2 Marazion 3 ------10 4 - 3 Nanjizal 4 3 3 1 - 1 2 7 6 6 7 4 Par Beach Pool 1 1 1 ------2 1 St Levan ------8 - - 3 Swanpool 6 2 ------1 - Walmsley Sane. 2 2 1 ------1 6 4

SPOTTED CRAKE - Porzana porzana Rare passage migrant (mainly mid-August to late September). Rare winter visitor. Bred in 1860, 1862 and 1874. The reason for an apparent absence of Spotted Crakes at Marazion in August was solved when the juncus was cut back and they were seen to be there as usual.

48 Cargreen: Three on 2nd Nov. RMB Landulph Marsh: One on 2nd Nov. RMB Marazion Marsh: One on 31st Aug - 6th Sep, with two on 4th Sep: One on 13th Sep. PSC, PAF, DSF, JS Nanjizal: One on 31st Mar. KAW Trevorrian Pool: One on 12th Feb. MDW The county mainland total advances to c. 144 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 4 2 2 1 - 4 65 49 12 5 - Top sites: Marazion/Long Rock Pool, Tamar Lakes and Sennen.

CORN CRAKE - Crex crex Rare migrant. Last bred in 1967. Has overwintered. Colliford Res: One calling on 16th Jun. SMC Rinsey Head: One on 17th Oct. DN The mainland total is now c. 143. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - - 11 30 23 12 16 19 15 2 - * fourteen undated

MOORHEN - Gallinula chloropus Resident. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. Winter visitor. After a period of apparent decline during the 1970's and 1980's, due mainly to habitat loss, a more enlightened attitude toward habitat conservation and creation in the 1990's enabled the Moorhen to regain some lost ground. Numbers have improved over the last six years, although this year they were a little lower than the previous three years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 221 210 129 62 65 66 88 91 133 107 155 155 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 1 2 1 1 2 - 2 2 - - - - Bude 22 ------Camel Est 9 14 - 8 4 3 18 17 3 - 2 1 College Res. 6 4 6 4 2 - - 1 1 2 1 1 Drift Res. 7 9 8 3 3 1 1 11 9 4 3 1 Helston Boat Lake 25 - 18 6 2 22 18 6 8 22 19 20 Loe Pool 22 18 18 5 7 21 18 11 20 16 21 22 Long Rock Pool 5 ------11 - _ _ Maenporth - 15 ------Maer Lake 32 28 26 22 11 9 13 21 19 21 34 21 Marazion Marsh 12 3 4 4 2 4 4 20 36 15 5 7 Mawgan Porth 20 20 24 - - 1 - - - - 16 - Millbrook Lake 7 8 ------4 7 9 Par Beach Pool 25 25 7 5 - - - - 1 12 15 8 Porth Res. 2 2 3 ------4 3 St Andrew's Pool 3 12 ------Stithians Res. - 1 2 2 - - - - - 4 16 - Swanpool 9 - - - 9 - - - 15 - - 5 Tamar Est. - - - - - 5 - 2 - - - 2 Tehidy CP. ------53 Tresillian River 5 6 8 - 2 - - - - 5 2 1

49 COMMON COOT - Fulica atra Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Common winter visitor. An average year overall. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 688 558 314 106 104 127 134 497 693 468 560 414 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 4 12 11 - - - 1 - - 14 29 23 Camel Est 21 12 10 11 9 13 27 19 10 17 5 26 College Res. 1 16 70 15 6 3 - - - - 14 42 47 Colliford/Dozm 14 22 14 7 10 5 30 50 25 17 47 5 Drift Res. 10 7 5 ------5 8 Helston Lake 80 30 35 6 8 25 13 15 10 47 28 33 Loe Pool 61 75 60 15 13 37 41 142 145 134 90 9 Marazion 6 7 7 6 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 Par Beach Pool 60 62 34 15 2 - - - 33 25 60 44 Porth Res. 7 3 2 ------6 7 Siblyback Res. 68 46 28 3 - 1 15 65 115 115 101 38 Stithians Res. 162 135 83 33 10 38 10 205 300 78 99 60 Swanpool 50 57 - - 35 - - - 50 - 38 50 Elsewhere: Hawkston Clay Pit: Sixty-two on 14th Dec.

COMMON CRANE - Grus grus Rare visitor. St: Just: An adult flying around the area, wandering as far as Sennen and Sancreed, was an impressive sight on 19th - 24th Oct. JS What was presumably the same bird was located in Devon later in the autumn. The mainland total is now c. 28.

Common Crane Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 - 3 3 1 - - - 1 12 5 1

OYSTERCATCHER - Haematopus ostralegus Resident. Breeds in low numbers (mainly north coast). Common passage migrant and winter visitor. Numbers were a good deal lower than seen during the previous five years. There were only a few breeding records, which were mainly from the north coast. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 822 706 332 338 285 177 261 958 914 877 701 693

50 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 293 266 127 166 107 91 130 301 443 268 105 207 Fowey Est. ------29 - 12 Gannel Est. - 15 6 ------10 12 14 Hayle/Copperhouse 74 52 15 20 19 6 24 65 75 43 7 50 Helford River 21 5 12 18 11 - - - 1 8 1 1 Loe Pool 15 - 18 ------16 - Looe Est. 35 51 3 3 17 7 14 - 63 15 44 18 Lyner Est. 84 69 37 19 - 9 15 23 27 24 42 42 Mawgan Porth 60 - 1 ------57 Millbrook Lake 24 2 - 3 19 - 16 - - - - 2 Mount's Bay 55 - - 23 12 - - 112 - 92 62 - Par 60 24 20 35 32 45 - 70 70 35 50 15 Rame 67 - - - 15 - - - 30 - 44 46 Ruan Lanihorne 72 16 14 ------43 - 27 St Austell Bay 100 ------112 - 35 50 15 St John's Lake 45 48 - - 17 17 41 133 110 87 110 87 Trevose Head 42 5 31 5 28 - - 6 70 - - - Truro River 10 70 26 - - - - 55 - 87 83 - Upper Tamar 13 - - 35 2 - 4 7 13 4 35 Other reports include: Merope Rocks: A breeding pair on 20th Mar. Porth Mear: Two breeding pairs on 26th May.

AVOCET - Recurvirostra avosetta Rare passage migrant. Has wintered annually on Tamar Est. since 1947, but only occasionally elsewhere. Records mainly involve the same birds moving around the Lyner,Tamar and Millbrook areas. Most birds had gone by the end of February, and those at Marazion in March may well have been passing through on migration. The flocks returned in November and December Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hayle Est. ------1 1 Lynher Est. 175 101 ------1 - 73 122 Marazion - - 12 ------St John's Lake 25 ------21 Tamar Est. 262 74 7 1 ------100 255 Tresillian River 1 2 ------

LITTLE RINGED PLOVER - Charadrius dubius Uncommon passage migrant The same number of birds as last year; below the numbers seen during the previous three years but above the levels seen in the early 1990's. Camel Est: Two on 29th Jul. DIJ Drift Res: One on 5th Aug. GH Hayle Est: One on 23rd - 25th Sep. JC Maer Lake: One on 4th Sep. GPS Siblyback Res: One on 5th Sep. GDL Trethewey: One on 12th - 14th Mar. KAW Walmsley Sane: Two on 17th May: One first year on 23rd - 30th Jul: A second first year bird on 25th - 30th Jul. DE, SMC The county total is now c. 275. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 9 62 51 6 26 69 47 4 1 - Top sites: Hayle Est., Marazion, Stithians Res., Tamar Lakes and Drift Res.

51 GREAT RINGED PLOVER - Charadrius hiaticula Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Formerly a scarce breeding species, last confirmed in 1972. Disturbance of even the most remote potential breeding sites makes breeding unlikely in the foreseeable future. There were less wintering birds than in 1996 and 1997, and the spring passage in April and May was hardly noticeable. Numbers started to pick up in July on the Camel Estuary and across the county in August, with peak numbers on the 25th when there were 300 on Hayle Estuary and 124 on the Camel Estuary. The high count in September was on the fifteenth in Mount's Bay. Numbers in November and December were much lower than the rest of the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 147 155 12 30 40 2 108 657 232 148 86 75 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est 30 67 6 8 2 - 84 124 20 45 45 3 Crowdy Res ------25 42 18 - - Hannafore 10 8 - - 1 - 1 3 3 - - 2 Hayle Est. 39 10 - - 19 - - 300 40 38 - 32 Mount's Bay 26 30 - 10 6 - - 30 75 - - - Par 20 20 5 6 10 2 14 42 10 - 25 6 Siblyback Res ------9 7 4 - - St Austell Bay ------42 - - 10 11 St John's Lake 15 20 - - - - 3 1 - 10 6 20

KENTISH PLOVER - Charadrius alexandrinus Rare drift migrant. Hayle Est: A probable female on 30th May: One on 20th - 22nd Oct. KAW, SR, PAR, LPW The county mainland total is now c. 57. The autumn bird was the first record for October, and these birds represent the sixth and seventh records for Hayle in the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 3 13 24 1 - 9 6 1 - - Top sites: Marazion, Par, Hayle Est. and Camel Est.

DOTTEREL - Charadrius morinellus Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). Camel Est: One on 28th Aug. SMC Maer Lake: One on 30th Jan - 15th Feb. GPS, SMC Predannack: One on 24th Aug: A juvenile on 23rd Sep.SK St Agnes: A male on 29th Apr which was taken into care and died on 30th Apr. RDP, SMC The county mainland total now moves to c. 258. The Maer Lake bird is the county's first in January. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 1 10 33 23 - - 24 110 46 8 2

Top sites: Porthgwarra, St. Just Airfield and Sennen, Davidstow Airfield, Kynance area, Towednack and Trevose Head.

AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER - Pluvialis dominica Rare vagrant Davidstow Airfield: One on 5th - 10th Oct. SMC Sennen: One on 13th Oct: One on 22nd - 24th Oct. SMC,CDRH

52 The county mainland total is now c. 46, all since 1969. Whilst Davidstow had eight records between 1978 and 1984, this is the first since then. Conversely, Sennen had six records between 1984 and 1998, but there were none in the previous six years. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 1 - 2 - - - 2 13 22 5 1 Top sites: Davidstow Airfield, Stithians Res, and St. Just/Sennen.

PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER - Pluvialis fulva Very rare vagrant. Culdrose Airfield: An adult on 19th Oct - 29th Nov. MKA,PHA,SC The county mainland total is now c. 4. Previous records were at Stithians on 7th November 1978 (originally thought to be and American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica prior to review by the BBRC) on the Hayle Estuary on 26th August 1994, and at Bosanketh on 3rd to 4th May 1998. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 1 -

EUROPEAN GOLDEN PLOVER - Pluvialis apricaria Common passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding has never been proved in Cornwall, although a few pairs breed on Dartmoor in Devon and single birds are occasionally seen in suitable nesting habitat on Bodmin Moor. Higher than average numbers in January and February but, after a promising start in September, records were well below average in November and December. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 19699 16069 345 1 20 - - 1 1033 5598 5737 6570 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 1,100 4,200 30 - 19 - - - - 365 400 3,500 Colliford Res. 6,000 1,000 62 - - - - - 1,000 1,000 1,800 100 Culdrose ------1 350 470 - Davidstow/Crowdy 4,700 8,000 - - - - - 1 12 350 700 - Harlyn Bay 1,200 ------120 - 250 Hayle Est. 860 900 ------1 1 500 1500 Loe Pool 110 41 ------300 300 - Lyner Estuary 300 71 41 ------150 150 75 Maer Lake/Bude 629 1057 15 ------238 615 695 Roche ------1,200 600 - Ruan Lanihorne 800 40 ------Other reports include: Bodmin Moor: 500 on 2nd Oct. Gulval: 600 on 29th Jan, 650 on 31st Jan and 750 on 1st Feb. Mount Pleasant: 400 on 25th Oct. Nanjizal: 120 on 27th Oct. Perranporth: 300 on 9th Jan. Sancreed: 120 on 11th Oct. Siblyback Res: 200 in Jan. St Just: 350 on 21st Jan.

GREY PLOVER - Pluvialis squatarola Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers recorded in the first half year were about average, but did not build up to their usual levels during November and December. 53 Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 398 284 25 4 4 - - 31 18 21 40 160 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 158 71 9 2 1 - - 1 1 3 7 37 Hayle Est. 58 49 5 - - - 29 3 7 30 29 Kingsmill Lake 2 4 - - - - - 1 - - - Lynher Est. 39 67 10 1 2 ------Mount's Bay 60 - 1 1 - - - 1 - - 10 St. Johns Lake 80 92 - - - - - 2 - - 80

NORTHERN LAPWING - Vanellus vanellus Scarce resident. Breeds in low numbers. Winter visitor. Numbers were not dissimilar to 1998, overall, but appear to have dropped substantially since the mid- 1990's. Ten pairs bred at three sites. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 13623 7383 45 2 19 8 27 34 70 1875 5319 6428 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 1,543 3,500 1 1 - 1 4 2 - 449 1,000 1,500 Colliford Res. 600 300 7 1 4 4 15 16 50 350 50 141 Crowdy/Davidst 3,100 50 31 - 3 - 2 - - 350 180 600 Drift Res 333 340 - - - - - 1 - - 218 2 Hayle Est. 860 900 ------1 113 1,800 1,400 Lynher Est. 56 70 ------8 96 Maer Lake 780 760 3 - - 3 - - 6 192 700 1,550 Ruan Lanihorne 350 300 ------12 Stithians Res. 6 ------2 1133 270 296 Tamar Est. 84 150 - - - - 12 - 3 - 251 Truro River - 3 ------70 Other reports include: Culdrose: Seventy on 13th Nov. Gulval: 1,000 on 29th Jan and 750 on 1st Feb. Harlyn Bay: 400 on 2nd Dec. Helston: 700 on 29th Nov. Nanjizal: 210 on 24th Nov: Perranporth: 200 on 9th Jan. St Just: Seventy on 21st Jan.

RED KNOT - Calidris canutus Scarce passage migrant. Uncommon winter visitor. September had the highest number of records for several years, continuing a growth in September records for a number of years, but the remainder of the year was average for the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 28 15 8 2 - 1 3 50 158 8 4 9 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 6 7 6 - - 1 1 19 26 2 4 1 Harlyn Bay/Trevose - - 1 - - - 1 36 - - - Hayle Est. 1 - - 1 - - 20 12 2 - - Kingsmill Lake ------6 - - - Loe Pool ------3 1 - - - Lynher Est. ------19 - - -

54 Maer Lake - - - 1 - - - 3 2 1 - - Mount's Bay ------15 - - - Pendeen ------28 - - - Penryn River 20 ------Siblyback Res. ------2 - - - - Stithians Res. ------5 - - - St John's Lake - 8 - - - - 2 - 2 - - -

SANDERLING - Calidris alba Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. Mounts Bay is the key site for this species, supporting the main wintering flock and also the largest numbers of migrants. Numbers were average in the first half of the year, on the higher side in July and August, and below average in November and December. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 76 15 55 3 83 15 195 161 56 6 31 38 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 2 5 4 4 - 44 6 4 2 - Godrevy Point - - - - - 70 - - - - Hayle Est. 8 2 - 2 - 40 60 2 4 - 3 Killigerran Head - - - 25 - - - 2 - 3 Loe Bar ------6 - - - Mount's Bay 65 - 50 3 - 8 19 54 28 26 32 Par Beach 1 1 1 - 7 1 - 12 3 - Sennen Cove ------2 2 - - St Austell Bay - - - - - 19 - - - - St Ives Bay - 7 - - - - 17 2 - -

Sanderlings

LITTLE STINT - Calidris minuta Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. No spring records were reported and there was only a light autumn passage. Camel Est: One on 22nd - 29th Aug: Three on 1st Sep. Colliford Res: Four on 7th Aug: Two on 25th Sep. Crowdy Res: Three on 29th Aug - 5th Sep: One on 12th Sep: Five on 10th Sep: Two on 2nd Oct. Davidstow Airfield: One on 11th Sep: One on 3rd Oct. Drift Res: One on 15th Dec. Hayle Estuary: One on 8th Aug: Six on 21st Aug: Six on 25th Aug: Six on 19th Sep: One on 18th Oct:One on 24th Oct. Long Rock Beach, Mount's Bay: Two on 15th Sep.

55 Maer Lake: One on 23rd Aug: One on 11th Sep: One on 22nd Sep. Nanquidno: One on 20th Oct. Sennen: One on 7th Oct Siblyback Res: One on 27th - 30th Aug: Two on 5th Sep: One on 12th Sep: One on 14th - 24th Sep. Stithians Res: One on 6th - 7th Oct: One on 19th Oct. Walmsley Sane: One on 26th Aug: Two on 9th Sep: One on 11th Sep. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------17 23 7 - 1

WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER - Calidris fuscicollis Rare vagrant. October brought two first year birds. Stithians Reservoir is a traditional site for this species, providing a more traditional type of habitat. However, the Nanjizal bird spent most of its time in a slurry pit and was also seen on the roof of a farm building. Nanjizal: A first winter on 26th - 27th Oct. KAW et al Stithians Res: A first winter on 23rd, 26th and 31st Oct. AJH, RAJn, NW, SBE, DBr The mainland total is now c. 16. Hayle is the most frequently visited site with eight records. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------5 9 2 -

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER - Calidris bairdii Rare vagrant Camel Estuary: An adult on 22nd - 25th Aug. SMC The mainland total is now c. 22. The second record for the Camel Estuary, the first being an adult on 14th September 1983. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------4 15 3 - -

PECTORAL SANDPIPER - Calidris melanotos Regular vagrant (mainly autumn). Britain had one of its largest autumn influxes in 1999, and Cornwall also had more records than in recent years (but many less than in the exceptional year of 1984). Crowdy Res: A first year on 29th Aug: Two first years on 5th October with one until 11th Oct. SMC Davidstow Airfield: The three birds from Siblyback visited on 19th Sep: One on 26th - 29th Sep: Two on 30th Sep - 1st Oct: One on 7th Oct. PSC, AM, JD Drift Res: A first year on 9th - 16th Sep. SCM, DC Hayle Estuary: An adult female and a first year male on 12th Sep. KAW Maer Lake: One on 22nd - 24th Sep: One on 13th - 19th Oct. GPS Marazion Marsh: A first year on 6th Sep: A first year on 17th - 19th Sep. JFR Siblyback Res: A first year on 5th Sep: Two first years on 12th Sep, increasing to three on 13th - 19th Sep, and with one still present on 24th Sep: One on 2nd Oct. GDL, RMB, MPF et al Stithians Res: A juvenile on 24th Oct. DE, SMC The mainland total is now c. 227. Approximate monthly totals (historic) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 2 2 2 - 27 151 39 4 - Top sites: Stithians Res. Drift Res. Marazion Crowdy Res./Davidstow Airfield Hayle Est.

56 CURLEW SANDPIPER - Calidris ferruginea Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. The autumn passage commenced on 17th August, assuming that the bird at Hayle on 26th June was not an autumn migrant. Peak movements were between 24th August and 11th September, with the highest count of seventy-eight on the Camel Estueary on the latter date. Numbers were high for the 1990's, only being surpassed by 1996, and included a good percentage of adult birds. Reports include: Calenick Creek: Five on 17th Aug. Camel Estuary: Six on 22nd Aug: Fifteen on 25th Aug: Eighteen on 7th Sep: Seventy-eight on 11th Sep. Crowdy Res: One on 1st Aug: Five on 15th Aug. Devoran River: Seven on 30th Aug. Hayle Est: One on 26th Jun: Three on 22nd Aug: Thirty on 24th Aug: Thirty-five on 25th Aug: Thirty- five on 11th Sep: two on 1st Oct. Kingsmill Lake: Twelve on 25th Sep. Landulph/Kingsmill Lake: Six on 11th - 13th Sep, and twelve on 14th - 25th Sep. Long Rock Beach, Mount's Bay: Eight on 8th Sep. Maer Lake: One on 20th May: Five on 22nd Aug: Twelve on 23rd Aug: Ten on 10th Sep. Pendeen: Ten on 11th Sep. Siblyback Res: Seven on 27th Aug: Five on 30th Aug - 5th Sep. St Germans: One on 21st Aug. Trevose Head: Eighteen on 11th Sep. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 1 1 - 94 198 3 1

PURPLE SANDPIPER - Calidris maritima Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Reports were received from seventeen locations, with the highest concentration at the traditional Jubilee Pool site in Penzance. Spring movements were hard to detect, but thirty-three at Jubilee Pool on 9th May could have been birds passing through. The first to return were two birds at Sennen on 15th July. Overall numbers were the lowest of the last eight years. Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est 5 2 4 ------Cape Cornwall ------3 - Constantine Bay 4 - - - 9 ------Corlyon Beach - - - 7 ------Hannafore ------2 Penzance 39 42 25 - 33 - - - - 1 42 31 Sennen 5 - 19 - - - 6 2 12 19 20 - Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 53 45 48 10 43 - 6 2 12 23 76 35

DUNLIN - Calidris alpina Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Small numbers, which have occasionally bred on Bodmin Moor, are the most southerly breeding Dunlin in the world. Numbers were low, being little more than half of the numbers seen in the mid-1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4805 4043 1880 105 356 10 323 898 543 282 3176 3638

57 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 715 976 27 19 43 - 77 166 35 35 280 250 Crowdy Res. 45 - - - 1 - - 36 5 22 19 - Hayle Est. 650 466 6 16 39 - 70 371 63 110 850 900 Helford River 1 ------3 10 3 - Loe Pool - - - - - 2 2 12 2 1 - - Lynher Est. 25 256 3 - 4 - - 15 65 - 23 29 Maer Lake 69 42 12 33 16 1 42 - 18 20 58 71 Millbrook Lake - 800 75 ------2 Mount's Bay 350 - - 16 65 3 40 23 65 - 80 150 Par Beach - 55 10 20 25 1 1 20 70 4 16 - Penryn River 50 ------35 Porthgwarra - - - - 120 - - - - St Ives 250 ------16 - 1 - - St. Johns Lake 2,000 1,000 1,750 - - - 15 26 26 1 1,500 1,750 Siblyback Res. ------10 11 11 1 - Tamar Est. 14 6 - - - - - 12 33 12 50 24 Trevose Head - - - 1 - - - - 70 - - - Truro River 400 220 - - - - 10 12 33 12 238 250

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER - Tryngites subruficollis Regular vagrant. Cape Cornwall: A first year on 1st October. RAw, PAF If you are having a poor round of golf, there is nothing like the appearance of a Buff-breasted Sandpiper to put a smile on your face and make you want to come back for more! The county mainland total advances to 96, all but two since 1968. Approximate monthly totals (historic) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 1 - 4 80 10 1 - Top sites: Predannack, Davidstow Airfield and Stithians.

RUFF - Philomachus pugnax Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. The most notable record during the spring passage was at Walmsley Sanctuary where there were twelve birds on 12th April, nine remaining until 17th April. The 17th also saw six on the Lyner Estuary, and eight were on the Camel Estuary on 16th April. The largest autumn gathering was six birds on Davidstow Airfield on 25th - 30th Sep. Numbers were average for the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 1 3 30 4 - 1 15 40 8 - 2 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. - - 1 12 3 - - 3 1 1 - 1 Crowdy/Davidstow ------3 6 4 - - Hayle Est. 1 - 1 1 - - - - 13 2 - - Lyner Est - - - 6 - - - 5 - - - - Maer Lake 1 1 1 3 - - - - 4 1 - - Siblyback Res. ------2 1 - - - Stithians Res. ------1 11 - - 1

JACK SNIPE - Lymnocryptes minimus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Relatively few records were received, but this species is often shot on Bodmin Moor in the winter months and is commoner than the records would suggest. The lack of records undoubtedly results

58 from a combination of this bird's camouflage and the fact that they normally do not flush until they are virtually under someones foot. An average year. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 14 3 1 1 - - - 1 2 6 7 5 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Drift Res 1 - 1 ------2 Hayle Est. 8 ------Maer Lake - 2 - - - - - 1 2 - 1 1 Marazion Marsh ------1 - 1 Nanjizal 1 1 ------1 1 - Stithians Res. ------3 2 -

COMMON SNIPE - Gallinago gallinago Resident. Breeds in low numbers on Bodmin moor. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. As can be seen from the table, Maer Lake holds a considerable winter population and a few of these remain in the area during summer to breed. Drumming males were heard both there and on Bodmin Moor. Records in January have been increasing steadily since 1992, and a similar trend was seen in February until this year when numbers dropped below the 1992 level. The latter part of the year was very similar to previous years, excepting 1996 and 1997 when much higher numbers were recorded. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1838 357 371 5 1 6 28 33 95 168 684 961 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Bude Marshes 320 - 120 ------Camel Est. 82 7 3 2 1 - 4 10 18 8 45 2 Colliford Res. 1 1 3 ------65 Crowdy Res 40 ------8 - 6 2 - Drift Res. 63 30 11 ------2 - 5 Harlyn Bay 190 ------29 Hayle Est/Copperhouse 60 20 1 - - - - - 5 15 15 18 Helford River 10 5 ------4 18 Loe Pool 22 10 12 - - - - - 8 8 150 - Lyner Est. 200 2 ------4 Maer Lake 610 240 208 - - - 20 - 15 48 335 680 Mawgan Porth 65 ------66 - Marazion Marsh 1 2 - 2 - - - 1 6 1 8 53 Par Beach Pool 24 12 10 1 ------25 15 Stithians Res. 5 10 - - - - 3 - - 65 - 65 Tresillian River 11 14 3 ------1 7 7 Other reports include: Bodmin Moor: Six males drumming on 19th Jun. Carludden: Forty on 5th Sep.

WOODCOCK - Scolopax rusticola Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Has bred on a few occasions, but not since the 1960's. Few records are received for this skulking species. The only sunbstantial numbers reported were at Skewjack where details of shoots were obtained. It would be interesting to hear numbers for other shoots if the information can be obtained. Peak numbers were in January during colder weather, and in December. Reports include; Blackcombe Wood: One on 17th Nov. Calstock: One on 12th Dec.

59 Land's End: One on 19th Oct: One on 7th Nov. Loe Pool: Three on 3rd Jan. Nanjizal: One on 17th Oct. Porthgwarra: One on 17th Oct. Skewjack: Forty on 7th Jan and twenty on 15th Dec. Trevose Head: One on 18th Oct. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 54 5 2 - - 1 - - - 6 8 29

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT - Limosa limosa Passage migrant. Winter visitor, almost exclusively to south coast estuaries. Peak winter counts at the start of the year were at Maer Lake, Millbrook Lake and Truro River. The largest spring movements were seen at Hayle Estuary and Kingsmill Lake. Returning birds were noted mainly on the Camel Estuary in July and August. Highest counts at the end of the year were again back at Kingsmill Lake and on the Truro River. Numbers have been higher in the latter part of the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 352 210 57 58 12 1 39 43 64 84 98 229 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 6 1 - 1 3 - 27 17 30 5 5 7 Hayle Est. 5 4 4 44 2 1 7 2 11 - - - Kingsmill Lake 41 7 - 12 2 - 4 - 9 5 7 44 Lynher Est. 9 12 - - - - - 6 6 5 18 11 Maer Lake 95 1 - - - - - 1 4 1 - - Millbrook Lake 46 19 ------3 - St. Johns Lake 7 - 2 - - - - - 1 - 1 7 Tamar Est. 22 4 ------1 - 19 Tresillian 26 32 28 ------11 - 8 Truro River 95 114 23 - - - - 15 - 54 63 131

BAR-TAILED GODWIT - Limosa lapponica Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers were average during most of the year, but with a higher than usual passage of birds in August and September. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 110 25 19 39 48 4 1 108 376 34 16 46 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Estuary 3 2 - 7 37 2 1 37 117 12 3 5 Devoran River 30 2 ------20 - - - Gannel Est. - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 - Hayle Est. 15 12 7 5 1 - - 2 20 7 6 6 Landulph Marsh ------15 - - - Lynher Est. 1 - - 1 2 - - 3 22 3 - 1 Maer Lake - - 2 19 - - - - 11 1 1 1 Mount's Bay 2 - - 7 - 1 - 60 - - - - Par Beach 1 - - - 3 ------Pendeen ------60 - - - St. Johns Lake 15 7 ------10 1 2 16

60 Tamar Est. ------5 15 8 - 16 Truro River 6 - 8 ------1

WHIMBREL - Numenius phaeopus Passage migrant (mainly spring). A few have overwintered. The spring passage took place between 25th April and 8th May. The autumn passage was not so obvious with only a few larger flocks in July and August, many passing along the coasts as singles or small groups. As usual, both winter periods saw a few wintering birds. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 3 3 518 372 6 219 100 98 21 4 5 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 1 1 - 140 46 2 13 42 6 - - - Godrevey Point - - - 46 ------Hannafore - - - 27 ------Hayle Est. - - - 31 27 2 112 12 4 - - Killigeran Head - - - 21 4 ------Lynher Est. - - - - 2 - - 7 3 3 - 1 Millbrook Lake 1 1 1 7 6 - 5 1 2 5 2 1 Mount's Bay 1 - - 31 46 - - 1 - - - - Par - - - 35 18 - 1 1 - - - - Sennen - - - - 45 - 39 4 15 - - - St. Johns Lake 1 - - - - - 40 10 46 10 - 1 St Levan - - - 30 ------Trevose Head 1 - 58 8 1 1 5 1 1

EURASIAN CURLEW - Numenius arquata Scarce resident. Breeds. Passage migrant and winter visitor. An average year in the first half, but birds did not return in their usual numbers in July and remained well below normal for the rest of the year. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2862 2721 927 177 83 456 1625 2043 1273 1566 1674 1492 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 462 442 338 104 68 288 389 670 587 257 271 235 Devoran River - 136 - - - - 243 - - - - - Drift Res 15 52 19 5 - - 34 13 6 22 6 - Fowey Est. 64 36 24 ------63 - 45 Gannel Est. 128 240 5 1 - 1 - - - 30 263 1 Harlyn Bay 174 ------Hayle/Copperhouse 421 503 16 21 6 120 Ill 165 60 145 136 170 Helford River 179 268 95 - 3 - 38 - 136 70 8 - Looe Est. 13 21 1 ------31 28 2 Lynher Est. 142 150 73 16 5 5 464 550 246 198 153 198 Maer Lake 205 215 58 - - 1 16 - 61 147 158 164 Penryn River 35 - - - - - 1 3 - 1 - 17 Ruan Lanihorne 120 100 18 - - - 182 200 - 63 - 12 Stithians Res. 67 39 - - - - - 62 - 35 23 47 St. Johns Lake 100 100 54 - - 40 142 30 13 60 100 60 Tamar Est. 113 50 - - - - 4 88 84 98 - 64 Tresillian River 250 180 126 - - - - - 80 200 220 87 Truro River 150 150 85 30 - - - 200 - 111 180 175

61 Colliford Res: It is thought that two pairs bred. Dozmary Pool: Breeding suspected. Goonhilly: Two displaying on 2nd Apr with three on 3rd May. Goss Moor: Breeding suspected. Ninestones Bridge: Breeding suspected. Tregoss Moor: Breeding suspected.

LESSER YELLOWLEGS - Tringa flavipes Rare Vagrant. A first year at Drift Res on 25th - 29th Sep. GH The county mainland total is now c. 27. This is Drift's fifth record during the last twenty years. Approximate monthly totals (historie): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - _ - - - - - 5 12 8 2 Top sites: Camel Est., Stithians Res., and Drift Res.

SPOTTED REDSHANK - Tringa erythropus Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor almost exclusively to south coast estuaries. Numbers were below average for the 1990's, but better than last year. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 21 18 8 1 - - 14 3 24 13 22 14 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 - Helford River 1 ------1 - 1 - Kingsmill Lake 7 4 - - - - 12 - 15 - 8 7 Lynher Est. 2 2 ------1 1 1 1 Maer Lake ------1 1 1 - - Milbrook Lake 1 1 1 ------1 Tresillian River 6 9 6 - - - - - 5 9 10 4 Truro River 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 1

COMMON REDSHANK - Tringa totanus Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The first six months saw average numbers by comparison with recent years, but the second half of the year was below average. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1,277 888 360 15 19 12 212 555 774 879 693 702 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 159 144 59 1 - 7 65 65 84 87 62 39 Devoran River - 60 - - - - 1 125 - - - - Fowey Est. 32 32 1 ------38 - 19 Gannel Est. 5 3 1 ------1 4 4 Hayle Est. 62 39 26 3 - - 19 40 37 46 44 42 Helford River 41 40 18 3 - - 23 34 73 37 35 39 Looe Est. 4 2 3 ------8 3 3 Lynher Est. 169 139 42 1 - 11 71 73 73 79 79 66 Millbrook Lake 38 40 52 3 16 - 11 70 88 53 52 16 Pendeen ------25 - - -

62 Penryn River 30 ------21 - - 30 Ruan Lanihorne 67 10 6 - - - 2 - - 2 - 15 St. Johns Lake 60 50 50 - - - - 40 80 80 80 50 Tamar Est. 214 158 - - - - - 70 108 108 73 227 Tresillian 109 98 53 - - - - - 37 98 120 60 Truro River 77 59 47 - - - - - 60 127 100 66

COMMON GREENSHANK - Tringa nebularia Passage migrant (mainly autumn). A few overwinter. The assessment of numbers is complicated because wintering birds mix with migrants passing through in autumn. Wintering birds were reported in good numbers and at above the average for the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100 73 40 20 15 1 56 125 174 115 69 85 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 7 10 1 1 3 - 7 31 23 5 3 1 Crowdy Res - - - - 1 - 1 4 8 1 - 1 Devoran River 3 1 - - - - 21 28 - - - - Drift Res. ------2 3 - - - Fowey Est. 3 2 3 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 Hayle Est. 5 3 3 1 1 - 6 7 8 8 4 5 Helford River 9 15 10 3 - - 8 6 10 6 14 6 Killigerran Head ------9 - - - Kingsmill Lake 8 4 - 4 - - - 7 40 40 4 14 Lynher Est. 6 9 3 - 5 - 6 8 10 8 3 6 Millbrook Lake 7 1 1 11 10 - - 3 18 19 17 21 21 Ruan Lanihorne 6 - - - - - 4 - - - - 2 Siblyback Res. ------2 6 2 - - St. Johns Lake 2 1 1 - - - - 1 7 7 4 - Tamar Est. 35 5 ------14 Tresillian 6 4 4 - - - - - 4 12 8 4 Truro River 2 4 4 - - - - _ 2 8 2

GREEN SANDPIPER - Tringa ochropus Passage migrant (mainly autumn). A few overwinter. Well spread reports of small groups, with many records of single birds. Numbers were similar to last year, but with higher peaks in July and August. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9 5 5 3 1 - 30 69 10 6 4 6 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 2 - - - - - 7 8 1 - - - Drift Res. 2 1 2 - - - 5 7 - 1 - 1 Lynher Est. 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 2 - 2 2 St. Levan ------7 - - - - Stithians Res. ------1 6 - 1 1 1 Walmsley Sane. 2 1 1 1 - - 5 10 1 - - -

63 WOOD SANDPIPER - Tringa glareola Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Most sightings were at freshwater sites, commencing in July and peaking in August. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------7 22 5 1 - - Camel Est: One on 25th Jul: One on 29th - 31st Jul. SMC, DIJ Crowdy: One on 10th Sep. AMJD Davidstow Airfield: One on 5th Oct. SMC Hayle Est: Two on 8th Aug. LPW Maer Lake: Three on 27th Jul: One on 12th Aug: Two on 18th Aug: Three on 23rd Aug: Four on 25th Aug - 4th Sep: Three on 12th Sep. GPS, SMC Marazion: One on 28th Jul: One on 1st Aug: Four on 6th Aug. DE, BD, PAF, PSC Retallack: One on 3rd Aug. SMC St Levan: One on 29th Jul. PSC Stithians: Two on 28th Aug. GC Walmsley: One on 25th Jul - 9th Aug. SMC Upper Tamar: Six on 7th Aug. BSW The county mainland total advances to c. 1,094 Top sites: Stithians Res., Marazion, Hayle Est., Crowan Res. and Camel Est.

COMMON SANDPIPER - Actitis hypoleucos Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. Bred in 1910 and 1989. Sightings are widely spread with only small groups. Records were similar to last year, but with a later autumn passage. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 12 4 10 19 2 40 123 80 33 12 11 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. - 1 - 1 1 1 4 10 10 - - - College Res - - - 1 - - 2 2 - - - - Drift Res. - - - - 3 - 7 14 1 2 - - Hayle Est. - - - - 2 1 2 9 1 1 - - - Helford River 3 2 2 2 - - 3 5 4 4 - 1 Loe Pool ------4 6 2 - - - Lynher Est 1 2 - - - - 4 13 3 4 6 6 Newlyn Beach ------8 - - - - Par - - 1 1 - - - 9 - 2 2 - Sennen - - - - 2 - 6 2 2 - - - Siblyback Res. ------8 - 1 - - Stithians Res. - - - - 1 - 2 3 11 1 - - St John's Lake 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 Tamar Est. - 3 1 - - - - 19 7 2 2 1

TURNSTONE - Arenaria interpres Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few summer. Rare inland. Numbers have reduced during the 1990's and, whilst they were a little higher than 1998 in the first half of the year, they reached new lows in the second half. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 218 189 143 73 52 2 41 143 98 95 172 196

64 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 54 45 20 - - 2 8 25 8 54 57 Hayle Est. 2 - 9 - - - 5 - 5 4 - Helford River - - 9 ------4 - Looe Bay 10 27 10 10 - 14 14 22 29 29 3 Millbrook/ 15 ------7 7 - Mount's Bay - - - 19 19 - 12 - 14 - 64 Par 40 4 24 19 13 2 - 20 10 - 20 11 Sennen - 15 - - - - 11 12 15 15 - Siblyback Res. ------1 1 - - St Austell Bay 40 40 - 19 13 20 21 - - 20 - St John's Lake 42 28 18 - - - 10 2 8 16 25 Tamar/Lynher Est ------18 Trevose Head 15 - 13 2 5 - 7 25 8 - - Whitesand Bay - 15 20 ------

GREY PHALAROPE - Phalaropus fulicarius Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). Rare winter visitor. Winter birds at Newlyn and St Ives were both storm driven. Seawatching produced few records. The Crowdy Reservoir individual was a good record for an inland site. Clodgy Point, St Ives: One on 3rd Oct. SMC Crowdy Res: One on 19th - 20th Sep. DCI, AMJD, DTC Killigerran Head: One on 22nd Sep. SMC Land's End: One on 10th Sep. RAw Newlyn Harbour: One on 1 st - 2nd Jan. DE, BSW Newquay: One on 26th Oct. SMC Pendeen: One on 13th Sep: One on 30th Sep: One on 2nd - 3rd Oct. PAF, BSW Porthgwarra: One on 19th Sep: One on 2nd Oct. SFE Scillonian: One on 13th Oct. BSW St Ives One on 3rd Jan: One on 30th Sep: Two on Grey Phalarope 5th Nov: Six on 6th Nov. BKM, DSF, PAF Trevose Head: One on 30th Sep: One on 1st Oct. SMC The county mainland total advances to c. 4,071 since 1930. A well below average year for the 1990's, with the third lowest annual total during the period. Approximate monthly breakdown (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 46 14 3 1 - - 1 65 1,178 2,044 580 139 Top sites: St.Ives, Pendeen, Newquay and Mounts Bay.

POMARINE SKUA - Stercorarius pomarinus Uncommon passage migrant (mainly in autumn, but with a small spring movement along the south coast). Rare winter visitor. An above average year for this species in the 1990's, but well short of the exceptionally high count in 1991. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 7 8 4 6 4 15 22 52 27

65 Reports include: Chapel Point: One on 2nd Mar. EW Clodgy Point, St Ives: Eleven on 3rd Oct. SMC Downderry: One on 9th July. SCM Hannafore: One on 23rd April: One on 25th April: Five on 18th Sep. EJW Killigerran Head: Two juveniles on 22nd Sep: One juvenile on 23rd Sep. SMC Mounts Bay: An adult on 9th May: A second year on 2nd - 5th Jul. PAF, KAW Mousehole: Two on 25th April. JL Newquay: Two on 5th Nov: Two juveniles on 9th Dec. SMC Pendeen: Three juveniles on 30th Sep: One on 2nd Oct: Two on 3rd Oct: Five on 1st Dec. BSW, PAF Pentewan: A sub-adult on 3rd - 4th Jul: Two on 11th Jul: One on 8th Sep. RL Perranporth: A juvenile was picked up on 7th Oct, but died later. SMC Porthgwarra: One on 22nd April: One on 7th May: One on 21st Jun: Two second year birds on 29th Jun: An adult on 3rd Jul: One on 11th Aug: Two second years and one first year on 28th Aug: One on 29th Sep: One on 12th Oct: Three on 30th Oct. JL, KAW, SMC, BSW, PAF, DCs Rame: Two on 30th Apr: One on 9th May: One on 15th May: Singles on 21st and 28th May. PE, EJW St Ives: Five on 3rd Oct: Fourteen on 5th Nov: Thirty-four on 6th Nov: Two on 19th Nov: Fourteen juveniles and one adult on 3rd Dec: Two on 4th Dec: One on 12th Dec: Two on 26th Dec. BKM, DE, VRT, PAF Trevose Head: One on 11th Sep: One on 30th Sep: Seven on 2nd Oct. SMC The county mainland total is now c. 2,847. Approximate monthly breakdown (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 10 2 57 389 70 141 233 428 978 465 64 Top sites: St. Ives Island, Pendeen Watch, Porthgwarra and Rame Head.

ARCTIC SKUA - Stercorarius parasiticus Passage migrant (mainly August/Sepember). Rare winter visitor. An average year. Reports include: Downderry: One on 8th Sep: Three adults on 23rd Sep: One on 29th Sep: One on 1st Oct. Hannafore: Two on 24th Sep. Killigerran Head: Fifteen on 18th Sep: Eighteen on 18th Sep: Eight on 23rd Sep. Pendeen: Sixteen on 30th Sep. Porthgwarra: Two on 22nd April: Four on 25th Apr: Six on 24th Sep. Rame Head: One on 1st May: Two on 7th May: Two on 8th May: Singles on 28th May, 5th Jun, 16th Jul, 17th Jul, 24th Jul, 11th Sep, 25th Sep and 29th Sep. St Ives: One on 13th April: Forty-six on 30th Sep: Ten on 2nd Oct: Twenty-seven on 3rd Oct: Thirteen on 25th Nov. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 8 8 7 7 20 147 107 3

LONG-TAILED SKUA - Stercorarius longicaudus Rare passage migrant (mainly mid-August to mid-October). Clodgy Point, St Ives: An adult on 3rd Oct. SMC Downderry: A dark juvenile on 29th Sep. SCM Killigerran Head: Four juveniles and an adult on 22nd Sep. SMC Newquay: A dark juvenile on 5th Nov. SMC St Ives: A light juvenile on 2nd Oct: A light juvenile on 5th Nov. DSF, DE, VRT, PAF The county mainland total increases to c. 185.

66 Approximate monthly breakdown (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 4 5 2 22 101 44 7 - Top sites: Pendeen Watch, St. Ives, Porthgwarra and Newquay.

GREAT SKUA - Catharacta skua Passage migrant (mainly late August to late October). Seen in winter during westerly gales. Numbers fluctuate greatly between years but, if there is such a thing as an average year, this was probably it. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 15 6 1 9 1 8 76 192 163 1 7 Regular reports & monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Killigerran Head - - - - 1 - - - 44 - - - Newquay 1 ------3 - 1 1 Pendeen Watch ------' - 9 37 128 - - Pentewan - - - - 1 - - 4 16 - - - Porthgwarra - - - 3 1 1 5 50 17 - - - Rame Head 2 - - - 6 - 1 3 3 - - - St. Ives Island 9 - 6 - - - - - 36 23 - 6 Trevose Head 1 ------5 25 10 - - Whitesand Bay 1 ------2 1 - - -

MEDITERRANEAN GULL - Larus melanocephalus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor (increasing). As with Black-headed Gull, birds are constantly passing through and it is difficult to calculate total numbers in spring and autumn - observers at the main sites have to use differences in plumage and colour rings to identify individuals. It would be helpful if observers could estimate and advise the numbers of different birds involved in sightings at regularily watched sites on a monthly basis, as was the case with the Camel Estuary and St Johns/Millbrook Lakes data. An average year for the second half of the 1990's when recorded numbers have been a good deal higher than during the first half of the decade. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 36 34 29 3 2 1 44 41 27 45 39 29 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. 2 3 2 2 - - 9 18 8 10 5 5 Drift Res. 6 2 - - - - - 1 - 3 5 4 Hayle Est. 1 2 7 - - - 3 2 4 3 4 2 Marazion 5 2 - - - - 1 1 - 4 2 2 Newquay 5 5 4 - - - 1 - - 1 3 2 St Austell Bay 3 3 1 1 - - - 1 2 1 - - St Johns/Millb'k 10 1 1 13 - - - 19 17 7 7 8 8

HYBRID MEDITERRANEAN GULL x BLACK-HEADED GULL St John's Lake: Three on 26th Sep, with one on 24th Oct. SCM

LITTLE GULL - Larus minutus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Numbers were a little below average overall. Camel Estuary: A first year on 6th Sep: A first year on 9th Nov. Colliford Res: A first year on 15th - 23rd May.

67 Crowdy Res: A first Year on 20th Jun. Downderry: Two first years feeding inshore all day on 27th Dec. Drift Res: One on 13th Feb: One on 12th Mar. Hannafore: An adult on 25th Apr. Hayle Est: A juvenile on 6th Sep: An adult on 16th - 17th Sep: A first year on 21st Oct: A first year on 3rd Nov: One on 28th Nov. Loe Pool: An oiled bird on 14th - 20th Feb. A second Year on 20th Feb: One on 12th Sep. Maer Lake: An adult on 10th Jul. Millbrook Pond: One on 15th Jan. Mounts Bay: A first year on 17th Jan: A juvenile on 4th - 7th Aug: A juvenile on 16th Aug: An adult on 3rd - 8th Aug: A juvenile on 16th Sep: An adult on 28th Nov. Newquay: An adult on 3rd Dec: A juvenile on 28th Nov. My lor Churchtown: One on 13 th Nov. Pendeen: One on 29th Oct. Penryn River: Two adults on 5th Jan. Porthlevan: A second year on 2nd Mar. Roughtor Moors: One on 9th Jun. St Ives: Two adults and a first year on 8th Jan: One on 6th Nov: Two juveniles on 20th Nov. Stithians Res: Two juveniles on 9th Aug. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7 3 2 1 1 2 1 5 5 2 9 3

SABINE'S GULL - Larus sabini Scarce passage migrant (mainly Sepember/October). The poorest number of records since 1995, but more than the years 1990 to 1994. Pendeen: An adult on 8th Aug: A juvenile on 10th Aug: Two adults on 14th Aug: Two juveniles on 13th Sep: An adult and a first year on 26th Sep: One on 28th Oct. JL, SML, KAW, MCH Porthgwarra: An adult on 12th Sep: An adult on 24th Sep: One on 25th Sep: One on 2nd Oct: A first year on 17th Oct. DSF, CDRH St Ives: An adult on 18th Aug: Two on 3rd Sep: Two adults and a juvenile on 30th Sep. BKM, DSF : An adult on 18th Aug. DE Trevose: An adult on 16th Aug: Five adults on 18th Aug: A juvenile on 25th Sep: A juvenile on 30th Sep: One on 1st Oct: Three on 2nd Oct. SMC Wolf Rock: An adult 3' N of the rock on 24th Sep. TG The county mainland total is now c. 1,177. Top sites: St. Ives, Pendeen Watch, Newquay, Cape Cornwall, Godrevy.

BONAPARTE'S GULL - Larus Philadelphia Rare vagrant. Drift Reservoir: A first year on 28th - 29th Nov. GH Bonaparte's Gull has almost become an annual event at Drift with birds during the last three years. This one was presumably blown in by the gale force south-westerly winds which coincided with its arrival. The county mainland total is now c. 40, although it is possible that some records may relate to the same bird returning in successive years. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9 5 11 4 2 1 - - - 3 2 3 Top sites: Mount's Bay , Falmouth , St Ives .

68 BLACK-HEADED GULL - Larus ridibundus Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Bred at Stithians Reservoir from 1967 to 1969. Has bred at Crowdy Reservoir since 1976, at Colliford Reservoir since 1990 and at Maer Lake since 1996. Large numbers of this species pass through the county, making it very difficult to calculate total numbers. Numbers fluctuate greatly from year to year, and this year's recorded totals fall well within the range for the 1990's. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included 256 at Butters Tor Mire (Bodmin Moor), forty- four at Colliford (Bodmin Moor), fifty-five at Maer Lake, and twenty-two individuals were noted at Crowdy Res. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 19430 12338 2951 736 149 905 4814 9067 6399 8393 9437 22337 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 122 223 - 2 - - 6 2 23 58 114 32 Camel Est. 1,391 4,200 1,150 1 14 12 481 997 1,496 1,408 1,528 900 7,500 College Res. 44 3 - - 24 110 - - - 4 80 23 Colliford Lake 1,100 - 191 457 76 110 163 20 2 8 28 27 Drift Res. 550 310 350 1 - - 10 8 27 175 367 147 Fowey Est. 181 259 6 ------115 - 312 Gannel Est. 2,500 800 - - - 5 - - - - 2,300 - Hayle Est. 2,000 580 10 17 7 65 170 500 480 970 400 120 Helford River 538 396 16 - - - 165 193 20 200 156 111 Helston Boat Lake 108 120 10 - - 6 9 31 71 26 8 41 Loe Pool 316 250 50 - - - 16 230 35 25 99 44 Looe Est 360 250 50 6 - - 16 230 35 843 686 847 Lyner Est. 837 269 98 - 14 51 892 1,240 1,330 646 617 4,286 Maer Lake 700 189 48 - - - 36 - 120 18 228 890 Millbrook Lake 972 468 91 82 7 8 280 477 364 314 252 1,289 Mounts Bay 1,100 16 - 1 - - 32 5 10 32 4 11 Par 178 367 56 10 1 1 1 - - 129 100 80 100 Porth Res. 80 160 ------360 190 Ruan Lanihorne 320 600 4 ------65 - 300 Siblyback Res. 147 245 75 26 3 2 24 35 28 17 21 133 Stithians Res. 99 138 - - - - 5 2 2 156 27 56 St. John's Lake 750 - - - - 40 1,500 2,500 800 336 - 750 Tamar Est. 664 1158 - - - 11 300 2,050 1,240 2,226 - 4,493 Tresillian River 450 174 148 - - - - - 37 330 360 395 Truro River 518 518 73 ------453 570 710

RING-BILLED GULL - Larus delawarensis Annual vagrant, with some birds returning to over-winter. A poor year with few new birds joining the faithful adults returning to their old haunts. Bude Marshes: An adult on 2nd Feb. SMC Copperhouse Creek/Hayle Est: The wintering adult on 1st Jan - 10th Mar, and then 27th Nov - 31st Dec: One on 5th - 27th Jan considered to be a 3rd year bird. A second year on 6th - 18th Feb. LPW, DC, KAW Marazion Beach: A third year on 31st Jan - presumably the Copperhouse bird. PAF Par Beach Pool: The wintering adult on !st Jan - 17th Feb: A second adult on 10th Mar. A second year on 27th Jan - 27th Feb. The wintering adult on 25th Nov and 20th Dec. REA, WS, RL Since the first record in 1979 c. 280 birds have been recorded in mainland Cornwall.

69 Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 57 46 56 24 6 2 - 2 2 10 25 50 Top sites: Hayle Est., Mounts Bay, Par, Falmouth, St. John's Lake.

COMMON GULL - Larus canus Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few summer. Tends to be a cold weather bird in Cornwall. Numbers were on the low side of the average for the 1990's. Approximate monthly totals: : Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1014 1055 186 3 5 4 10 63 145 31 561 1562 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 7 11 - - 1 - - - - - 5 45 Camel Est. 175 646 120 - 1 - 3 9 12 10 170 360 Drift Res. 30 10 2 ------2 6 25 Fowey Est. 2 ------14 Hayle Est. 4 5 7 ------27 2 Helston Boat Lake 4 18 6 ------4 Loe Pool 8 30 31 ------4 9 Lynher Est. 60 2 1 - - - - 2 2 2 5 4 Maer Lake 3 4 1 - - - 3 36 120 1 228 890 Millbrook Lake 116 95 3 - - - 1 5 2 1 9 2 Mount's Bay 90 - 3 ------Par 100 3 2 2 - - 1 - - 2 2 1 Rame 58 95 ------3 35 50 Ruan Lanihirne 65 ------3 - Siblyback Res. 4 15 ------3 - 3 12 Stithians Res. 4 3 ------3 16 28 St. John's Lake 45 40 10 - - - 1 4 6 6 45 40 Tamar Est. 7 3 - - - 4 - 1 - 1 - 4 Winnard's Perch 190 ------65

LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL - Larus fuscus Breeds in low numbers. Common passage migrant and winter visitor. Numbers were higher than average in the first three months of the year, but were slow to build in autumn and were low at the end of the year. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 7526 7914 7680 313 42 88 156 1117 1573 1998 1125 531 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 1 3 2 - 1 ------Camel Est. 639 2,241 2,706 6 - 1 10 6 3 5 136 135 Colliford Res. 3040 150 9 154 16 50 34 760 1,100 56 400 24 Crowdy Res. 7 200 13 2 5 - - 21 151 1,000 19 4 Drift Res. 16 31 50 48 6 14 12 53 26 25 19 11 Fowey Est. ------1 - 29 Hayle Est. 3,201 1,750 690 15 7 2 16 60 22 - 200 65 Loe Pool 13 130 44 33 - - - - - 12 - 4 Looe Est. 6 - 300 3 ------4 Lynher Est. 28 39 41 2 1 - - 3 2 2 6 8

70 Maer Lake 130 2,616 2,706 6 - - 10 - - - - Newquay 98 418 286 42 5 4 - 45 - - 47 Par 3 9 50 1 - 2 - - 4 6 4 4 Ruan Lanihorne 95 1 16 ------10 12 Siblyback Res. 25 5 3 - - - 33 58 123 870 316 110 St. John's Lake 6 - 10 - - 1 - 10 10 10 10 10 Winnard's Perch 195 - 670 ------55 Few apparently occupied sites, territories or nests were recorded, the maximum counts being four in both Newlyn and Penzance. Birds showing characteristics of the S W Scandinavian form L. intermedins were noted as follows: Hayle: One on 27th Aug. PSC Newquay: One on 24th Feb. SMC

HERRING GULL - Larus argentatus Common but declining resident. Breeds. Common passage migrant and winter visitor. There have been substantial fluctuations in monthly numbers recorded over the last decade, the weather doubtless being an important factor. The first three months of the year showed the highest numbers for the 1990's, reducing to average levels for the next seven months. November figures were high, as they were in the two previous years by comparison with the preceding part of the decade, whilst December was below average. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9153 12549 8707 4165 3618 3651 2174 3322 4277 5575 8935 4280 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 8 21 35 2 48 2 25 - 44 24 - 5 Camel Est. 382 472 1,809 225 36 124 23 265 353 323 541 600 Colliford Res. 7 - - 27 113 25 837 90 24 83 12 2 Copperhouse Cr 41 160 65 165 - 135 - 22 530 805 350 50 Drift Res. 850 417 323 336 327 273 230 250 340 500 875 521 Fowey Est. 23 84 223 ------482 - 103 Gannel Est. 60 1,685 1,056 682 ------1,700 - Hayle Est. 933 360 1450 400 200 300 70 669 812 805 541 80 Helford River 180 230 64 102 79 - 51 - 37 43 85 146 Helston Boat Lake 72 101 57 82 35 45 42 36 8 38 45 51 Loe Pool 91 200 258 48 9 - 21 45 43 10 16 11 Looe Estuary 722 482 439 695 402 446 - 605 - 978 1,247 815 Lynher Est. 106 70 57 128 44 38 39 120 145 120 195 178 Maer lake 6 18 18 ------17 Millbrook 87 68 - 106 73 71 38 100 228 87 228 106 Mounts Bay 45 18 9 56 2 287 6 3 9 13 3 20 Newquay 1 1,685 1,056 628 - 100 - - - - 1,700 - Par 59 70 43 121 - 112 - - 353 30 60 30 Penryn River 40 - - - 39 ------45 Perranporth - 1200 1450 ------Porth Res. - - 20 ------15 15 Porthpean 1,500 38 7 - - - - - 6 - - - Rame 2,048 1,171 - 249 2,061 1,405 363 290 234 715 940 836 Ruan Lanihorne 100 100 53 - - - 120 360 400 122 120 100 St Austell Bay 1,500 ------St. John's Lake 120 100 - - - 120 300 400 30 92 100 100 St Ives Bay - 3,500 - - - 155 ------Siblyback Res. - - 5 - 1 - - - - 3 16 6 Stithians Res. 10 15 12 17 - - 43 28 - 15 20 -

71 Tamar Est 35 80 - - - 5 - 31 24 40 - 196 Tresillion River 5 35 39 - 9 - - - 45 13 45 8 Truro River 51 113 92 ------40 57 99 Other reports include: 550 at Crowan Res on 14th Sep. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included eighty at Carbis Bay, 125 at Hayle, fifty at Nare Head, eighteen at Long Rock, sixty-one at Marazion, forty-two at Moushole, 114 at Newlyn, fifty at Newquay Police Station, fifty-six at Par Docks, 287 at Penzance and 155 at St Ives. A further 268 were noted on the coast from Moushole around Land's End to St Ives, 460 between New Polzeath and Boscastle, sixty-four between Mullion and Predannack, forty-nine between Predannack and Kynance, and sixty-nine between Kynance and Cadgwith. Birds showing characteristics of the Scandinavian form L. a. argentatus were noted as follows: Hayle Estuary: An adult on 5th - 13th Feb, and a third year on 12th Nov.

WESTERN YELLOW-LEGGED GULL - Larus michahellis Scarce visitor. Although increased observer awareness has increased sightings of this species in Britain as a whole, it is still quite scarce in Cornwall. Colliford Res: A second year and a third year on 10th Jan: Two adults on 21st Aug. Two on 30th August SCM,DC JMR,AECA. Drift Res: An adult on 3rd Jan: One on 11th Jan: One on 13th Jan: A fourth year on 2nd Mar: An adult on 10th Apr: A third year on 18th Oct. GH Hayle: Two adults and a second year on5th Jan: An adult on 12th Jan: Two adults on 5th - 9th Feb: An adult on 19th Feb: An adult on 28th April: An adult on 21 st May: A third year on 27th Jun: A third year on 1st Jul: An adult on 10th Jul: An adult on 25th Jul. KAW, LPW, SMC Loe Pool: A first year on 25th Oct. SMC Nanjizal: An adult on 17th Mar. KAW Newquay: An adult on 6th Mar. SMC Siblyback Res: An adult on 15th Nov. SMC As the identification of this species is not straightforward, only records accompanied by acceptable descriptions will be included in the report. The county mainland total now stands at c. 195. Apart from singles in 1944 and 1950 all but two have been recorded since 1983. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 29 19 24 5 7 4 8 19 14 32 18 16 Top sites: St. John's Lake, Looe, Camel Est., Colliford Res., and Par.

ICELAND GULL - Larus glaucoides Scarce winter visitor. Rare passage migrant (mainly spring). A very good first half of the year, with a turnover of birds noted on the Hayle Estuary. Observers looking at a white-winged gull with a first year Glaucous Gull bill pattern should not assume that it is a Glaucous Gull without checking out its other identification features - first year Iceland Gulls commonly have bill patterns similar to first year Glaucous Gulls. Camel Est: A first year on 28th Feb. FW, DIJ Carbis Bay, St Ives: A second year on 14th Jun. Catchall: A third year on 2nd May was presumably the Drift bird. SMC Drift Res: A second year on 21st - 31st Jan: A second year on 7th - 21st Mar: Two third years on 26th - 31 st Mar: A second year on 20th Apr: A third year on 8th May. GH Gweek: One on 21st Feb. GH, DSF et al Gwithian: A second year on 10th Feb was presumably one of the Hayle birds. PAR Hannafore: A second year on 9th May - 20th Jun had vestiges of a smudged tail and extensive black on bill suggesting Kumlien's, but plumage too bleached to be sure). EJW, SCM, GDL, HAS, AMJD et al

72 Hayle Est: Eight to twelve on 1st Jan - 15th Apr, with three third years and the rest being second years: A second year on 25th April: A second year on 2nd June. LW, KAW, BKM, LPW Helford River: A second year on 21st Feb. SK Hell's Mouth: A second year on 14th Jun was presumably the same as at Carbis Bay. BSW Land's End: A first year on 13th Dec. RAw Looe: A second year on 21st Feb: A second year on 4th Apr - 18th Jun in the Hannafore area SMC. Mount's Bay: A second year on 9th Mar - 18th Apr. DSF, PAF Nanjizal: A second year on 12th Mar: A second year on 15th April. KAW Newquay: A third year on 16th Feb (also seen at Towan Head): A third year on 10th Mar: A third year on 25th Mar. SMC Newlyn: A second year on 11th Jan. BSW Par Beach: A second year on 17th Jan. BKM Polperro: A second year on 6th Feb. EG Rame: A second year on 23rd Jan: A second year on 27th Mar: A second year on 7th Aug. EJW Scillonian Ferry: A second year on 21st Feb. BSW Swanpool: A second year on 1st - 16th Mar. BSW The county mainland total now stands at c. 413. An average year for the 1990's including a first record for August. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 108 93 68 61 25 3 - 1 1 4 12 37 Top sites: Mounts Bay, Falmouth, Hayle Est., St. Ives and Looe. A bird showing characteristics of the form known as Kumlien' Gull L. g. kumlienii was noted as follows: Drift Reservoir: An adult on 4th April. GH, BD This is the second county mainland record, the first being an adult in Mount's Bay on the 3rd to the 15th March 1979. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 1

GLAUCOUS GULL - Larus hyperboreus Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant (mainly spring). Observers looking at a white-winged gull with a first year Glaucous Gull bill pattern should not assume that it is a Glaucous Gull without checking out its other identification features - first year Iceland Gulls commonly have bill patterns similar to first year Glaucous Gulls. Bude Breakwater: A first year on 26th Mar. BTC Camel Est: A second year on 27th Feb - 12th Mar. SMC Chiverton Farm: A second year on 15th April. PAD Church Cove, Gunwalloe: A second year on 28th Apr. SK Drift Res: A second year on 13th April: A third year on 17th Apr. GH Godrevy Point: A second year on 28th Feb, presumably one of the Hayle birds. SMC Hayle Est: Two second years on 27th Feb: A second year on 13th - 21st Mar: A second year on 5th - 14th Apr BKM, KAW, LPW, PAR Lamorna Cove: A first year on 24th Dec. BDB Loe Pool: A second year on 6th - 7th Feb. ARP Maer Lake: A third year on 10th Feb: A third year on 25th Mar: A second year on 26th Mar. GPS, DCI Marazion: A second year on 20th Jan: A second year on 17th April. BKM Newquay: A second year on 2nd Mar. SMC Par Beach: A third year on 1st Jan - 30th Apr, the over-wintering individual. RL Polperro: A second year on 6th February. EG, EJW Porthlevan; A second year on 6th Feb. BSW Porthpean: A second year on 2nd Mar. RL Rame: A second Year on 27th Mar: A second year on 4th Apr EJW. St Ives: A second year on 7th Jan. KAW Tehidy CP: A second year on 16th Mar. BSW Torpoint: A second year on HMS Raleigh playing fields on 24th Jan. GDL Tregantle Fort: A second year on 28th Feb. SCM The county mainland total advances to c. 536 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 169 118 70 42 16 3 2 5 11 17 34 49 Top sites: Mounts Bay, Hayle, Falmouth, St. Ives, Newquay and Camel Est..

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL - Larus marinus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers were average in the first half of the year, but on the low side in the latter part of the year.. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1449 1441 1267 294 198 192 170 248 406 819 734 567 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Argal Res. 2 3 3 1 16 Camel Est. 177 342 817 152 15 11 84 54 162 61 220 80 Drift Res 190 15 16 7 2 4 3 8 12 6 28 23 Fowey Est. - 3 1 ------11 - 14 Hayle Est. 240 87 125 13 15 25 8 50 20 120 10 4 Helford River 6 5 3 2 4 - 1 - 2 - 2 20 Loe Pool 165 80 43 - 8 - 3 11 - 13 11 12 Looe Est. 205 176 152 30 68 38 - - - 310 142 108 Lynher Est. 26 5 - - - 2 3 6 6 8 25 19 Millbrook 3 2 4 5 3 5 3 5 5 1 2 5 Newquay 68 229 42 - - - - 55 - - - - Par 6 23 1 5 - 6 - - 61 10 3 3 Rame 108 52 33 53 41 30 54 38 114 62 261 107 Ruan Lanihorne 180 82 12 ------78 - 50 St. John's Lake 10 15 - 6 - 4 4 4 4 4 10 6 Tamar Est. 7 16 - - - 3 - 12 8 12 - 12 Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included ten between Kynance and Cadgwith, thirty five at Mousehole, forty nine between Mullion and Predannack, fifteen at Nare Head, nine at Penzance and twenty three between New Polzeath and Boscastle. Breeding was noted at the following sites: West Penwith: Nineteen nests on buildings. Godrevy Lighthouse: Forty nests. Par Docks: Three pairs.

KITTIWAKE - Rissa tridactyla Common summer resident. Breeds. Abundant passage migrant and winter visitor. Breeding season counts are as follows (figures represent maximum number of pairs or nests counted, P = present but not counted): 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 Land's End 377 - P 537 501 495 - Mullion 100 - - 13 - - - Polzeath/Ranie Point 38 - - 11 - 89 75

74 Reports include: Chapel Point: 300 on 2nd Mar. Harlyn Bay: 200 on 17th Jan. : 500 on 20th Jan. Newquay: 667 on 16th Jan: 342 on 15th Jul: One on 10th Aug: 528 on 5th Nov: 594 on 7th Dec. Porthgwarra: Seventy six on 8th May: Fourteen on 7th Aug: Forty on 11th Aug: 474 on 30th Oct: 978 on 31st Dec. Rame Head: 525 on 8th Jan: 243 on 6th Feb: Twenty on 27th Mar: Twenty-five on 17th April: Twenty- six on 15th May: Thirty-three on 10th Jun: Three on 24th Jul: Four on 21st Aug: Four on 4th Sep: Nineteen on 29th Oct: Twenty-seven on 20th Nov: Sixty-one on 23rd Dec. Trevose Head: 1,836 on 21st Jan: 366 on 6th Feb: Eighteen on 3rd Mar: 117 on 10th Apr: 439 on 27th Jun: Forty-eight on 21st Jul: Fifty-two on 30th Sep: Thirty-one on 4th Oct: 2,151 on 6th Nov.

SANDWICH TERN - Sterna sandvicensis Common passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Numbers were down when compared with the two previous years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 27 255 43 22 101 631 549 264 5 - Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Camel Est. - - 2 15 3 2 12 44 35 2 - - Hayle Est. - - - 5 - - 3 58 53 3 - - Mounts Bay - - 5 8 11 20 - - 1 9 - - Par - - 6 18 10 - 7 8 12 5 - - Porthgwarra - - 5 5 5 5 8 6 2 - - - Rame Head - - - 44 2 - - 8 - 1 - - Sennen - - 2 - - 2 2 30 34 - - - St. Ives - - - 2 - - - 40 206 200 - - St John's Lake ------7 40 4 2 2 - Trevose Head - - 1 10 - 2 12 44 109 9 - _ Reports include: Camel Est: Two on 20th Mar: Fifteen on 20th Apr: Twelve on 29th Jul: Forty four on 15th Aug: Thirty-five on 9th Sep: Two on 2nd Oct. Hayle: Fifty on 19th Aug: Nineteen on 25th Aug: Eighteen on 23rd Sep: Three on 23rd Oct. Killigerran Head: Forty-three on 22nd Sep. Pendeen: Fifty-five on 30th Sep. Pentewan: One on 19th Mar: Twenty-one on 23rd Sep. Polhawn Cove: One on 14th Mar. Porth Kidney Beach: Thirty-five on 24th Aug. Rame Head: Forty-four on 1st Apr. St Ives: Ten on 27th Aug: 206 on 30th Sep: 200 on 3rd Oct: Fifteen on 4th Oct. St John's Lake: Forty on 28th Aug: One on 6th Nov. Torpoint: One on 2nd Nov. Trevose Head: 109 on 13th Sep: Twenty-seven on 30th Sep: Nine on 4th Oct.

ROSEATE TERN - Sterna Dougallii Scarce passage migrant. Newquay: Two adults on 4th Jul. SMC The county mainland total increases to c. 795, all but two since 1951. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 32 125 36 129 150 282 40 - - *one undated 75 COMMON TERN - Sterna hirundo Passage migrant. Spring passage records were low, without the usual numbers in May, whilst numbers were high in August by comparison with the average in recent years. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 64 8 - 3 686 149 10 - Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hayle Est ------12 109 2 - - - Marazion - - - 14 ------Newquay - - - 4 - - 1 24 - - - - Par - - - 45 5 - 1 24 4 - - - St. Ives - - - - 1 - - 230 - 3 - - St John's Lake ------1 30 15 - - - Trevose Head - - - - 2 - - 9 74 1 - - Reports include: Hayle: Twenty three on 6th Aug. Killigerran Head: Fifteen on 8th Aug. Newlyn: Ten on 20th Apr. Porth Kidney Beach: 150 on 8th Aug: 108 on 17th Aug: 230 on 24th Aug: 200 on 25th Aug.

Common Terns

ARCTIC TERN - Sterna paradisaea Uncommon passage migrant. An exceptional year for the 1990's. Numbers were very high in August, with some continuation of that trend into September. Reports include: Camel Est: One on 21 - 22 Apr: One on 4 Jun: Singles on 4 Sep, 7 Sep and 23 Sep. Colliford Res: Sixteen on 8th May: One on 25th Sep. Cremyll: One on 6 Oct. Downderry: Eight on 23rd Sep: Four on 24th Sep: One on 27th Sep. Drift Res: Two on 21st Sep: One on 25th Sep. Gweek: Two on 3rd Oct. Hannafore: One on 18th Sep. Hayle: One on 21st Sep. Killigerran Head: One on 18th Sep: Nine on 22nd Sep: Five on 23rd Sep. Loe Pool: Two on 12th Sep: Three on 10th Oct. Lynher Est: Five on 25th Sep: Nine on 30th Sep: Fourteen on 2nd Oct: One on 3rd Oct. Marazion: One on 20th April, and five on 23rd Sep. Par Bay: Three on 20th Apr: One on 9th May: One on 9th Aug.

76 Pentewan: Three on 24th Sep. Porthgwarra: Two on 8th Aug: Eleven on 18th Sep: Two on 21st Sep. Rame: One on 3rd Oct, feeding on worms. Sennen Cove: One on 22nd Aug: Two on 24th Aug. Siblyback Res: Two on 24th Sep. Stithians Res: One on 25th Sep. St Ives: One on 10th Aug: Seven on 24th Aug: One on 27th Aug: One on 2nd Oct: Twenty-three on 3rd Oct. St Johns Lake: Two on 23rd Aug: Thirty on 25th Sep, and thirty on 26th Sep: Twenty on 27th Sep: Three on 29th Sep: Four on 3rd Oct: Four on 10th Oct. Tamar Est: Two on 25th Sep. Torpoint: One on 23rd Sep: Thirty on 26th Sep: Fifteen on 3rd Oct: One on 10th Oct. Trevose Head: One on 18th - 19th Aug: Six on 13th Sep: Four on 30th Sep: One on 1st Oct: Four on 2nd Oct. Upper Tamar Lake: One on 26th Sep. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 5 17 1 - 17 149 69 -

LITTLE TERN - Sterna albifrons Uncommon passage migrant. Numbers were below the level seen in 1997 and 1998, but about average when compared with the earlier 1990's. Camel Est: One on 8th Aug: One on 25th Aug. Hayle Est: One on 21st Apr: One on 2nd - 3rd Jul: Two on 29th Jul: One on 8th Aug. Lyner Est: One on 30th Sep. Mounts Bay: Two on 20th Apr: Two on 8th Aug. Par: Four on 20th Apr: A first year on 10th Aug: One on 14th Aug. Pentewan: A first year on 14th Aug. St Ives: Two on 8th Aug, one continuing to be seen at Porth Kidney Sands until 11th Aug: One on 17th Aug. St John's Lake: One on 24th Aug. Trevose Head: One on 18th Aug: One on 13th Sep: One on 2nd Oct. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May J un Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 7 - - 3 11 1 1 -

WHISKERED TERN - Chlidonias hybridus Very rare vagrant. Hayle Est: A first year on 21st - 22nd Oct. This is a very rare bird at any time of the year, but particularily in autumn. Although protographed, a description of this bird has not yet been submitted to the BBRC and it is not included in the county mainland total which remains at c. 8. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 4 1 1 - - - - -

BLACK TERN - Chlidonias niger Uncommon passage migrant. Camel Est: Four on 10th Sep. SMC Charlestown: Two on 22nd Sep RL. Colliford: A first year on 30th Aug. DC,SCM,SMcM

77 Loe Pool: One on 10th Oct. SB Lower Tamar Lake: Six on 6th Aug. BSW Maer Lake: Two on 24th Aug. GPS Pendeen: Three on 11th Sep. DSF Porthgwarra: One on 8th Aug. BSW Porth Kidney Sands, St Ives: Two on 7th Aug: Twenty on 25th Aug: Fourteen on 28th Aug. BKM, DE, JC, LPW Siblyback Res: A first year on 5th Sep. GDL Stithians Res: An adult and a first year on 9th Sep. GC Trevose Head: One on 7th Aug: One on 27th Aug. SMC Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------53 12 1 -

WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN - Chlidonias leucopterus Rare vagrant. Marazion Beach: A first year on 17th Oct. The bird subsequently gave very close views on 18th Oct when it moved to the small beach at the end of Cot Valley where it spent much of its time feeding at the waters edge. It was last seen on 20th Oct. LPW, JCh This bird was photographed and a record submitted to the BBRC, but submission was delayed and the record still has to be confirmed. The county mainland total now stands at c. 24. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 5 - 4 2 8 3 - *one undated Top sites: Hayle Est and Tamar Lakes.

COMMON GUILLEMOT - Uria aalge Summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included 100 at Gull Rock, Nare Head and eighteen on The Brisons. Reports include: Nare Head: 100 on 23rd May. Pendeen: 250 on 28th Jan. Porthgwarra: Fifty-nine on 8th May: 355 on 31st Dec. Rame Head: Seventeen on 23rd Jan: Forty-five on 6th Feb: Ten on 20th Jun. St Austell Bay: Sixteen on 16th May.

RAZORBILL - Alca torda Summer resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Apparently occupied sites, territories or nests included thirty-five on The Brisons. Reports include: Killigerran Head: Sixty-six on 21st April: Sixty three on 22nd April. Nare Head: Sixteen on 23rd May. Newquay: Sixty-three in lhr on 12th Apr. Porthmissen: Twenty on 23rd May. Porthgwarra: Fifty-two on 31st Dec. Rame: Thirty on 10th April. Rumps Point: Twenty on 20th Jun. St Austell Bay: Ten on 16th May. St Ives: 600 on 28th Jan and 600 on 31st Jan. : Twenty on 4th Jul.

78 Trerelga: Twenty on 4th Jul. Trevose Head: 117 in lhr on 10th Apr.

AUK sp. (Common Guillemot or Razorbill) Clodgy Point, St Ives: 3,660 in 6 hrs on 3rd Oct. Newquay: 2,108 in 2hrs on 5th Nov: 1482 in lhr on 4th Dec. Pendeen: 5,000 in 3 hrs on 1st Dec. Porthgwarra: 3,000 in 2 hrs on 26th Oct. Trevose Head: 1,974 in 2 hrs on 25th Jan: 492 in lhr on 6th Feb: 2,520 in 6hrs on 30th Sep: 2,520 in 5hrs on 2nd Oct: 9,963 in 3 hrs on 6th Nov.

BLACK GUILLEMOT - Cepphus grylle Rare visitor, occasionally overwintering. Porthpean: One on 14th Jun. RL St Mawes: One on 4th - 31st Dec. DSF The mainland total now stands at c. 64. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11 7 5 5 2 3 - - 5 6 8 8 *four undated Top sites: St. Ives, Falmouth Bay, Mevagissey Bay, Sennen, Camel Est., and Trevose Head.

LITTLE AUK - Alle alle Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. A poor year with only three records. Newquay: One on 6th Dec. SMC Trevose Head: One on 12th Jan: One on 26th Jan. SMC The county mainland total increases to c. 1,377. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 115 133 39 3 - 1 - - 4 108 460 514

PUFFIN - Fratercula arctica Scarce summer resident. Breeds. Uncommon passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Breeding season information was received from the following localities where breeding is known or suspected to have occurred. The figures represent maximum numbers of single birds seen at or near the colony. 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 Long & Short Isles 3 6 4 12 7 2 16 15 The Brisons 6 4 6 5 3 - - - The Mouls 20 25 22 8 11 20 25 30 Elsewhere: Bass Point: Five on 21st May. Hannafore: One on 25th April. Killigerran Head: Singles on 21st Apr and 10th May: Three on 18th Sep: Two on 22nd Sep: One on 23rd Sep. Newquay: One on 6th Jul. Pentewan: One on 19th Jul. Porthgwarra: Six on 25th Apr: Five on 20th Jul: One on 17th Sep. Rump Point: Five on 30th May: Fourteen on 20th Jun. St Ives: Seven on 30th Sep.

79 Tintagel: Five on 4th Jul.

Trevose Head: One on 9th Sep: One on 13th Sep: Four on 30th Sep: One on 8th Oct.

FERAL PIGEON / ROCK DOVE - Columba livia Resident. Breeds. Pure Rock Doves areunlikely to have survived interbreeding with feral pigeons. Reports include: Sixty on Camel Estuary on 3rd Jun.

STOCK DOVE - Columba oenas Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few flocks were reported in the first two months of the year, 137 being the largest, but had all dispersed by April. Summer records are largely reports of calling males, with the only numbers of any size on Lizard Downs during this period. They started to flock after the breeding season, with the main movements in November and the most impressive numbers in West Pen with. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 518 450 168 15 27 46 23 78 20 296 1559 30 Regular reports & maximum numbers: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Drift Res. 67 71 31 - - 8 - - - - 115 - Walmsley Sane. 133 26 - - 2 9 5 30 10 - - - Other reports include: Camel Est: 137 on 28th Feb. Lizard Downs: 100 on 21st Nov. Lowlands Down: Twenty on 20th May. Nanjizal: 200 on 10th Nov. Pelynt: 200 on 3rd November. Porthgwarra: Ninety-five on 17th Oct. Sancreed: 300 on 14th Nov. Sennen: 300 on 9th Nov. St Merryn: Thirty-five on 25th Jan. Winnards Perch: 179 on 2nd Feb, and seventy-seven on 6th Mar.

WOOD PIGEON - Columba palumbus Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, with larger numbers in late autumn. Winter visitor. The previous years movements had either departed or dispersed by January when relatively few were reported. This species tends not to be reported during the breeding season, but is a common breeder and densities were good in the few areas covered. Birds started to gather in August, but it was not until November that large flocks were seen as they funnelled into West Penwith - the first high count was seen on 4th November. However, the flocks had gone by December when no large flocks were reported. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 151 88 222 40 49 98 5 189 9 125 13612 498 Reports include: Bass Point: 500 on 10th Nov. Camel Est: 1,200 on 11th Nov. Church Cove: 1,100 on 9th Nov: 500 on 15th Nov. Drift Res: 2,000 on 7th Nov. Illogan Wood: Seven males on 1st Jun. Labour-in-Vain: Five males on 1st Jun.

80 Veery, St. Leven, October 1999 - Rob Wilson

White-Winged Black Tern, Cot Valley, Booted Warbler, Lands End, October 1999 October 1999 - Ian Wilson Citrine Wagtail, Marazion, September 1999 - John Chappie

Chimney Swift, Millbrook, October 1999 Chimney Swift, Penzance, October 1999 - George Reszeter Alan Tate Booted Eagle, Drift, October 1999 - Dave Nye Red-footed Falcon, Lands End, May 1999

American Bittern,Walmsley, May 1999 - Little Bittern, Lands End, May 1999 Adrian Langdon Whiskered Tern, Hayle Estuary, October 1999 - Pacific Golden Plover, Culdrose Airfield, Alan Tate October 1999 - Paul Hopkins

Cattle Egret, Kynance, June 1999 - John Chappie Yellow-billed Cuckoo - Dave Nye Lamorna Cove: 1,000 on 10th Nov. Lizard village: 1,000 on 4th Nov. Marazion: 1,500 on 6th Nov: 2,800 on 7th Nov. Nanjizal: 1,000 on 9th Nov. Penlee: 1,000 on 7th Nov. Pelynt: 900 on 9th Nov. Rame: 1,000 on 7th Nov. Sancreed: 1,500 on 6th Nov: 5,450 on 7th Nov. Tehidy CP: Eleven males on 1st Jun. Walmsley: 175 on 2nd Aug.

COLLARED DOVE - Streptopelia decaocto Resident breeder with some dispersal in spring and autumn. The now usual May and early June movements were observed at many coastal sites. Reports include: Brew: Fourteen on 15th Oct. Bridge: Fifteen on 31st May. Camel Est: Twenty-three on 5th Jan. Church Cove: Sixteen on 22nd May. Downderry: Fourteen on 4th Sep, with twenty on 9th Oct. Helston: Twelve on 12th Oct. Polgigga: Forty-five on 9th Aug. Porthgwarra: Twenty-four on 13th Jun. Sancreed: Fifteen on 25th Sep. St Columb: Fifteen on 31st May. St Levan: Fourteen on 17th May.

TURTLE DOVE - Streptopelia turtur Passage migrant. Occasional summer resident. Probably bred in 1981,1978 and 1977. Rare in winter. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 11 1 - 6 7 - - - A very poor year, one assumes owing to the poor spring. All records were of single birds apart from the following: Nanjizal: Two on 19th May. Porthgwarra: Two on 9th May. Sennen: Two on 9th May.

COMMON CUCKOO - Cuculus canorus Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant, mainly spring. The first bird of the year arrived on 20th April, with numbers peaking in May. The last report was of a bird on 12th August. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 16 54 39 1 1 - - - - Reports include: Cardinham Moor: Three on 31 st May. Clearbrook: Six on 6th Jun. Colliford Res: Three on 16th May: One on 12th Aug. Drift Res: One on 20th April. Kit Hill: Seven territories Lamelgate: Two terrirories.

81 Men-an-Tol: Seven on 14th Jun. Porthgwarra: One on 19th April. Rushford Gate: Three on 26th Apr. Tregoss Moor: Four on 29th May. Treskilling Clay Pit: Four on 11th May. Upper Fowey Valley: Two on 9th Jun.

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO - Coccyzus americanus Very rare vagrant. An all too brief appearance of a species so rarely seen on the mainland, but it did give very good views to all who were able to get there on the day. Is it possible that, if visibility had not been poor that day, it would have seen the Isles of Scilly and not continued on its journey to the mainland? Cot Valley: One on 10th Oct. JDS The county mainland total is now c. 6. Previous records were in 1830, 1887, 1938, 1980 and 1985. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------5 - - *one undated

BARN OWL - Tyto alba Scarce resident with some dispersal migration. Breeds. Loss of breeding sites, destruction of habitat, increased road traffic and cold winters followed by damp summers all take a heavy toll on this vulnerable species. There were reports from 73 locations, all of which were of single birds apart from the following: Devoran: Two on 1st Jan and 2nd Dec. Hesseford: Two on 1st Jul. Marazion: Two on 21st Jan. Mount Hawke: Two on 1st Jan. Rumford: Five on 1st Jul. St Columb Porth: Five on 26th Jun. Trevelgue: Two on 21st Jan. Walmsley Sane: Two on 9th Sep. : Two on 5th Jul.

Barn Owl LITTLE OWL - Athene noctua Very scarce resident. Breeds. The 1937 report mentions that, on unscientific evidence this species was 'black listed' for five years by Somerset, Devon and Cornwall County Councils and had become a rare bird in Cornwall. There was a theory that they killed birds and mammals in order to later enjoy a feast of carrion beetles at the corpse.

82 Carnmenellis: One on 10th Jan - 24th Oct. SMC, BKM, DE Cawsand: A pair nested. IS Four Lanes: One on 9th May. BD Pont: One between Pont and Frogmore on 16th Aug. AA Porth Joke: One on 1st Jun. SMC : One at Trewinckle turn on 25th Jun. SCM Rumps Point: One on 24th Apr DIJ, 17th Jul BTC and 31st Jul. DIJ Stithians Res: Two on 13th Mar. SFEy Trevean Farm: One on 19th Mar - 12th Jul. PAD

TAWNY OWL - Strix aluco Widespread resident. Breeds. Found in suitable habitat across the county, and the most widespread of the owl family. Birds were reported at forty-seven locations. A few family groups were reported in the summer, the largest being of five birds.

LONG-EARED OWL - Asio otus Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally breeds. Chiverton Roundabout: One on 9th Jan. GHT Church Cove: One on 18th Aug. SK Nanjizal: One on 17th Oct. KAW Porthgwarra: One on 15th Oct: Two on 17th - 24th Oct: One on 28th Oct. SMC, CDRH Rame Head: One on 28th Sep: One on 2nd Nov. BKM, RWG, AECA et al Assuming that only two birds were involved at Porthgwarra, the county mainland total advances to c. 110 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9 10 8 7 2 5 - 10 5 19 14 18 * three undated Top sites: Porthgwarra, Stithians, Upper Fowey Valley, Cot Valley and Sticker.

SHORT-EARED OWL - Asio flammeus Uncommon passage migrant. Winter visitor. Bosuthow Common: One on 3rd Mar. Caer Bran: One on 14th Mar. Crowdy Res: One on 1st Aug. Drift Res: Singles on 20th Oct and 10th Dec. Gunwalloe: One on 24th Mar. Kynance Cove: One on 2nd Apr. Land's End: One on 18th - 19th Oct. Lizard: One on 1st May. Lizard Airfield: One on 7th - 26th Mar. Lizard Downs: Singles on 2nd Mar, 15th Apr and 14th Dec. Marazion: One on 13th Nov. Nanquidno: One on 20th Oct. Pendeen: One on 16th Jan. Porthgwarra: Singles on 5th May, 10th Oct and 15th - 16th Oct. Sancreed: One on 28th Dec. St Bury an: One on 16th Feb. St Ives: One on 13th Nov. Tregonetha: Two on 31st Dec. Trewey Common: Three on 2nd Feb. Woon Gumpas Common: One on 10th Jan. : One on 20th Oct.

83 EUROPEAN NIGHTJAR - Caprimulgus europaeus Scarce summer visitor. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. Formerly more common as a breeding species in the county, though now restricted to a small number of sites. Breeding season information was received from the following areas. Figures show the maximum number of 'churring' males. 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 West Penwith Site 1 2 2 2 3 4 3 7 5 Site 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 Site 3 1 1 1 - 2 - - - Lizard Site 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 Site 2 2 3 2 - - - - - Bodmin Moor 5 4 1 3 3 3 4 4 nr St. Austell - 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 nr Newquay 2 - 1 - - - - - Bosigran: A male on 14th Jun. Cam Galver: A male on 25th May. Coverack: Two males on 13th Jun. Croft Pascoe Plantation: Two males and a female. Egoshayle: One on 22nd May. Halvana Plantation: Five males on 25th May. St Newlyn East: Two males on site 1 on 28th May - 3rd Jun, and one male on site 2 on 30th Jun. Watch Croft: A male on 5th May. Zennor: A male on 25th Jun.

CHIMNEY SWIFT - Chaetura pelagica Very rare vagrant. There were only four British records of this species up to 1998, but 1999 produced ten records of which three were in Cornwall. Two were seen in the Penzance/Newlyn/Drift Reservoir area, and Rame continued its purple patch when one visited just a week after the Red-flanked Bluetail. Drift Res: Two on 25th Oct. Penzance: One on 23rd - 24th Oct, and also at Newlyn on 24th Oct. PAF,MTE, KAW Rame, Cawsand, Millbrook & Maker Heights: One on 22nd - 23rd Oct. Although photographed, a report of this bird has still to be submitted to the BBRC. PM et al The mainland total increases to c. 6. The first for Britain was seen at Porthgwarra on 21st October 1982 and stayed for seven days. It was joined by a second bird on 23rd to 25th October. The third county record was seen near Probus on 18th October 1987. Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------6 - -

COMMON SWIFT - Apus apus Passage migrant. Summer visitor. Breeds. The first report was of one on 26th April and the last bird was seen on 10th Sep, both at Trevose Head. Numbers of this species are dropping in the U.K. and additional counts would be appreciated e.g. in a town or specific area on summer evenings. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 9 2044 2594 1134 178 2 - - - Reports include: Bodmin: Five on 5th May. Camel Est: Eighty on 31st Jul.

84 Church Cove: Fifty on 3rd Aug. Colliford Res: Forty on 7th May: 410 on 11th May: 250 on 23rd May: 200 on 27th May: 200 on 8th Jun: 350 on 20th Jun. Drift Res: 120 on 20th Jun. Fowey Valley: Sixty-five on 12th May. Halton Quay: One on 4th May. Kenidjack: One on 30th Apr. Maer lake: 200 on 3rd Jul. Marazion: 200 on 18th May: One on 27th Apr. Nanjizal: Thirty on 14th May. Penzance: Twenty on 8th May. Rame: 106 on 8th May. Rough Tor Farm: 1500 on 24th Jun. Sennen: One on 27th April. St Austell Sewage Works: Fifty on 10th May: Fifty on 18th May. Trevose Head: One on 26th April: Eighty-six on 24th Jul: Twelve on 23rd August: One on 10th Sep. Walmsley Sane: 100 on 13th May: 150 on 15th May: 120 on 17th Jul: 350 on 31st Jul.

COMMON KINGFISHER - Alcedo atthis Scarce resident. Breeds. Dispersal migrant (mainly autumn). Winter visitor. There were reports from sixty localities. Four young birds were ringed at Nanjizal, one on 16th August and three on 10th September, indicating a dispersal following breeding. Reports include: Drift Res: One on 21st Feb: One on 18th Jul: Two on 15th Aug: Two on 12th Sep. Par Pool: The wintering bird was last seen on 24th Feb: One on 10th Oct.

HOOPOE - Upupa epops Scarce drift migrant, mainly spring. Bred in 1969,1968,1962,1905 and 1901. : One on 4th Oct. BSW Kerick Farm: One on 14th May. BSW Lizard: One on 6th Apr: One on 26th Apr. BSW Mousehole: One on 2nd - 6th Apr. per DSF Porth Joke: One on 1st Apr. SD A poor year with reports of only six birds, well below the average for the 1990's. The county mainland total is now c. 520 since 1930, prior to which data is incomplete. Approximate monthlv totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 7 90 245 74 16 7 13 31 24 11 - * two undated

WRYNECK - Jynx torquilla Scarce passage migrant. Has overwintered twice. Bodmin: One on 28th Aug. BSW Caerthillian Cove: One on 4th - 9th Sep. BSW Cape Cornwall: One on 18th October. JDS Kenidjack: One on 1st Sep: One on 27th Sep. BSW, JDS Land's End: One on 30th Oct. RAw Lizard: One on 4th Sep. PAM Porthgwarra: One on 19th - 25th Sep and 8th Oct. BSW St Germans: One on 30th April. A&PB : One on 3rd May. ALn Trevose Head: One on 14th - 18th Oct. SMC Upton Towans: One on 19th - 20th Sep. PAR

85 The county total since 1930 is now c. 336. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - 3 18 11 1 - 30 205 64 3 -

GREEN WOODPECKER - Picus viridus Resident. Breeds. A species which appears to be in decline in many parts of Britain. Reports from fifty-five sites.

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER - Dendrocopos major Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. Few records were reported for this species which is the most widespread of the family in Cornwall.

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER - Dendrocopos minor Rare resident. Calstock: One on 13th Feb and 2nd Oct. JAH Penrose Armity, Helston: One on 14th Feb. Sheviock Wood: One on 1st and 3rd Nov. WDL St Germans: A male, female and first year on 9th Jul - 11th Sep. A&PB,EHW et al

SHORT-TOED LARK - Calandrella brachydactyla Rare vagrant. Camel Est: One on 19th Oct. SMC Sennen: One on 16th May. PAM The Sennen bird has not yet been accepted and is not included in the totals. The mainland total increases to c. 26. If accepted, the Sennen record would be the sixth at this site since 1982 Approximate monthly totals (historic):* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 3 3 - - 1 8 9 2 -

WOOD LARK - Lullula arborea Rare resident. Occasionally breeds. Some dispersal with possibility of migrants. A species which was formerly widespread in the county with breeding records from many areas until 1968. There was then a gradual contraction in range, and breeding was last confirmed in 1983. However, the national population has been expanding recently and, with birds breeding over the border in Devon, a recolonisation is not impossible. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 3 ------6 18 20 Bake: Two on 21st Feb. SMC Cape Cornwall: Two on 11th Oct:One on 18th Oct. DIJ Military Road: One on 10th Nov. RS Nanquidno: One on 17th Oct. SMC Penlee: One on 10th Nov. RS Polgigga: Six on 23rd Sep: Two on 24th Oct. SMC, CDRH, RJn Porthgwarra: Two on 5th - 17th Oct: One on 24th Oct: Five on 25th - 27th Oct. BKM, SMC Rame: One on 18th Oct. Reskadinnick: Eighteen on 14th Nov. AM Sennen: One on 12th Oct. Trebehor: Two on 24th Oct. SFEy Tregoney: One on 1st Feb. DIJ Trevorian: One on 30th Oct: Four on 23rd Oct CDRH, SMC, BD.

86 SKY LARK - Alauda avensis Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, mainly autumn. Winter visitor. The decline of this species in Britain is well documented. Skylarks are early breeders, so flocks had dwindled by February and numbers were much reduced by March. Although this species has suffered a dramatic decline in numbers, it is thought that the low numbers in the summer months may also reflect some under-recording whilst the birds are widespread over suitable breeding habitat (rather than in more easily counted flocks). There was a large increase in numbers in October as birds gathered into flocks and migrants arrived to winter. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 734 372 50 108 35 37 55 36 65 1526 1595 691 Reports include: Bake: Eighty on 21st Feb. Harlyn Bay: 175 on 11th Jan. Chapel Porth: Seventy-one on 9th Jan. Jericho Valley: Forty-two on 27th Oct. Kit Hill: Nineteen pairs. Lamelgate: Sixteen pairs. Marazion: Ninety-seven on 26th Oct. Nanjizal: Sixty on 25th - 27th Oct. Nanquidno: Seventy on 18th Oct. Old Town Cove: 150 on 6th Feb. Park Head: Seventy on 12th Feb. Penlee Military Road: 120 on 1st Jan Pentire: Forty on 19th Nov. Porthgwarra: 321 on 25th Oct: 145 on 28th Oct. Rame: Ninety on 13th Novemebr and 130 on 2nd Dec. Sancreed: Forty on 7th Nov. Trevose Head: Forty-five on 22nd Jan: Thirty-five on 23rd Aug: Thirty-two on 25th Sep: 160 on 6th Oct: 210 on 12th Oct: 950 on 10th Nov: 250 on 15th Dec. Upper Fowey Valley: Thirty-two males on 2nd April. West Pentire: Seventy-two on 20th Jan: Sixty-five on 9th Nov.

SAND MARTIN - Riparia riparia Passage migrant (mainly spring) and summer visitor. Breeds. A typical year with the biggest movements in late-March/April - one feels sorry for these early migrants when the wind inevitably turns northerly and cold. The first records were on 8th March, with the usual large spring movements in place by the end of the month. Highest numbers were seen between 26th March and the end of April, with the occasional higher count in May. Few records were received in the autumn, perhaps indicating that they moved south using a different route to their northward migration in spring. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1850 5856 878 262 207 166 226 6 - - Reports include: Camel Est: 100 on 16th April and 121 on 28th April: 120 on 9th May. Cam Gloose: Seven on 15th Mar. Colliford Res: 270 on 17th Apr: 300 on 14th Apr: 600 on 17th Apr: 1,500 on 18th Apr. Drift Res: Twenty-five on 22nd Aug. Harlyn Pond: Ninety on 25th Mar: 100 on 11th Apr. Loe Pool: Ninety-five on 30th Mar. Maer Lake: Six on 8th Mar: Sixty-eight on 6th Apr: 115 on 25th Apr. Marazion Marsh: One on 10th Mar: 100 on 30th Mar: 400 on 31st Mar: Fifty on 2nd Apr: 150 on 17th Apr.

87 Nanjizal: One on 10th Mar: 600 on 29th Mar: Forty on 14th May: Four on 8th Oct. Rame: Eight on 28th Aug. St Austell Sewage Works: Seventy on 29th March: 150 on 12th April: 150 on 16th Apr: 150 on 21st Apr. Treskilling Clay Pip: Forty pairs on 12th Jun: Sixty breeding on 8th Jul. Trevose Head: Sixty-eight on 25th Mar: 443 on 26th Apr: 126 on 28th Apr. Walmsley Sane: 230 on 12th - 16th Apr: 100 on 17th - 18th May. Breeding season records were received for the following colonies, with comparative data for the years 1990-1998. Figures represent number of occupied nest holes; P = present but not counted. 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 Lamelgate 4 6 8 - - - - - Loe Bar 20 P 20 24 10 - - - Perranuthnoe 20 P 12 15 - - P P Treskilling Clay Pit 30 75 46 77 40 30 40 45

BARN SWALLOW - Hirundo rustica Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms large roosts in early autumn. Impressive movements seen in spring and early autumn, and the number of birds hawking insects in summer evidences a good breeding population. Most reports are of large flocks, and little information was submitted concerning breeding success. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 48 3095 1838 252 2071 6814 4716 148 3 - Reports include: Camel Est: 255 on 4th Sep. Colliford Res: Seventy on 17th April: 220 on 8th May. Drift Res: One on 26th Mar: 150 on 22nd Sep. Maer Lake: One on 26th Mar: Twenty-nine on 9th Apr: 1,200 on 2nd Sep. Marazion: Two on 26th Mar: 150 on 14th May: 500 on 4th Aug: 4,000 on 31st Aug: 300 on 3rd Sep: 1,500 on 7th Sep; One on 13th Nov. Nanjizal: Three on 29th Mar: 120 on 8th Apr: 300 on 25th Apr: 150 on 14th May: 200 on 19th Jun: 250 on 14th Jul. Nanquidno: Thirteen on 4th Oct. Par Pool: 700 on 28th Jul. Penlee: 2,000 on 28th Aug: Thirty on 25th Oct. Poith Mear: 110 on 26th May. St Austell Sewage Works: 300 on 25th April: 200 on 18th Sep. Stithians Res: 207 on 20th Sep. Trevose Head: One on 20th Mar: 203 on 24th Apr: 1,120 on 26th April: 252 on 7th May: 160 on 24th Jul: 150 on 1st Aug. Walmsley Sane: 100 on 14th May: 130 on 20th Sep: 15 on 9th Oct.

RED-RUMPED SWALLOW - Hirundo daurica Rare vagrant. Sennen, then Porthgwarra: A first year on 13th Nov DML,NJP. The mainland total is now c. 28. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 2 5 4 - - - - 10 6 - *one undated

88 HOUSE MARTIN - Delichon urbica Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially in spring. As with Swallow, most reports are of large flocks and litle information is submitted concerning breeding success. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 2 134 864 816 47 988 1711 16 1 - Reports include: Camel Est: Forty-five on 5th Sep. Drift Res: Forty on 13th May. Maer Lake: Five on 5th Apr: 140 on 7th May. Marazion: Six on 20th Oct: One on 11th Nov. Nanjizal: One on 29th Mar: Fifty on 7th May: Eighty on 14th May: One on 8th Oct. Penlee: 500 on 28th Aug. Porth Mear: Seventy-five on 26th May. St Austell Sewage Works: 200 on 18th June: 800 on 18th Sep. St Levan: Forty-five on 10th Aug. Trevose Head: 150 on 10th Sep.

Walmsley Sane: Twenty on 11th May: 100 on 18th May: 120 on 20th Sep.

RICHARD'S PIPIT - Anthus novaseelandiae Vagrant,mainly in autumn, and possible passage migrant. Annual since 1974. An average number of birds were reported. The first record of the year was an unusually obliging individual at Marazion. Lands's End: Three on 16th - 22nd Nov. RAw, KAW Hayle Est: Three on 22nd Oct. SMC Higher Bosistow, Polgigga: One on 6th Oct. MDW Lands End: One on 28th Oct. CDRH Marazion: One on 28th Mar - 11th Apr. BKM et al Pentire: One on 28th - 29th Sep. BSW Porthgwarra: One on 5th Oct: One on 13th - 18th Oct: Two on 26 - 27 Oct. CDRH, SMC. Rump Point One on 29th Oct. BSW Sennen: Two on 28th Sep. MDW Trevose Head: One on 10th April. SMC The county mainland total is now c. 346. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2 - 4 12 1 - - - 61 201 54 11

TREE PIPIT - Anthus trivialis Passage migrant in small numbers, mainly in autumn. Breeds in limited numbers in east Cornwall. The first sighting of the year was at Trevose Head where there were two birds on 19th April. A trickle of records followed, and thirty males were heard on territories in spring. A survey was undertaken on Bodmin Moor, covering the same area as that covered by a similar survey in 1984. Although the habit has undergone no apparent change only fifteen birds were found, a seventy per cent drop in population over the period. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 10 31 30 4 138 20 - - -

89 Reports include: Land's End: Three on 20th Aug. Marazion Marsh: Seven on 29th Aug: Eight on 5th Sep. Nanquidno: Seven on 24th Aug. Nanjizal: Three on 16th Aug: Sixteen on 20th Aug: Twenty-two on 21st Aug: Fifteen on 29th Aug: Twenty-five on 30th Aug. Ninestones: Four pairs on 2nd May. Pendeen: One on 11th May. Porthgwarra: Thirty on 30th Aug. Predannack: Three on 4th Sep. Rame Head: One on 12th Sep. St Just: One on 12th May. Tregoss Moor: One on 19 Mar. Trevose Head: Up to four between Apr and Sep. Whitesand Bay: One on 20th May.

MEADOW PIPIT - Anthus pratensis Breeds. Winter visitor. Passage migrant, especially in autumn when large concentrations occur. The production of approximate monthly totals is always open to distortion by variations in observer coverage. However, the reduction in numbers this year is supported by the lack of large flocks which have often been seen in previous autumns. The monthly peaks and lows are much in line with the norm. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 174 150 253 28 24 72 39 15 383 1321 154 80 Reports include: Camel Est: Forty-three on 4th Jan. Davidstow Airfield: 132 on 3rd Sep. Kit Hill: Thirty-seven males. Lamelgate: Seventeen pairs. Polly Joke: Forty on 13th Nov. Porthgwarra: 250 on 5th Oct: 113 on 13th Oct. Porthpean: Fifty on 12th Mar. Rame: Forty-seven on 2nd Oct. St Agnes Head: Forty-two on 10th Sep, and sixty on 16th Oct. St Austell Sewage Works: Sixty on 10th Jan - 12th Mar. Sennen: 100 on 6th Oct. Trevose Head: Sixty on 25th Mar: Forty-five on 3rd Sep: Fifty-five on 25th Sep: Eighty on 4th Oct: 110 on 6th Oct: 147 on 12th Oct: 100 on 18th Oct: Forty on 28th Oct: Forty-five on 10th Nov. Upper Fowey Valley: Seventeen males on 4th Jun.

RED-THROATED PIPIT - Anthus cervinus Very rare vagrant. Davidstow Airfield: One on 30th Sep. SMC The first record of a bird arriving in September. The mainland total is now c. 12. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 1 - - - 1 9 - -

ROCK PIPIT - Anthus petrosus Resident. Breeds. Scarce mirgant. Some dispersal. Rarely seen inland. A common sight with pairs breeding in suitable habitat all along the Cornish coastline. Summer records were few and far between, but that doubtless reflects the lack of any large concentrations.

90 Reports include: Camel Est: Thirty on 29th Oct. Cape Cornwall: Thirty on 29th Oct. Gannel Est: Twenty-one on 3rd Feb. Hannafore Est: Eleven on 19th Dec. Par Beach: Fourteen on 3rd Jan: Twelve in Sep. A bird showing characteristics of the form known as Scandinavian Rock Pipit A. s. littoralis was noted as follows: Hannafore: One on 11th and 23rd Feb. RMB

WATER PIPIT - Anthus spinoletta Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Bude Marshes: Two on 30th Jan - 2nd Feb: One on 7th Mar: One on 13th Nov. DU, SMC Camel Est: Two on 9th Jan - 12th Feb. DIJ Colliford Res: One on 29th Nov. SMC Hannafore: One on 23rd Dec. GDL Maer Lake: Two on 6th Jan: One on 11th Jan: One on 28th Nov - 12th Dec: Two on 20th Dec. GPS, SMC Marazion Marsh: One on 2nd Jan - 9th Feb. DSF Ruan Lanihorne: One on 23rd Jan. SMC Walmsley: One on 1st Jan - 29th Mar, with a second on 9th Jan: A second in summer plumage on 29th Mar: One on 19th Oct - 22nd Nov: One on 30th Nov - 20th Dec. DAC, SMC Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10 6 3 ------1 4 4

YELLOW WAGTAIL - Motacilla flava Passage migrant. Uncommon in spring, but forms roosts in autumn. Bred almost annually from 1956 to 1965 but not since. The first bird of the year was seen on 19th April, followed by a trickle of birds into May. The main passage was in August and September, with the peak at the traditional time of the end of August. Reports include: Hayle Est: One on 22nd Oct. Holestrow: Seven on 9th Sep. Lizard Lighthouse: Twelve on 4th Sep. Maer Lake: Eight on 22nd Aug. Nanjizal: Twelve on 6th Sep: Twenty on 10th Sep. Nanquidno: Fifteen on 1st Sep. Penlee: Thirty-five on 28th Aug. Porthgwarra: Twenty on 11th Sep. Predannack: Thirty-three on 28th Aug: Twenty-four on 30th Aug: Eleven on 5th Sep. : Twenty on 11th Sep. Rame/Penlee: Thirty on 5th Sep. Trevescan: Thirty on 29th Aug. Trevose Head: One on 19th Apr. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - _ 7 6 - 1 137 145 5 _ _ Individuals of the race M. f. flava, known as Blue-headed Wagtail, were noted as follows: Nanjizal: One on 30th Apr. KAW Land's End: One on 2nd May. DSF, RAW An individual of the race M. f. feldegg, known as Black-headed Wagtail, was noted as follows: Walmsley Sane: One on 11th - 12th May. SMC,BMP An individual showing characteristics of an eastern race similar in appearance to M. f. beema was

91 noted as follows: Penzance Heliport: 14th Oct. KAW, IMW et al

CITRINE WAGTAIL - Motacilla citreola Rare vagrant. A bird, which had not moulted some of its juvenile upper-tail coverts, showed very well at Marazion Marsh Marazion Marsh: One on 14th - 17th Sep. DSF, CM Nanjizal: One on 6th Sep. KAW, IMW The mainland total is now c. 10. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - . - - - 2 - - 2 5 1 - -

GREY WAGTAIL - Motacilla cinerea Resident. Winter visitor. Breeds. Some dispersal, particularily in autumn. Present on suitable sites throughout the county, but with normally only small numbers at any one site and is probably under-recorded as a result. No movements reported in autumn. Reports include. Crowdy Res: Six on 12th Sep. Marazion: Five on 30th Aug. Porthgwarra: Six on 2nd Sep: Six on 17th Sep. Rame: Five on 27th Aug and six on 11th Sep. St Austell Sewage Works: Four on 14th Nov.

PIED WAGTAIL - Motacilla alba Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Forms roosts, mainly in autumn and winter. Most reports were of roosting flocks which started to disperse in March, and most birds had gone by June. Numbers started to increase again in July, and sizeable flocks were reported from August to December. Reports include: Davidstow Airfield: Sixty-three on 6th -^V^-u- Sep. Fifty on 26th Oct: Seventy-four on 31 st Oct. 5 ,: Drift Res: Fifteen on 6th Mar: Twenty- one on 7th Mar. Pied Wagtail Lamelgate: Six pairs. Maer Lake: Twenty-two on 22nd Apr: Thirty-two on 6th Oct: Eighty-three on 20th Oct. Marazion: Sixty on 12th Mar: Eighty on 15th Apr. Par Beach: Ninety-one on 29th Jan: Forty on 24th Jul. Par Harbour: 350 on 12th Feb. Penzance Station: 220 on 4th Nov. Porthgwarra: Sixty-four on 13th Oct: Twenty-nine on 27th Oct. St Columb Sewage Works: Sixty on 24th Jan. Trevose Head: Ten on 26th Apr: Fourteen on 14th May: Thirty-eight on 4th Sep: Sixteen on 14th Oct. Truro: 200 at Currys on 25th Jan: 300 at Currys on 8th December: 120 at Treliske Hospital on 12th Dec. Upper fowey Valley: Six males on 4th Jun. Birds of the nominate Continental race M. a. alba, known as White Wagtail, which occur as a regular passage migrant in the county, were noted in lower numbers than usual as follows:-

92 Land's End: Six on 18th Apr. Maer Lake: Two on 21st Apr: Four on 22nd April. Marazion Marsh: Five on 15th Apr: Thirteen on 18th Apr. Nanjizal: Twenty on 29th Aug. Par Beach: Ten on 27th aug. Pentewan: One on 27th Mar. Predannack Airfield: Fifty on 25th Sep. Approximate monthly totals (M. a. alba): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 6 33 3 - 1 38 54 5 - -

BOHEMIAN WAXWING - Bombycilla garrulus Rare winter visitor. Hundreds of birds arrived in Britain in the autumn, but only two birds made it as far south-west as Cornwall. Falmouth Art College: Two on 15th - 23rd Nov. The county mainland total moves to c. 109. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8 26 10 - 1 1 - - - 2 30 28 * three undated

DIPPER - Cinclus cinclus Scarce resident (mainly mid and east Cornwall). Breeds. Pairs are present on most suitable stretches of the Rivers Camel and Fowey, with the majority of breeding pairs centred around the extremities of Bodmin Moor and small populations in the middle and west of the county. The species remains at risk from increased pollution and disturbance of rivers and breeding sites. Breeding reported at Lamelgate, Respryn Bridge and Ninestones, with birds present in breeding season at Westerlake, Draynes Bridge and Callington. There were reports from twenty-nine sites.

WREN - Troglodytes troglodytes Resident. Breeds. Populations may be severely reduced after prolonged cold winters. A difficult species on which to comment owing to the sparsity of information - one is tempted to say an average year, but that would be based on knowledge of only one site. Comparative data showing singing males at individual sites over several years (or even starting now) would be of great assistance. Reports include: Camel Estuary: Eight on 2nd May. Goss Moor: Sixteen males on 19th Mar. Kit Hill: Forty-one pairs. Lamelgate: Fifty-one pairs. United Downs: Seventeen on 20th Nov. Upper Fowey Valley: Fifty-one males on 15th May.

HEDGE ACCENTOR - Prunella modularis Resident. Breeds. Rare passage migrant. As with Wren, the records received do not show much of a picture but it appeared to be an average breeding season. Reports include: Argal Res: Ten on 4th May. Colliford res: Ten on 12th May. Kit Hill: Twenty-two pairs. Lamelgate: Six pairs. Upper fowey Valley: Six males on 15th May

93 ROBIN - Erithacus rubecula Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. February reports showed a drop by comparison with January, but increased again in May when some notable counts were recorded as birds became more vocal. They then dropped again during the breeding and moulting seasons when birds become more unobtrusive. Autumn movements started to build in September as local birds were displaced as a result of the increased population, and numbers increased further in October as migrants arrived from the continent. Reports include: Kit Hill: Seventeen pairs. Labour-in-Vain: Thirty on 24th Oct. Lamelgate: Thirty-eight pairs. Nanquidno: Twenty-five on 19th Oct. Swanpool: Nine on 17th May. Teburrick Farm: Nine on 22nd May. Trewidden: Fifty on 5th Oct. United Downs: Eleven on 20th Nov.

RED-FLANKED BLUETAIL - Tarsiger cyanurus Extremely rare vagrant. Whilst this species has appeared elsewhere in England in every year but one since 1993, this obliging individual was a welcome first for Cornwall. Full details of the record are included later in this report. Rame Head: One on 17th - 24th Oct. DC et al

BLACK REDSTART - Phoenicurus ochruros Winter visitor. Passage migrant - mainly autumn. Bred sporadically in the Perranporth area in the 1940s and 1950s. The highest first winter period count was three at Penzance in January. After a drop in numbers in February they increased again in March, suggesting an early spring movement, and the last birds were seen in late May. Rame Head saw the first autumn record in mid-September, with peak numbers arriving in the last week of October. Numbers were lower than average in the latter part of the year. Reports include: Bearah Tor: One on 1st - 31st May. Callington: One on 2nd Oct. Cape Cornwall: Three on 29th Oct. Gwithian: Five on 12th Mar. Kenidjack: Three on 18th Oct. Kynance Cove: Nine on 15th Nov. Lamorna Cove: Four on 8th Nov. Lizard Village: Eight on 15th Nov. Penzance Station: Three on 10th Jan. Polgigga: Three on 24th Oct. Predannack: Three on 27th Mar. Rame: Ten on 26th - 28th Mar: One on 17th Sep. Sennen: One on 3rd May. St Germans: Three on 1st Oct: Three on 4th Nov. Trevose Head: Three on 16th Oct. Wadebridge: One on 2nd May. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 24 13 23 2 - - - 1 37 39 13

94 COMMON REDSTART - Phoenicurus phoenicurus Summer visitor which breeds almost exclusively in the Bodmin Moor area. Scarce passage migrant. Found during the breeding season in most wooded valleys and farmsteads on Bodmin Moor, with a few pairs in the broad-leaved woodland in the Bodmin area. However, as this species is widely but thinly spread, it tends to be under-reported. This is demonstrated by the 1999 Bodmin Moor Breeding Birds Survey carried out by the RSPB which recorded ninety nine birds, a sixty three per cent increase by comparison with the 1984 survey. Reports include: Caerthillian Cove: Two on 27th April. : One on 31st Aug. Crowdy Res: One on 2nd May. Godrevy Point: One on 2nd Sep. Helston: One on 31st Aug. Lizard Point: One on 30th April. Nanjizal: A male on 25th April. Nanquidno: One on 17th Oct. Pendeen: One on 12th Oct. Porthgwarra: One on 6th Sep. Perdannack: One on 28th April. Rame Head: One on 23rd Oct. Sancreed: One on 28th Aug. Sennen: One on 24th Oct. Trevose Head: Singles on 26th, 29th and 30th Apr.

WHINCHAT - Saxicola rubetra Passage migrant. Breeds in small numbers. The 1999 Bodmin Moor Breeding Birds Survey carried out by the RSPB which recorded ninety-seven birds, a forty-six per cent reduction when compared with the 1984 survey. The first returning bird was seen on 26th April, with peak numbers arriving in May. Breeding was largely restricted to the Bodmin Moor area. The autumn migration peaked in September, as usual. Reports include: Penberth: One on 6th Nov. Penlee: Seven on 5th Sep. Porthgwarra: Nine on 19th Sep: Two on 21st Sep. Preddannack: Six on 5th Sep. Rame: Seven on 5th Sep. Sennen: Three on 6th Sep. Stithians Res: Four on 20th Sep. Trevose Head: Two on 28th Apr: One on 7th Apr: Five on 4th Sep. Walmsley Sane: Three on 31st Aug: Two on 2nd Sep.

COMMON STONECHAT - Saxicola torquata Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. Suffers heavy mortality in prolonged cold weather. Reports include: Colliford Lake: Ten on 22nd May. Cudden Point: Six on 13th Mar. East Coombe: Eleven on 29th Aug. Kit Hill: Eleven pairs. Kynance Cove: Eleven on 20th Sep. Lamelgate: Three pairs. Land's End: Eight on 16th Oct.

95 Park Head: Seven on 12th May. Pentire: Ten (including five males) on 18th Mar: Eight on 9th Aug. Porth Joke: Fifteen on 10th Aug. Portnadler: Eight on 12th Sep. Rame Head: Fourteen on 7th Oct. Sennen: Twelve on 30th Aug. Tregoss: Eight on 17th Jun. Trevean Cove: Seven on 31st Jul. Trevose Head: Six pairs in May: Five on 28th Oct. Upper Fowey Valley: Six on 7th May. Zennor: Eight on 16th Sep.

NORTHERN WHEATEAR - Oenanthe oenanthe Summer visitor. Breeds primarily on Bodmin Moor, but with single pairs likely to be found on any suitable habitat. Passage migrant. Overall numbers recorded were a little lower than average for recent years. The first report was of one on 14th March, but the majority arrived in April. The 1999 Bodmin Moor Breeding Birds Survey carried out by the RSPB included 694 records, a thirty four per cent increase by comparison with the 1984 survey. Autumn numbers showed the usual peak in September, with the last bird being seen on 15th November. Reports include: Caerthillian Cove to Lizard Point: Twenty-five on 28th April. Cape Cornwall: Four on 26th Mar. Coverack to Lowland Point: Forty on 23rd April. Davidstow Airfield: Twenty-seven on 30th Sep. Duloe: One on 14th Mar. Kit Hill: A pair nested. Lamelgate: A pair was present for first time sine 1994. Lizard Village: Fifty on 25th Sep. Lord's Waste: Two on 13th Jun. Marazion: One on 29th Mar. Porthgwarra: Twenty on 29th April: Eight on 2nd May: Nine on 25th Sep. Predannock: Six on 28th Mar: Five on 28th Apr: Sixty on 25th Sep. Rame Head: Twenty on 1st May: One on 21st Oct. Sennen: Thirty on 26th Aug: One on 15th Nov. St Agnes Head: Eleven on 25th Sep. Trevose Head: Two on 20th Mar: Twenty-nine on 26th Apr: Forty on 28th Apr: Seventy-two on 30th Apr: Twenty-one on 1st May: Seven on 21st Aug: Twenty on 25th Sep. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 44 413 157 16 7 112 279 40 2 -

Birds of the Greenland race O. o. leucorhoa were reported from Porth Mear on 24th and 26th May, and from Trevose Head on 28th May.

BLUE ROCK THRUSH - Monticola solitarius Extremely rare vagrant. Cot Valley: A first year male on 25th October. RHr, JLy, DP A surprise record, although it should perhaps not have been in view of the record on the Isles of Scilly some ten days earlier. This is the first record for mainland Cornwall.

96 VEERY - Catharus fuscescens Extremely rare vagrant. There are few thrushes on the British list which have not been recorded on the Isles of Scilly, and why this individual should have passed them by is anyone's guess. It was, however, further evidence that visits to the south-west of the county in autumn can be well rewarded. The first record for the county was found less than a mile away at Porthgwarra on 6th Oct 1970. St Levan: One on 13th Oct. CDRH et al This is the second record for mainland Cornwall.

RING OUZEL - Turdus torquatus Scarce passage migrant. Bred in 1970 and 1996. Rare winter visitor There were few spring records, and autumn numbers were below average. Caerthilipy: A female on 17th Oct. Caerthillian Cove: Two on 17th Oct: One on 24th Oct. Church Cove: A male on 30th Oct: A first year female on 3rd Nov. Crowdy Res: Two on 25th Oct. Kynance Downs: Two on 24th Oct. Labour-in-Vain: A first year female on 23rd - 24th Oct. Lamorna Cove: One on 17th Nov: One on 27th Nov. Land's End: One on 15th Oct. Lizard Village: One on 17th Oct. Nanjizal: One on 14th Oct: Two on 18th Oct. Nanquidno: One on 17th - 27th Oct. Penlee Point: One on 3rd Oct. Poldhu Cove: One on 19th Oct. Polhawn Cove: One on 3rd Oct: Two on 18th Oct. Porthgwarra: Two males and a female on 29th Apr. Rame: One on 27th Mar: Two on 18th Oct. Sennen: One on 16th Oct. Sharp Tor: A female on 9th May. Trethewey/ Polgigga: One on 17th Oct. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 3 1 - - - - 25 3 -

BLACKBIRD - Turdus merula Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially autumn. Although this species does not flock to the extent of some other thrushes, small numbers do sometimes gather together during the winter months. These flocks had largely dispersed by the end of February. Relatively few records were received for the months of March through to September, but this is likely to be because their numbers are widely spread during this time, with few birds being seen together as they fly low through the vegitation. Birds were passing through West Penwith continuously during late October and November. Reports include: Camel: Thirty-seven on 5th Dec. Kit Hill: Twenty-four pairs. Labour-in-Vain: Sixty-five on 21st Nov. Lamelgate: Thirty-one pairs. Nanjizal: Sixty on 27th Oct. Nanquidno: Twenty-five on 20th Oct. Porth Joke: Twenty-five on 9th Nov. Porthgwarra: Twenty-five on 13th Oct: Thirty-two on 25th Oct: Twenty-six on 28th Oct. Rame: 100 on 17th Oct. Sancreed: Thirty-two on 7th Nov. Trevose Head: Seventeen on 16th Sep: Twenty-two on 12th Oct.

97 FIELDFARE - Turdus pilaris Winter visitor. Passage migrant. May be seen in large flocks in winter. Summered in Upper Fowey Valley in 1987. Most wintering birds were departing by early March, with the last reported on 13th March. The first birds returned on 16th September, but there was no real build up until the end of October with a peak in November. The large winter flocks were largely to be found inland. Numbers were below average during the year. Reports include: Blacktor: Seventy-five on 6th Mar. Bodmin Moor: 250 on 7th Nov. Bradford: 250 on 7th Nov. Camel Est: 500 on 10th Nov: 235 on 11th Nov. Colliford: 300 on 10th Jan, 31st Jan and 13th Feb: Seventy on 6th Mar: 250 on 3rd Nov: Fifty on 7th Nov: 500 on 11th Nov. Crowdy Res: 300 on 13th Nov. Culdrose: 140 on 8th Nov. Drift Res: 150 on 28th Oct: 400 on 6th Nov. Maer Lake: Seventeen on 1st Nov: Seventy-two on 10th Nov. Marazion: Sixty on 6th Nov. Nanjizal: Forty-five on 27th Oct. Porthgwarra: Thirty-four on 27th Oct. Rame: Ten on 16th Sep. Redhill Downs: 300 on 12th Feb. Sancreed: 170 on 6th Nov: 500 on 7th Nov. Sharp Tor: Thirty on 20th March. Siblyback Res: 250 on 6th Jan: 200 on 13th Feb. Temple: Twenty on 13th Mar. Tregonetha Downs: 137 on 29th Jan: 100 on 31st Dec. Tremithic Cross: 126 On 6th Nov. Trevose Head: Two on 6th Oct: Twenty-eight on 10th Nov. Upper Fowey Valley: 150 on 20th Mar. Walmsley Sane: 150 on 12th Nov: 200 on 20th Nov. Whitebarrow Downs: Forty on 20th Feb. Winnard's Perch: 350 on 16th Jan: 100 on 7th Mar. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1406 851 580 - - - - - 10 1177 2998 425

SONG THRUSH - Turdus philomelos Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. The decline of this species in Britain is well documented. Relatively few records were received for the first nine months of the year, but this is likely to be because they are widely dispersed with few birds being seen together during this time - there were hopefully more than two birds in the whole of Cornwall in August! There was the usual increase in reports in October, with the largest numbers recorded in the last week of that month and the first in November. Reports include: Argal Res: Seven on 4th May. Caerthillian Cove: Six on 17th Oct. Golitha Wood: Four breeding pairs. Illogan Wood: Three males on 1st Jun. Lamelgate: Eleven breeding pairs. Nanjizal: Three males in summer: 100 on 27th Oct: 120 on 7th November. Porthgwarra: Twenty-five on 15th Oct: Twenty two on 26th Oct.

98 : Ten singing males. Treskilling Downs: Three singing, males. Upper Fowey Valley: Eleven males on 14th May.

REDWING - Turdus iliacus Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Peak numbers occur in late October at the height of autumn migration, and in mid-winter as a result of birds displaced by cold weather. Numbers were as usual at their height in January, were very much reduced in February, with only a few birds remaining into March. The first returning bird was seen on 6th October with numbers steadily increasing as the month progressed. November saw larger numbers passing through, particularily at coastal sites. However, there were relatively few large flocks and numbers were low in both the early and the late parts of the year. Reports include: Camel Est: 150 on 10th Nov. Chiverton: 100 on 11th Jan. Crowdy Res: 1,000 on 13th Nov. Drift Res: 100 on 28th Oct. Ennisworgey: 100 on 10th Feb. Goss Moor: 100 on 23rd Jan. Jericho Valley: 200 on 27th Oct. Labour-in-Vain: 200 on 7th Nov. Lamorna Cove: 300 on 3rd Jan. Maer Lake: 1,500 on 28th Oct. Nanjizal: 300 on 27th Oct. Porthgwarra: 149 on 27th Oct. Sancreed: 230 on 7th Nov. Siblyback Res: 100 on 31st Jan. StBlazey: 100 on 20th Feb. Tregonetha: 100 on 31st Dec. Trelights: 110 on 31st Jan. Trevose Head: One on 6th Oct: Forty one on 10th Nov. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1243 521 107 1 - - - - - 3303 1818 202

MISTLE THRUSH - Turdus viscivorus Resident. Breeds. Scarce migrant. Winter visitor. Movements were noted in October at some west-country sites. Reports include: Helman Tor: Six on 24th Jun Lamelgate: Four pairs. Land's End: Singles on 2nd Feb, 18th Oct and 13th Nov. Mt Edgcumbe: Twenty-eight on 13th Nov. Nanjizal: Six on 27th Oct. Tollgate: Eight on 8th Sep. Trewalla: Twelve on 20th May. Upper Fowey Valley: Four males on 13th April.

CETTI'S WARBLER - Cettia cettl Scarce resident. Breeds. Some dispersal in autumn. This recent colonist was first noted in the UK in 1961 and reached Cornwall in 1973. Since then the population has fluctuated as the species is prone to losses during hard winters. A minimum of thirty-two males were found at twenty-six sites during a survey in 1996. That figure

99 represented 5%-6% of the national population. Ringing at Nanjizal appears to indicate that birds disperse in late October and November, particularity females. The following table shows numbers of singing males at regular sites (a dash = no count received) 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 Marazion Marsh* 7 4 10 10 11 11 13 Gunwalloe 6 3 3 7 - 1 5 Par 3 2 5 6 6 4 5 * includes Long Rock Pool Reports include: Bude: One male on 30th Jan - Nov. Calstock: Two singing males in May. Camel Est: One on 9th Jan. Mawgan Porth: One on 10th Jun. Nanjizal: Last year's male on 1st Jan - 12th Mar: Females were ringed on 10th, 25th and 28th Nov. Pelubbas: One on 12th Dec. Perranporth: One on 15 th Feb. Porthcothan: One male on 11th Nov. Porth Mear: One on 16th May. St Columb Porth: One on 2nd and 7th Jun. St Erth: One male on 2nd Jun.

GRASSHOPPER WARBLER - Locustella naevia Passage migrant. Summer visitor. Breeds. Unobtrusive in autumn. The first record of the year was at Retallack on 9th April, followed by widely scattered records during the rest of the month. No large falls were noted, with no more than two birds reported at any one site. Numbers stabilized in June, indicating that birds were remaining on territories, and again no more than two birds were reported on any site. Autumn records were low, as usual, with the last record at Lizard village on 18th October.

AQUATIC WARBLER - Acrocephatus paludicola Rare drift migrant in autumn. Almost annual at Marazion Marsh. Records were low nationally, and Cornwall was no exception. Perronsands: One on 4th Sep. The county mainland total increases to c 249. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------147 85 16 - - * one undated Top Sites: Marazion, Stithians and Gunwalloe.

SEDGE WARBLER - Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. The first migrant of the year arrived at Landulph on 6th April, but there were no large numbers until the latter part of the month. Breeding records were spread throughout the county with the largest numbers of singing males being seventeen at Goss Moor on 7th June, seven at Mawgan Porth on 10th June, eight at Porth Joke on 1st June, six at Sladebridge on 1st June and six at Marazion on the same date. Few records were received for July, with the only large number reported as a result of ringing activity. The major part of the autumn migration appeared to take place in August and early September. The last report of the year was at Nanquidno on 20th October. Reports of migrants include: Lizard Village: Nine on 30th Apr - 1 May. Landulph: One on 6th April.

100 Marazion Marsh: Two on 19th Apr: Fifteen on 27th April: Thirty on 29th Aug. Nanjizal: Thirty-five on 9th Aug: Twenty-five on 30th Aug. Nanquidno: One on 20th Oct. Polly Joke: Eighteen on 30th Apr. Porth Mear: Eight for 12th May. Trevose Head: Six on 30th Apr. Walmsley Sane: Ten on 2nd Sep.

REED WARBLER - Acrocephalus scirpaceus Passage migrant. Summer visitor. Breeds. Forty years ago this species was such a rare visitor to Cornwall that the presence of one at Camel Estuary on 1st September 1951 warranted a mention in the introduction to that year's bird report! At that time the species bred only sporadically but it has since colonised most, if not all, of the county's reedbeds. The first bird of the year was recorded at Marazion on 27th April but numbers did not start to build until May, nine being seen at Par on the 8th and ten at Marazion on 18th. Peak arrivals were at the end of May. Breeding records were not received for a number of sites. No falls of any note were recorded in autumn, other than sevens at Marazion and Nanjizal at the end of August. A few late migrants were recorded in October, the last being on 28th October. Reports include: Marazion: One on 27th April: Seven on 29th August. Porthgwarra: One on 28th Oct. Nanjizal: Seven on 30th Aug.

BOOTED WARBLER - Hippolais caligata Very rare vagrant. Land's End: One on 10th - 11th October. Although a video recording was made of this bird, which would be a first for the county mainland, no report has been made available to the BBRC. Consequently, we are not able to add it to the county list.

ICTERINE WARBLER - Hippolais icterina Scarce drift migrant (autumn). Lizard Village: One was ringed on 21st Aug. PLS The county mainland total is now c. 53. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 - - - 18 29 5 - - Top sites: Porthgwarra , Lizard, Marazion, Nanquidno and Cot.

MELODIOUS WARBLER - Hippolais polyglotta Scarce drift migrant (mainly autumn). Land's End: One on 14th - 15th Aug. RAw Nanjizal: One on 22nd Aug. KAW Porthgwarra: One on 12th Oct. BSW The county mainland total is now c. 112. Approximate monthly breakdown (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 3 - 1 32 56 19 1 - Top sites: Porthgwarra, Nanquidno and Cot Valley.

101 DARTFORD WARBLER - Sylvia undata Rare resident. Occasionally breeds. Some dispersal. Birds have been present in the county since 1980, in which year the species bred here for the first time since 1940. Breeding was proved on the south-east coast of the county in 1980 through to 1985, but there was a subsequent decline in the area with only sporadic sightings outside the breeding season. Breeding was also confirmed on the Lizard in the early 1980's but that population also disappeared. In the early 1990's a small but viable population became established in the Callington area and in 1996 birds were again discovered on the Lizard. Approximately thirty-three birds were seen, including nineteen males on suitable breeding territories, and some breeding success was noted. Bunnings Park: A male on 24th Apr. Chiverton Cross: Two on 14th Mar. De Lank Valley: A male on 9th Apr. Drift Res: One on 15th Jan. East Coombe: Two adult males on 29th Aug. Gwendreath: A male on 3rd May. Kennack Sands: Four on 23rd Jul. Kit Hill: Four pairs. Kynance Cove: Two on 2nd May: One on 24th Jun: One on 4th Jul and 26th Oct. Land's End/Nanjizal: One on 15th Nov. Lansallos: Two pairs and two other birds in song on 19th Apr. Lizard: Four or five birds with one or two nests. Porthgwarra: One on 28th Oct. Predannack Airfield: One on 13th Mar. Ridge: A male on 26th May. The county total of birds at sites not known to hold breeding birds is now c. 69. Approximate monthly totals (historic): (away from breeding sites): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 1 8 6 3 1 - 4 8 20 10 2 Top sites: Rame Head/Penlee, Lizard Downs and Porthgwarra.

BARRED WARBLER - Sylvia nisoria Rare drift migrant in autumn. Young Barred Warblers disperse widely before heading to their wintering grounds, and this is thought to be the reason why they are seen so regularily on the east coast of Britain. However, they remain a relatively infrequent visitor to the south-west. Kenidjack: One on 16th - 17th Oct. JDS The county mainland total is now c.47. Approximate monthly totals (historic) *: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------2 22 21 1 - * one undated

Top sites: Porthgwarra and St. Just Valleys.

LESSER WHITETHROAT - Sylvia curruca Scarce summer visitor. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant, mainly in spring. The national population of this species crashed between 1994 and 1997. (BTO News No.218). This was a good year for this species with one pair raising young. The first record for the spring was on 27th April, with fourteen arriving in May. The Marazion record could well be the 1998 bird returning to the same bush. Autumn was much quieter with only a few records. The last bird of the year was very late on 19th December.

102 Bols House: Male on 8th Jun. Caerthillian Cove: One on 1st Jun. Camel Estuary: A pair bred. Cawsand: A male on 1st Jun. Constantine Bay: A male on 4th May. Downderry: One on 20th May. Goss Moor: Male on 25th May - 5th Jul. Gwendreath: A male on 31st May. Hale River: One on 5th Jun. Hayle, Ryan's Field: One on 19th Dec. Helman Tor: A male on 22nd May. Land's End: One on 14th - 15th Nov. Lizard: A male on 27th Apr. Lorde Waste Plantation: One on 8th Jun. Marazion Marsh: A male on 1st May - 6th Jul. Nanjizal: One on 11th Oct. Penhallow Moor: A male on 23rd Jun. Penlee: One on 11th May. Porkellis: A male on 31st May and 13th Jun. Porth Guaron: One on 16th Oct. Porthgwarra: One on 10th Oct. : A male on 27th Apr. Rame: One on 3rd May. Retallack: One on 13th Aug. Rumps Point, Pentire: One on 4th May. Seaton: One on 19th May. Sennen: One on 17th Oct. Shepherds: A male on 9th Jun. Skewjack: One on 14th May. Trevose Head: One on 1st May: One on 7th May. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 15 12 4 1 - 4 1 1

COMMON WHITETHROAT - Sylvia communis Common summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. Overwintered in 1952/53. The first bird of the year was recorded on 11th April, but few birds were then seen untill towards the end of the month, with evidence of widespread migration on the 30th April. This common summer visitor was then to be found in many areas around the county. Autumn migration takes place in July and early August and passes largely unreported - there were few reports of any numbers, and no reports of any late migrants. Reports include: Helman Tor: Eight on 22nd May. Pentire: Twelve on 4th May. Porthgwarra: One on 23rd April: Ten on 2nd May: Eight on 8th May. Portnadler: Eight on 9th May. Rame: One on 11th April. Rumps point: Thirteen on 4th May: Thirteen on 31st Jul. Trevose Head: Four on 27th April: Nine on 30th April.

GARDEN WARBLER - Sylvia borin Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. Widely distributed in suitable habitat east of Truro. In the west of the county (where it was formerly scarce) there are now regular breeding season reports from several areas, notably around Camborne,

103 Falmouth, Helston and the Land's End peninsula. The first bird of the year was recorded on 25th April, with two others that month, but the majority returned in May. Concentrations of singing males are shown below. No early autumn movement was reported, but a noteable number for mid-October was three ringed at Nanjizal. The last record was on 16th November. Reports include: Copperhouse: One on 16th Nov. Goss Moor: Seven males on 6th Jun. Lamelgate: Eight pairs. Nanjizal: Three on 13th October. Nanquidno: One on !8th Oct. Skewjack: Five males on 4th Jan. Sladebridge: Five males on 2nd Jun.

BLACKCAP - Sylvia atricapilla Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitors from continental Europe. Fewer records than usual were received for suburban areas during January and February, but this may just reflect an absence of reporting rather than lower bird numbers. There must always be uncertainty about whether early birds are migrants or wintering, but singles at Nanjizal on 29th March and Trevose Head on 31 st March may have been new to the country. The first influx of birds commenced in April and carried on until May. Sixty-nine territories were reported in June, spread widely. Six birds on 30th August was the only sizeable group in autumn. Numbers increased dramatically as birds moved into and through the county, peaking between the 13th and the 25th. Numbers slowly dropped as November progressed, and seven birds was the peak count for December. Reports include: Draynes Wood: Four territories on 2nd May. Goss Moor: Six males on 6th Jun. Illogan Wood: Ten on 1st Jan. Kenidjack: Seventeen on 18th Oct. Lamelgate: Five pairs. Nanjizal: One on 29th Mar: Six on 30th Aug: Eight on 13th October: Eight on 25th Oct. Nanquidno: Seven on 15th October: Ten on 18th Oct. Polhawn Cove: Eight on 18th Oct. Porthgwarra: Six on 20th Oct: Ten on 25th Oct. Scillonian Ferry: Singles on 13th Oct and 15th Oct. Sladebridge: Six males on 2nd Jun: Six males on 6th Jun. St Austell Sewage Works: Seven on 14th Dec. St Columb Porth: Seven males on 7th Jun. Trevose Head: One on 31st Mar.

PALLAS'S LEAF WARBLER - Phylloscopus proregulus Scarce vagrant in late autumn. Records of this species have been increasing nationally in recent years, and this situation is reflected in the county where more birds were seen than in any previous year. This is a late migrant, tending to arrive after the 'autumn season' when the number of birdwatchers in the county has passed its peak, and one does wonder if additional birds pass through un-noticed. That said, those remaining in the county continue to go birding in all weathers and a first December record was the result. Kynance Downs: One on 15th Nov. MT Lizard Village: One ringed on 21st Oct. PLS Nanjizal: One on 18th Oct: One on 29th - 31st Oct. KAW Nanquidno: One on 3rd Nov. KAW, FM Pendennis Head, Falmouth: One on 30th Oct. RJB Porthcurno: One on 31st Oct. BSW St Levan: One on 31st Dec. MCM, SML Trewellard: One on 7th Nov. PPe

104 The county mainland total is now c. 42. The county's first record was in 1975, the second in 1979 and then four in 1982. There was then a five-year gap before there were records in three successive years up to 1987. This was followed by another five-year gap until 1994, since when they have been annual. Thirty-one birds have been recorded in the last six years and one has to asume that observer awareness is a factor in the increase of sightings. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------30 11 1 Top sites: Porthgwarra and The Lizard.

YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER - Phylloscopus inornatus Scarce vagrant in autumn. Has wintered. Numbers were lower than 1995, 1996 and 1997, but higher than last year. Clodgy Point: One on 15th Oct. BSW Cot Valley: One on 5th - 8th Nov. PB Falmouth, Pendennis Head: One on 22nd Oct. RJB Helston: One on 12th Nov. NJP Kelynack: One on 16th Oct. BSW Kenidjack: One on 3rd Nov. JDS Land's End: One on 16th - 24th Oct. RAw, DJC Nanjizal: Singles on 11th - 13th and 20th Oct. KAW Nanquidno: One on 14th Oct. BSW Pistil Meadow, Lizard: One on 15th Oct. MT Polhawn Cove: One on 17th Oct. GDL Polperro Cove, Lizard: One on 15th and 20th Oct. MT Porthgwarra: One on 15th Oct: One on 13th Nov. NJP, SMC, DU St Levan: One on 17th Oct. GDL Towednack: One on 12th Oct. GGG Trevilley: One on 12th Oct. BSW The county total is now c. 377. Numbers were a little below the average of the last ten years. Approximate monthly breakdown (historic) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 3 ------22 312 32 8 Top sites: Cot Valley/Kelynack, Porthgwarra, Nanquidno and The Lizard.

RADDE'S WARBLER - Phylloscopus schwarzi Rare vagrant. With such good numbers on the Isles of Scilly, it was perhaps disappointing that more were not found on mainland Cornwall. Little Kelynack: One on 9th Oct. MCCo, PCo The fifth record for the county. All have turned up in the far west between the 9th and the 19th of October; two at Porthgwarra, and one each at Nanjizal and St Levan which are within a mile of Porthgwarra. Radde's Warbler

105 Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------5 - -

DUSKY WARBLER - Phylloscopus fuscatus Rare vagrant. Nanjizal: One ringed on 27th October. The bird had a good 'fat score' indicating that it had not done anything too energetic during the previous few days. AJH, KAW The eighth record for the county. Previous records have been at Cot in 1995, Kenidjack and Harlyn Bay in 1992, Bude Marshes and Kenidjack in 1995, Porthgwarra in 1996 and Sennen in 1998. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 ------4 2 1

WOOD WARBLER - Phylloscopus sibilatrix Rare summer visitor. Breeds. Scarce passage migrant. The majority of breeding season records come from the broad-leaved woodlands around Bodmin and the valleys of the rivers Fowey, Camel, Lynher and Tamar. The number of singing males fluctuates, and site fidelity from year to year is not assured - three birds returned to one of the sites in mid- Cornwall, but none were reported from the other site. It was also a disappointing year for migrants, with only three in spring and two in autumn. Could the ringed bird seen at Church Cove in August be the same one that was ringed at Lizard Village in April? Caerthillian Cove: One on 30th April. SK Church Cove, The Lizard: A ringed bird on 3rd Aug. MT Lizard Village: One ringed on 27th Apr. PLS Porthgwarra: A male on 30th Apr: One on 25th Sep. KAW, BSW Breeding season reports, with comparative figures for previous years, are shown below. Figures represent singing males. B = bred: 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 Site 1 3 - 1 1 2 1 1 2 Site 2 - - 1 2 1 2 4 B

CHIFFCHAFF - Phylloscopus collybita Common summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. Small numbers overwinter. The number of wintering birds was high, with over three hundred in January as a result of large counts at sewage works. They started to disperse as the weather improved towards the end of February, and the first definate migrants into the county were noted on 10th March when there were ten at Nanjizal. The first influx was noted on 16th March, but there were no large falls in April. The highest count of breeding birds was twelve. The autumn migration of this species is prolonged and, hence, large falls are rarely encountered - migrants were seen from August until late November this year, with increased numbers in October (which could possibly result from increased coverage during the 'autumn season'). No large flocks had gathered by the end of the year. Reports include: Camel Est: Twelve on 10th Sep. Church Cove, The Lizard: Six on 18th Sep. Coombe, St Austell: Twelve on 29th Aug. East Coombe: Twelve on 29th Aug. Goss Moor: Ten on 19th Mar. Great Grogley Downs: Thirteen males on 22nd Jun. Hannafore: Six on 11th Feb. Helston Sewage Works: Forty-three on 21st Jan.

106 Kenidjack: Twelve on 16th Oct. Lamelgate: Eight pairs. Loe Pool: Seven on 24th Oct: Seven on 7th Nov. Marazion Marsh: Eight on 21st jan: Eight on 25th Feb: Twelve on 16th Mar. Nanjizal: Six on 10th Mar: Eight on 16th Nov. Polly Joke: First migrant on 13th Mar. Porthgwarra: Twelve on 15th Oct: Eight on 25th Oct. St Agnes Head: Twelve on 24th Mar. St Austell Sewage Works: 150 on 12th Jan: 180 on 15th Feb, including about 30 eastern type birds: 100 on 4th Mar: The first migrants arrived on 16th Mar: Thirty on 5th Dec. Trevose Head: Twenty on 19th Apr.Seven on 27th Apr. Birds showing the characteristics of the Siberian race P. c. tristis (some clines between P. c. tristris and the eastern race P. c. abietinus are similar in look and call, so identifying such individuals is safer when done in the hand) were reported as follows: Porthkerris Cove: One on 19th Feb. St Austell Sewage Works: Four on 12th Jan. West Hannafore: One on 19th Feb.

WILLOW WARBLER - Phylloscopus trochilus Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. The first arrivals were recorded at Walmsley Sanctuary and Nanjizal on 26th March. Below average numbers were recorded in spring, but twenty-four males were singing in the Upper Fowey Valley by 17th April. Breeding records were scattered as usual. Autumn movements were mainly in late July and early August, but recorded numbers were small as passage birds rarely stay for more than a day. A small fall of twenty-four was noted at Pentire on 31st July, whilst the 8th August saw sixty at Land's End and fifty-five at Nanjizal. The last bird was reported on 18th October. Reports include: : Twenty on 15th Apr: Thirty on 27th Apr. Church Cove, Lizard: One on 18th Oct. Drift Res: Fourteen on 23rd Jun. Goss Moor: Thirty-five singing males on 6th Jun. Kit Hill: Twenty-nine pairs on 1st Jun. Lamelgate: Fifty-one pairs. Land's End: Sixty on 8th August. Lizard Village: Twelve on 31st May. Nanjizal: One on 26th March: Thirty on 30th Apr: Fifty-five on 8th Aug. Pentire: Twenty-four on 31st Jul. Porthgwarra: Six on 4th Apr. Predonnack: Ninety on 23rd May. Redmoor: Twenty on 29th Apr. Retallack: Five on 9th Apr. Stithians Res: Twenty on 18th Aug. Treskilling Clay Pit: Thirty on 28th April. Treveal: Twenty on 18th Apr. Trevose Head: Seven on 1st Apr: Eleven on 17th Apr: Fifteen on 28th Apr: Twenty-five on 30th Apr: Nine on 1st May: Ten on 14th Aug. Upper Fowey Valley: Twenty-four males on 17th Apr: Fifty-one males on 1st Jun. Walmsley Sane: One on 26th Mar. Whitbarrow Downs: Twenty-three on 24th April.

GOLDCREST - Regulus regulus Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, mainly in autumn. Winter numbers tend to be under-recorded as this species is often widespread without any large numbers in any one place - the only large count was at St Austell Sewage Works. Small numbers

107 passed through in April, but there were no notable counts. Autumn movements commenced on 21st September, increased dramatically in mid-October, but dropped in mid-November. Reports include: Camel Esturay: Thirty on 13th Oct. Chapel Porth: Thirty-one on 4th Nov. Cot Valley: Fifty on 4th Oct. Jericho Valley: Sixty on 10th Oct. Kenidjack: Thirty on 16th Oct. Lamelgate: Seven pairs. Nanjizal: Thirty ringed on 13th Oct. Nanquidno: Eleven on 15th Oct: Twenty-five on 17th Oct: Fifteen on 18th - 21st Oct. New Mill: Fifteen on 21st Sep. Pentewan: Five on 19th Mar. Polhawn Cove: Twenty-five on 18th October. Porthgwarra: Four on 21st Sep: Nineteen on 13th Oct: Thirty on 15th Oct: Twenty on 28th Oct. Rame Head: Twenty-five on 18th Oct. St Austell Sewage Works: Seventy on 30th Jan: Twenty on 8th Feb: Eighty on 23rd Feb: Twenty on 5th Dec. Trevose Head: Three on 1st April: Three on 20th Mar: Thirteen on 12th Oct: Seventeen on 14th Oct: Seven on 10th Nov.

Upper Fowey Valley: Seven males on 20th May.

FIRECREST - Regulus ignicapillus Uncommon passage migrant (mainly in autumn) and winter visitor. It is believed that the picture is clouded because records of single birds are often not submitted, particularily in winter. Fewer birds than normal were seen at the start of the year, following on from the autumn of 1998 when there were no large movements. A few migrants were noted, and most birds had departed by mid-March, and the last bird was recorded on 1st April. Unusually, there were no September birds with the first autumn record of three at Loe Pool on 3rd October, following which there was a trickle of records for the rest of the year. Reports include: Church Cove: Four on 24th Oct. Loe Pool: Seven on 11th Nov. Porthgwarra: Three on 16th Oct. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8 6 4 1 - - - - - 30 31 5

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER - Muscicapa striata Summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant. There has been a significant overall decrease in the number of pairs breeding in the county since the early 1970's. There was either a reduction in the number of this species in the county or, because large concentrations are unusual, it was under-recorded. Available information indicates a poor year. The first sighting was on 25th April, and the last on 19th Oct. Peak numbers arrived in late May, and most departed in August. The Upper Fowey Valley had the best concentration of males. Reports include: Croft Pascoe Plantation: Two males. Golitha Wood: Four pairs on 13th Jun. Lamelgate: Seven pairs. Land's End: One on 3rd May: Three on 16th May: One on 10th, 14th and 20th Aug: One on 25th Sep. Nanjizal: One on 25th Apr: Eight on 16th May. Nanquidno: One on 17th - 19th Oct.

108 Polly Joke: Three on 16th May: Three on 5th Sep. Porthpean: Six on 1st August St Levan: One on 25th Aug. Trevose Head: Three on 4th May: Two on 21st Aug. Upper Fowey Valley: Seven males on 29th June.

RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER - Ficedula parva Scarce drift migrant/vagrant in autumn. Annual since 1980. Black Head: One on 27th Oct. DMY Cot Valley: One on 12th Oct. BSW Polgigga: One on 26th Oct. KAW The county mainland total moves on to c. 124. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 - - 1 - - - 2 29 86 5 -

Top sites: Porthgwarra, Lizard, Cot/Kelynack and Nanquidno .

PIED FLYCATCHER - Ficedula hypoleuca Scarce summer visitor. Breeds. Passage migrant, mainly in autumn. First bred at Lanhydrock in 1966. There were only six more confirmed instances in the county up to 1980. Subsequently, small populations became established at Lanhydrock and in the Camel Valley, and more recently in the Upper Fowey Valley. These populations have fluctuated markedly from year to year and there has been a steady decline since 1993. A poor year with few records in autumn. Reports include: Land's End: Singles on 17th Apr, 4th Aug and 17th Aug. Lanhydrock: Two males - breeding. Nanjizal: Three on 2nd Sep. Sennen: One on 26th Apr. Smallacombe: One male - breeding. Trevose Head: Two females on 26th Apr: One female on 30th Apr: Four on 10th Sep: Three on 11th Sep. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 5 3 2 - 12 21 7 - -

BEARDED TIT - Panurus biarmicus An irruptive species which occasionaly disperses into the county. Land's End: A male and a female on 19th - 21st Oct RAw. The county mainland total is now c.219 . Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 6 8 1 1 1 - - - 163 25 11 * two undated. Top sites: Marazion Marsh, Porthgwarra, Tamar Lakes, Par and Copperhouse.

LONG-TAILED TIT - Aegithalos caudatus Resident. Breeds. Disperses in good breeding seasons. Numbers increased appreciably in summer after the breeding season, and were particularly noticeable in West Penwith. Land's End had its first birds for many years, ringing totals at Nanjizal

109 were double those seen in normal years, and a garden in Sancreed had its second record. Reports include: Camel Estuary: Seventeen on 30th Jun: Grogley Holt: Eighteen on 5th Oct.Thirteen on 4th Sep. Kenidjack: Fourteen on 20th Oct. Lamelgate: Two pairs. Land's End: Ten on 7th Nov. Lansallos: Sixteen on 29th Aug. Loe Pool: Eighty-five on 3rd Oct. Nanjizal: Fifty birds ringed during year, twice as many as during the previous three years. Par Beach Pool: Twenty on 10th Sep. Penlee Woods: Twenty on 7th Dec. Porthgwarra: Twenty -wo on 25th Oct. Sancreed: Three on 29th Aug. Sennen: Twelve on 25th Nov. St Austell Sewage Works: Sixty on 28th Jan: Sixty on 15th Feb. Tamsquite: Twenty on 19th May. Tregunna: Twenty-seven on 15th Jun.

MARSH TIT - Parus palustris Resident. Breeds. Reported from only twenty-four sites, with none in the west of the county. Reports include: Carnanton: Four on 15th March. Draynes Wood: Two on 23rd May. Drift Res: One on 15th Apr. Goss Moor: Four on 14th Jan. Marazion: One on 29th Jan. Milltown: Six on 7th Feb.

WILLOW TIT - Parus montanus Scarce resident. Breeds. The Willow Tit has a patchy distribution in Cornwall, occurring in damp, scrubby woodland to the east and north of , with population centres historically at Goss Moor, Redmoor, St.Austell, Upper Fowey Valley and Tamar Lakes. Birds are rarely seen further west. The species has contracted in range owing to extensive habitat loss. Breney Common: Four on 19th May and 4th Jul. DE, RL Goss Moor: Two on 16th Jan: One pair on 5th Jul, breeding: Four on 12th Jul. NJP, SMC, SFE Helman Tor: One adult and two juveniles on 24th Jun. SMC Lamelgate: Noted throughout the year. J&RS, BDy Ninestones Bridge: Two on 15th May: Two on 13th Jun: Three on 10th Jul, 24th Jul and 30th Aug: One on 5th Dec. PE, MB, AECA, J&RS etal Redmoor: One on 24th May. RL Retallack: One on 16th Mar. SMC Roche: Two on 12th Aug: One on 1st Sep. DMY Rosemelling Pool: Two on 12th Aug. DMY Siblyback Res: Singles on 13th and 15th Sep. SCM Tregoss Moor: One on 17th Jun. SMC Trekelvesteps: Two on 11th Jul: Singles on 10th Nov and 5th Dec. J&RS, EJW Treskilling Clay Pit: One on 27th Aug. RL

COAL TIT - Parus ater Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal in good breeding seasons. Particularly common and widespread in coniferous woodland in the east of the county, and a regular

110 visitor to garden nut feeders. Numbers have increased as conifer plantations have been expanded. Birds disperse after good breeding seasons, and these will be the birds involved in most autumn sightings. A good breeding season, with the Upper Fowey Valley recording the largest number of males on territories. Higher numbers than usual were seen in West Penwith in the autumn. Cot Valley: Two on 25th Aug. Fowey: Ten on 18th Jul. Lamelgate: Four pairs. Nanjizal: Four on 13th Oct: Three on 16th Oct. Penberth: Nine on 31st Oct. Sancreed: One on 4th Nov. Upper Fowey Valley: Fifteen males on 15th May.

BLUE TIT - Parus caeruleus Resident. Breeds. Rare migrant. This species appears to have had a less productive summer with fewer young birds ringed in West Penwith. Birdwatchers in the area have also commented on the apparent lack of tits during the autumn. Camel Estuary: Seventeen on 10th Sep. Lamelgate: Fifteen pairs.

GREAT TIT - Parus major Resident. Breeds. Rare migrant. Records appear to indicate a stable population Lamelgate: Eight pairs. Upper Fowey Valley: Eight males on 13th May.

EUROPEAN NUTHATCH - Sitta europaea Resident. Breeds. Small numbers were reported, widely scattered in suitable habitat. Pairs at Draynes Wood and Polbrock were the same as 1997, but Lamelgate had two fewer. Draynes Wood: Four on 2nd May. Lamelgate: Two pairs. Lanhydrock: Five on 22nd May. Polbrock: Three on 22nd Jun and 27th Jul. Wadebridge: Three on 16th Feb.

EURASIAN TREECREEPER - Certhia familiaris Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. Very few records were submitted, which could be an indication of a reducing population, but may just result from the unobtrusive behaviour of this species. Numbers remained stable at Lamelgate. Draynes Wood: Five on 23rd May. Goss Moor: Four on 12th Oct. Great Grogley Woods: One on 22nd Jun. Lamelgate: Four pairs. Sladebridge: Three on 2nd Jun.

GOLDEN ORIOLE - Oriolus oriolus Scarce passage migrant (mainly spring overshoots from continental Europe). Annual since 1971. Numbers of records fluctuate considerably from year to year, and 1999 was slightly below average for recent years. Kenidjack: One on 30th May. DSF

111 Porthgwarra: A female on 1st Jun. JC Skewjack: One on 4th May: One on 16th May: One on 25th May. JC, KAW St Buryan: A male on 12th Jun. JL Treveal: One on 15th May. VAS The county total is now c. 182 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - 1 28 122 19 4 3 2 3 - - Top sites: Skewjack, Porthgwarra and Kenidjack.

RED-BACKED SHRIKE - Lanius collurio Uncommon drift migrant, mainly in autumn. Last bred in the county in 1960. Culdrose Airfield: A first year on 2nd - 9th Nov. BSW Kynance Cove: A first year on 30th Sep. MT Rame: A first year on 10th Oct. JU Scribble Downs, Bodmin Moor: A female on 1st Jun. PGA The county mainland total is now c. 105 since 1930. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - 10 9 3 14 42 24 3 - Top sites: Porthgwarra and St. Just Valleys.

WOODCHAT SHRIKE - Lanius senator Rare drift migrant. Annual since 1979. Colliford Res: A singing male on 15th May. PAM Nanjizal: A second year female on 5th - 10th May, with a second female on 6th May. KAW Upton Towans: A second year female on 7th - 9th May. DE The mainland total is now c. 78. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 9 36 9 2 10 6 5 1 - Top sites: Porthgwarra, Lizard, Land's End/Sennen and Marazion.

EURASIAN JAY - Garrulus glandarius Resident. Breeds. Occasional irruptions eg. 1972,1979,1981 and 1983. A small number of reports were received, spread over a wide area. The first juvenile of the year was recorded at Boscundle on 7th June. No movements were noted. Reports include:

Carnanton: Twelve on 15th March.

MAGPIE - Pica pica Resident. Breeds. Forms small roosts outside the breeding season. The national population of this species is increasing. The only ongoing breeding information came from Lamelgate where four pairs bred in 1994, nine pairs in 1995, and again nine pairs after a cull in 1996. Reports include: Camel Est: Twenty on 31st Dec. Lamelgate: Nine pairs. Marazion Marsh: Thirty-six on 22nd Jan. Porthgwarra: Nineteen on 25th Oct.

112 Rame: Eighteen on 3rd Feb: Thirty-one on 14th Aug: Fifteen on 28th Dec. West Tober: Ten on 7th Apr.

Magpies

EURASIAN JACKDAW - Corvus monedula

Resident. Breeds. Forms roosts outside the breeding season. Few records of roosts were received. Reports include: Camel Estuary: Seventy on 31st Dec. Church Cove: Eighty on 1st April. Pentire Point: Sixty on 9th Aug. Porthgwarra: 267 on 28th Oct. Showery Tor Downs: 200 on 19th May. St Breock: Sixty-nine on 22nd Aug. Tresillian River: 350.

ROOK - Corvus frugilegus Resident. Breeds. Forms large roosts outside the breeding season. The rook is the only common member of the family Corvus that has been reducing in numbers on a national basis, most likely owing to changes in the way farmland is managed/worked. Wider recording of this species, or annual studies on breeding success, would be of interest. Reports include: Brighton Cross: Fifty-two nests on 21st Apr. Denzell Mill: Forty-four nests on 2nd April. Godrevy: 500 on 24th Sep. Hallworthy: 300 on 22nd Jun. Lamelgate: Although abandoned in 1997, there were nine nests in 1999. Little Petherick: Fifty-two nests on 11th April. Showery Tor Down: 200 on 19th May. St Cleer churchyard: Sixteen nests.

CARRION CROW - Corvus corone Resident. Breeds. Movements of this bird are difficult to detect in the south-west because there is a good resident population, and as birds generally move around in family parties. Large concentrations occur mainly at estuaries where there are good feeding areas.

113 Reports include: Camel Est: Fifty-three on 30th Jun. Hayle Estuary: Thirty-two on 26th Feb. Lamelgate: Eight pairs. Newton Downs: Sixteen on 22nd April. Penryn: Seventeen on 13th Jan. Scribble Downs: Twenty on 23rd April. Showery Tor Downs: Fourteen on 19th May.

COMMON RAVEN - Corvus corvax Resident. Breeds. Occasionally forms larger groups. Reports were received from eighty-three sites. Reports of ten or more birds are listed below: Berry Down: Eleven on 28th Aug. Brown Gelly Downs: Forty on 16th May. Davidstow Airfield: Sixteen on 5th Oct. Dozmary Pool: Ten on 31st Jan. Draynes Common: Thirty on 16th May. Frogpool: Twenty on 10th Oct. Harrowbridge: Ten on 13th Aug. Lizard Village: Ten on 5th Oct. Marazion: Eleven on 30th Aug. Park Clay Pit: Forty-five on 8th Nov. Porthgwarra: Seventeen on 25th Sep. Smallacombe Plantation: Eleven on 20th March. Tresillian: Twenty three on 19th Apr.

COMMON STARLING - Sturnus vulgaris Resident. Breeds. Winter visitor. Forms huge roosts, particularly in moorland conifer plantations in winter. The wintering flocks from last year had dwindled by mid-March as birds moved east. Few breeding records were received, so comment cannot be made. Flocks again started to build up as young birds left the nest at the end of June, but there were no large numbers until the arrival of the large flocks from the east in October and November. Reports include: Bodmin: 200 on 11th Aug. Lizard Point: 2,000 on 30th Nov. Marazion Marsh: 64,000 on 27th Oct: 35,500 on 1st Nov: 232,000 on 20th Nov. 227,000 on 29th Nov: Par Beach: 200 on 27th Jul. Porthgwarra: 218 on 13th Oct: 650 on 24th Oct: 411 on 27th Oct: 860 on 28th Oct. Rame: 500 on 2nd Dec. Sennen: First, first year of the year noted on 16th May. Stithians Res: 25,000 on 11th Jan. Stowe's Hill: 150 on 10th Jun. Towan Head: 5,000 on 13th Feb. Winnards Perch: 7,000 on 4th Nov.

ROSY STARLING - Sturnus roseus Regular vagrant. Degibna/Helston: An adult on 10th Jun: A juvenile on 10th - 27th Oct and 2nd Nov. Upton Towans: An adult on 12th Jun. J&PAR The county mainland total is now c. 59.

114 Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 1 - 10 2 7 13 17 2 1 * six undated Top sites: Land's End, Porthgwarra, Davidstow Airfield and St Just.

HOUSE SPARROW - Passer domesticus Resident. Breeds. Cornish populations were inadequately documented prior to 1980. Subsequently, decreases were noted in many areas until 1985. However, it is not possible to comment on the present situation as the species is under-recorded with relatively few reports being submitted. Reports include: Ninestones Farm: Thirty on 13th Jun. Pelynt: Twenty-five on 15th Aug. Retallack: One hundred on 20th Aug. Tregonetha Downs: 126 on 10th Sep. Trevose Head: Thirty-five on 20th Sep.

TREE SPARROW - Passer montanus Occasional sightings of dispersing birds. Bred at Land's End in 1990 and 1999. It is known that most sightings are of dispersing birds. Even at colonies where there is an abundance of nest boxes, the resident population normally remains stable with 'surplus' birds dispersing (mainly May and October) to seek suitable nesting sites in other areas. Land's End: A pair bred, producing two young, ten years after the last breeding record at this site. RAw Porthgwarra: One on 4th May: Two on 13th Oct. KAW, SMC The county mainland total is now c. 261. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 5 6 5 6 85 17 5 10 3 67 29 23 Top sites: Porthgwarra, Wadebridge, Sennen/Land's End, Nanquidno, Rame Head.

CHAFFINCH - Fringella coelebs Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor when large flocks are formed. Numbers in January and February remained high from last year, but most dispersed or migrated during March. Breeding records were widespread, with the largest number coming from Upper Fowey Valley where forty-one males were on territories. Autumn movements increased in mid-October, but dwindled in November. Numbers were lower than in previous years. Reports include: Badgers Cross: 600 on 29th Jan. Bake: 350 on 10th Jan: 250 on 24th Jan: 400 on 30th Jan: 150 on 21st Feb. Boat Cove: 200 on 31st Jan. Cotehele: 200 on 21st Feb. Cot Valley: 170 on 12th May. Harlyn Pools: 170 on 15th Feb. Labour-in-Vain: Eighty on 28th Jan. Lamelgate: Forty-one pairs. Lower Woor Plantation: Ten pairs on 28th Apr. Marazion: 285 on 26th Oct: 375 on 6th Nov. Nanjizal: 200 on 18th Oct: 300 on 9th Nov. Nanquidno: 200 on 17th Oct.

115 Old Town Cove: 250 on 6th Feb: 300 on 12th Mar. Penjerrick: 900 on 26th Dec. Porthgwarra: 128 on 5th Oct: 823 on 13th Oct: 680 on 25th Oct: 568 on 28th Oct: 100 on 2nd Nov. Sancreed: 100 on 2nd Nov. 360 on 7th Nov. St Merryn: 400 on 25th Jan. Tregaminion: 120 on 13th Feb. Trevose Head: Twenty-nine on 12th Oct: Ninety eight on 18th Oct. Upper Fowey Valley: Forty-one males on 21st May. Werrington: 100 on 13th Sep. Winnards Perch: 200 on 16th Jan.

BRAMBLING - Fringella montifringella Winter visitor. Passage migrant, mainly autumn. Numbers fluctuate from year to year. A poor year with no very large flocks reported in the autumn and only small numbers remaining from last year. The last sighting of a wintering bird from last year was on 14th March, and the first of the autumn was on 12th Oct. Badgers Cross: Twelve on 29th Jan. Bake: Twelve on 1st - 10th Jan, with fifteen on 2nd Jan: Thirty-five on 30th Jan: Seventy five on 21st Feb: Three on 14th Mar: Six on 14th Nov. Cotehele: Twenty-five on 21st Feb. Lamorna: One on 19th Mar. Ludgvan: Ten on 9th Jan. Maker Farm: Ten on 11th Dec. Nanjizal: Five on 14th Oct: Fifteen on 18th Oct: Thirty on 9th Nov. Porthgwarra: Eighteen on 13th and 26th Oct, and seventeen on 28th Oct. Rame: Ten on 7th Nov. : One on 12th Oct. Trerulefoot: Eighty on 1 st Jan.

EUROPEAN SERIN - Serinus serinus Rare drift migrant and occasional winter visitor. An attractive species, particularity spring males. The Polgigga bird was very popular with visiting autumn birders. Chapel Cam Brea: One on 10th Nov. JL Land's End: A male on 25th - 26th April. RAw Lizard: One on 2nd May. PAM Nanjizal: One on 18th Oct: One on 27th Oct. AH, KAW Polgigga: One on 22nd - 25th Oct. CDRH Porthgwarra: A male on 28th Apr: One on 27th Oct. KAW Trevose Head: One on 6th Oct. SMC It is possible that the October birds at Nanjizal, Polgigga and Porthgwarra relate to a single wide ranging bird. The county total now advances to c. 118. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 7 9 11 17 1 - - 7 32 25 8

GREENFINCH - Carduelis chloris Resident. Breeds. Disperses widely. This species wanders widely and has become well adapted to a suburban lifestyle, feeding on garden bird feeders. The BTO report that this is one of the few finches for which national numbers have increased quite substantially, and they are recorded widely in the county throughout the year. A build up of birds, noted in the Land's End area as they moved west in March and April and were funnelled to the point of Cornwall, coincided with the return of birds to the Isles of Scilly.

116 Reports include: Bake Lakes: 150 on 1st - 10th Jan: 300 on 30th Jan: Fifty on 21st Feb. Harlyn Pools: 150 on 11th Nov. Lamelgate: Eleven pairs. Lamorna Cove: 100 on 26th Sep. Maker Farm: Fifty on 7th Dec. Marazion: Forty-five on 2nd Nov. Porthgwarra: 176 on 13th Oct: 140 on 25th Oct. Rame: Forty on 27th Oct. Sancreed: Thirty-two on 7th Nov. Tregaminion: Seventy on 13th Feb. Upper Tamar Lake: Seventy-five on 13th Aug. Winnards Perch: 120 on 16th Jan.

GOLDFINCH - Carduelis carduelis Resident, with some summer visitors. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Reports include: Boyton: 100 on 27th Mar. Crafthole Golf Course: 200 on 17th Oct. Harlyn Ponds: 300 on 11th Nov. Lamorna: 200 on 3rd Jan: 200 on 4th Jan: 150 on 26th Sep. Maker Heights: 250 on 7th Dec. Marazion: Fifty on 25th Feb. Penlee: Eighty on 5th Sep. Polhawn, Rame: 100 on 7th Nov. Polly Joke: Eighty on 12th Sep. Rame Head: 120 on 27th Oct: 120 on 23rd Oct: 100 on 7th Nov: Ninety-five on 5th Dec. Sennen: 150 on 15th Sep. Tredrossel: Seventy on 10th Oct. Upper Tamar Lake: Seventy-five on 13th Aug. Winnard's Perch: 400 on 16th Jan: 300 on 2nd Feb: 800 on 6th Mar.

SISKIN - Carduelis spinus Scarce resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Prior to 1970, Siskins were only rarely reported in winter. Subsequently, winter numbers increased almost annually. Since the mid-1980's the species has become established as a regular breeding species, partly due to the increase in coniferous plantations. Reports include: : One on 13th Jun. Bowdanodden Wood: Two on 1st May. Calstock: Singles on 19th Feb - 9th Mar, 22nd Mar and 23rd Apr: Two on 5th Apr. Camel Estuary: Twenty three on 14th Oct. Colquite Wood: Four on 27th Jul. Crowdy Res: One on 20th Jun. Deer Park Forest: Two on 13th Apr. Dobwalls: Two on 12th - 22nd Dec. Downderry: One on 1st Aug, two on 9th Oct, six on 11th Oct and three on 18th Oct. Dunmere: Two on 22nd May. Fowey Valley: Two on 16th May. Great Grogley Downs: Three on 23rd Jun. Hallworthy: Two on 22nd Jun. Halvana Plantation: Two on 3rd Jun: Four on 11th Jul. Nanjizal: Sixty on 4th Oct: 180 on 5th Oct: Eighty on 13th Oct. Penlee: Twenty-five on 4th Oct and thirty on 12th Oct.

117 Porthgwarra: Thirty on 6th Oct: 235 on 13th Oct: Thirty on 14th Oct: Forty-one on 26th Oct: Thirty eight on 27th Oct: Forty-five on 28th Oct. Rame: Three on 3rd and 11th Oct, and 20 on 17th Oct. St Ives: Fifty on 21st Oct.

Trevose Head: Seventeen on 12th Oct: Twenty-one on 18th Oct.

LINNET - Carduelis cannabina Resident with some summer visitors. Breeds. Passage migrant. Unlike many farmland species, there has not been a dramatic reduction in the Linnet population and they can be seen on most open areas of coastal gorse during summer. Reports include: Badgers Cross: 1,000 on 29th Jan. Bake: 1,000 on 2nd Jan: 600 on 6th Mar. Cawsand: 200 on 3rd Oct. Kit Hill: Seventy-nine males on territory. Lamelgate: Thirteen pairs. Maker Farm: 200 on 7th Dec. Polhawn Cove: 300 on 18th Oct. Rame: 150 on 3rd Oct: 300 on 18th Oct: Fifty on 2nd and sixty on 28th Dec. Rame Barton: 200 on 7th Dec. St Germans: 250 on 4th April. St Merryn: 1,000 on 25th Jan. Tehidy CP: 150 on 26th Nov: 400 on 20th Jan: 700 on 2nd Dec. Trevilley: 1,200 on 20th Sep. Trevose Head: Fifty-five on 2nd Apr: 230 on 4th Oct: 160 on 28th Oct: 120 on 10th Nov.

COMMON REDPOLL - Carduelis flammea Scarce resident. Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor Cot Valley: One on 4th Oct. Crowdy Res: One on 11th Jul. Drift Res: One on 11th Oct. Great Grogley Downs: One on 22nd Jun. Halvana Plantation: Five on 20th Jun: Ten on 8th Jul: Eight on 11th Jul. Hustyn Wood: Two on 31 st May. Nanjizal: Singles on 24th and 28th May, and 24th and 28th Jun: Two on 21st Aug: One on 6th, two on 11th, one on 13th Oct, and one on 9th Nov. Ninestones: Four on 10th Aug. Porthgwarra: One singing on 23rd May. Porthpean: One on 17th Nov. Smallacombe Plantation: Ten on 13th Jun. Trevose Head: Two on 26th Apr: One on 14th Oct. Walmsley Sane: One on 2nd Nov.

Common Redpoll

118 COMMON CROSSBILL - Loxia curvirostra An irruptive species recorded annually since 1979 Cornwall. Has bred sporadically since 1985, particularly after irruptions. Winter visitor. Croft Pascoe Plantation: Four on 26th Jun: Five on 27th Oct. Crowdy Res: Six on 11th Oct. Dozmary Pool: One on 29th Nov. Great Grogley Downs: Three juveniles on 22nd Jun. Halvana Plantation: Seven on 11th Jul. Lyner River: Seven on 27th Oct. Marazion: Thirteen on 28th Aug. Nanjizal: Five on 2nd Sep: Five on 6th Oct: Three on 23rd Oct: Ten on 3rd Nov: Three on 9th Nov. Ninestones: Nineteen on 30th Aug. Sancreed: Five on 7th Nov. Siblyback Res: Four on 15th Sep. Seventeen on 14th Nov: Seven on 19th Dec. St Levan: Eight on 14th Oct. St Austell Golf Course: Twenty-five on 21st Dec. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - - - 7 7 32 9 34 36 32

COMMON ROSEFINCH - Carpodacus erythrinus Regular vagrant.mainly autumn. Porthgwarra: One on 26th Sep: One on 4th Oct. BKM, BSW The county mainland total increases to c.27, all but two since 1985. There have now been seven records of this species at Porthgwarra Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 7 10 1 -

BULLFINCH - Pyrrhula pyrrhula Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. This species tends to move around in pairs and, consequently, it is often not recorded. This reduces available information (records from only forty-five sites) and makes it difficult to comment on numbers and the areas of population, particularily as ringing activity indicates that there is a continuous small turnover of birds after the breeding season. Reports include: Great Grogley Downs: Eight on 22nd Jun. Loe Pool: Eight on 10th Nov. Old Town Cove: Six on 20th Jan. Treveal: Six on 10th Oct.

HAWFINCH - Coccothraustes coccothraustes Occasional visitor with records in most months. Has bred in Devon as far west as the county border, but is not known to have done so in Cornwall. A poor year, which had the equal lowest number of records in the 1990's. Ventonleague, Hayle: One on a bird table on 24th Jan. PAR The county total is now c. 102, excluding reports of 'several' in 1829 and a 'family party' in 1958. Approximate monthly totals (historic)*: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6 5 13 2 3 5 7 - 3 40 9 7 * two undated.

119 LAPLAND LONGSPUR - Calcarius lapponicus Scarce drift migrant in autumn. Rare winter visitor. Very rare inland. A poor year with the equal lowest number recorded for the 1990's. Nanjizal: One on 18th Oct. KAW Nanquidno: Two on 19th Oct. IK Penlee: One on 1st Oct: One on 3rd Oct: One on 2nd Nov. AECA, GDL, BKM Porthgwarra: One on 10th Oct: One on 16th Oct: One on 22nd Oct. CDRH Predannack: One on 17th Oct. ARP Treen: One on 28th Oct. CDRH Trevose Head: One on 25th Sep: Two on 12th - 19th Oct. SMC The county mainland total now moves to c. 1,174, all since 1960.

SNOW BUNTING - Plectrophenax nivalis Uncommon drift migrant, mainly in autumn. Rare winter visitor. The number of birds recorded was above average for the 1990's but well short of the exceptional year of 1996. Cape Cornwall: One on 4th Oct. Cam Brea: One on 11th Oct. Crowdy Res: One on 5th Oct. Gwithian Sand Works: Two on 2nd Oct: Fifteen on 14th Oct: Twenty-three on 18th Oct. Jubilee Pool, Penzance: Two on 21st Oct. Kelsey Head: Three on 3rd Oct: Two on 10th Oct: Two on 13th Nov. Kynance Cove: Three on 22nd Nov. Lamorna Cove: One on 20th Oct. Lan-less-Boch: One on 5th Oct. Lelant: One on 24th Nov. Lizard Village, Croft Park: One on 5th Oct: One on 17th Oct. Maker Heights: A male on 25th Oct. Nanjizal: One on 5th Oct. Newlyn: Three on 29th Oct. Nanquidno: One on 18th Oct. Navax Point: Fifteen on 8th Oct. North Cliffs: Ten on 14th Nov. Pendennis Castle, Falmouth: Three on 4th - 5th Oct, with two remaining on 7th Oct. Pentire Point: One on 2nd Oct: One on 26th Oct. Perranporth : One on 3rd Oct. Porthgwarra: One on 23rd Sep: Three on 12th Oct: One on 13th Oct. Rame/Penlee: Two on 4th Oct: One on 6th Oct: Two on 8th Oct: Two on 10th Oct. Reskajeage Downs: Ten on 14th Nov. Rumps Point: Two on 26th Oct. Sennen: One on 16th Sep: Three on 1st Oct: Two on 23rd Oct: One on 3rd - 4th Nov. St Ives: Five on 2nd Oct. Stithians Res: One on 1st - 3rd Oct and on 7th and 10th Oct. Towan Head: Four on 1st Oct: One on 2nd Oct. Trevose Head: One on 1st - 9th Oct: Nine on 16th Oct: One on 1st Dec: One on 11th Dec. Wherry Town: Two on 4th Nov. Woon Gumpus Common: One on 24th Nov. Approximate monthly totals: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ------2 92 30 1

120 YELLOWHAMMER - Emberiza citrinella Resident. Breeds. Some dispersal. Like all members of the Emberiza family, the Yellowhammer is becoming a less and less common sight in the British countryside. Only forty-two males were reported on territories during the breeding season. There were eight males at Pelynt, but most reports were of only one to three males. Reports include: Boat Cove: Four on 18th Dec. Hawker's Cove: Twelve on 15th Nov. Jericho Valley: Nine on 27th Oct. Labour-in-Vain: Ten on 30th Jan. Ludgvan: Six on 9th Jan. Old Town Cove: Ten on 6th Feb: Twenty-five on 11th Mar: Twenty on 23rd Nov. Pelynt: Daily feeding produced monthly numbers of 3,3,12,14,16,8,2,3,0,1,10,and 19. Penjerrick: Eight on 26th Dec. Rame Barton: Sixteen on 22nd Jan. Rame Head: Six on 2nd Jan: Five on 24th Oct. Reskadinnick: Fifty on 15th Dec. The Hatts: Eight on 9th Jan. Tregadillet: Ten on 31st Dec. Whitecross, Newquay: Eight on 2nd May.

CIRL BUNTING - Emberiza cirlus Rare resident. Breeds. There has been a protracted decline over the last twenty years of this once common and widespread farmland species. Fifteen pairs were located in the south east of the county in 1967 and birds were still present at fifteen sites in 1975. The UK population is almost exclusively restricted to south Devon but a recent increase in that population has not been reflected in Cornwall where this species now maintains only the most tenuous of footholds. Indeed, the Cirl Bunting has become so rare in Cornwall that we wish to receive descriptions for any sightings (unless covered by the 'three observer' rule). The RSPB are very keen to receive information about sightings so that, if it is established that birds frequent a particular area, they can make efforts to introduce special land management schemes. Bude Marshes: A male on 2nd Feb. SMC Gerrans: Five birds in November. GSG Portnadler Bay/Hore Point: A singing male on 9th May - 16th Jun. EJW, DC, AECA Penlee Battery: A singing male on 28th Mar. RMB St Just in Roseland: A singing male on 13th Jul. BKM St Keverne: A male from 1st Jan into April, per DSF

ORTOLAN BUNTING - Emberiza hortulana Scarce drift migrant, mainly in autumn. Lizard: One on 4th Sep. PAM Nanjizal: One on 25th Oct. KAW Polgigga: One on 23rd - 24th Oct. AH, RJ Trevose Head: One on 3rd Sep: One on 11th Sep SMC. The county mainland total is now c.129. Approximate monthly totals (historic): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec - - - 2 3 - - 7 95 22 - - Top sites: Sennen/Land's End, Porthgwarra, Lizard/Caerthillian, Trevose Head and Nanquidno.

121 REED BUNTING - Emberiza schoeniclus Scarce resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Thirty five males were recorded on territories at eighteen sites during the breeding season, but it is suspected that records of single males and pairs often go unrecorded. Reports include: Camel Est: Five on 28th Feb Crowdy Res: Six on 12th Sep: Ten on 5th Oct. Foage Valley: Six on 31st Jan. Goss Moor: Five males on 6th Jun. Gwallon: Three on 29th Mar. Harlyn Pools: Two on 15th Feb. Lamelgate: Four pairs. Lands End: Four on 23rd Nov. Porthgwarra: Two on 13th October: Nine on 27th Oct: Thirteen on 28th Oct. Redmoor: Ten breeding pairs. Stithians Res: Five on 1st August: Eleven on 1st Aug: Five on 4th Oct. St Columb Porth: Four males on 6th Jun. Walmsley Sane: Five pairs on 20th May.

CORN BUNTING - Emberiza calandra Uncommon resident. Breeds. The main foothold of this species is along a narrow coastal strip on the north side of the county, between Rumps Point and Godrevy Point, where the prevailing weather conditions have meant that farming practices have not chaged as dramatically as in many other parts of the county. This is yet another farmland species undergoing a continuing national decline. Crugmeer: One in song on 27th Jun. Efflins: One on 24th Apr. Harlyn Bay: One on 26th Jun. Lamelgate: One on 19th Apr. Park Head: One on 12th May. Pentire: Three on 1st Jan: Two on 25th Feb: Three on 24th April: Five on 30th May: Three on 31st Jul: Three on 9th Aug. Porthcothan: Six on 13th Mar: Two on 11th Nov. Rame Head: One singing on 18th Mar - 28th Aug, and relocated in stubble fields on 3rd - 17th Oct. Reskadinnick: Two on 20th Dec. Talland: One on 15th Feb. Tehidy CP: Two on 3rd Feb: Five on 14th Mar: Four on 16th Apr: One on 5th May: Three on 3rd Jun: One on 1st Jul. Trebelsue: Three on 17th Mar. Trevorrian: One on 12th May. Trevose: Sixteen on 17th Mar, including seven males: Fourteen on 24th April: Ten on 16th Oct: Thirteen on 13th Nov: Thirteen on 15th Dec. Watergate Bay: One on 14th Mar.

122 RECORDS FOR WHICH DETAILS STILL REQUIRED All the 1999 records listed below require documentation, no descriptions having been submitted by observers. If you saw and can confirm any of these birds, please_forward a description to the County Recorder. White-billed Diver: One in St Austell Bay on 23rd - 27th Feb. Little Bittern: One at Land's End on 25th April to 2nd May. Purple Heron: Three adults and two sub-adults at Camborne on 9th April. Snow Goose: One at Siblyback Res on 14th Oct. American Wigeon: A female at Hale Est on 3rd - 4th Nov. American Black Duck: A male at Butler Tor on 4th May: A female at Crowdy Res on 26th Sep - 29th Oct. Ring-necked Duck: a female at Loe Pool on 21st Jan. European Honey Buzzard: One at Cot Valley on 11th Oct: One at Tideford on 1st Jun: One at Land's End on 26th May: One at Sancreed on 22nd Jun or Jul. Black Kite: One at Black Head on 28th Oct: One at Pendeen on 11th Aug. Northern Goshawk: A female at Brill on 24th Feb. Red-footed FalconAn adult female on 26th - 27th May. Short-toed Lark: One at Sennen on 16th May. Horned Lark: One at Nanjizal on 17th Oct. Tawny Pipit: One at Nanjizal on 9th and 21st Aug. Alpine Swift: One at Stithians Res on 8th Jun. Red-rumped Swallow: One at Stithians on 27th Aug. Red-throated Pipit: One at Marazion Marsh on 30th Sep. Sardinian Warbler: A male at Land's End on 29th April. Booted Warbler: One at Land's End on 10th October. Woodchat Shrike: One at Sennen on 16th May. Serin: One at Nanquidno on 10th - 23rd Jun.

FIRST & LAST DATES OF SUMMER MIGRANTS (Excluding wintering individuals)

Species Arrival Site Departure Site

European Storm-petrel 8th May Talland Bay 3rd Oct. St Ives Garganey 16th Mar. Camel Estuary 19th Oct. Loe Pool Hobby 19th Apr. Hayle Estuary 27th Oct. Hayle Est Little Ringed Plover 12th Mar. Trethewey 25th Sep. Hayle Estuary Whimbrel 1 st Apr. Millbrook Lake 27th Nov. Millbrook Lake Wood Sandpiper 25th Jul. Camel Estuary 5th Oct. Davidstow Airfield Sandwich Tern 14th Mar. Polhawn Cove 6th Nov. Torpoint Common Tern 10th Apr. Parbay 6th Oct. Cremyll Arctic Tern 20th Apr. Marazion 10th Oct. St John's Lake Little Tern 20th Apr. Par 2nd Oct. Trevose Head Black Tern 6th Aug. Lower Tamar Lake 10th Oct. Loe Pool Puffin 4th Apr. Porthgwarra 8th Oct. Trevose Head Turtle Dove 24th Apr. Lamrona Cove 25th Sep. Cot Valley Cuckoo 20th Apr. Drift 12th Aug. Colliford Reservoir Nightjar 5th May West Penwith 7th Aug. Trevose Head Swift 26th Apr. Trevose Head 10th Sep. Trevose Head Sand Martin 6th Mar. Maer Lake 8th Oct. Nanjizal Swallow 18th Mar. Pentire Point 13th Nov. Marazion

123 House Martin 29th Mar. Nanjizal 11th Nov. Marazion Tree Pipit 19th Mar. Tregoss Moor 12th Sep. Rame Yellow Wagtail 19th Apr. Trevose Head 22nd Oct. Hayle Estuary Alba White Wagtail 20th Mar. Argal Reservoir 11th Oct. Kelynack Redstart 19th Apr. Lamelgate 24th Oct. Sennen Whinchat 28th Apr. Trevose Head 6th Nov. Penberth Wheatear 14th Mar. Duloe 15th Nov. Sennen Ring Ouzel 27th Mar. Rame 27th Nov. Lamorna Cove Grasshopper Warbler 9th Apr. Retallack 18th Nov. Lizard Village Sedge Warbler 6th Apr. Landulph 20th Oct. Nanquidno Reed Warbler 27th Apr. Marazion Marsh 28th Oct. Porthgwarra Lesser Whitethroat 27th Apr. Lizard 19th Dec. Ryan's Field, Hayle Common Whitethroat 11th Apr. Rame 8th Sep. Pentewan Garden Warbler 25th Apr. St Austell Sewage Works 16th Nov. Copperhouse Wood Warbler 30th April Caerthillian Cove 25th Sep. Porthgwarra Willow Warbler 26th Mar. Walmsley Sanctuary 18th Oct. Church Cove, Lizard Spotted Flycatcher 25th Apr. Nanjizal 19th Oct. Nanquidno Pied Flycatcher 17th Apr. Land's End 20th Oct. Church Cove, Lizard

CONTRIBUTORS

R.C. Abbott (RCA) R.M. Belringer (RMB) History Club (CFNHC) G.R. Adams (GRA) I. Berry (IB) E.J. Carne (EJCe) M.K. Ahmad (MKA) P. Berry (PBy) T.M. Carne (TMC) P.G. Akers (PGA) C.L. Bingham (CLB) B. Cave (BC) M. Albus (MA) A.R. Birch (ARB) D. Chapman (DCm) P.M. Alexander (PMA) S. Bird (SBd) J. Chappie (JCh) P.H. Aley (PHA) Birding South West(BSW) G. Charlton (GC) R. Allen (RA) W.E. Birkett (WEB) L.H. Charlton (LHC) R.E. Allen (REA) A. Blonden (AB) T.D. Charlton (TDC) Mr Allen (A) P. Blonden (PB) P.S. Chesbrough (PSC) P. Allen (PA) B.D. Blowers (BDB) J. Chesher (JCr) M. Anderson (MAo) A.P. Blunden (APB) D.J. Chown (DJC) R. Andrew (Raw) A.J. Bond (AJB) S.M. Christophers (SMC) J.K. Archer (JKA) S.J. Bond (SJB) B. Chugg (BCh) A.E.C. Aston (AECA) J. Bonser (JBr) D. Churchill (DC1) A. Atkinson (AAn) C.L. Bourne (CLBo) D. Clegg (Dcg) M. Atkinson (MAn) C.G. Bradshaw (CGB) M.&J. Cochrane (M&JC) M. Attrill (MAI) D. Bray (DBy) G. Cockill (GC1) J.F. Babbington (JFB) P. Brierly (PBr) C.B. Cole (CBC) C.C. Baker (CCBr) S. Broad (SBo) D.T. Collinge (DTC) D.C. Barker (DCB) D. Brown (DBn) M. Combe (MCe) D.J. Barker (DJB) I.H. Brown (IHB) M.C. Combridge(MCCo) J. Barker (JB) R.J. Brunton (RJBn) P. Combridge (PCo) C.C. Barnard (CCB) Burniere Hide Log. S.M. Combridge (SMCo) M.E. Bazeley (MEB) J.D. Bryden (JDB) D.A. Conway (DAC) R.J. Bedford (RJB) B. Bryne (BB) G.J. Conway (GJC) P. Bedford (PBd) A. Bull (AB1) I.M.E. Conway (IMEC) J. Beer (JB) S. Bury (SB) E.J. Cook (EJC) M. Beer (MB) H.K. Butcher (HKB) C. Coombes (CC) C. Beesley (CB) R. Butts (RB) S. Cooper (SCr) C.&C. Beesley (C&CB) Caradon Field & Natural F.M. Couch (FMC)

124 D.R. Courtnell (DRC) R. Greenwood (RG) R.A. Jones (RAJ) S.J. Cox (SJC) E. Griffiths (Egs) D.I. Julian (DIJ) B.T. Craven (BTC) S. Grose (SGe) S.J. Julian (SJJ) A.D. Crawford (ADC) E.G. Gynn (EGG) R. Jutsum (RJm) M. Crawley (MC) G.G. Gynn (GGG) T.R. Kay (TRK) Crowdy Hide Log T.S. Hale (TSH) J. Kay (JK) P. Cunningham (PC) M.C. Hall (MCH) D.F. Kelley (DFK) D.J. Curtis (DJCs) J.S. Hampshire (JSH) R.N. Kelsh (RNK) A.J. Dally (AJD) R.E. Hannaford (REH) P. Kemp (PK) A.M.J. Davey (AMJD) A. Harris (AHs) R. Kemp (RK) N.E. Davies (NED) A.J. Harris (AJH) I. Kendall (IK) P. Davies (PDs) J. Harris (JH) I.C. Kendall (ICK) I. Davis (ID) P. Harrison (PH) M. Knott (MK) DBWPS L. Hart (LH) S. Kolodziejski (SK) S. Dennett (SD) T.&V. Hassall (T&VH) W.D. Lambden (WDL) J. Diamond (JD) A. Hathway (AH) R. Lane (RL) TJ. Dingle (TJD) R. Hathway (RH) C. Lang (CLg) B. Dodd (BD) J.B. Hawken (JBH) A. Langdon (ALn) P.F. Donald (PFD) J.H. Hawkey (JHH) A.A. Langford (AAL) Drift Hide Log M.J. Healan (MJH) M. Langman (ML) C.&J. Duffy (C&JD) C.D.R. Heard (CDRH) J. Lawman (JL) P.A. Dukes (PAD) DJ.D. Hickman (DJDH) J.R. Lawman (JRL) E. Dunn (ED) M. Hill (MH) M. Lawson (Mlw) I. Dunn (IDn) G. Hobin (GH) K. Leadbitter (KL) A. Dunstan (AD) F.H. Honeychurch (FHH) J. Leadley (JLy) Mr Easternbrook (E) W. Hoogendoorn (WH) R.J. Lee (RJL) P. Edmonds (PE) R. Hooper (RHR) M. Leggatt (MLt) S.B. Edwards (SBE) R.J. .Hooton (RJH) D.M. Lewis (DML) M.D. Elcoate (MDE) J.R. Hopkins (JRH) G.D. Lewis (GDL) M.T. Elliot (MTE) F. Hull (FH) C.F. Line (CFL) S.M. Ellis (SME) M. Hunt (MHt) S.M. Lister (SML) S.F. Elton (SFE) R. Hurrell (RH1) R.C. Loader (RCL) D. Eva (DE) I. Husk (IH) L. Lock (LL) R. Eynon (RE) I. Hyde (IHy) A. Lord (AL) C. Eyre (CE) S. Jack (SJ) D. Lord (DL) J.H. Finch (JHF) D. Jackson (DJ) M. Lord (ML) Mrs. Flemming (F) G. Jackson (GJn) A.G.Mackonochie(AGM) D.S. Flumm (DSF) G.C. Jackson (GCJ) S.C. Madge (SCM) J.A. Flynn (JAF) S.F. Jackson (SFJ) P.A. Maker (PAM) A. Francombe (AF) E.C. James (ECJ) J.M. Marriott (JMM) P.A. Fraser (PAF) J.W. James (JWJ) H. Marshall (HMI) P. French (PF) R.C. James (RCJ) R.G. Marshall (RGM) M.P. Frost (MPF) R.M. James (RMJ) S.F. Marshall (SFM) D.M. Ferguson (DMF) V. James (VJ) J. Martin (JM) J. Gask (JG) A. Jayne (AJ) J.P. Martin (JPM) G.S. Gay (GSGy) G. Jeffery (GJ) A. Mason (AM) S. Geary (SG) R. Jennett (RJ) C. Mason (CM) T. George (TG) A.M. Jewels (AMJ) R. Mason (RM) V.R. Giles (VRG) A.W.G. John (AWGJ) M. May (MM) G. Goddard (GGd) D.L. Johnson (DLJ) R. McCarthy (RMcC) P. Goodfellow (PGw) R. Johnson (RJn) P. McCartney PMcC) R.W. Gould (RWG) R.A. Johnson (RAJn) P.M. McGenity (PMM) N.L. Grace (NLG) N. Johnstone (NJ) J. McGill (JMcG) M. Graham (MGr) H. Jonas (HJ) E. McKenzie (EM) G.S. Grant (GSG) K. Jones (KJ) J.D. McKenzie (JDM) P. Greenstreet (PG) K.L. Jones (KLJ) S. McMahon (SMcM)

125 P.J. McVey (PJMcV) M.J. Rogers (MJR) J. Walford (JW) B.K .Mellow (BKM) S. Rogers (SR) M.D. Wallace (MDW) H. Meredith (HM) G.P.G. Rowe (GPGR) P. Waller (PWr) G.R. Mills (GRM) S.G. Rowe (SGR) Walmsley Hide Log D. Mitchell (DM) RSPB P. Walsh (PWh) J.F.&F. Murray (JF&FM) M.J. Rule (MJRe) N.C. Ward (NCW) A.J. Musgrove (AJM) S. Rundle (SRe) B.L. Webb (BLW) T.N. Norfolk (TNN) J.&P.A. Rutter (J&PAR) N. Whillock (NWk) D.M. Norman (DMN) P.A. Rutter (PAR) R.G. Whitcombe (RGW) W.C. Northcott (WCN) J.F. Ryan (JFR) C.C. White (CCW) D. Nye (DN) L.A.H. Sari (LAHS) G.R. White (GRW) J.C. Oliver (JCO) I.C.S. Scott (ICSS) M. White (MW) J.J. Packer (JJP) M. Scott-Ham (MSH) W.J. White (WJW) A.J. Park (AJP) M.P. Semmens (MPS) I.C. Whitehouse (ICW) S.A. Park (SAP) L. Sharrock (LS) S.C. Wicks (SCW) J. Pask (JP) L.E. Sheppard (LES) M.K. Wightman (MKW) B.R. Pattenden (BRP) J.J. Shillingford (JJS) R.W. Wilkins (RWW) M. Pawluk (MP) P.T. Sillifant (PTS) M.J. Wilkinson (MJW) A.R. Pay (ARP) T. Sleep (TS) E.H. Williams (EHW) D.H. Payne (DHP) R. Smaldon (RSn) L.P. Williams (LPW) P. Pearce (PPr) J.R. Smart (JRS) P. Williams (PW) R. Pearce (Rpe) R.L. Smith (RLS) A.M. Wilson (AMW) J. Peard (JPd) M. Southam (MS) E.J. Wilson (EJW) S.J. Pearman (SJP) A. Spalding (ASg) I.M. Wilson (IMW) K. Pellow (KP) H.A. Spiller (HAS) J.H. Wilson (JHW) R. Penhaligon (RPn) I. Standivan (IS) K.A. Wilson (KAW) R.D. Penhallurick (RDP) I.R. Stewart (IRS) M. Wolfenden (MWn) J.C. Pett (JCP) W. Stewart (WS) W.A. Wolfenden (WAW) B.M. Phillips (BMP) Stithians Hide Log D. Wood (DW) N.J. Phillips (NJP) J. Stockhausen (JS) P. Wood (PWd) N.R. Phillips (NRP) R. Stockhausen (RS) A. Wort (AW) R.M. Phillips (RMP) RE. Stone (PES) N. Wort (NW) S. Pilbeam (SP) V.A. Stratton (VAS) B.C. Wooton (BCW) M. Pitham (MPm) P.L. Stubbs (PLS) J. Wright (JWt) T.K. Plummer (TKP) G.P. Sutton (GPS) M. Yapp (MY) D.A. Polgrean (DAP) J. Swan (Jsw) D.M. Yelland (DMY) F. Potts (FP) J.D. Swan (JDS) F. Yelland (FY) D. Poyser (DP) G.J. Tamblin (GJT) J. Young (JY) P. Priske (PP) P. Taylor (PT) P. Prose (PPe) D.L. Thomas (DLT) A.H. Pulsford (AHP) G.H. Thomas (GHT) C. Purser (CP) M.S. Thomas (MST) Mrs C. Purser (CPu) R.B. Treleaven (RBT) R Pyefinch (RP) Trelonk Hide Log RAFOS G.G. Trenerry (GGT) J.M. Randall (JMR) L.A.C. Truscott (LACT) T. Raven (TRn) V.R. Tucker (VRT) A. Ravenscroft (AR) M. Tunmore (MT) P.J. Reay (PJR) E. Turvey (ET) J.M. Reid (JMRd) H. Vaughan (HV) D. Rendle (DR) J. Wagner (JWr) T. Riddle (TR) R.E. Wake (REW) D.J. Rigby (DJR) P.A. Wakelin (PAW) R.D. Riley (RDR) D. Walbridge (DWe) N. Robinson (NR) G. Walbridge (GW) S.C. Robinson (SCR) J. Waldon (JWn)

126 PHOTOGRAPHERS Copies of some photographs used in this report may be obtained direct from the following photographers who have kindly allowed us to use their work: Peter & Carol Leigh, 43 Jupes Close, Exminster, Devon, EX6 8BP: Tel. no. 01392 824990. Dave Nye, 2 Aran Drive, Sheringham, Norfolk, NR26 8UR: Tel. no. 01263 821023. George Reszeter, 36 Lashford Lane, Dry Sandford, Oxon, OX 13 6DY: Tel. no. 01865 735514. Alan Tate, 55 Woodlands Way, Mildenhall, Suffolk, IP28 7JA: Tel. no. 01638 717699. Rob Wilson, 74 Waldingfield Road, Sudbury, Suffolk, CO10 6PX: Tel. no. 01787 377165.

GAZETTEER

This list contains most of the place names mentioned in the Systematic List.

Grid references refer to the four-figure square in which the site (or the majority of it) lies. All sites are marked on the 1:25 000 or 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey maps (Landranger series). Sheets 190, 200, 201, 203 and 204 relate to Cornwall.

Allen Valley SX0476 Bodmin Sewage Works SX0566 Bunning's Park SX1872 SX2281 Bogee Farm SW9069 Burniere SW9873 Amble Confluence SW9774 Bois House SX1774 Burniere Point SW9874 Amble Marshes SW9874 Marsh SW7653 Burras SW6734 Anderton SX4352 Bolventor SX1876 Buryas Bridge SW4429 Angarrack SW5838 Bone Valley SW4632 Butter's Tor Marsh SX1678 Antony SX3954 Bonython SW6920 Butterwell, Nanstallon SW0267 Argal Reservoir SW7632 Booby's Bay SW8575 Cadgwith SW7214 Ashton SW6028 Boquio Downs SW6633 Cadsonbury SX3467 Bake SX3258 Borlase Wood SW8540 Caer Bran SW4029 Barras Nose SX0589 Boscadjack SW6631 Caerhays SW9741 Bartinney Downs SW3929 Bosanketh SW3826 Caerthillian Cove SW6913 Bass Point SW7111 Boscastle SX0990 Calenick Creek SW8343 Bastreet SX2476 Boscawen Park, Truro SW8343 Callington SX3669 Beagles Point SW7616 Boscathnoe Reservoir SW4531 Calstock SX4368 Bear Wood SX1164 Boscawen Park SW8343 Camborne SW6540 Bear's Downs SW8968 Boscoppa SX0253 Camel Estuary SW9374 Bearah Tor SX2574 Bosigran SW4236 Camel Quarry SW9537 Bedruthan Steps SW8469 Bosistow SW3623 Camel River SX0267 Beeny Cliff SX1092 Boskenna SW4125 Camelford SX1083 Berry Down SX3755 Boslowick SW7931 Cape Cornwall SW3531 Bethel SX0352 Boslymon SX0761 Carbis Bay SW5239 Black Head, Coverack SW7716 Bosporthennis SW4336 Cardinham SX1268 Black Head, St. Austell SX0447 Bossiney SX0689 Cardinham Woods SX1067 Black Rock SW6634 Boswednack SW4437 Cargenwen/Crowan Res. SW6535 Blackcombe Wood SX2874 Boswin SW6934 Cargreen SX4362 Blackcross By-pass SW9060 Botallack SW3632 Carland Cross SW8453 Blackpool Clay Pit SW9854 Boyton SX3292 Carloggas Downs SX0256 Blacktor Downs SX1573 Bradford SX1175 Carluddon SX0155 Blue Hills, St Agnes SW7252 Bray's Cot Pool SW7218 Carluddon Mica Dam SX0054 Boat (Trenow) Cove SW5329 Brea Hill SW9277 Carlyon Bay SX0551 Bochym SW6820 Breney Common SX0561 Cam Brea, Camborne SW6840 Bodgara SX2686 Brew, Sennen SW3625 Cam Brea, St. Just SW3828 Bodieve SW9973 Brill SW7229 Cam Galver SW4236 Bodinnick SX1352 Brocton SX0168 Cam Gloose SW3531 Bodmin SX0666 Bude SS2106 Camanton SW8764 Bodmin Moor SX1876 Bude Bay SSI607 Cammenellis SW6936 Bodmin Parkway Stn SX1164 Bude Marshes SS2005 Camsew Pool SW5537

127 Carnweather Point SW9580 Crowan SW6434 Fenteroon Bridge SX1082 Carnyorth SW3733 Crowan Reservoir SW6535 Feock SW8238 Carrick Roads SW8335 Crowan Beacon SW6635 Ferry Farm, Calstock SX4569 Carthew farm, SW9571 Crowdy Reservoir SX1483 Fiddlers Green SW8254 Carnvannel Downs SW6444 Crowlas SW5133 Fishing Cove SW5942 Carworgie SW9060 Crows-an-Wra SW3927 Foage SW4637 Castle Beach SW8131 Crugmeer SW9076 Forder SX4250 Castle-an-Dinas (East) SW9462 SW7857 Four Lanes SW6838 Cat's Cove SW8576 Cudden Point SW5427 Fowey SX1251 Catchall SW4327 Culdrose SW6626 Fowey Estuary SX1254 Catchfrench SX3059 Culdrose Airfield SW6725 Freathy SX3952 Cawsand SX4350 Curgurrell Beach SW8837 Friendship Wood SW5431 Cawsand Bay SX4450 Cury SW6721 Froe SW8633 Chapel Amble SW9975 Cutcrew Mill SX3386 Froe Creek SW8633 Chapel Point SX0243 Cutmere Bridge SX3260 Frogpool SW7640 Chapel Porth SW6949 Dairyland SW9658 Gannel Estuary SW7961 Charlestown SX0351 Dannonchapel SX0382 Garras SW7023 Cheesewring SX2572 Daubuz Moor, Truro SW8245 Garvinack Farm SW7748 Chiverton Cross SW7446 Davidstow Airfield SX1485 Gerrans SW8735 Chiverton Farm SW5429 Davidstow Woods SX1484 Gerrans Bay SW9037 Church Cove, Gunwalloe SW6620 Daymer Bay SW9277 Gillan SW7824 Church Cove, Lizard SW7112 Degibna Wood SW6525 Gillan Creek SW7725 Chyenhal SW4528 SX0683 Gillhouse SX1873 Chyauster SW4734 Denzill Mill SW8956 Glebe Cliff SX0488 Cleave Camp SS2012 Devoran SW7939 Godrevy Island SW5743 Clift SX4055 Dinas Head SW8476 Godrevy Point SW5743 Clifton SX4264 Dinham Woods SW9774 Golant SX1254 Clitters SX3772 Ding Dong SW4334 Goldsithney SW5430 Clodgy Point SW5041 Dinham Bridge SX0373 Golitha/Draynes Wood SX2268 Cober Valley, Wendron SW6731 Dobwalls SX2164 Goonhavem SW7853 Coldrose Farm, Truro SW8248 Dodman Point SX0039 Goonhilly Downs SW7219 Coldvreath SW9858 Dollar Cove SW3425 Goon Husband SW6625 College Reservoir SW7633 Doublebois SX1965 Gorran Haven SX0141 Colliford Dam SX1771 Downderry SX3253 Goss Moor SW9459 Colliford Downs SX1871 Doyden Point SW9680 Grampound SW9348 Colliford Lake Park SX1773 Dozmary Pool SX1974 Great Bosullow SW4133 Colliford Reservoir SX1772 Draynes SX2169 Great Grogley Downs SX0167 Colquite SX0570 Draynes Bridge SX2268 Great Keiro Moor SW9675 Com Head SW9480 Draynes/Golitha Wood SW2268 Great Wood, SX1256 Common Moor SX2469 Drift SW4328 Gribbin Head SX0949 Constantine SW7329 Drift Reservoir SW4329 Grogley Halt SX0168 Constantine Bay SW8574 Duckpool SS2011 Brumbla SW4029 Cooksland SX0867 Duloe SX2358 Gull Rock, Boscastle SX1193 Coombe SS2111 Dunmere SX0467 Gull Rock, Nare Head SW9236 Coombe, St Austell SW9552 Dunmere Wood SX0468 Gull Rock, Portreath SW6445 Copperhouse Creek SW5637 Dunveth Farm, St Breock SW9872 Gulland Rock SW8778 Cornwall College, Camb SW6641 Duporth SX0351 Gulval SW4831 Coronation Park, Wadeb SW9871 Durgan SW7727 Gunnislake SX4371 Cot Valley SW3630 East Colliford SX1870 Gun Point SW9176 Cotehele SX4268 East Looe SX2553 Gunver Head SW8977 Cotehele Woods SX4268 East Looe River SX2554 Gunwalloe SW6522 Cotton Wood SX0167 East Moor SX2177 Gunwalloe Marsh SW6621 Coverack SW7818 Eastern Green Beach SW4830 Gurnard's Head SW4338 Crafthole SX3654 Edmonton SW9672 Gwallon SW5231 SW7860 Efflins SW8570 Gwavas SW7113 Crean SW3824 Egloshayle SX0072 Gweek SW7026 Cremyll SX4553 Empacombe SX4452 Gwendreath SW7316 Creney Farm SX0761 SW9659 Head SW3621 Croft Pascoe SW7220 Ennisworgey SW9361 Gwithian SW5841 Croft Pascoe Pltn SW7219 Epphaven Cove SW9679 Gwithian Towans SW5841 Croft Pascoe Pool SW7319 Falmouth SW8032 Halfway House, St Jidgey SW9469 Crousa Downs SW7618 Falmouth Bay SW8130 Halloon SW9159

128 Hallworthy SX1887 Kelynack SW3730 Looe Estuary SX2553 Hals Grave SW9571 Kemyll SW4625 Looe Island SX2551 Halsetown SW5038 Kenidjack SW3632 SX1059 Halton Quay SX4165 Kennack Sands SW7316 Loveny SX1868 Halvana Plantation SX2077 Kennards House SX2883 Lower Boscaswell SW3734 Halzephron Cove SW6521 Kensey Valley SX3285 Lower Brynn SW9862 Hannafore SX2552 Kilkhampton SS2511 T'ment Wk SX1283 Hannafore Point SX2552 Killigerran Head SW8732 Lower Predannack Down SW6814 Hannibal's Cam SW4336 Kings Wood SX0048 Lower Tamar Lake SS2911 Harlyn SW8775 SX4350 Luckett Woods SX3972 Harlyn Bay SW8775 Kingsmill Lake SX4261 Ludgvan SW5033 Harlyn Pools SW8775 Kit Hill SX3771 Lundy Bay SW9579 Harrowbridge SX2074 Kuggar SW7216 Valley SX0558 Hawker's Cove SW9177 Kynance Cove, Lizard SW6813 Lwrkemyll SW4625 Hawk's Tor, Temple SX1475 Kynance Downs SW6814 Lye Rock SX0689 Hawkstor Clay Pit SX1474 Kynance Farm SW6714 Lynher Estuary SX3955 Haye SX4166 Labour-in-Vain SW6744 SW4531 Hayle SW5637 Ladock SW8971 Maenporth SW7829 Hayle Bay, Camel Est. SW9379 Ladock Wood SW8851 Maer Lake SS2007 Hayle Estuary SW5537 Lady Downs, Penwith SW4736 Maker Heights SX4351 Hayle Kimbro Pool SW6916 Lamanva SW7631 Malpas SW8442 Hayle Mill Pond SW5536 Lamb Creek SW8442 Marazanvose SW8050 Hayle River SW5436 Lamelgate SX2170 Marazion Beach SW5031 Helford SW7526 Lamoma SW4424 Marazion Marsh SW5031 Helford Passage SW7626 Lamoma Cove SW4524 Marshgate SX1591 Helford River SW7726 Landrake SX3860 Maudlin, SX2664 Hell's Mouth SW6042 Land's End SW3425 Mawgan Porth SW8467 Helman Tor SX0661 Landrake SX3760 Mayon Pit, Sennen SW3625 Helston SW6627 Landulph SX4361 Meachard SX0991 Helston Amenity Area SW6526 Landulph Marsh SX4261 Men-An-Tol SW4234 Helston Boating Lake SW6527 Laneast SX2283 Menabilly SX1051 Helston Sewage Works SW6526 Laneast Downs SX2384 Menadarva SW6141 Hemmick Beach SW9940 Langdon SX2092 Menadue Marsh SX0358 Hendersick Farm SX2352 Lanhainsworth SW9264 SX2962 Hendra, Manhay SW6931 Lanhydrock SX0863 Merope Rocks SW8676 Hepwell SX3064 Lanivet SX0364 Merry Maidens SW4324 Hessenford, Looe SX3057 Lansallos SX1751 Merry Meeting SX0874 High Cliff SX1294 Lanyon Farm, Madron SW4234 Mevagissey SX0144 Higher Bostraze SW3931 Latchbrook SX4059 Mevagissey Bay SX0245 Higher Crill Farm SW7783 Latchley SX4073 SX1763 Higher Kenneggy SW5628 Lelant SW5437 Military Road, Penlee SX4349 Higher Tregiffian SW3627 Lerryn SX1357 Milladon Pond SX3315 Highgate SW9259 Leswidden Farm SW3930 Millbrook SX4252 Holman's Moors SW4839 Liskeard SX2564 Millbrook Lake SX4352 Holmbush SX0352 Little Comfort SX3580 Milltown SX1057 Holywell Bay SW7659 Little Petherick SW9172 Milltown, St Neot SX1867 Hudder Down SW6042 Little Petherick Creek SW9273 Minions SX2671 Hustyn Downs SX0067 Lizard Downs SW6913 Minnows Islands SW8572 Hustyn Wood SX0069 Lizard Point SW6911 Moditonham Quay SX4161 Idless SW8247 Lizard Village SW7012 Molenick SX3361 Illogan Wood SW6643 Loe Bar SW6424 SW4035 Indian Queens SW9158 Loe Beach SW8238 Mother Ivey's Bay SW8676 Industry SX2377 Loe Pool SW6424 Mount Edgecumbe CP SX4552 Innis Downs SX0262 Loe Valley SW6526 Mount Hawke SW7147 Innis Fish Farm SX0357 Loggans Moor SW5739 Mount Pleasant SX0062 Jericho Farm SW3931 Long Island SX0790 Mount's Bay SW4930 Jolly's Bottom SW7544 Long Rock SW4931 Mousehole SW4726 Jubilee Pool, Penzance SW4729 Long Rock Pool SW5031 Mullion SW6718 Jupiter Point SX4156 Longdowns SW7434 Mullion Cove SW6617 Kea Wood SW8442 Longstone SX0673 Mullion Golf Course SW6620 Kelly Bray SX3671 Looe SX2553 Mullion Island SW6617 Kelsey Head SW7660 Looe Bay SX2652 Murrayton SX2854

129 Mylor Churchtown SW8235 SW7756 Polridmouth Cove SX1050 Nancegollan SW6332 Penhallow SW7651 Polruan SX1250 Nancothan SW4429 Penhole Farm SX1861 Polscoe SX1160 Nanjizal SW3523 Penjerrick SW7730 Poison SX3584 Nanquidno SW3629 Penlee Battery SX4349 Poltesco SW7215 Nare Head SW9137 Penlee Point,Mousehole SW4726 Polurrian Cove SW6618 Nare Point SW8025 Penlee Point,Rame Hd SX4448 Polwheveral Creek SW7328 Navax Point SW5943 Penlee Reserve SX4349 Polzeath SW9378 Neal Point SX4361 Penlee Woods SX4449 Pont SX1452 New Mill SW4534 Penmillard, Rame SX4249 Ponts Mill SX0756 Newbridge, Callington SX3467 Pen Olver SW7111 Popesmill SX2763 Newbridge, Penzance SW4231 Penpol Creek, Feock SW8138 Porkellis SW6933 Newland SW9181 Penpoll Creek, Fowey SX1354 Porkellis Moor SW6832 Newlyn SW4628 Penrice SX0249 Porteath SW9679 Newlyn Beach SW4629 Penrose, Loe Pool SW6425 Portgaverne SX0080 Newlyn Coombe SW4529 Penryn SW7834 Porthallow SW7923 Newlyn East SW8256 Penryn River SW7934 Porth-cadjack Cove SW6444 Newlyn Harbour SW4628 Pensilva SX2969 Porthcothan SW8571 New Polzeath SW9379 Pentargon SX1091 Porthcurno SW3822 New Pool, Polmorla SW9871 Pentewan SX0147 Porthgwarra SW3621 Newquay SW8161 Pentewan Beach SX0247 Porthilly SW9375 Newquay Bay SW8162 Pentire, Newquay SW7961 Porth Joke SW7760 Newton Moor SW6738 Pentire Farm SW9380 Porthkerris SW8022 Nine Maidens SW4335 Pentire Point SW9280 Porth Kidney Beach SW5438 Ninestones SX2174 Pentire Point East SW7861 Porthleven SW6225 Ninestones Bridge SX2373 Pentire Point West SW7761 Porthluney Cove SW9741 Ninestones Farm SX2174 Penwithick SX0256 Porth Mear, Park Head SW8471 No Mans Land, Looe SX2756 Penzance SW4730 Porthmellin Head SW8632 North Bowda SX2477 Penzance Heliport SW4831 Porthmeor Beach SW5140 North Cliffs SW6243 Percuil SW8534 Porthmeor, Zennor SW4337 North Country SW6943 Perran Sands SW5429 Porthmissen SW8976 Northcott Mouth SS2008 Perranporth SW7554 Porth, Newquay SW8362 Oldtown Cove SW9373 Perranporth Dunes SW7554 Portholland SW9541 Otterham SX1690 Perranuthnoe SW5329 Porthoustock SW8021 Otterham Down SX1590 Perranuthnoe Cliffs SW5428 Porthpean SX0350 Padstow SW9274 Perran well SW7752 Porth Reservoir SW8662 Par SX0753 Petherwin SX2889 Port Isaac SW9980 Par Bay SX0852 Piece SW6739 Portmellon SX0143 Par Beach SX0853 Pier Cellars SX4449 Portnadler Bay SX2451 Par Beach Pool SX0853 Pill Creek SW8339 Portquin SW9780 Par Docks SX0752 Pinkson Creek SW9473 Portreath SW6545 Par Moor SX0552 Pipers Pool SX2684 Portscatho SW8735 Par Pools SX0854 Pityme SW9576 Portwrinkle SX3553 Par River SX0753 Place Manor, St Mawes SW8532 Poughill SS2208 Park Clay Pit SX1970 Place Wood SW8633 SW5828 Park Head SW8470 Plaidy SX2653 Predannack SW6816 Paul SW4627 Plusha SX2580 Priory Park Bodmin SX0766 Pawton SW9570 SX3456 Probus SW8947 Pelynt SX2054 Polbathic Creek SX3557 Prussia Cove SW5527 Pemboa SW6826 Polbrock SX0169 Quoit Farm SW9261 Penberth SW3923 Polcrebo Downs SW6433 Racecourse Downs SX0969 Pencalenick SW8545 Poldhu SW6620 RAF Portreath SW6746 Pencarrow, Bodmin SX0471 Poldhu Cove SW6619 RAF St. Mawgan SW8664 Pencarrow Head SX1550 Poldhu Marsh SW6720 Ralph's Cupboard SW6445 Pendarves SW6437 Polgigga SW3723 Rame Barton SX4249 Pendavey SX0071 Polhawn Cove SX4149 Rame Church SX4249 Pen Enys Point SW4841 Polhawn Fort SX4249 Rame Head SX4148 Pendeen SW3834 Polkerris SX0952 Rame, Rame Head SX4249 Pendeen Watch SW3735 Polly Joke SW7760 Rame, Stithians SW7233 Pendennis Point/Castle SW8231 Polmarkyn SX3335 Redhill Downs SX1671 Pendoggett SX0279 Polperro SX2050 Redmoor SX0762 Pejndower Beach SW8938 Polquick Farm, Truro SW8246 Redruth SW6942

130 Rejerrah SW7955 Soap Cove SW6714 St. Mellion SX3865 Relubbus SW5631 Southdown SX4352 Sr Merryn SW8873 Reskadinnick SW6341 South Petherwin SX3081 St Merryn Airfield SW8871 Reskajeage Downs SW6343 Spit Beach SX0752 St. Michael's Mount SW5129 Respryn SX0963 St. Agnes SW7250 St. Minver SW9677 Restronguet Creek SW8038 St. Agnes Head SW6951 St Neot SX1867 Retallack SW9366 St. Andrew's Pool SX0754 St Newlyn East SW8256 Rialton Barton SW8461 St. Anthony, St. Mawes SW8532 St Winnow SX1157 Rilla Mill SX2973 SW8431 Stannon Clay Pit SX1280 Rinsey Head SW5826 St Austell SX0252 Stenalees SX0157 River Allen SX0476 St. Austell Bay SX0651 Stepper Point SW9178 River Kenwyn SW8046 St Austell Golf Course SX0050 Stithians SW7336 River Neet SS2208 St. Austell Sew. Works SX0150 Stithians Reservoir SW7136 Roche SW9860 St. Blazey SX0654 Stoke Climsland SX3674 Rocky Valley SX0789 Lakes SX0555 Stonaford SX2577 Ropehaven SX0349 St Breock SW9771 Stratton SS2206 Roseland Peninsula SW8637 St. Breock Downs SW9668 Summercourt SW8856 Rosemelling Pool SX0457 St. Breward SX0976 Summerleaze Beach SS2006 Rosemergy SW4136 St. Buryan SW4025 Swanpool SW8031 SW9566 St Cadoc Farm, Harlyn SW8875 Swanpool Beach SW8031 SW9567 St. Cleer SX2468 Swanvale SW7931 Rosewastis SW9161 St Cleer Downs SX2467 Talland SX2251 Roseworthy SW6139 St. Clement SW8543 Talland Bay SX2251 Rosken Farm SW8972 St. Clement Woods SW8248 Tamar Estuary SX4359 Rospannel SW3926 St. Clements Isle SW4726 Tater-du SW4423 Rosudgeon SW5529 St. Columb Major SW9163 Tehidy Country Park SW6443 Rough Tor SX1481 St. Columb Minor SW8462 Temple SX1473 Rough Tor Farm SX1382 St. Columb Porth SW8362 Temple New Bridge SX1574 Roughtor Moors SX1480 St Columb Road SW9159 Temple Tor Pools SX1373 Ruan Lanihorne SW8841 St Columb Sewage Works SW9063 Terras SW9353 Ruan Major SW7016 St Dominick SX4067 The Brisons SW3431 Rumford SW8970 St. Dominick Church SX3967 The Lizard SW7020 Rumps Point SW9381 St Elvin SW6427 The Mouls SW9381 Ryan's Field SW5436 St Enodoc SW9377 The Sisters SX0689 Saltash SX4258 St. Enodoc Golf Course SW9376 Three Holes Cross SX0173 Salter Mill SX4363 St Erth SW5535 Tideford SX3459 Saltmill Creek SX4259 St. Erth Pools SW5435 Tintagel SX0588 Samphire Island SW6344 St Erth Praze SW5735 Tolgus SW6944 Sancreed SW4129 St. Eval SW8868 Tollgate, Wadebridge SW9772 Sconner Creek SX3656 St Ewe SW9746 Tolpetherwin SX2782 Scorrier SW7244 St. Germans SX3657 Torfrey SX1154 Scribble Downs SX1477 St Gluvias, Penryn SW7834 Torpoint SX4354 Sea Mills SW9273 St Issey SW9271 Towan Beach SW8732 Seaton SX3054 St. Ives SW5140 Towan Head SW7962 Seaton Valley SX3055 St. Ives Bay SW5439 Towednack SW4838 Sennen SW3626 St. Ives Island SW5241 Townshend SW5932 Sennen Cove SW3526 St Jidgey SW9469 Trago Mills SX1864 Sharp Tor SX2673 St John SX4153 Trannock Downs SW6630 Sheffield, Mousehole SW4526 St. John Ford SX4153 Trebah SX7627 Shell Woods SX0872 St. John's Lake SX4254 Trebartha Woodlands SX2577 Shepherds SX8154 St. Just SW3631 Trebehor SW3724 Sheviock SX3655 St. Just Airfield SW3728 Trebellan SW7856 Sheviock Wood SX3656 St Just Pool SW8435 Trebelsue SW8463 Shillingham Creek SX4057 St Just in Roseland SW8535 SW9278 Short Island SX0790 St. Keverne SW7821 Trebetherick Point SW9277 Siblyback Farm SX2372 St Kew Highway SX0375 Trebownbridge SX2959 Siblyback Reservoir SX2371 St. Levan SW3722 Tredrossel SX3555 Silverwell SW7548 St. Loy SW4223 Treen, Boswednack SW4337 Skewjack SW3624 St Mabyn SX0373 Treen, Porthcurno SW3922 Sladebridge SX0171 St Martin SX2455 Tregadillet SX2983 Slaughterbridge SX1085 St. Mawes SW8433 Tregamere SW9264 Smallacombe Pltn SX2275 St. Mawgan SW8765 Tregaminion, Porthallow SW7922

131 Tregaminion, SX0951 Treswigga SX1274 Turnaware Point SW8338 Tregantle Beach SX3852 Trethewey SW3823 Two Bridges, St Columb SW9163 Tregantle Fort SX3853 Trethill SX3754 Tywardreath Marsh SX0854 Tregaswith SW8983 Trethurgy SX0355 United Downs SW7441 Tregathenan SW6530 Trevalga SX0890 Upper Fowey Valley SX2173 Tregembo SW5731 Trevail SW4740 Upper Tamar Lake SS2812 Tregeseal SW3732 Trevanson SW9772 Upton Cross SX2872 Tregonetha Downs SW9562 Trevanson Farm SW9773 Upton Towans SW5739 Tregony SW9244 Trevanson Woods SW9773 Vault Bay/Beach SX0140 Tregoodwell SX1183 Trevarno SW6430 Veryan Bay SW9638 Tregoss SW9660 Trevarrian SW8566 Wacker Quay SX3855 Tregoss Moor SW9760 Trevaylor Woods SW4632 Wadebridge SW9872 Tregotha Farm SW5936 Treveal SW4740 Wadebridge Sew. Wks SW9817 Tregunna SW9673 Trevean Cove SW5428 Walmsley Sanctuary SW9974 Trekelvesteps SX2269 Trevean Farm SW5428 Washaway SX0369 Trekenning SW9062 Treveddo SW8061 Watch Croft SW4235 Trelights SW9979 Trevelgue SW8463 Watergate, Looe SX2354 Treliske Hospital, Truro SW7945 Trevella, Crantock SW7960 Watergate Bay SW8364 Trelissick SW8339 SX2067 Wearde Quay SX4257 Treliver SW9865 Treverva SW7531 Wendron SW6731 Trelow Downs SW9268 Trevescan SW3524 Werrington SX3287 Trelowarren SW7124 Trevia SX0983 West Looe River SX2454 Tremayne Quay SW7225 Trevilley SW3524 West Pentire SW7760 Trembath SW4528 Trevone SW8975 SX1563 Tremethick Cross SW4430 Trevone Bay SW8876 Westerlake Farm SX2171 Trenance Lake SW8160 Trevorrian SW3726 Wherry Down SW4729 Trenance Point SW8468 Trevorrian Pool SW3726 Western Cove SW6445 Trenant, New Polzeath SW9479 Trevose Farm SW8675 Wherry Town SW4729 Trenant, St Neot SX2168 Trevose Head SW8576 Whitebarrow Downs SX1970 Trenant Point SX2553 Treween SW9777 Whitecross, Ludgvan SW5234 Trenant Wood SX2454 Trewellard SW3733 Whitecross, Wadebridge SW9672 Trengwainton SW4431 Trewey Common SW4636 Whitesand Bay SX3851 Trenow (Boat) Cove SW5329 Trewey Downs SW4537 Whitesand Bay, Sennen SW3527 Trereife SW4529 Trewidden SW4429 Wicca SW4739 Trerethern Fm,Padstow SW9173 Trewint SX2180 Widegates SX2857 Trerew Wood SW8158 Trewornan Bridge SW9874 Widemouth Bay SS2002 Trerulefoot SX3358 Treworthal Tor SW8839 Wiggle SX4250 Tresamble SW7539 Treyarnon SW8673 Wilcove SX4356 Tresemple Pool SW8544 Treyarnon Bay SW8574 Winnard's Perch SW9266 Tresillian SW8646 Triffle SX3354 Wolf Rock SW2611 Tresillian River SW8444 Trispen SW8450 Woon Gumpus Common SW3933 Treskilling SX0357 Truro SW8245 Zacry's Island SW8363 Treskilling Clay Pit SX0357 Truro River SW8342 Zelah SW8151 Treskilling Downs SX0357 Trythall SW4433 Zennor SW4538

132 RINGING REPORT - 1999

Three thousand two hundred and five birds were ringed during the year, slightly down on last year. Dusky Warbler was a new bird to be ringed in the county, as was a Woodchat Shrike. A second Icterine Warbler, a third Wood Warbler and a fourth Pallas's Warbler were also ringed. Good numbers of Sand Martins and European Storm-Petrels were caught, greatly boosting their respective county totals.

TABLE 1 : CONSTRIBUTORS

Contributor Full Pulli Site

G.J. Conway 1,220 23 Mid and West Cornwall F.M. Couch 1 69 Bodmin/Truro F.H.C. Kendall 1 41 Bude B.R. Pattenden 78 - Marazion P.L. Stubbs 303 - Lizard K.A. Wilson 1,440 29 Nanjizal

TABLE 2 : SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES RINGED

Ringing Totals 1999 1979-1999

Full Grown Pulli Total Full grown Pulli Total

Northern Fulmar 4 4 Manx Sheerwater 7 - 7 20 - 20 European Storm Petrel 773 - 773 3,036 - 3,036 Shag - 24 24 - 86 86 Northern Gannet - - - 2 - 2 Mute Swan - - - 117 - 117 Common Shelduck - - - 8 - 8 Common Teal - - - 3 - 3 Mallard - - - 1 - 1 Garganey - - - 1 - 1 Common Scoter - - - 1 - 1 Eurasian Sparrowhawk 6 - 6 41 2 43 Common Buzzard - - - 5 21 26 Common Kestrel - - - 4 33 37 Water Rail 3 - 3 36 - 36 Spotted Crake - - - 5 - 5 Moorhen - - - 4 - 4 Oystercatcher - - - 657 7 664 Great Ringed Plover - - - 345 - 345 Northern Lapwing - - - 24 3 27 Red Knot - - - 6 - 6 Sanderling - - - 23 - 23 Little Stint - - - 2 - 2 Curlew Sandpiper - - - 8 - 8 Dunlin - - - 1493 1493

133 Jack Snipe - - - 3 - 3 Common Snipe - - - 19 - 19 Woodcock 1 - 1 5 - 5 Black-tailed Godwit - - - 8 - 8 Bar-tailed Godwit - - - 1 - 1 Whimbrel - - - 5 - 5 Eurasian Curlew - - - 124 - 124 Spotted Redshank - - - 7 - 7 Common Redshank - - - 297 - 297 Common Greenshank - - - 49 - 49 Turnstone - - - 57 - 57 Black-headed Gull - - - 36 63 99 Common Gull - - - 2 - 2 Herring Gull - - - 18 - 18 Kittiwake - - - 1 - • 1 Common Guillemot - - - 24 10 34 Razorbill - 5 5 2 10 12 Little Auk - - - 1 - 1 Stock Dove - - - - 4 4 Wood Pigeon 2 - 2 15 10 25 Collared Dove - - - 21 4 25 Turtle Dove - - - 3 - 3 Common Cuckoo - - - 2 3 5 Barn Owl 2 12 14 29 243 272 Little Owl - - - 1 2 3 Tawny Owl 4 4 21 67 88 Long-eared Owl - - - 2 - 2 Short-eared Owl - - - 1 - 1 European Nightjar - - - 6 - 6 Common Swift - - - 4 - 4 Common Kingfisher 3 - 3 22 - 22 Green Woodpecker - - - 5 - 5 Great Spotted Woodpecker 1 - 1 15 - 15 Skylark - - - - 6 6 Sand Martin 58 - 58 245 - 245 Barn Swallow 145 11 156 6,313 649 6,962 House Martin 1 - 1 40 25 65 Tree Pipit - - - 11 7 18 Meadow Pipit 1 - 1 92 15 107 Rock Pipit - - - 2 13 15 Water Pipit - - - 1 - 1 Yellow Wagtail - - - 41 - 41 Grey Wagtail 6 - 6 40 50 90 Pied Wagtail 4 - 4 188 74 262 Dipper - - - 210 450 660 Wren 107 - 107 1,892 24 1,916 Hedge Accentor 33 - 33 1,354 15 1,369 Robin 100 - 100 2,041 64 2,105 Bluethroat - - - 1 - 1 Black Redstart 3 - 3 9 - 9 Common Redstart 2 - 2 19 32 51 Whinchat - - - 14 - 14 Common Stonechat - - - 61 10 71 Northern Wheatear - - - 333 320 653 Ring Ouzel - - - 1 - 1

134 Blackbird 160 - 160 1,668 115 1,783 Fieldfare - - - 5 - 5 Song Thrush 68 - 68 650 35 685 Redwing 25 - 25 338 - 338 Mistle Thrush - - - 6 12 18 Cetti's Warbler 13 - 13 197 - 197 Grasshopper Warbler 1 - 1 35 - 35 Aquatic Warbler - - - 39 - 39 Sedge Warbler 124 - 124 4,991 7 4,998 Marsh Warbler - - - 3 - 3 Reed Warbler 68 - 68 4,178 5 4,183 Paddyfield Warbler - - - 1 - 1 Icterine Warbler 1 - 1 2 - 2 Melodious Warbler - - - 4 - 4 Subalpine Warbler - - - 1 - 1 Lesser Whitethroat - - - 21 - 21 Common Whitethroat 37 - 37 642 - 642 Garden Warbler 7 - 7 255 - 255 Blackcap 119 - 119 1,047 - 1,047 Pallas's Leaf Warbler 1 - 1 4 - 4 Yellow-browed Warbler - - 5 5 Dusky Warbler 1 - 1 1 - 1 Wood Warbler 1 - 1 3 - 3 Chiffchaff 254 - 254 2,375 10 2,385 Willow Warbler 131 - 131 2,575 110 2,685 Goldcrest 263 - 263 1,920 - 1,920 Firecrest 9 - 9 136 - 136 Spotted Flycatcher 5 - 5 59 72 131 Red-breasted flycatcher - - - 2 - 2 Pied Flycatcher 2 8 10 82 605 687 Bearded Tit - - - 1 - 1 Long-tailed Tit 99 - 99 967 1 968 Marsh Tit - - - 134 59 193 Willow Tit - - - 123 - 123 Coal Tit 5 - 5 215 53 268 Blue Tit 138 54 192 6,069 2,541 8,610 Great Tit 55 44 99 1,688 601 2,289 European Nuthatch - - - 36 148 184 Eurasian Treecreeper - - - 97 6 103 Red-backed Shrike - - - 1 - 1 Woodchat Shrike 1 - 1 1 - 1 Eurasian Jay - - - 11 - 11 Magpie 1 - 1 26 32 58 Eurasian Jackdaw - - - 47 12 59 Rook - - - 12 - 12 Carrion Crow - - - 4 25 29 Common Starling 30 - 30 1,840 - 1,840 House Sparrow 24 - 24 527 1 528 Red-eyed Vireo - - - 1 - 1 Chaffinch 74 - 74 1,953 32 1,985 Brambling - - - 31 - 31 Greenfinch 36 - 36 3,339 32 3,371 Goldfinch 13 - 13 169 12 181 Siskin - - - 61 - 61 Linnet 2 - 2 181 18 199

135 Common Redpoll - - 6 - 6 Bullfinch 15 15 700 3 703 Hawfinch - - 1 - 1 Yellowhammer - - 167 7 174 Cirl Bunting - - - 3 3 Little Bunting - - 1 - 1 Reed Bunting 2 2 630 5 635 Corn Bunting - - 1 21 22

TOTALS 3,043 162 3,205 59,845 6,905 66,750

TABLE 3 : SELECTED LONGEVITY RECORDS*

Species Ring No. Ringed Recovered Y.M.D.*

Shag 1049141 18.1.67 15.1.89 21.11.28 Mute Swan Z46912 28.11.81 10.3.95 14.03.17 Common Buzzard GM18944 9.6.74 30.9.85 11.03.21 Oystercatcher SS95351 16.8.72 30.8.93 21.00.14 Great Ringed Plover - 11.8.72 26.8.80 8.00.15 Dunlin BA99271 22.9.66 4.12.74 8.02.20 Common Redshank DR43516 28.8.77 3.8.85 7.11.06 Eurasian Curlew FV42925 8.8.78 1.9.93 15.00.24 Black-headed Gull 3102129 28.5.67 25.11.84 17.05.28 Great Black-backed Gull HU17936 5.6.70 31.7.84 14.01.05 Tawny Owl GP57273 7.6.75 22.10.93 18.04.14 Collared Dove EC77498 21.11.65 28.7.79 13.08.06 Dipper CP58458 14.5.70 25.9.78 8.04.11 Song Thrush RX31113 20.7.84 1.7.90 5.00.12 Redwing BV13494 6.11.74 12.1.82 7.02.06 Cetti's Warbler HI77740 1.9.91 28.7.95 3.10.27 Sedge Warbler - 21.8.77 9.8.92 4.11.19 Reed Warbler JS49967 7.5.74 16.5.82 8.00.09 Willow Warbler 8B4086 7.6.80 1.7.84 4.00.24 Pied Flycatcher E153965 4.6.87 8.6.93 6.00.04 Blue Tit B329459 3.9.81 13.6.87 5.09.10 Great Tit - 13.7.76 31.7.82 6.00.18 Magpie EH89906 4.6.85 7.4.93 7.10.03 Common Starling XX15131 31.12.74 31.1.82 8.01.00

* Time elapsed between original ringing and subsequent recovery, stated in Years, Months and Days.

LIST OF RECOVERIES AND CONTROLS

This list contains details of new records of: - birds ringed in Cornwall and controlled or recovered elsewhere - birds controlled (i.e. caught and released by a ringer) in Cornwall, having previously been ringed elsewhere - recovered (i.e. found dead) in Cornwall, having previously been ringed elsewhere - birds controlled or recovered elsewhere, having previously been ringed in Cornwall

136 Column 1 shows ring numbers, or abbreviations used to identify foreign ringing schemes as follows:- BLB Brussels Belgium FRP Paris France HGB Budapest Hungary NLA Arnhem Netherlands NOS Stavanger Norway POL Cempa Portugal SFH Helsinki Finland SVS Stockholm Sweden

Column 2 shows the EURING code for the age of the bird when ringed (note - figures are not years), the sex when known, and the code for the manner of recovery, as follows:- 1 pullus (nestling or chick) 2 full grown, year of hatching unknown 3J hatched during calendar year of ringing 4 hatched before calendar year of ringing, but exact year unknown 5 hatched during previous calendar year 6 hatched before previous calendar year, but exact year unknown M male F female X found dead or dying R caught and released by ringer + shot or killed by man FR field record - ring number or colour marks determined in field

Column 3 shows the date of ringing, control or recovery.

Column 4 shows the place where the bird was ringed, controlled or recovered.

Column 5 shows the distance travelled.

Column 6 shows the number of days elapsed between ringing and control or recovery.

European Storm Petrel 2500362 4 6.8.97 Pendeen Watch X 28.1.99 Nouadhibou, Mauritania, West Africa 3,401km 540 days This is our first recovery of an individual at the 'wintering grounds'.

2474123 4 16.7.96 R 21.5.98 Ponta de Almadena, Algarve, Portugal 1,462 km 674 days

POL 4 2.6.98 Ponta de Almadena, Algarve, Portugal N00142 R 13.8.99 Pendeen Watch 1,475 km 437 days

POL 4 2.6.98 Ponta de Almadena, Algarve, Portugal N00160 R 10.7.99 Rumps Point 1,533 km 403 days

2474267 4 17.7.96 Gwennap Head R 18.5.97 He de Banneg, Finistere, France 184 km 305 days 2500019 4 11.7.97 Gwennap Head R 14.8.97 He de Banneg, Finistere, France 184 km 34 days The above illustrate movements between Cornwall and the Continent. In addition, seven birds ringed during 1997 were also caught off NW France within three weeks of being ringed in Cornwall.

137 2245415 4 11.7.80 Sanda Island, Kintyre, R 13.7.99 Pendeen Watch 570 km 6,941 days

2378624 4 14.8.89 Noss Head, Highland, Scotland R 26.7.92 Tynemouth & Wear R 22.7.93 Ailsa Craig, Strathclyde, Scotland R 2.8.98 Calf of Man, Isle of Man R 6.7.99 Calf of Man, Isle of Man R 12.7.99 Pendeen Watch 939 km 3,619 days

2383312 4 29.7.97 Sanda Island, Kintyre, Scotland R 25.7.98 Sheepland Harbour, Down, Northern Island 362 days R 11.7.99 Pendeen Watch 569 km 712 days The above represent a minority of movements (seven) between Cornwall and Scotland, and the wandering nature of this species.

2420166 4 7.7.99 Wooltack Point, Dyfed, Wales R 12.7.99 Pendeen Watch 179 km 5 days

2482396 4 25.6.99 Beiginis, Kerry, Eire R 12.7.99 Pendeen Watch 401 km 17 days

2512729 4 10.7.99 Pendeen Watch R 1.8.99 Calf of Man, Isle of Man 437 km 22 days

2512772 4 11.7.99 Pendeen Watch R 1.8.99 Cape Clear, Cork, Eire 305 km 21 days

2517512 4 2.7.99 Great Skellig, Kerry, Eire R 10.7.99 Rumps Point 413 km 8 days

2527058 4 12.7.99 Pendeen Watch R 1.8.99 Cape Clear, Cork, Eire 305 km 20 days These represent some of the short-term movements, particularily involving Ireland.

Common Kestrel NOS 1 3.7.98 Bergadalen, Hedmark, Norway 5152140 X 24.11.98 Land's End 1,705 km 144 days This individual formed part of a small influx of Scandinavian birds into Britain during 1998.

Moorhen NLA 1 26.6.96 Gorredijk, Friesland, Netherlands 5295320 R 7.3.97 Marazion Marsh 868 km 254 days This record highlights the wintering habits of birds from the near-Continent.

Black-headed Gull NLA 3M 16.11 97 Groningen, Netherlands 3556867 FR 26.11 98 Par Beach

Mediterranean Gull BLB 1 17.6 98 Antwerpen, Belgium E236752 FR 14.7 98 Antwerpen, Belgium (White 02W) FR 14.6 99 Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, France FR 21.8 99 Pinkson Creek, Camel Estuary BLB 6 24.5 97 Antwerpen, Belgium E223206 FR 23.8 98 Pinkson Creek, Camel Estuary

138 (White 19Y) FR 9.4.99 Zandvlietsluis, Antwerpen, Belgium FR 11.7.99 Zandvlietsluis, Antwerpen, Belgium FR 21.8.99 Pinkson Creek, Camel Estuary

BLB 1 17.6.98 Antwerpen, Belgium E236748 FR 20.7.98 Kreekrak, Zeeland, Netherlands (White 49S) FR 27.11.98 Newquay FR 26.3.99 Beauport, Cotes d'Armor, France

BLB 1 28.5.98 Antwerpen, Belgium E223229 FR 8.8.99 Torpoint

NLA 1 8.6.95 Zuid Holland, Netherlands 3505626 FR 16.6.96 Exe Estuary, Devon (White 75K) FR 11.1.97 Lac d'Hossegor, Landes, France FR 19.9.98 Torpoint FR 25.3.99 Newtown, Isle of Wight FR 8.8.99 Torpoint

NLA 1 17.6.98 Zuid Holland, Netherlands 3559345 FR 27.7.98 Sennen Cove (White 27T) FR 14.8.98 Cot Valley FR 19.8.98 Marazion FR 20.8.98 Sennen Cove FR 2.10.98 Hayle Estuary FR 28.10.98 Marazion FR 19.3.99 Marazion FR 23.3.99 Beauport, Cotes d'Armor, France FR 14.6.99 Boulobne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, France A very interesting set of records, demonstrating site fidelity during successive years and highlighting the importance of Cornwall as a wintering ground and stop-off location for migrants.

Sandwich Tern DK50531 1 12.6.92 Lady's Island Lake, Wexford, Eire FR 4.9.99 Camel Estuary 211 km 2,640 days

Common Guillemot X44824 1 7.7.96 Isle of Canna, Scotland X 12.11.99 Pentreath Beach, Lizard

Barn Owl GF62407 1 10.7.99 Rosken, St Merryn X 11.11.99 Winnard's Perch 11 km 124 days

Sedge Warbler FRP 3 2.8.96 Trunvel, Finistere, France 4229349 R 9.8.97 Par Beach Pool 272 km 372 days

N103208 3 31.7.97 Icklesham, Sussex R 31.7.99 Par Beach Pool 383 km 730 days N332402 4F 31.7.99 Par Beach Pool R 2.8.99 Radipole Lake, Dorset 161 km 2 days

Reed Warbler N332415 3J 31.7.99 Par Beach Pool R 14.8.99 Grouville Marsh, Jersey, Channel Isles 229 km 14 days

139 Blue Tit J162700 4 31.10.95 Long Rock X 2.9.98 Marazion Marsh 0km 1,037 days

K616072 6 28.3.96 Nanjizal X 1.12.99 St Levan 3 km 1,343 days

Common Starling RP19627 3M 14.12.96 Nanjizal X 2.6.99 Bialograd, Koszalin, Poland 1,546 km 900 days

SUM 3M 9.7.93 Rybachiy, Kalingrad, Russia XC331909 X 17.11.93 StTudy 1,779 km 131 days Two good long-distance recoveries, illustrating the origin of birds in the county.

Greenfinch VX68309 3F 12.12.97 Nanjizal X 23.8.99 Sancreed 7 km 619 days

VX68329 2 30.10.98 Nanjizal R 5.4.99 , St Mary's, Isles of Scilly 44 km 157 days

VX68342 3F 3.11.98 Nanjizal R 24.1.99 Mullock, Dyfed, Wales 191 km 82 days

Request for information All records of ringed or colour-marked birds are of great value, so please report them to the persons shown below and to the County Recorder.

If you find a ringed bird, please note the ring number and ringing scheme address, species, location and date of finding, and the cause of death if known, and forward details to the British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU.

Many colour-marking schemes are currently operating in Britain and Europe. Sightings of colour- marked birds should be notified to the following co-ordinators:- Great Cormorant Jenny Kent, 8 Manor Road, Collingham, Newark, Notts.NG23 7PL Waders Stephen Browne & Harriet Mead, c/o British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU. Large Gulls Peter Rock, 59 Concorde Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, BS10 6PX. Small Gulls Kjeld Pederson, Daglykkevej 7, DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark. Wildfowl Rich Hearn, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucester, GL2 7BT. Other species British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU.

Acknowledgements To all ringers who submitted totals and details of their recoveries and to Stan Christophers, Dave Flumm, Terry George and Nik Ward who provided details of extra recoveries.

References Ringing Report 1998, Ringing and Migration, 20(1), pp39-93.

Greg Conway

140 RED-FLANKED BLUETAIL Tarsiger cyanurus AT RAME HEAD - Darrell Clegg

After 3-4 days of prolonged easterly winds, 17th October (my birthday) promised to continue in the same vein. The day was sunny and the temperature rose to 16 - 17 degrees centigrade. I Clark and myself decided to do some birding aroumd Rame and Penlee. After a couple of fruitless hours around Penlee L.N.R with no sign of any fresh arrival of migrants, and with the wind blowing strongly, we decided to check out the trees and bushes in the more sheltered areas around Rame Church and Rame Barton Farm.

Here we met AEC Aston and RW Gould who informed us of the arrival of some Red-flanked Bluetails in Scotland and North Norfolk. IC cursed his luck, having arrived in Cornwall from Yorkshire the day before. We then split up. I noticed a group of finches feeding in Rame Barton Farmyard and walked up to a gap in the hedge to check them out. My attention was attracted by a party of Tits and Goldcrests in a small group of trees in front of me. At this moment a bird, with its back towards me, hopped on to a low branch on one of the trees. I was immediately intrigued by the cold grey brown of the back, and noticed that the tail appeared to be dark. I could also see the orange flanks and was sure I was looking at a Red-flanked Bluetail. I told myself that it was just wishful thinking, having just had a conversation about them. At that moment the bird turned around and the grey breast and white throat confirmed my identification. The bird then flew off and I ran back to tell IC and AECA. Arriving seconds later, IC had a brief view of the bird on a barn gutter some 50 metres away. He commented that it had a particularity long-legged appearance compared to Robin. The bird was then lost for a frustrating hour before being found by myself, flying across the farmyard into a hedge. Here it was seen well, if distantly, by birders alerted by phone calls I had made.

I believe the bird to have been a fresh arrival on the 17th as it stayed local to the farmyard, and was severely harrassed by robins. By the next day it was ranging more widely, to the garden opposite, and some 70 yards south to rame Churchyard which it eventually favoured and gave the best views.

Description taken from notes on visits on 17th, 19th, 20th,22nd and 24th October. Size and shape reminiscent of European Robin or Common Redstart. Often flicked tail and wings. When found it fed low to the ground on low branches or docks, and often fed on the ground itself. Later in its stay it took to standing on gravestones and low bushes and swooping to the ground to feed. It was seen to feed on elderberries, woodlice and mealworms, the latter supplied by birders.

Upperparts Head, nape and back quite a cold grey brown - distinctly duller than accompanying Robins. In good light the crown would appear more rufous. Good views in bright light on 22nd October showed the bird to have a blue cast to the plumage on the back - this had not been noticed before, but was seen and commented upon by a number of birders. Distinct grey supercilium which started in front of, and extended well behind the eye. Ear coverts grey/brown and, again, in good light could appear rufous. The lores were pale grey/white although, when the feathers were disturbed, the dark bases were visible and the whole loral area could appear dark. The throat and chin were white, neatly bordered by grey/brown around the malar area and upper breast.

Rump and tail Both were bright cerulean blue although, when the tail was closed, it could appear surprisingly dark. The central tail feathers could show a violet iridescence. The tailwas notched, and individual feather showed pointed tips.

141 The undertail was dark with a bluish cast, but the whole undertail was bordered with white.

Underparts Grey/brown wash across the breast, lightly speckled with white. The belly was dirty white although, again, the bases of the feathers would show through and the belly would often show dark patches. Vent and undertail coverts were clean white. Flanks were bright orange, contrasting with the grey breast and dirty white belly.

Wings The most complicated part of the bird - colours could change depending on light conditions and the movements of the bird. The most obvious and consistent feature was the rich chestnut edges to the remiges. The tips of the primaries, secondaries and tertials were a darker brown, and showed a violet hue. Similarily, the alula and greater coverts also appeared bluer in the right light.

Bare parts The bill was wholly black, and appeared slightly upturned. The eyes were black, framed by distinct white eye rings which were narrow in front of the eye and wider at the rear. The legs and feet were reddish brown.

CORNWALL'S FARMLAND BIRDS An analysis of the county records for key farmland bird species with reference to their present day conservation status by D.S. Flumm.

Abstract Farmland birds are in decline. No-one can deny that. If you're a Skylark, try rearing a brood in a silage field when the cutters arrive in the first week of May. It takes 37 days for a Skylark to raise an average brood of four chicks and with the breeding season starting at the beginning of April there is simply not enough time available before the harvest commences. Then the second, third and in some years, fourth silage cut is done (Skylarks desert their nests if disturbed at the building stage anyway) and you can forget about raising any young at all in that place! Alternatively you could try a winter wheat crop. Unfortunately after the first brood has fledged the crop is so tall and dense it isn't suitable any more. Skylarks nesting in such crops only raise on average one brood a year (compared to four in spring sown crops) because the subsequent nests have to be made in the "tramlines" where they become an easy target for predators such as foxes, badgers, weasels, stoats, hedgehogs, mice, voles and crows. Even the adults aren't safe in such crops.

We know why farmland birds are in decline. We know Skylarks obtain ten times more energy from a spring barley stubble field in winter than from a winter wheat or ploughed field. We know a lot. This isn't true for many "groups" of birds. Numbers of gulls and terns fluctuate from year to year for example and sometimes we are able to hazard a guess why but the real reasons are not always obvious. This isn't the case with farmland birds. The problem is the solution is not only out of our hands it is also out of the hands of the farmer; it lies instead with the government.

Introduction Farmland birds have declined the length and breadth of the British Isles and because of the scale and pace at which it is happening, the RSPB is extremely concerned that we are losing many of our most familiar and most popular and valued species.

142 The causes behind the declines are easy to understand but difficult to rectify. Agricultural subsidies encourage farmers to farm in ways that are completely at odds with farmland birds and other wildlife. Farmers are constantly under pressure to increase production by farming more intensively even if it is at the expense of wildlife. Farms have become bigger and more specialised, crop regimes have changed, more chemicals have been introduced to control "weeds" and insects, nitrogen has been "discovered" and added to most of our pastures to "improve" them and the pastures themselves have suffered from over-grazing and brought into arable production under the plough. Even the grass has changed; old permanent pasture once cut for hay has been replaced with a monoculture rye-grass ley cut for silage. Spring tillage has been replaced with autumn sown crops and the stubble fields which were once such a feature of our countryside have gone. So have the birds.

In the change in farm size has been relatively less marked than elsewhere and of the 35,000 holdings here, c50% are still <100ha; a higher percentage than other regions in England. However, intensification and specialisation has still resulted in losses in mixed farm enterprises and the RSPB has identified declines in farmland bird species here as bad, if not worse than elsewhere. In Cornwall species such as the corn bunting, little owl and grey partridge are fast becoming extinct and the cirl bunting may already be so.

This paper attempts to address two main issues: (1) to clarify the scale and nature of the decline for forty farmland bird species; (2) to identify the key sites and key species still present in the county so that conservation measures can be specifically targetted towards these to ensure their future survival.

Species Accounts Information for the species accounts which follow has come from four main sources: county records from the Annual Reports, the two county avifaunas by Penhallurick (1969 & 1978), the two breeding Atlases (1968-72 & 1988-91) and from personal observations in conjunction with those from fellow colleagues. The RSPB has been particularly active in Cornwall in recent years and reference has been made to a number of reports, particularly those by (1998a & 1998c) for west Penwith and Chown (2000) for Bodmin Moor.

For each of the forty species analysed the following details are provided: • BTO status: the Alert system. A major function of the BTO's monitoring programme is to alert the JNCC and Country Agencies to severe or developing declines in the status of any species of bird. For this, two levels of alert are issued: High or Medium (Crick et al 1998). • UK conservation status: from Birds Of Conservation Concern (BoCC) which lists species in three main categories, red, amber and green (Gibbons et al 1996). • CBC index: the Common Bird Index has been used to show the percentage change in populations over the period 1972-96. This BTO scheme, focusing on farmland and woodland species has been running since 1962 and provides reliable indices for c60 species.

Kestrel BTO status: Unlisted Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -24% change

Interestingly Penhallurick (1978) in stating that this species "..has never had a serious contender to usurp its position as the commonest British bird of prey.." did not add the words "except in Cornwall". From my personal observations I would never have described it as the commonest bird of prey here, a position surely held by the Common Buzzard in Cornwall. I've always considered Kestrels to be relatively uncommon in Cornwall compared to the south east of England where I lived until 1980. That said, the species does appear to have declined over the last twenty years in Cornwall as the two Atlas studies confirm.

143 There is little written about the bird's status over time but Penhallurick (1978) says "At present the Kestrel is widespread throughout the county and does not seem to have been adversely affected by agricultural chemicals". A more recent county report (1997) states that although the number of records received is increasing (perhaps due to increased observer reporting?), "breeding reports were well down, mostly restricted to the coast". Intriguinely, the county report for the following year 1998, states "Declined over the last few decades, but has probably recovered more recently, with a county breeding population of c400 pairs".

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 (Sharrock 1976 in Penhallurick 1968) shows 63 10-km squares for Cornwall and of these the Kestrel was recorded in all but two with breeding confirmed/probable in 58(92%) and possible in three other squares. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution with breeding confirmed/probable in only 19(30%) squares albeit possible in 26 others.

Grey Partridge. BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index-all 1972-96: -78% change The Grey Partridge was widespread in Cornwall until the mid-70's and locally common. Shoots at estates such as Lanarth, St Keverne (Lizard) recorded bags of up to 250 brace in the early 19th century with bags of 150 in the 1870s and 1880s. At Trewithen, Newlyn East 93 coveys totalling 917 birds (including 133 shot) were recorded 1970-71 with 500 birds still there in 1974. In 1999 there was only one (on 2nd July) recorded here!

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows 63 10-km squares for Cornwall and of these the Grey Partridge was recorded in over half of them with breeding confirmed/probable in 34(54%) squares and possible in four others. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution with breeding confirmed/probable in only two squares and possible in seven others.

The species was still described as "fairly widespread" in 1980 and was "Reported from many parts of the county" in 1982 but 1983 saw "fewer records" and 1984 "a poor year at Bude and Ladock". It became extinct at Bude in 1989. The fortunes of this species probably really fell during the "disastrously inclement weather of summer 1985", however. From 1986 the county reports present a bleak downward spiral for the Grey Partridge in Cornwall and in spite of a "slight improvement" in 1989 the 1990s has seen the virtual disappearance of this species from all but two areas in the county. From 1992 all sightings of Grey Partridge became listed in the annual reports; it also became apparent that most records from this time were of 1-2 birds only compared with the larger "coveys" from earlier years.

Today the main concentration of this species is within the coastal belt between Newquay and the Camel Estuary. This always was the main stronghold for the Grey Partridge in Cornwall but there are fewer birds there now. A second population exists in the Rame Head peninsula, another former stronghold but again in smaller numbers than formerly and the birds there today are from reintroduced stock (S.M.Christophers pers comm). It is also thought that reintroductions are responsible for the few records from SW Cornwall (pers obs). On the Lizard peninsula the two main populations in the Loe Pool and Kynance Cove areas disappeared by 1990/91.

Moorhen BTO status: Medium BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -10% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -18% change

There is very little published data for this species although Penhallurick (1969) quotes some high autumn/winter gatherings, particularly for 1967 when there were 138 at Marazion, 70 at Newlyn East

144 and 80 at Caerhayes Castle. These numbers have not been reached during the 90's in spite of increased observer coverage with highest counts at any particular site being 55 (1990, 1991), 28 (1992), 52 (1993), 49 (1994), 47 (1995), 37 (1996), 53 (1997), 55 (1998) and 36 (1999).

The Breeding Adas for the period 1968-72 showed the Moorhen was recorded in 79% of the 63 10- km squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 47(75%) and possible in three others. The New Adas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a big decline in distribution with records from only 49% of squares, breeding confirmed/probable in only 23(37%) squares and possible in eight others. The latter work describes several factors possibly involved in the decline of this species nationally: increase in mechanisation of agriculture since 1960s, feral mink, stoat and crow populations.

Recent county reports indicate a possible upward trend: "After a period of apparent decline during the 1970's and 1980's, due mainly to habitat loss, a more enlightened attitude toward habitat conservation and creation in recent years has enabled the Moorhen to regain some lost ground" (county reports 1992 -1999).

Lapwing BTO status: Medium BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -42% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -46% change

In the early 1900's the Lapwing was found ".. .on most of the cornish moors" (Penhallurick 1969) and it must have been quite a common sight with breeding from Sennen, Lady Downs, Trewey Down and Madron near Penzance, Marazion Marsh, St Cleer and the Lizard through to Truro, Goss Moor, Bodmin Moor, north to the Amble Marshes, Bude and Tamar Lake and south to Par and the Tamar Estuary. Although nesting was not annual in all these localities, the fact that today it is only found on Bodmin Moor and the Lizard serves to make the point - the Lapwing is almost extinct as a breeding bird in Cornwall.

Exactly when the main decline took place is difficult to identify but it was still present in the mid- 40's/50's in some of the localities mentioned above in Penhallurick's work, 1969 and the impression is that it was much commoner then than it is today. Thus Penhallurick (1969) states "In east Cornwall the species still nests widely on Bodmin Moor, as in St Breward parish, but its exact status is far from clear." The decline nationally has been linked to the decline in mixed farming which really took hold in the mid-60's (Shrubb & Lack in Gibbons et al 1993) and this would probably fit the Cornish picture. The lack of arable land and spring tillage may also be important factors. Cornwall's farmland is 80% pasture and Shrubb (1990) in Gibbons et al (1993) showed that "Lapwing numbers declined steeply as the amount of autumn cereals grown increased".

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 showed the Lapwing was recorded in 35% of the 63 10- km squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 16(25%) and possible in six others. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution with records from only 14% of squares with breeding confirmed/probable in only six of these and possible in three others.

Both the Atlases found it to be extinct as a breeding bird in West Penwith and this was confirmed by Lock (1998c) in a survey of 58 1-km squares in the ESA there in 1998. Data from Bodmin Moor taken 15 years apart show a 58% decline there between 1984 and 1999 (Chown 2000). In 1984 there was an estimated population of 69 pairs in 34 1-km squares but in 1999 this had fallen to 29 in 10 1- km squares. The reasons behind the decline on the moor are thought to be connected with the new Colliford reservoir destroying previously good breeding habitat, increased human disturbance and change in vegetation structure from grazed acid grassland to dry heath brought about by reduced

145 grazing levels (Chown 2000).

Snipe BTO status: High BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -90% change

The main decline in the Cornish population of Snipe seems to have started 150 years ago. To quote Penhallurick (1969) "The decrease in breeding snipe from the mid-nineteenth century is specifically mentioned by F.R.Rodd, and a writer from Tregony about the same time (1870) attributes the decrease to the drier moors resulting from the gradual acclamation of land..." They were certainly commoner at the start of the 1800's and to quote Penhallurick (1969) again, "James (1808) wrote that they occurred in 'great plenty' and added 7 have frequently found their nests' - presumably on Goonhilly Downs not far from his home". Although probably scarcer in West Penwith they bred at Madron prior to 1864 but all had long gone by the time of Penhallurick's publication in 1969.

By the time of the first Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72, Snipe were confined to five 10-km squares around Bodmin Moor with probable breeding in another on the county boundary at Tamar Lakes in the north and possible breeding near Looe in the south. Twenty years later, the next survey for the New Atlas found the species breeding in just one 10-km square at Bodmin Moor but the "county boundary" birds also bred successfully in 1989 (contra Gibbons et al 1993).

Two more recent surveys of the core population on Bodmin Moor paint a depressing picture and it is likely the Snipe will soon be extinct as a breeding bird in Cornwall. In 1984 there were an estimated 30 pairs in 16 1-km squares from a total of 72 squares surveyed. Fifteen years later, by 1999, the population had fallen to an estimated nine pairs in seven squares (Chown 2000). This 70% decrease between 1984-99 is difficult to explain but as Chown (2000) proposes, the building of Colliford Reservoir which has engulfed the largest open valley mire on the moor is partly to blame and well organised shooting of what may be resident birds might also have contributed to the decline. Other factors are probably also playing a part and Chown (2000) states "The severe decline is in keeping with the wider regional trend. However, it is surprising in view of the lack of obvious change in the extent or quality of the valley mires on Bodmin Moor. Overgrazing of mires would be expected to be detrimental to snipe, but there are few sites which fall into this category. Lack of grazing could also be a factor!'

Curlew BTO status: Medium BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -26% change

At the time of the first Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72, Curlews were found breeding confirmed/probable in 15(24%) 10-km squares with breeding possible in two more. Twenty years later, the next survey for the New Atlas found the species breeding confirmed/probable in just four (6%) 10-km squares albeit with breeding possible in fifteen others. Thus, although the species was still present in a quarter of the county's 63 10-km squares, actual proof of breeding had fallen 73%.

Penhallurick makes no mention of a population decline at the time of his first avifauna in 1969 when there were birds breeding on Bodmin and Goss Moors, the Lizard, Lanhydrock, Lostwithiel and possibly still in West Penwith. They had, however, already gone from Kilkhampton and the parishes of Launcells and Whitstone (Penhallurick 1969).

Two recent surveys by the RSPB suggest all is not well for this species at present. A survey of 58 1- km squares in West Penwith in 1998 only found it in "one square on damp heathland in SW 4235" (Lock 1998c). A repeat survey of Bodmin Moor in 1999, following the 1984 survey, revealed a 50%

146 decrease in numbers from an estimated 20 territories in 1984 falling to ten in 1999 (Chown 2000). There had also been a reduction in 1-km square occupancy. In 1984 Curlews were present in 25 1-km squares but by 1999 this had fallen to 14 with the main reduction taking place on East Moor (Chown 2000). Reasons for the decline are not clear but Chown (2000) suggests a "mix of habitats" incorporating areas of mire/wet heath, 'grass-dominated' dry heath and enclosed permanent pasture is important to sustain populations.

Nationally Curlews are also in decline as a breeding bird and Murray Grant (in Gibbons et al 1993) cites "...recent agricultural improvements, such as land drainage and re-seeding of moorlands, are possible causes of declines".

Stock Dove BTO status: Unlisted Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: +124% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: +185% change

There is little published information in the county Annual Reports as far as breeding records are concerned but in contrast to the rest of Britain, Stock Doves have declined in Cornwall as the two Atlas studies show. It is, however, still a common autumn passage migrant; indeed a count of 1672 birds flying west over Sancreed, SW Cornwall in only three hours on 10th November 1996 set a new county record (as did the 18,320 Woodpigeons recorded at the same time).

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows 63 10-km squares for Cornwall and of these the Stock Dove was recorded in 89% of them, the 'absentees' being coastal squares with little land included. Breeding was confirmed/probable in 50(79%) of these and possible in six others. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution in Cornwall in spite of an almost doubling in the population nationally as measured by the CBC with records from only 54% of squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 14(22%) and possible in 20 others.

The New Atlas confirms that "The species is now absent from areas in W Cornwall" and comments on how a decline in population nationally was brought about by changes in agriculture in 1950 when organochlorine seed dressings were introduced. When these ceased in the early 60's the population recovered but never reached its former levels due to lack of winter stubbles, fallows and increase in herbicide use. A recent survey of the West Penwith ESA found only two 1-km squares with Stock Doves present from a total of 58 squares visited though even here there was "little evidence of breeding" (Lock 1998c).

Turtle Dove BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -62% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -85% change

The Turtle Dove has never established itself as a breeding species in Cornwall and its status here today remains unchanged with only occasional records of birds "summering".

In the last twenty five years it has been proved to breed in 1981 only, though in 1977 and 1978 breeding was considered "possible". Spring passage is much larger than autumn and Penhallurick (1978) in his analysis of 457 birds 1940-1971 found 30% were seen in May and 28% in June compared with 16% in September, the best month in autumn for Turtle Doves.

In recent years 1984 and 1997 have seen the heaviest spring passage movements with 110 and 104 birds respectively but as usual none stayed to nest. Most records come from the well-watched valleys in the far west. The highest day counts have actually come from Scilly with 100 on 1st May 1962 and

147 "at least 70" 29th May 1966. On mainland Cornwall migrant Turtle Doves do not appear to have declined particularly in the last 20 years - 28 at Nanjizal/Land's End 5th May 1996 was the largest report during this period. To quote from the county report that year, "It is curious to note that in Devon the Turtle Dove breeds regularly in reasonable numbers, yet Cornwall does not appear attractive to this delightful bird'.

Barn Owl BTO status: Unlisted Amber listed.

In 1932 there were an estimated 342 pairs of Barn Owls nesting in Cornwall but by 1983-85 this had fallen to 269 pairs though it was postulated that the population in west Cornwall had increased by 20% and decreased in east Cornwall by 39% in the interim (Grant et al 1995). In fact west Cornwall was thought to be the only area on mainland Britain where the species had actually increased since 1932 (Shawyer 1987 in Grant et al 1995).

At the time of the Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72, the Barn Owl was recorded in 75% of the 63 10-km squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 41(65%) and possible in six others. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution with breeding confirmed/probable in only 15(24%) squares and possible in five others.

The 1990 county report records Barn Owls from c99 localities but states "Loss of breeding sites, loss of hunting habitat, pesticides, increased road traffic and a series of cold winters followed by cold, wet summers have all conspired to take a heavy toll on this highly vulnerable species."

The next (and last) full survey took place in 1994 when 51 breeding sites and a further 60 roosting sites were censused though it was estimated the true population "was probably in the region of 100 to 200 pairs which is very low" and "..Little evidence was found for a greater abundance in west Cornwall as was previously thought to exist "(Grant et al 1995). As with the next species, a recent survey of the West Penwith ESA failed to locate a single bird (Lock 1998c).

In 1996 there were 150 sightings reported but only six sites with breeding confirmed compared with nine the previous year. Seven birds were also found dead from roadside verges and as the 1996 report states, "Undoubtedly many more road casualties go unnoticed'. The following year birds were recorded from 114 sites with breeding at nine though only eight young fledged.

The Barn Owl has therefore also decreased across the county as a whole in common with other farmland species, though it still remains widespread. The provision of nest boxes must be seen as an optimistic step for recovery though it is likely this species will continue to suffer at the wheel of the motor car whether improvements in its farmland environment occur or not.

Little Owl BTO status: Unlisted Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: +8% change

Although recorded in Cornwall from 1828, early records probably relate to introductions and the first "wild" birds appear to come from Padstow where two were shot in 1918. By 1923 the species had spread to the Penzance -Land's End area and it was evidently a widespread and even common bird throughout Cornwall from the 1920s and 1930s. There were fewer reports in the 50's and 60's though this "scarcity of records must, to some extent, reflect the interests of birdwatchers" (Penhallurick 1978). A survey in 1971, "the only census ever attempted in the county" (Penhallurick 1978) up to that time found ten pairs in the Land's End area west of a line drawn from Hayle to Cudden Point.

148 The Breeding Adas for the period 1968-72 showed the Little Owl distributed in over half of the county's 63 10-km squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 23(37%) and possible in 11 others. The New Adas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a dramatic decline in distribution by this time with breeding confirmed/probable in only two (3%) 10-km squares and possible in two more.

In 1980 the Little Owl was only reported from 14 sites in the county with breeding proved at none. "After a 50% reduction between 1983 and 1986, there was a slight improvement up to 1990. In 1992, there were no breeding reports at all. In 1996, breeding was proved at just two sites..two further sites held just one bird during the breeding season" (CBWPS Annual Report 1996). By 1997 birds were recorded from only six sites with breeding proved at none though in 1999 a pair nested at Cawsand and birds were recorded at eight other sites.

Thus, in common with other farmland bird species in Cornwall, the Little Owl has declined dramatically since at least 1971 and of the ten pairs located in the Land's End area that year it is doubtful any now remain. Certainly a recent survey of the West Penwith ESA failed to locate a single bird (Lock 1998c).

Green Woodpecker BTO status: Unlisted Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: +15% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: - 7% change

Data from the first Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows the Green Woodpecker recorded in all but five 10-km squares with breeding confirmed/probable in 56(89%) and possible in two others. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution by this time with breeding confirmed/probable in only 18(29%) 10-km squares and possible in 21(33%) others.

To quote from the New Atlas, "...there are now fewer Green Woodpeckers in SW England...and this may reflect changes in farmland management."

The 1996 CBWPS Report states that this species is "Resident. Breeds, but is declining, especially in coastal areas " and ask observers to submit all sightings "in order to monitor the changing population more accurately." In 1996 records were received from "just 60 sites, compared to 76 sites in 1995, giving continued cause for concern for this declining species." The following year, 1997 saw records from only 30 sites across the county (though c95 individuals were seen with breeding proved at five sites). A recent survey of the West Penwith ESA failed to locate a single bird (Lock 1998c).

Woodlark BTO status: Unlisted Red listed.

During the 1968-72 Breeding Atlas, the Woodlark was recorded confirmed/probable in 24 10-km squares but only one of these still held birds by the time of the next survey for the New Atlas 1988- 91. In fact the last confirmed breeding record in Cornwall was in 1983 which is curious when Devon is still an important breeding county for this species.

Nationally Woodlarks have undergone a marked contraction in range "...with a 62% reduction in the number of 10-km squares occupied." between 1968-72 and 1988-91 (Sitters in Gibbons et al 1993) and although habitat changes and habitat loss through development have been given as important factors for declines nationally it is still not clear why they have gone from Cornwall. It has been proposed that burning and grazing of heathland to create clear, open ground is an important aspect for this species so it may be the increase in fires in early spring (whether by "swaling" or by accident) in such places may encourage Woodlarks back into the county as a breeding bird - but whether the

149 bracken invasion usually following such burns in the west will allow it remains to be seen.

Overwintering flocks in recent years may give room for optimism if recolonisation is to occur. In the south east of the county Maker Heights has recorded birds regularly (max 37 in 1994, the same year as 25 at nearby Rame). Garvinack Farm near Truro recorded 75 in 1995 and 100 the following year while a little further west a wintering population of up to 18 birds has occurred regularly in the Camborne/Reskadinnick/Illogan area. At Higher Crill Farm near Falmouth flocks of 16 and 17 were seen in 1995 and 1996 respectively whilst the horticultural belt above Penzance in the Boscathnoe- Tremethick Cross area has recorded up to 18 birds regularly overwintering since 1993.

Skylark BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -60% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -75% change

During the 1968-72 Breeding Adas, the Skylark was recorded as breeding confirmed/probable in all 63 10-km squares and it was clearly still a common breeding bird at the time of Penhallurick's avifauna in 1978 where he says "There is no evidence of any change of status during the past hundred years". Although he quotes only one large wintering flock - of 2,000 birds on stubble at Widemouth in 1963 - he suggests others go unrecorded and "...in Devon such numbers are not uncommon and 20,000 have been estimated'. Although such figures may never have been reached in Cornwall the only counts approaching 2,000 today come from the RAF Portreath stubbles on the north coast. Elsewhere flocks containing several hundred birds are occasionally encountered in winter but much depends on the severity of the weather with higher numbers in cold winters. In 1998 "The first winter period only saw one sizeable flock, of400 at Trevose Head..." (CBWPS Annual Report).

As a breeding bird, the Skylark was already showing signs of a decline by the time of the next Atlas. Thus the New Atlas for the period 1988-91, recorded the species confirmed/probable in only 45 10- km squares albeit possible in nine others. The reasons for the decline are now well known; to mention only two: the switch from hay to silage and the switch from spring to autumn sowing (spring barley to winter wheat) have devastated populations the length and breadth of the British Isles.

Two recent studies in Cornwall and work by the RSPB encouraging farmers to enter the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (and put back the stubble fields into the countryside) give room for some optimism. Field studies on Bodmin Moor fifteen years apart have shown a tentative increase with an estimated 1,333 territories in 1984 increasing 19% to 1,586 by 1999 (Chown 2000). Whether the increase is real, however, is speculative because ".. .the species was not of great conservation concern at the time [i.e. in 1984] and so may have been relatively under-recorded' (Chown 2000). However, Chown (2000) discovered populations had changed most where grazing patterns had changed and this factor may also be important in West Penwith where a 1998 survey of the ESA located territories in 37 1-km squares but with the caveat ".. .conspicuously absent from several localities - notably the far west, and scarce or absent away from rough land' (Lock 1998c).

There is a marked shortage of winter stubble in West Penwith and with most of the pastures being cut for silage (often 3-4 times a summer) much of the farmland is totally inhospitable for Skylarks; indeed the last pair between Sancreed and Penzance (a distance of 4km) disappeared in 1994 with the first silage cut on 4th May that year (pers obs). The affect of silage cutting on Skylark nesting success has also been blamed for declines elsewhere in Cornwall eg. Tehidy Country Park where the population fell from 30 pairs in 1994 to just six in 1995.

150 Tree Pipit BTO status: High BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -56% change

During the 1968-72 Breeding Atlas, the Tree Pipit was recorded as breeding confirmed/probable in 31 10-km squares. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution by this time with breeding confirmed/probable in only 14 10-km squares with breeding possible in eight others.

A recent survey on Bodmin Moor, a former stronghold for the species, found a 70% decline over the last 15 years between 1984-1999 with an estimated population of 51 pairs in 1984 falling to 15 in 1999 and the field-workers concluded "...there has been a decline in tree pipit numbers and range, despite no apparent loss of suitable habitat..." (Chown 2000).

The decline on Bodmin Moor mirrors that of the national decline, the reasons for which are unclear.

Meadow Pipit BTO status: Medium BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -28% change

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows 63 10-km squares for Cornwall and of these the Meadow Pipit was recorded as breeding confirmed/probable in 59(94%) and possible in one other. The New Atlas for the period 1988-91, however, shows a decline in distribution by this time with breeding confirmed/probable in only 31(49%) 10-km squares with breeding possible in ten others.

Penhallurick (1978) casts doubt on the authenticity of the probable breeding data from some of the 10-km squares during the 1968-72 Atlas, suggesting they may refer to late migrants instead "..for in the height of the season the species seems totally absent from such low-lying agricultural areas." However, the same would probably be true for the later Atlas 1988-91 so the decline in the interim is probably genuine.

Two recent surveys by Lock (1998c) and Chown (2000) for the West Penwith moors and Bodmin Moor found the species to be common and widespread. The West Penwith study in 1998 was the first of its kind there and recorded Meadow Pipits from 49(84%) of the 58 1-km squares surveyed (Lock 1998c). On Bodmin Moor there was a 40% increase between the two survey years 1984 and 1999 from an estimated 1,737 pairs to 2,432 (Chown 2000) which contradicts the national trend. This was attributed to a reduction in livestock numbers in some areas allowing heath to develop which then attracted higher numbers of pipits than would have been the case otherwise.

Yellow Wagtail BTO status: Medium BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -25% change

Between 1923, the first year breeding was proved in Cornwall, and 1966, the final year breeding took place, single pairs of Yellow Wagtails were recorded either with eggs, nest or suspected as breeding in 16 years although Penhallurick (1978) between entries for 1925 - 1948 stated "Nesting must have gone un-noticed in some subsequent years, for it was difficult to prove even when suspected". Thus it was already extinct as a breeding bird before the first Arte 1968-72 and in fact the final year, 1966 refers to Scilly where a pair nested on St Agnes - albeit for the first (for Scilly) and last (for Scilly and mainland Cornwall) time! Marazion Marsh was the favoured locality with breeding there in ten of the 16 years but even with recent habitat improvements on this site it is probably unlikely to return given the declining population nationally and the contraction in range.

151 Pied Wagtail BTO status: Medium BTO alert. Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: +5% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: 0% change

The 1968-72 Breeding Adas shows the Pied Wagtail breeding (confirmed/probable) in all 10-km squares except three with >99% sea and as Penhallurick (1978) stated "The pied wagtail is a common breeding bird throughout the county and has been since any indication of its status was given by James in 1808".

The New Atlas, however, shows a decrease for the period 1988-91 with breeding confirmed/probable in only 36(57%) squares with breeding possible in a further 14. This decrease is at odds with the national picture which if anything has shown a slight increase.

Most observers do not report breeding birds annually. Thus the 1998 Annual Report is typical in stating "This is a widespread breeding bird in Cornwall, but the only report came from Trevose Head where 4 pairs were reported'. However, a survey of this species in 72 1-km squares on Bodmin Moor showed a net increase of 119% between 1984 and 1999 when 27 and 59 pairs were estimated respectively (Chown 2000).

Redstart BTO status: Unlisted Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: +109% change

As with the next species, the Redstart breeds almost exclusively around Bodmin Moor, especially to the east and south east and along the tributaries of the Lynher and Tamar. It is considered to be scarce "though possibly overlooked' to the north and west of Bodmin Moor (Penhallurick 1978).

A comparison of the two Atlas surveys revealed Redstarts breeding confirmed/probable in 17 10-km squares in the first period, 1968-72, but only six in the second survey, 1988-91. This is a worrying state of affairs when the population nationally has actually shown an increase. However, Chown's work on Bodmin Moor in 1984 and 1999 gives more room for comfort with an estimated 61 territories in the former and an extrapolated estimate of 99 for the latter survey, an increase of 63% (Chown 2000). Chown (2000) postulates the real population "may number 100-200 pairs" in the Bodmin Moor area overall.

In Britain, Wales is the main stronghold for the species but populations have fluctuated in some areas more than others and it is still scarcer in E and S England than when the first Atlas took place 1968- 72. Various reasons have been given for the demise but only for Switzerland does Gibbons et al (1993) mention "changing agricultural practices" as being a contributory factor. What factors are having an effect on the Cornish population at present are unknown.

Whinchat BTO status: Unlisted Green listed.

In Cornwall the Whinchat is confined to Bodmin Moor. This has probably always been the case with Penhallurick (1978) doubting breeding records in the Land's End, Truro-Falmouth areas and elsewhere from earlier observers. Intriguingly the New Atlas, however, shows breeding possible in six 10-km squares in just such areas away from Bodmin Moor yet only three squares for the Moor itself, albeit all three were confirmed/probable. This is a 50% decline over the earlier Atlas survey when six squares around Bodmin held Whinchats breeding confirmed/probable (there were no breeding reports away from Bodmin in the 1968-72 Breeding Atlas).

152 CrTown (ZOGOj estimated there were [80 pairs on Bodmin Moor in 1984 but only 97 in 1999, but the reasons behind the 46% decline over the two surveys 15 years apart were not clear. Whether the decline was in progress at the time of Penhallurick's work, 1978 is also unclear. He comments "The size of the breeding population is not known accurately; an estimate of 100 pairs is unbelievably high and forty is probably nearer the truth". In view of Chown's study this may have been a pessimistic statement and it seems more likely a decline set in later at some time after Chown's survey in 1984, probably later than the main decline nationally which has been partly attributed to agricultural intensification during the 1970's and early 1980's when "generous farming subsidies became available to encourage land drainage and promote improved soil conditions" (Gibbons et al 1993).

Stonechat BTO status: Unlisted Amber listed.

The 1968-72 Breeding Atlas shows the Stonechat breeding confirmed/probable in 58(92%) 10-km squares and possible in two others. The New Atlas, however, shows a decrease for the period 1988-91 with breeding confirmed/probable in only 28(44%) squares with breeding possible in a further five.

Lord (1993) identified West Penwith and Bodmin Moor as the two most important sites for Stonechats in Cornwall and put the overall population at 660 pairs in 1993 which represented 3-8% of the British population. A study of the former area by Lock (1998a) revealed 141 pairs in 300 hours of fieldwork with 90 pairs in 46 1-km squares within the ESA alone. Lock (1998a) estimated that the total population for the species in 1998 for the West Penwith moors and the coast as a whole was cl60 pairs and that "Given a national population figure of 8,500-21,500 pairs (Gibbons et al 1993), this.. represents between 0.7 and 1.9% of the UK population."

Bodmin Moor may be of International Importance for Stonechat. In 1984 there were 211 pairs but by 1999 this had increased to an extrapolated population estimate of 264, a rise of 25% (Chown 2000). In contrast to Wheatear, Stonechats were considered to have benefitted from the reduced amount of grazing on East Moor where the "expansion of south western heath... indicative of reduced livestock numbers." had led to an increase from one to 25 pairs over the 15 year period (Chown 2000).

Agricultural intensification, human disturbance, urban and recreational development have all been given as reasons for the population decline nationally (Gibbons et al 1993). Certainly there was no evidence of a decline at the time of Penhallurick's publication in 1978 when cold winters were the main factors responsible for population fluxes. It is perhaps more likely today the run of early spring "moorland" fires, deliberate or otherwise, may play a more important part in the fortunes of this species.

Wheatear BTO status: Unlisted Green listed.

The 1968-72 Breeding Atlas shows the Wheatear breeding confirmed/probable in 22(35%) 10-km squares and possible in eight others. The New Atlas, however, shows a decrease for the period 1988- 91 with breeding confirmed/probable in only eight (13%) squares with, coincidentally, breeding possible in a further eight. Curiously it is the coastal sites that seem to have lost their birds, especially the Lizard-Fal area and along the north coast. Penhallurick (1978) suggested the decrease here during this century was "due to the rise in tourism, but how common it really was in the 19th century is not clear". The Bodmin Moor area remains the stronghold for the population.

Chown (2000) found the species to be increasing on Bodmin Moor where the 1984 population estimate was 526 compared to an extrapolated population estimate of 694 in 1999, a rise of 32%. On Bodmin

153 Moor they were "..strongly associated with heavily grazed vegetation..." and those on East Moor actually declined "..where lower livestock numbers have led to losses of acid grassland." Bodmin Moor is of National Importance for Wheatears with 1.2% of the UK population (Chown 2000).

Blackbird BTO status: Medium BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -33% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -31 % change

There is little information on this species in the county Annual Reports other than for migrant/winter flocks. Its status is described as "Common resident. Breeds. Passage migrant, especially autumn. Forms winter roosts which are rarely reported." Reports on breeding status are few but may indicate a (recent?) decline. At Kit Hill, where breeding has been monitored regularly in the 90's, the following decline has occurred: 1994(53 pairs), 1995(46), 1999(24). At Lamelgate, however, Blackbirds appear to be increasing: 1994(22 pairs), 1995(26), 1996(13), 1999(31). There are, however, few other meaningful breeding season accounts published.

Comparison between the two breeding Atlases for 1968-72 and 1988-91 show little change in the population. It was recorded from all 63 10-km squares in the former and from 60 in the latter though the later work only includes 62 squares for Cornwall and the "other" two are coastal with >90% sea.

Song Thrush BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -52% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -66% change

The 1968-72 Breeding Atlas shows the Song Thrush breeding confirmed/probable in all but two squares in Cornwall (as with Blackbird above these squares are mostly sea). The New Atlas, however, shows a decrease for the period 1988-91 with breeding confirmed/probable in only 47(76%), possible in ten and absent in five of the 62 10-km squares. The decrease has been commented on in the county Annual Reports which describe this species as "Resident. Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Decline in populations in recent years is related to a drop in breeding productivity."

There are, however, few meaningful breeding season accounts in the county Annual Reports. Indeed the 1996 report states "During the breeding season reports of confirmed breeding came from 19 localities, involving 27 pairs. This species is of course grossly under-recorded in the breeding season, but there were no indications of any decrease in the population."! In contrast a recent survey of the West Penwith ESA (Lock 1998c) found only 33 territories from 250 hours of fieldwork across 58 1- km squares and it was found to be "Alarmingly recorded from only 16 1km squares...conspicuously absent from many suitable areas" (Lock 1998c).

The Song Thrush has therefore declined in Cornwall markedly since the first Atlas. Penhallurick (1978) described it as "..common in Cornwall" and even commoner in the Isles of Scilly where it was considered to be the commonest breeding passerine on St Mary's (and it may still be so today \pers obs]). Certainly figures from St Agnes in 1974 when there were 95 breeding pairs (and 82 breeding pairs of Blackbird) contrasted then with the national population "...which has shewn a decline since about 1940." (Penhallurick 1978). Why this species is still so common in the Isles of Scilly is unknown and would be worthy of investigation.

Mistle Thrush BTO status: Medium BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -34% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -48% change

154 Penhallurick (1978) quotes some very large movements of this species within the last hundred years eg. 150 at Crafthole 9th Nov. 1886 and 200 south at Penzance 30th Oct. 1948 and mentions a regular passage at Porthgwarra late autumn "with forty or fifty a day reported once or twice in most seasons". There have been no movements to match these in more recent times; in fact the 1996 county annual report asked observers to be more vigilant and states "More reports would be welcomed for this species, even records of single birds]"

Following this request, the 1997 report quotes breeding records confirmed/probable/possible from 21 sites involving 22 pairs. The 1997 benchmark will be a useful tool to measure changes in future years as not surprisingly this is another species which hasn't received much attention during the breeding season - Penhallurick stated in 1978 that "As a breeding bird the mistle thrush appears more common than a decade ago" though goes on to suggest it was badly hit by the severe winter 1962-63 so presumably it was recovering in numbers at the time of his writing.

During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Mistle Thrushes were confirmed/probable breeding in all but five coastal 10-km squares. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only 34(54%) squares and possible in ten others. The decline has therefore been very recent, certainly within ten years of Penhallurick's work. The New Atlas states that "local declines in numbers" have been brought about by the switch from spring to autumn tillage at a national level and this could certainly be one of the factors behind the decline in Cornwall.

The 1992 county Annual Report identifies 1983 as roughly the time of the start of the decline and points out that it was actually increasing during the 70's as Penhallurick (1978) suggests.

Grasshopper Warbler BTO status: High BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -59% change During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Grasshopper Warblers were confirmed/probable breeding in all but one coastal 10-km square in Cornwall. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only nine (14%) squaresf!) and possible in 16 others. This massive decline has been mirrored nationally and although "increased mechanisation on farmland" has been partly responsible other factors operating "outside the breeding season" have also been suggested for the decline (Glue in Gibbons et al 1993).

More recent surveys have shown this species to be locally "common". The West Penwith moors show it to be fairly widespread (Lock 1998c) and, against the national trend, it has increased on Bodmin Moor between the two survey years 1984 and 1999 (Chown 2000). The 1997 county report records birds from 40 locations with up to nine singing males on Goss Moor alone. Although fewer were reported at Goss in 1998, the county report suggests a breeding population of c300 pairs county-wide for that year. Perhaps we are seeing a recent upturn in the fortunes of this species in Cornwall but the widespread practice of swaling and arson attacks in early spring must give cause for concern in the above locations. During March 2000 there were over 25 separate fires in mid and west Cornwall alone and with up to four square miles of heathland destroyed in one of these, much habitat is being lost for breeding purposes.

Sedge Warbler BTO status: Unlisted Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -12% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: +9% change

During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Sedge Warblers were confirmed/probable breeding in all but seven

155 coastal (all >90% sea) and two inland 10-km squares in Cornwall. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only 16(25%) squares and possible in ten others.

This species has also declined nationally in many areas and "widespread intensification of agricultural methods'" (Peach in Gibbons et al 1993) coupled with wetland drainage and other factors have all been held responsible for the demise of the Sedge Warbler.

A recent survey of the West Penwith ESA in 1998 failed to locate any specific concentrations. The birds status in this area was summarised by Lock (1998c) thus " Scattered records in suitable habitats across the study area, but nowhere common. No records of more than two birds/1-km squareThis may be at odds with the national trend for farmland which shows a 9% increase between 1972-96 from CBC data (Crick et al 1998) and also the county report for 1998 which summarises the status of Sedge Warbler thus "Sample surveys indicate that there are probably only about 800 pairs: the stronghold would appear to be the far west of the county." From Chown's survey in 1999 (Chown 2000) this species would appear to be commoner in the east. In fact on Bodmin Moor, Chown discovered that it had increased by 203% between the two surveys 1984 and 1999 with an estimated population of 47 pairs in the former rising to 142 in the latter (Chown 2000). Perhaps as with the above species, it may be benefiting from lower grazing levels within the valley mires there.

Spotted Flycatcher BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -78% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -78% change

During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 it was confirmed/probable in all but seven coastal (all >90% sea) 10- km squares and even the three remaining squares with >90% sea recorded this species as possible breeding. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only 24(38%) 10-km squares though breeding was possible in 18 others.

Thus this species, in common with the population nationally, has declined in Cornwall. Reasons for the decline at national level may be related to over-wintering survival of this long-distance migrant (Crick et al 1998) but, whatever the factors, the decline here appears to be recent. The 1996 county report states "There has been a significant decrease in the number of pairs breeding in the county in recent years. A similar decline was noted in the mid-1970's, but there was an improvement later in that decade and in the early 1980's." Could this species be suffering from a food shortage on its breeding grounds in Cornwall brought about by agricultural intensification and increased pesticide application since the early 80's?

More recent county reports paint a brighter picture. In 1997, following the best spring passage on record, 45 separate localities recorded birds during the breeding season (50% up on 1996) with breeding confirmed at 26 of these. A slight decrease occurred the following year, 1998 when the species was recorded from 35 localities with breeding confirmed at 11 and 1999 was "a poor year".

Willow Tit BTO status: High BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -50% change

In Cornwall this species has always been restricted to the eastern part of the county where the first county record, near Bude, emanated in 1936 (Penhallurick 1978). It was described by Penhallurick (1978) as being concentrated in the "headwaters of the Tamar, Fowey, Fal and their tributaries" and this is still true today albeit the Willow Tit has declined since Penhallurick's work was written.

156 During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 breeding was confirmed/probable in 12 10-km squares in Cornwall with possible breeding in seven others but by the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had all but vanished. There were no confirmed/probable breeding records from anywhere in the county with only possible breeding in ten squares. The more recent county Annual Reports show this species is still maintaining a foothold here but it is a rare bird and currently restricted to the Upper Fowey valley, Goss Moor, Tamar Lakes and the area between Redmoor and St Austell.

The decline at national level "may be related to the more intensive cultivation of farmland and the loss of small damp areas through drainage" (Mead in Gibbons et al 1993). By 1997 this species reached its lowest population level in the history of the BTO's CBC (BTO News No.216/217).

Chough The "Cornish Chough" hasn't nested in Cornwall for over 50 years. "Cornish" it might have been as Linnaeus himself may have obtained his "type" specimen from the county as Penhallurick (1978) suggests. There is certainly much interest in re-establishing this species here; it remains the emblem of the county flag and the county Bird Report. Its disappearance, however, from the Cornish landscape is unlikely to be connected with that of other 'farmland' bird species in this review, which have only declined only since the late 60's/early '70's.

Choughs last bred in Cornwall in 1947 when four pairs raised young on the north coast at Trerathick Point, Stem Cove, Treligga and near Polzeath. Penhallurick (1978), who gives a very full account of this species fortunes suggests they may have bred in 1957 at High Cove, Park Head and that the last "ageing pair, which had been around since about 1960, remained together until about 1967. They were seen together on 5th March, shortly before one was found dead... the lone survivor patrolled the cliffs from his base at Beacon Cove....This, the last of the truly Cornish Choughs was reported at its favourite haunt (Stem Cove) on 11 February 1973 since when it must have met its inevitable fate."

There followed a number of reports during the 70's-90's many of which lacked confirmation whist others refer to escapes or birds deliberately released (eg. pair released at Rumps Point, near Wadebridge by Graham Dangerfield of the Hertfordshire Wildlife Centre, 4th October 1990, one of which was washed up dead at Millook three days later, the other surviving to the end of 1991) but the following may refer to genuinely wild migrants:

1986 Two at Whitsand Bay, SE Cornwall from 30th August to the year's end when one, already a sick bird, was believed to have been taken by a Peregrine, the other was last seen in January the following year. 1987 The remaining Whitsand Bay individual last seen January 27th. One March 29th at Cape Cornwall One Sep.26th at Pentire Point, . 1989 One May 15th at Padstow. 1990 One July 11th & 12th at Lamorna, SW Cornwall 1991 One Mar.24th at Kit Hill near Callington, SE Cornwall. 1994 One Sep.25th at Duckpool

The RSPB is currently working with other conservation organisations to seek to re-establish the Chough in Cornwall, through initially providing areas of suitable habitat. Any initiatives to enhance management of the coastal strip for Choughs will also have benefits for other farmland birds. Experimental and innovative management by the National Trust and private landowners in reintroducing low-intensity mixed farming is already providing this for several farmland bird species.

157 Starling BTO status: Medium BTO alert Amber listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -45% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -32% change

During the Breeding Adas 1968-72 breeding was confirmed/probable in 59(94%) 10-km squares in Cornwall with possible breeding in another but by the time of the New Adas survey 1988-91 the species had declined with breeding confirmed/probable in 42(67%) 10-km squares and possible breeding in ten others.

It is interesting to reflect that the Starling hasn't always nested in Cornwall. Penhallurick (1978) summarises its westward spread into the county from Devon thus: Blisland (1855), Trebartha, North Hill (1856), Bodmin (1865), Liskeard (1866), Truro (1872), Falmouth (1887), Penzance & Lizard (1890-92) and Sennen (1905). They then rapidly increased in parts of west Cornwall and by 1919 were regarded as an "increasing nuisance at Penzance", their nests blocking up the water pipes in the town (Penhallurick 1978).

At the time of Penhallurick's work, 1978, little was known of the size or distribution of the breeding population. Thus Penhallurick (1978) comments "Nothing is known of present day population trends.." Unfortunately the same is true today albeit two recent breeding surveys in the county have suggested a decline. Lock (1998c) only found Starlings in six 1-km squares from 58 surveyed in 1998 in the West Penwith area and stated "Conspicuously absent from much of the rural study area, despite the widespread presence of suitable breeding sites." Chown (2000) found the species "...all but absent from Bodmin Moor in 1984 and remain so in 1999... Just two flocks totalling 160 birds, were seen in 1999, compared with a total of 1161 birds in 17 squares in 1984... The reasons for this scarcity are not known. There is no shortage of apparently suitable nesting sites in occupied and deserted farmsteads..."

More information is available for winter flocks and Penhallurick (1978) suspected these were in decline, stating "...Many of Machell Cox's roosts are now abandoned and the trend appears to be towards fewer and larger roosts." At Marazion Marsh RSPB Reserve, winter peaks in recent years have fluctuated: 100,000 (1994), 1 Million (1996), 200,000 (1997), 50,000 (1998) and 232,000 (1999). The 1994 estimate mirrored that from 1980 and 1982 but the accuracy of all these counts is open to question as it is extremely difficult to be certain of the true numbers involved due to the nature of the roost, the different count methods employed by different observers each year and the short time period available to undertake the count as most of the birds arrive en masse just before and/or during dusk. As most of these birds will be of continental origin, the relevance of these roost counts with respect to the Cornish breeding population must be open to question.

House Sparrow BTO status: High BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -64% change

Although Penhallurick (1978) mentions fluctuations in the population of this species across Cornwall it was obviously still a very common bird at the time of his work even though he admits "it is difficult to imagine" the thousands recorded by Hudson (1908) at St Just-in-Penwith seventy years earlier. In the 1800's they were so common that a price was put on their head of l/2d to remove the "pest" and in 1820/21 3,047 were killed in the parish of Morwenstow alone.

The Breeding Atlas 1968-72 recorded House Sparrows breeding confirmed/probable in all but five (92%) 10-km squares with possible breeding in one of the five (these absent squares all had <1% land). The New Atlas survey 1988-91 found a small decline in distribution with breeding

158 confirmed/probable in 51(81%) 10-km squares with breeding possible in three others.

As expected perhaps for such a "common" bird, there is little information in the modern county Annual Reports concerning breeding populations. To quote from the 1997 report this species is a "Common resident... Cornish populations were inadequately documented prior to 1980. Subsequently decreases were noted in many areas until 1985, but there has been an increase in numbers since." The largest flocks recorded that year, however, were of only 70 each at Trevose and Burniere Point and the following year 70 again at Trevose and Stepper Point. It is probably no coincidence that Trevose should feature twice. This area is the main stronghold for Corn Buntings and other farmland birds in the county.

If the number of worried calls to my RSPB office are anything to go by, however, I would suggest the situation is worse today than these records suggest. Many people are phoning and asking "Where have the sparrows gone from my village/garden/farm?". At the time of writing the RSPB is undertaking research into the population dynamics of this species to identify the causes of the national decline. CBWPS members could improve our knowledge locally by sending in all sightings of this species, breeding or otherwise to our County Recorder.

Tree Sparrow BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -87% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -76% change

The Tree Sparrow has curiously never established itself as a breeding species in Cornwall and its status here has remained constant over time. There are only two breeding records from the mainland and one from the Isles of Scilly where a pair raised young on Tresco in 1967. The mainland records refer to a single pair at Land's End in 1990 and 1999 which raised young in both years in the same garden! Whether these two years relate to the same birds is a matter for conjecture but, by coincidence, they remain the only proven records of this species nesting in the county.

The Tree Sparrow is a scarce passage migrant through Cornwall and the largest day count was 60 at Porthgwarra 24th October 1976. By 1999 c321 had been recorded on mainland Cornwall with the bulk in October - 127 birds (40% of the total).

Goldfinch BTO status: Recovery Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: + 2% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: +18% change

The Breeding Atlas 1968-72 recorded Goldfinches confirmed/probable in all but six (90%) 10-km squares but by the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 a small decline in distribution was evident with breeding confirmed/probable in only 39 (62%) of the 63 10-km squares with breeding possible in fourteen others. There was a national decline following the cold winter of 1985/86 (Crick et al 1988) and this may have been responsible for the decline noted here at the time of the second Atlas. Evidence that this species is badly affected by cold winters is also provided by Penhallurick (1978) with his reference to the 1962/63 winter, "During the freeze, R.J.Salmon recorded how 'thousands' roosted in the bamboo grove at Lanivet while others were falling dead from the sky and 'cannibalism was frequently observed'".

At present Goldfinches appear to be on the increase in Cornwall, judging from the county reports at least as far as winter flocks are concerned. In February 1993 a flock of a thousand near Launceston set a new county record. During the 1999/2000 winter, flocks of this magnitude or even larger were

159 reported from other sites (S.M.Christophers pers comm) with the majority of these in linseed crops. Personal observations at a number of farms during the latter winter produced flocks of Goldfinches several hundred strong in both unharvested linseed and linseed stubble fields.

It is likely the introduction of linseed during the 1990s has had a dramatic affect on the fortunes of this species in terms of its overwintering survival especially in Cornwall where there is very little alternative winter stubble available. Farmers in England are currently able to claim a subsidy of £461/ha for linseed and often it is left unharvested and ploughed back in late winter (the crop itself is difficult to harvest and not always economically viable). The growing of linseed has risen nationally from 1,165 ha in the UK in 1984 to 150,000 ha in 1993 and in 1999 a record high of around 200,000 ha was grown (Nix 1999). However, in 2002, the subsidy for this crop will drop to fall in line with subsidy payments for other crops (Nix 1999) and it is likely linseed will disappear from the farming landscape. How this will affect the Goldfinch depends on what the crop will be replaced with, but with relatively higher payments for proteins (eg. peas, beans) the future may not be so good for this species.

Linnet BTO status: Medium BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -41 % change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -40% change

Although still widespread, the Linnet has declined nationally by 40% on farmland with the main period of decline between 1975 and 1986 and the main loss occurring on arable farmland. Loss of arable weed seeds through agricultural intensification has been suggested as the main factor behind the decline with a recent upward trend in the population linked to oilseed rape introduction (Moorcroft et al, in press). This decline in the 70's has probably been mirrored in Cornwall as Penhallurick (1978) suggests, "Linnets are said to have decreased as breeding birds in west Cornwall during the past decade".

The county reports do not publish every Linnet record of course and most observers wouldn't submit individual breeding records but a comparison between the two Atlas '$ confirms a decline in distribution, which for a species still described as common, is perhaps worrying. Thus the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 recorded Linnets confirmed/probable in all but onelO-km square (only the Wren and Blackbird were recorded in all). By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species was found breeding confirmed/probable in only 43(68%) 10-km squares though breeding was possible in nine others.

Autumn and winter flocks can still contain several hundred birds and occasionally flocks of a thousand are found eg. RAF Portreath in August 1997 and Retallack December 1998. The biggest flock in recent years was at with 2,000 birds also in December 1998 but to what extent these are local birds or continental immigrants isn't known. Linseed stubbles appear to attract the largest flocks in Cornwall today but it would be intriguing to know what the 5-10,000 birds at Werrington on 1st December 1931 were feeding on.

Redpoll BTO status: High BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -89% change

The county reports describe this species as a scarce resident and uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. This has probably always been the case; certainly Penhallurick quotes few records for the county prior to 1968 when ten pairs were discovered in Davidstow Woods (Penhallurick 1978).

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows this species confirmed breeding in only two 10-km squares and possible in one other. Similarly the New Atlas for the period 1988-91, only shows it as

160 possible in four squares with none proved breeding.

All the breeding records come from the east of the county with, at least in recent years the majority from the Bude and Wadebridge-Bodmin areas. In 1971, 24 pairs, some with young were found in the Smallacoombe Downs plantation in St Cleer where there were still 20 pairs in 1975. 1975 may have been a particularly good year during the 70's as Davidstow Woods, mentioned above also held 11 pairs then and there were also seven pairs in the nearby Crowdy plantation.

The above areas were occupied throughout the 80's especially the conifer plantations at Bodmin Moor, Bude, Hustyn and Great Grogley Downs eg. 1981: Bude area (6 pairs at 2 sites), St Breock Downs (2 pairs), Bodmin Moor (2-3 pairs), undisclosed site (23 on Jun.20th). There were 24 pairs on Bodmin Moor in 1984, still one of the species strongholds today.

The 1990's have seen little comparative data with which to monitor the population. The Redpoll appears to undergo periodic fluctuations which may have more to do with the status and distribution of its breeding (coniferous forest) habitat than "other farmland" species which rely more heavily on traditional farmland for breeding purposes. 1996 for example saw a "welcome increase in records'" with breeding season records from Halvana (8 birds), Ninestones Bridge (1) and Colliford (2). However, Halvana held 20 birds in 1991 and 1992 and at Smallacombe numbers rose from at least 1991 (possibly from 1988) to peak at 22 birds in 1994. This increase continued and the following year, 1997, also proved to be a good breeding season and, with c76 birds in autumn, "the largest autumn passage for at least 20 years" was recorded in the county. Chown (2000), however, noted that they were much less common on Bodmin Moor in 1999 than in 1984.

Bullfinch BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -62% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -62% change

Little modern data exist for this species but it is probably not as plentiful as it was in 1686 when 127 were killed in Morwenstow following the introduction of An Act of Parliament (1566) which gave people a penny for every dead Bullfinch or other bird "that devoureth the blowth of Fruite" (Penhallurick 1978)!

Penhallurick (1978) states "How common it really was is impossible to assess" In the 1930's and 1940's it was considered to be thinly distributed across Cornwall but increasing by 1946 in the Callington area and by 1957 at Meneage. It was proved breeding in all but four of Cornwall's 63 10- km squares during the 1968-72 Breeding Atlas but by the time of the New Atlas 1988-91 it had disappeared completely from nine of the squares previously occupied and was now only recorded as possibly breeding in 22 others with breeding confirmed/probable in only 28.

The later county reports state this is a common resident, a breeding bird and winter visitor and a scarce passage migrant. In 1996, probably a 'typical' year, reports came from 67 sites and in autumn 127 were noted between Oct. 14th and Nov. 17th with 19 at Treveal, SW Cornwall on October 19th the highest count. 1997 saw a "significant increase on recent years" with reports from 86 sites and in autumn 146 were noted between Oct.5th and Nov. 11th with the highest concentration again at Trevail: 38 on Oct. 18th. Maximum numbers in 1999, however, were only of eight birds at two sites and six birds at two others, suggesting cause for concern.

Yellowhammer BTO status: High BTO alert Green listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -60% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -37% change

161 During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Yellowhammers were confirmed/probable breeding in all but one 10-km square. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91 the species had declined with breeding confirmed/probable in only 38(60%) 10-km squares though breeding was possible in 13 others.

Penhallurick (1978) hints at a decline from the early 70's quoting several observers reporting on a decline in 1975 eg. R.J Salmon of Lanivet who had not "seen anywhere near as many in the last few years'". Penhallurick himself sensed a decline in the Probus area then and quotes other declines at Bodmin, Crowan and Stithians all about this time. Athough still describing the species as common and relatively widespread, he admits "the degree of decline cannot be quantified". This is still true today; as a "common and widespread" breeding bird, the Yellowhammer's disappearance from parts of Cornwall is probably going unrecorded. In west Cornwall where it was certainly thus in the 1980's (pers obs) it seems to have disappeared from many areas in the last decade. In 1999 for example both R.Andrew and K.Wilson only saw one each at Land's End and the Nanjizal valley respectively in almost daily watching (pers comm).

An intensive survey by Lock (1998c) of the West Penwith ESA in 1998 found the species in 21 1-km squares (36% of those surveyed) with "Clear concentrations of birds, eg the west coast, but generally at low density".

Winter flocks appear to be decreasing both in size and distribution and in 1998 the biggest flock in Cornwall was of 30 birds near Camborne (50 here in 1999) with only two other flocks over 15 birds each. As the report for that year concludes, "it would be useful to record what winter flocks are feeding on".

Reed Bunting BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -64% change CBC index -Farmland 1972-96: -40% change During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Reed Buntings were confirmed/probable breeding in 53(84%) 10- km squares (the 'absent' squares being all coastal with >90% sea and thus devoid of nesting habitat). By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91, however, the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only 17(27%) 10-km squares though breeding was possible in 13 others.

The Annual Report for 1998 states "Another bunting in decline. In the first winter period no flocks over 10 were reported..in the breeding season..reported from 25 sites, but no more than two or three birds at each site". This agrees with recent survey work in the West Penwith ESA by Lock (1998c) who found "..this is now a very rare bird within the study area despite the apparent extent of suitable breeding habitat. Found in only four lkm squares (from 58 surveyed). Evidence of decline since Atlas surveys".

On Bodmin Moor, however, Chown (2000) discovered quite the reverse with the species increasing in the valley mires along with two other species, Sedge and Grasshopper Warbler which occupied the same habitat and which had also increased between the two survey years 1984 and 1999. An increase in willow scrub and isolated bushes in the valley mire over the 15-year interval was offered as possibly contributing to these increases there. It appears, however, Bodmin Moor may always have been important for Reed Buntings. Although this species was obviously more common at the time of Penhallurick's work in 1978 (he suggested it was actually increasing at this time), he states "Birds may be more common on Bodmin Moor than elsewhere". If Bodmin Moor really is the stronghold for this declining species in Cornwall it would be worth finding out why.

162 Corn Bunting BTO status: High BTO alert Red listed. CBC index -all 1972-96: -74% change

The demise of the Corn Bunting in Cornwall makes depressing reading. In the early 1900's it was obviously widespread and locally common though it was probably never so in the east/south-east part of the county. Thus Penhallurick (1978) quotes Clark 1906 who described it then as "somewhat scarce" in the Tamar-Fowey area, "plentiful" about Truro and Falmouth and "abundant" in the Lizard and Land's End. Its inland distribution was obviously still apparent at the time of Penhallurick's work who commented on the population at Denzell Downs stretching inland as far as "the borders of Goss Moor" though he doubted it was ever common on Bodmin Moor. In the 1920's it was described as common in Scilly but by the end of the 1930's it had apparently disappeared and today it is a rare migrant there.

In the 1960's it was still found inland at Allet, Truro and "the higher moors about Black Rock, Crowan...Madron...." (Penhallurick 1978) as well as north and west of Goss Moor but it has gone now from all these areas and is at present confined to the north coast of Cornwall between Godrevy Head and Pentire Point. This always was the main stronghold it seems.

During the Breeding Atlas 1968-72 Corn Buntings were confirmed/probable breeding in 26(41%) 10- km squares and possible in one other. By the time of the New Atlas survey 1988-91, however, the species had declined considerably with breeding confirmed/probable in only five (8%) 10-km squares with breeding possible in five others. The Corn Bunting has declined over the last 20 years between 1980 and 1999, having completely disappeared from all the inland sites. It ceased to breed on the Lizard peninsula in 1986 and ten years later the Land's End population, which in 1971 had been 22 pairs-strong, was also extinct.

There are now no Corn Buntings breeding in south Cornwall - indeed one has to travel east of a line drawn between Bristol and Dorchester to find any once you leave the north Cornwall coastline as they are now also extinct in Devon and Somerset.

That we still have some Corn Buntings left in Cornwall is no mystery. The salt-laden north-west gales which hammer the north-west facing coastline force farmers into a spring-cropping regime between Godrevy Head and the Camel Estuary. Because their winter wheat crops regularly become damaged by the salt along this stretch in the winter many farmers have switched back to growing spring barley and leaving those all-important stubble fields overwinter. Winter wheat crops are death-traps for Corn Buntings because the crop is harvested before the young birds leave the nest. Spring barley is harvested later, has fewer pesticide applications (hence more insects and arable weeds) and allows the young to fledge. Furthermore when it is harvested there is more 'spilt' grain available for birds because of its different chemical treatment and physical attributes. It is no surprise therefore that this narrow coastal belt is also the last refuge in Cornwall for the Grey Partridge as well as home to a greater number of farmland birds than anywhere else in the county.

Cirl Bunting Once common, the Cirl Bunting is now almost extinct as a breeding bird in Cornwall following a major decline in its population and contraction in range from the end of the 60's.

The Breeding Atlas for the period 1968-72 shows 63 10-km squares for Cornwall and of these the Cirl Bunting was recorded in over half of them with breeding confirmed in eight (13%), probable in 17 (27%) and possible in one other square. It's a very different story today.

163 Penhallurick (1978) quotes Couch (1838) and Rodd (1864) as describing the Cirl Bunting as "...not uncommon. The latter naturally found it "in hedges near Penzance ", but it was widespread in coastal areas. In 1892 MA Mathew described it as 'common throughout Cornwall'..." In the 1930's and 1940's many records came from the Newquay-Port Isaac- Boscastle area (Penhallurick 1978). It was also seen in the Bude-Poughill area in the 1940's though by 1948 it had become scarce at Tintagel "where it had formerly been plentiful in the valleys". In the early 1960's "records were common from the Cubert-Crantock-Rialton area; in 1961 there were at least 10 singing males between Newquay and Crantock, but none has been recorded since 1968." In 1963 there were 19 singing males between Polzeath, Trebetherick and Brea Hill and others were in an "extensive area flanking the Camel estuary downstream from Egloshayle".

The Cirl Bunting population in Cornwall really fell at the end of the 60's. In the Polzeath/Trebetherick/Brea Hill area mentioned above nesting was last confirmed in 1971 though a single pair remained in 1972, 1974 and 1976. On the south coast it had been common at Par until at least January 1953 when a flock of 16 were seen on the newly sown bowling-green by the beach. Here too it disappeared by 1969 with the last singing male at Polpey, Tywardreath that summer. Nevertheless the Cirl Bunting population held on in pockets and in 1967 there were still up to 15 pairs in the south east corner of the county. Eight years later, however, in 1975 it was known from only 15 sites across the whole county. The last "big" wintering flock recorded in Cornwall concerns ten at Millbrook near Rame in February 1980, after which the Annual Reports record the gradual demise of this species in Cornwall and today the Cirl Bunting may well be extinct as a breeding bird.

Intriguingly 1999 saw a cluster of records in two places on the south coast (and single birds at two others: male at St Keverne, Lizard until April and a singing male at Penlee Battery, Rame 28th March). At one of these places on the east side of the Fal there were reports of a single singing male below Commerrans Farm north of St Just In Roseland and a pair "breeding" at Newton Farm, St Mawes in June and then "a flock of 5-6" (S.Gay pers comm) at nearby Lower Lanhay Farm in November suggesting successful breeding. The second site concerned reports of a singing male at Hore Point, Hendersick Farm and Hannafore in the Looe area but it wasn't established if more than one bird was involved.

The RSPB is currently drawing up land management agreements with local farmers and the National Trust (through the Countryside Stewardship Scheme) in these areas to provide winter stubbles and other habitat requirements known to be important for this species in the hope they may return to these former strongholds.

Conclusions Of the forty species under review, thirty five have declined in range between the two atlas periods. The Chough and Yellow Wagtail are now extinct as breeding species, the Turtle Dove and Tree Sparrow have failed to become established and only the Redpoll may be holding its own (though arguably this is not a true farmland species within Cornwall).

In view of the seriousness of these declines it is recommended that the following ten species should be targetted for immediate conservation action as a matter of urgency: Grey Partridge, Curlew, Lapwing, Snipe, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Corn Bunting, Reed Bunting, Cirl Bunting and Chough. Action for these priority species will also help other farmland bird species in decline such as Stock Dove, Skylark, Song Thrush, Mistle Thrush, Yellowhammer and House Sparrow.

The RSPB will continue to help farmers with applications for the Countryside Stewardship Scheme

164 (CSS) especially in areas where (a) the above priority species occur and (b) where farms are eligible to claim a payment for growing spring barley. At present only three areas in Cornwall qualify on these grounds: the , the east side of the Fal estuary and the north coast between Godrevy Head and Pentire Head, Wadebridge.

In 1999 the RSPB succeeded in persuading MAFF to allow farmers in the above areas to claim a payment of £150/ha for switching from winter wheat to spring barley. This "special project" in the CSS was introduced by the Society in south Devon ten years ago to halt the decline of the Cirl Bunting. It has proved a resounding success. In 1989 there were only 118-132 pairs of Cirl Buntings left in Britain and the population was heading for extinction. Thanks to the introduction of spring barley - and those all-important winter stubble fields - the population rose to 450 pairs in south Devon by 1998. Not only have the Cirls done well through the CSS but a whole host of other farmland bird species too.

More money is now available for the CSS than ever before. Although farmers outside the three main areas noted above are not eligible to claim the extra payment for spring barley (the RSPB is currently trying to persuade MAFF otherwise!) there is still much they can do under the scheme to help farmland birds such as claiming payments for hay meadows and field margins. So whilst action is needed as a priority in the above areas, we should not neglect the rest of the county. In fact there are four areas in the county which stand out as being of particular importance for farmland birds and our conservation initiatives should be targetted at these in the first instance:

North coast: Godrevy to Boscastle • Priority species: Grey Partridge, Little Owl, Chough (re-establishment),Corn Bunting • Other species: Skylark, Stonechat, Linnet, Yellowhammer

Bodmin Moor • Priority species: Lapwing, Curlew, Snipe, Reed Bunting, Willow Tit • Other species: Skylark, Tree Pipit, Meadow Pipit, Grasshopper Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Redstart, Whinchat, Stonechat, Wheatear, Redpoll

Fal/Roseland • Priority species: Cirl Bunting • Other species: Stonechat, Linnet, Yellowhammer

Rame • Priority species: Grey Partridge, Little Owl, Cirl Bunting (re-establishment) • Other species: Skylark, Stonechat, Linnet, Yellowhammer

And if we are to make a difference we not only need to be more active in our face to face contact with farmers but also improve our knowledge of where these birds are and how many are left. This is where CBWPS members can help through field work and talking to local farmers. As a minimum we should all be paying more attention to the list of species summarised here and if records of the priority species could be sent to the county recorder as a matter of routine - preferably with grid references and a note of the habitat used - this would be a tremendous help. If members discover a particular practice a local farmer is using which seems to be beneficial please tell us about it. Only through more survey work can we build a better picture which will enable us to identify where to concentrate our efforts and encourage farmers to farm in a more environmentally friendly way through joining the CSS....and put the birds back into the countryside.

165 Acknowledgements Without the tremendous amount of work undertaken each year by the County Recorders this paper could never have been written. The two county avifaunas by R D Penhallurick have been the backbone to my research and I must take full responsibility for any errors or misunderstandings in summarising his excellent species accounts. Similarly, the internal RSPB reports by Leigh Lock in connection with West Penwith and the work by Dave Chown and Simon Geary on Bodmin Moor have been invaluable in providing 'benchmark' data against which we can monitor future changes, hopefully for the better, in our declining farmland bird populations. I wish to thank Kester Wilson for providing up to date, as yet unpublished county record data and in particular Leigh Lock for his help during my 7-month "farmland bird secondment" and for his useful comments on the first draft of this report.

References ADAS (1996) Environmental monitoring in the West Penwith ESA, 1987-1995. Report to MAFF. Akers P and Chown D (1984) Breeding Birds of Bodmin Moor. report. British Trust for Ornithology (1997) BTO News No. 216/217. Chown D (2000) Bodmin Moor Breeding Bird Survey 1999. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. Conway G (1996) CBWPS Breeding Corn Bunting Survey 1996. Cornwall Bird Report 1996. Cornwall Bird Watching & Preservation Society Annual Reports Birds In Cornwall 1980-1996. Crick H Q P et al (1998) Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside: their conservation status (1972- 1996). BTO research report number 198. Gibbons et al (1993) The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. T & A D Poyser, London. Gibbons et al (1996) Bird Species of Conservation Concern in the , Channel Islands and the Isle of Man: revising the Red Data list. RSPB Conservation Review 10: 7-18. Grant K, Lord D & Ramsden D. (1995) The 1994 Barn Owl survey of Cornwall - a joint project by the Barn Owl Trust and the CBWPS. Cornwall Bird Report 1995. Jeffs C & Lock L (1998) Review of Breeding Waders in South West England. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. JNCC (1996) Birds of Conservation Importance. JNCC press release, May 1996. Lock L & Wilson P (1996) A botanical audit of arable farmland in SW England. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. Lock L (1998a) Stonechat survey West Penwith Moors and Coast. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. Lock L (1998b) Review of birds and pastoral systems in SW England. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. Lock L (1998c) West Penwith ESA Breeding Bird Survey 1988. RSPB unpublished report, Exeter. Lord D (1994) CBWPS Stonechat Survey: June 1993. Cornwall Bird Report 1994. Lord D (1996) Pentire Farm CBC: the first four years - with special reference to declining farmland species. Cornwall Bird Report 1996. Moorcroft D & Wilson J D (In press) The ecology of Linnets Carduelis cannabina on lowland farmland. BOU Conference proceedings. Nix J (1999) Farm Management Pocketbook Wye College, University of London Pay A R (1993) The Cirl Bunting in Cornwall - Past, Present and Future. Cornwall Bird Report 1993. Penhallurick R D (1969) Birds of the Cornish Coast D Bradford Barton Ltd, Cornwall Penhallurick R D (1978) The Birds of Cornwall and the Isles ofScilly Headland, Cornwall Sharrock J T R (1976) The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland (1968-1972). T & A D Poyser, London.

Dave Flumm, RSPB, The Manor Office, Marazion, Cornwall TR17 0EF.

166 CHAIRMAN'S REPORT

This has been a stimulating and financially successful year for the Society, but certainly the continuing problems with producing the mainland report has caused the Committee a great deal of concern. A special meeting was called to address the problems, and to discuss bird recording in general. We agreed a plan of action to get publications back on schedule, with Steve Rogers forming a team to assist Greg Conway in completing the 1997 Report. Andy Pay, although wishing to step down as County Recorder, confirmed that he would be completing the 1998 report. After much discussion, we then approached Kester and Ian Wilson to become Recorder and Editor for the 1999 Report. We expect to be right back on schedule for the mainland report publications by the autumn on 2000. The problems have arisen due to the amount of time spent in writing the Report each year. The process of entering records on our extensive and outstanding database has always been on schedule and accepted records are readily accessible. This will stand us in very good stead for the future and the sale of this information should be a useful source of revenue. As Chairman, I have been very pleased with the manner and spirit in which the committee has dealt with these problems and the teamwork shown.

Martin Scott produced an excellent Isles of Scilly Bird Report right on schedule and sales have been high. Our grateful thanks to Martin as Editor, Will Wagstaff as Recorder and Peter Robinson for his assistance. Will Wagstaff will be standing down as Recorder and we are all extremely grateful for the outstanding work and the manner in which he has represented the Society on the Isles of Scilly since 1989. We welcome Paul Stancliffe as the new Recorder for the Isles of Scilly; he will have or full support.

After much discussion over many years, The Cornwall Bird Atlas Project has finally been launched. This exciting and much needed project is one to which we hope the members will give their full support. Andy Pay will be stepping down from his role as Vice-Chairman of the Society to steer the project. We are also very fortunate to have society member Paul McCartney, in his roll as Data Management Officer of the Cornwall Wildlife Trust, helping to take the project forward.

It gives me pleasure to report that the Heritage Lottery Fund has offered the Society and Cornwall Wildlife Trust a grant of £100,000 towards our joint purchase of Windmill Farm on the Lizard. At the time of writing legal negotiations with the owners are progressing well and, hopefully, the purchase will be finalised by summer 2000. Martin Rule is an exceptional committee member and has made a major contribution for the Society through his work on this project.

The opening ceremony for the new Walmsley Hide was a great success. Bill Oddie addressed members and friends with a warm and humorous speech during which he paid tribute to the outstanding Walmsley Sanctuary and its first rate hide. Special thanks to Adrian Langdon, Francis Couch, Brian Craven and all the Friends of Walmsley for arranging such a special day. Also, thanks to Anita and Roy Dunstan for all their work for the Society in Wadebridge over many years.

Maer Lake continues to delight with record numbers of Golden Plover and Lapwing wintering along with, more surprisingly, a considerable number of Dunlin. The management plan has now been written, and the local Cornwall Wildlife Trust group has kindly funded a new sign board for the reserve.

At Drift, Graham Hobin and Martin Rule have continued their good management work of recent years.

At the end of 1999 we were all shocked and saddened by the tragic death of life members Brian and Sheila Bottomley in a car crash. The Society was well represented at their funeral service at Truro Crematorium. The obituary that was published in British Birds Magazine appears in this report for which we thank British Birds and the authors V.S. & J.A. Paton, R.J. Chandler and Harold Hems. Members were also saddened to hear of the deaths of Jim Beswetherick of Bude and his sister Mary Robinson (mother of our former Secretary, Liz McKenzie) who were both involved with the Society from its formation. This was a sad end to 1999.

We are in a strong financial position and able to fund our considerable project expenditure because of the sound stewardship of Society assets by our Treasurer, Keith Harris. Debbie Melarickas has served another excellent year as Membership Secretary and John Chappie has made a significant contribution by organising a stimulating field meetings programme. Steve Rogers has done a superb job as Secretary and keeps the Society running smoothly and efficiently. During the year we strengthened the committee by co-opting Roger Jones, and were delighted when Greg Adams returned as Honorary Solicitor.

Under Society rules, this will be my last year as Chairman. When I joined the Society Committee in 19811 became firm friends with fellow member Stuart Hutchings of Penryn. I am delighted that he has returned to the Committee as Vice-Chairman. He has a vast amount of practical experience and is a strong addition to our team.

Graham Sutton

167 CONSERVATION OFFICER'S REPORT

The Walmsley Sanctuary Tower Hide was erected in late December 1998. The manufacturers, Gilleards, and a team of our members and helpers laboured in deep sticky mud for two days. Environmentally friendly timber screening was also installed and many trees and shrubs were planted. More works were carried out in the following months to provide a footbridge to cross the stream, access to the hide and screening around the 'legs' of the hides.

There were also some planning misunderstandings to overcome. The hide, which had been supplied in natural sealed wood, unexpectedly had a yellowish glow which was particularily noticeable when in the sun. It showed up very well from the main road. A green stain was applied and the hide merged into its surroundings to everyone's satisfaction. In the future trees will screen most of the hide. Pools, kindly excavated by the Environment Agency prior to the hide erection, began to look natural and attract birdlife. A Marsh Harrier summered around the reserve giving excellent views.

Bill Oddie officially opened the hide on 11th December. The previous night and early morning produced horrendous weather - severe gales and torrential rain. These conditions put off many members from attending but, fortunately, the weather improved for an excellent ceremony. Bill was extremely complementary about the reserve and the hide. A plaque now marks the occasion. Our thanks to the County Environmental Trust for their grant of £7,500 for the hide, our members, South West Water (Roadford 1998 Birdfair) and legacies for ancilliary reserve works. Also, a big thank you to our Warden Adrian Langdon and his team of helpers for their many hours of work on the reserve.

Graham Sutton has continued to improve the habitat of our Maer Lake Reserve at Bude. Anyone who believes that reserves can just be left to nature would be surprised by the large amount of work we still have to do. Our tenant's horses do a lot of vegetation management at Maer, but excavators are still required to keep the open water free from rampant flag iris. The ditches have to be kept clear for water level management, and ragwort has to be pulled out. At Walmsley the big problem is huge areas of juncus which have to be cut.

Our wardens and volunteers have carried out beneficial maintenance and improvement work on our other reserves.

I now hold a reasonable amount of information on bird and conservation law, along with details of other conservation organisations and projects. The RSPB have been a great help in this, and we will be working more closely on several projects of common interest in the future.

South West Water officially opened their new hide at Siblyback Reservoir on 26th May. Visiting birders can now shelter from inclement weather with views over some of the most bird rich areas.

The Society was well represented with a stand at South West Water's Roadford Birdfair in September. This successful two day annual event attracted many dirders from around the southwest and I am sure it will grow in the future. Rutland Water Bird Fair started like this! It is held only a short distance into Devon (no passport required!) and profits go to birding projects. Thanks to all my helpers on the stand and to our volunteer event wardens etc.

Francis Couch represented us at the Royal Cornwall Agricultural Show. We were disappointed with our allotted location in the marquees, being with the shooting and hunting fraternities.

Other matters with which I have been involved have included town nesting Herring Gulls, deaths of Greenfinches in gardens, protecting rookeries, monitoring of rare and scarce birds, creating a bird identification quiz for farmers and providing observations on planning applications.

The Cornwall Wildlife and the Society have continued to negotiate the purchase of a large new reserve on the Lizard.

I would like to thank Martin Rule for his help and assistance over the last year.

Brian Craven Conservation Officer

168 OBITUARY

James Brian Bottomley (1919 - 1999) and Sheila Bottomley (1913 - 1999)

Everyone who knew Brian and Sheila Bottomley personally or through their photographs will have been shocked and saddened by the news of their deaths in a car crash in Cornwall on 16th November 1999.

Brian joined the British Army before the Second World War and served as an officer and glider pilot in the Airborne Division, taking part in the Battle of Arnhem. Sheila also served in the Forces, and it was their mutual interest in ornithology that brought them together. They settled at Grange-over-Sands in Westmorland (now Cumbria) where their bird photography began. They joined the Nature Photographers Portfolio in 1957, the Zoologists' Postal Club in 1959 and the Nature Photographers Society in 1959. In 1964 they moved from Westmorland to a cottage near St Ives in West Cornwall.

Whilst they were best known for their wonderful bird-photographs, they were also very knowledgeable on many aspects of natural history; their photographic subjects included insects, reptiles and both small and large mammals. They generously shared their expertise with anyone who had similar interests, and were most amiable companions. They were also very hospitable and, in turn, were also welcomed by farmers to record various aspects of local wildlife.

They submitted their work regularity to the Royal Photographic Society's annual exhibition, and were awarded the Society's much- sought-after Exhibition Medal in 1960, an award made in recognition of many years of acceptance of previous work. At around this time, they began to experiment with new approaches, turned more to 35-mm cameras, and began their unique experiments in photographing waders, for which they can truly be classed as innovators. They pioneered the technique of photographing birds by stalking them, which Brian likened to the tactics employed in military fieldcraft. He described it in 'Bird-photography by stalking' (Brit. Birds 61:546 - 549 plates 63 - 74) It should be remembered that new cameras and lenses have made this method infinitely easier today than it was then.

It is difficult to overstate the pioneering contribution that the Bottomleys made to British nature photography. Though less widely appreciated than the late Eric Hosking's development of the use of flash for bird photography, their demonstration that away-from-the- nest photography, particularily by stalking, can produce quality photographs was a major contribution. They exploited the 35-mm cameras and long lenses that were being introduced in the 1960's, at a time when most other photographers were still using medium- format and large-format equipment, either from a small hide (notably on the Hayle Estuary in Cornwall) or by the stalking technique. Their photographs taken in this manner brought to the attention of others the possibility of photographing rarities and vagrants for documentary purposes.

They were much in demand as lecturers in Cornwall and elsewhere. Brian and Sheila both served on the Council of the Cornwall Bird Watching and Preservation Society and, for many years, Brian served on the Council of the Cornwall Wildlife Trust, to which they donated many of their glass plates, negatives, prints and colour slides.

They were the only workers who invariably claimed joint authorship of all they did - all photographs were credited to J.B. & S. Bottomley - and some club members often questioned how two people could produce one photograph, particularily when, by rotation, their period of office as Presidents of the ZPC became due. One member of that club made so bold as to ask them this question, and was told that they found that Sheila was better at choosing the right moment to 'press the button', but that Brian performed the subsequent chemical magic.

Some of the best examples of their work are the photographs of the Hayle Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus (Bottomley & Bottomley 1995, 'PhotoSpot 37, Long-billed Dowitcher': Brit. Birds 88:429), which resulted in considerable advances in dowitcher identification (Wallace 1968, 'Dowitcher identification: a brief review': Brit. Birds 59:366 - 372), and a fine series in the BTO's Guide to the identification and Ageing of Holarctic Waders (Prater, Marchant & Vuorinen 1977).

Brian and Sheila were elected as Fellows of the Royal Photographic Society.

V.S. Paton, J.A. Paton, R.J. Chandler and Harold Hems (Reproduced by kind permission of British Birds).

169 INCOME and EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT for Year ended 31 December 1999

1999 1998 £ £ £ £ Incoming Resources Subscriptions - Annual Membership 8,301 8,207 Life Membership 235 211 Tax refund on covenanted subscriptions 1,291 9,827 1,077 9,495

Donations and Grants - Unrestricted 353 Restricted 1,944 2,297 19,327 Rents 500 600 Interest - Unrestricted 2,306 Restricted 12 2,318 2,743 Sale of Reports - Isles of Scilly 1,412 929 'Birds in Cornwall' 182 1,594 448 1,377 Sale of Goods 176 296 Other Income 282 424

Total Incoming Resources 16,994 34,262

Resources Expended Direct Charitable Expenditure - Hide & Reserve Expenses 382 - Maer Lake 993 1,469 Walmsley 1,564 9,786 Drift 3,493 - Other 409 6,841 482 11,737 Fundraising & Publicity - Annual Reports - Isles of Scilly 3,547 3,500 - Birds in Cornwall 2,485 2,038 Newsletters 1,346 1,069 Goods for resale 150 7,528 547 7,154 Management & Administration Printing & Stationery 212 410 Postage 979 1,441 Telephone 116 126 Travel 75 91 Insurance 368 391 Meetings 107 89 Computer Software 126 83 Sundries 84 2,067 68 2,699 Depreciation 1,226 1,166

Total Resources Expended 17,662 22,756

170 Net Incoming Resources before Transfers - Unrestricted funds 4,409 - Restricted Funds (5,077) (668) 11,506 Cost of Walmsley Hide Capitalised 7,987

Net (Outgoing) Incoming Resources for the Year (668) 19,493

Balances brought forward at 1 January - Unrestricted Funds 47,117 - Restricted Funds 17,120 64,237 44,744

Balances carried forward at 31 December - Unrestricted Funds 51,526 - Restricted Funds 12,043 £63,569 £64,237

BALANCE SHEET as at 31 DECEMBER 1999

1999 1998 £ £ £ £ Tangible Fixed Assets Freehold Property 13,500 13,500 General Equipment 1,201 1,196 Computer Equipment 1,070 1,364 Hides 7,869 8,331 23,640 24,391

Investments 11,058 10,609 34,698 35,000

Current Assets Stock 350 500 Debtors 1,329 9,487 Coif Deposit Account 35,000 24,000 Bank Current Account 1,972 1,610 38,651 35,597

Liabilities: amounts falling due within 1 year

Subscriptions in Advance 2,745 2,433 Creditors 7,036 3,927 9,781 6,360

Net Current Assets 28,870 29,237

171 Total Assets less Current Liabilities £63,568 £64,237

Funds Unrestricted as at 1 January 1999 47,117 42,856 Add: Surplus for the year 4,408 4,261 51,525 47,117

Restricted - Walmsley Sanctuary 2,098 1,642 Environmental Agency 692 4,436 Walmsley Hide 1,136 2,538 Maer Lake Wetland Appeal 928 916 Walmsley Hide - Capitalised 7,189 12,043 7,588 17,120

£63568 £64,237

Whitaker Redfearn Pappin Chartered Accountants Newquay 5 April 2000

172 THE SOCIETY'S RULES (current from April 2000)

(words in italics denote changes to Society Rules)

Rule 1. (Name) The Society shall be called "The Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preservation Society". Rule 2 (Objects) The objects of the Society shall be:- a) to further the study of birds in the field; and b) to assist in their preservation and conservation Rule 3 (Membership) Membership shall be open to anyone who supports the objects of the Society. Classes of membership shall be as follows:- Ordinary members - any person over the age of 18 yrs Life members - any ordinary member who has paid the prescribed life membership subscription. Junior members - any person under the age of 18 yrs. Honorary members - any person, whether otherwise a member or not, who is elected an Honorary member by a General meeting on a recommendation of the Executive Committee in recognition of outstanding service to the objects of the Society. Group members - School or similar groups. All members shall be entitled to participate in all activities of the Society (except that Junior members shall not be eligible to serve as Honorary officers or as members of the Executive Committee) and shall be entitled to vote at General meetings (Group members shall be entitled to one vote only on behalf of that body). The Executive Committee shall have the authority to exclude from membership, or cancel the membership of, any person if it considers that person to have contravened any requirements contained in these rules or any legislation relating to bird protection or the countryside, or for any other matter which the Executive Committee considers offends the well-being, aims or objectives of the Society.

Rule 4 (Subscriptions) Subscription rates shall be approved from time to time by the Society in General meeting on a recommendation from the Executive Committee. Subscriptions shall be payable on joining and on the 1st of January thereafter, but any member paying a first subscription after the 30th of September in any year shall not be liable to pay a further subscription until after the close of the following year. A member whose subscription is three months in arrears shall, after being reminded, cease to receive the Society's publications, and when six months in arrears shall cease to be a member. Rule 5 (Officers) The following Honorary Officers shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting and shall be eligible for re-election :- President, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, General Secretary, Treasurer, Field Meetings Officer, Honorary Solicitor, Conservation Officer, Assistant Conservation Officer, Newsletter Editor, Public Relations Officer, County Recorder & Editor, Assistant Editor, two joint editors for the Isles of Scilly. Any member, with the exception of Junior members, shall be eligible for election as an Honorary Officer. In the event of a vacancy arising at any time of the year, the Executive Committee shall be empowered to appoint a member to fill that vacancy and such appointment shall be reported to the next General meeting for approval or election as appropriate. Rule 6 (Meetings) An annual general meeting shall be held in each year. The quorum shall be 20. A Special General Meeting may be called by the Executive Committee, or at the request of 20 members by application to the Chairman and the General Secretary, such applications to be accompanied by details of the motion or motions to be moved. Rule 7 (Management) The Annual General Meeting shall elect an Executive Committee to deal with all business of the Society, and any obligation undertaken by the Executive Committee shall be an obligation of the Society. The Executive Committee shall consist of the Honorary Officers and nine other members. The Chairman, General Secretary and Treasurer shall serve for a maximum of four consecutive years. At the end of that period, at least one year must elapse before that person shall be elibible for re-election to the same office. Non-officer members shall be elected for a period of three years and shall not on the expiry of that period be eligible for re-election until a year after the termination of that period of three years. Nominations for posts as Honorary Officers and for vacancies on the Executive Committee shall be made in writing to the General Secretary over the signatures of the proposer and seconder and must reach the General Secretary at least ten days before the date of the Annual General Meeting. The Executive Committee shall meet as often as is necessary and shall be convened by the General Secretary in consultation with the Chairman. The quorum for the Executive Committee shall be eight members. The Executive Committee shall have the powers to appoint such sub-committees as it considers desirable and shall determine the membership and powers of such subcommittees, whose proceedings will be reported to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall not delegate to any sub-committee the power to commit the Society to any expenditure. The Executive Committee shall delegate to the Management Team (comprising Chairman, Vice-Chairman, General Secretary, Treasurer and Conservation Officer) power to take decisions on urgent matters which cannot await the next meeting of the Committee. Decisions of the Management Team must be unanimous and shall be reported to the next meeting of the Executive Committee.

Rule 8 (Accounts) The annual accounts of the Society shall be checked independently.

Rule 9 (Trustees) Land of the Society shall vest in the Official Custodian of Charities. Rule 10 (Dissolution etc.) This Society shall neither be dissolved, nor amalgamated with, nor subordinated to any other body without the consent of two-thirds of the members, at a General Meeting where the business is transacted, and in respect of which dissolution, amalgamation or subordination, prior notice must be given under rule 11. For the purpose of this Rule, Members may vote by post. Rule 11 (Alteration of rules) An alteration of the Rules of the Society may be made at any General Meeting, provided that the precise alteration has been set out in full on the agenda sent to members and that the proposed alteration is passed by at least two-thirds of those members present and voting at the meeting.

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