Monday, May 14, 2007

Dear Canadian Government Leaders:

North America's Boreal region is one of the most intact forest and wetland ecosystems left in the world. Canada alone is home to an estimated one-quarter of the world's intact forests, most of this in the Boreal regioni. North America's Boreal is a major part of the Boreal region that encircles the northern part of the globe. The global Boreal region stores more freshwater in wetlands and lakesii and more carbon in trees, soil, and peatiii than anywhere else on the planet.

Canada's Boreal region supports three billion migratory songbirdsiv, the world's largest caribou herdsv, millions of waterfowl and shorebirds, large populations of bears, wolves, and lynx, and native fish in abundance. Large scale ecological processes such as predator-prey, fire and hydrologic cycles still shape the region—natural processes that have become rare in much of the world. Ecological services provided by the region, including water filtration and carbon storage, are estimated to be worth 2.5 times the value of natural resources extracted each yearvi. Hundreds of Aboriginal communities depend on the region's ecosystems and wildlife. Clearly, there is a globally-significant responsibility to protect Canada's rich Boreal natural and cultural values, a responsibility embodied by the IUCN World Conservation Union's recommendation that Canada and Russia do more to ensure the conservation of Boreal forest regionsvii.

A wide range of threats face the Boreal, and recent reports by the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy concluded that development pressure on Canada's Boreal is increasingviii. The vast majority of commercially productive forest in the region has been allocated to timber companiesix. In addition, significant mining, oil and gas, and hydropower development occurs across the Boreal. Development pressure is greatest in the more productive southern Boreal where species diversity is also greatest. The cumulative effect of the wide range of threats prompted a Senate Committee to conclude the region to be “under siege”x. In response to these threats, degradation of the region's ecological integrity is predictedxi.

The relatively intact state of Canada's northern Boreal regionxii provides an opportunity to implement conservation strategies to protect the region's ecological integrity. The field of conservation biology identifies four objectives that must be achieved to ensure the long- term viability of an ecosystemxiii: 1) all native ecosystem types must be represented in protected areas; 2) populations of all native species must be maintained in natural patterns of abundance and distribution; 3) ecological processes such as hydrological processes must be maintained; and 4) the resilience to short-term and long-term environmental change must be maintained. Achieving these objectives requires an extensive interconnected network of protected areas and sustainable management of the surrounding areas. Reviews of previous conservation planning initiatives provide further direction by indicating that protected areas should cover in the range of half of the landscape to achieve the objectives listed abovexiv.

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Adequate conservation strategies will be challenging to implement in the southern Boreal regionxv where approximately two-thirds of the forest land has been allocated to resource developmentxvi. Almost two million square kilometres of the southern Boreal region remains undevelopedxvii, however, and ecological integrity can be maintained if industrial use is reduced to increase protection, and the remaining allocated lands are managed using practices that are ecologically sustainable. In the northern Boreal region, most areas remain unallocated to industrial development and proactive land use planning with Aboriginal communities is possible to increase protection prior to industrial allocation and identify sustainable resource development options while flexibility remains.

We are concerned that current conservation planning efforts are insufficient to sustain the ecological integrity of Canada's Boreal region, one of the most intact ecosystems left in the world. Specifically, the amount of land in protected status within the Canadian Boreal, now at under 10 percentxviii, is inadequate and must be markedly increased. The Boreal Forest Conservation Framework, developed by leading resource companies, First Nations, and conservation organizations, promotes an equal treatment of conservation and development across Canada's Boreal regionxix. As scientists, we urge federal, provincial, territorial and Aboriginal governments, companies, communities and others to support implementation of the Framework's Boreal conservation vision.

Sincerely,

[Signatory names are listed as follows: 1) Canadian signatories by alphabetical province/territory, 2) United States signatories by alphabetical state, 3) All other signatories by alphabetical country]

■ Canada, Alberta Theresa Burg, Ph.D. Eric Donovan, Ph.D. Susan Hannon, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor, Department of Suzanne Bayley, Ph.D. University of Lethbridge University of Calgary Biological Sciences Professor University of Alberta University of Alberta Eric Butterworth, Ph.D. Derek Ebner Steve Herrero, Ph.D. Senior Biologist Wildlife Biologist Professor of Environmental Erin Bayne, Ph.D. Manager of Territorial and Consultant Science Emeritus Assistant Professor Boreal Operations, Western University of Calgary University of Alberta Boreal Forest Program Ducks Unlimited Canada John England, Ph.D. Professor and NSERC David Hik, Ph.D. Carolyn Bergstrom, Ph.D. Northern Chair Canada Research Chair in Post-doctoral Fellow Brett Calverley Earth and Atmospheric Northern Ecology University of Alberta Manager, North American Sciences Professor, Biological Waterfowl Management University of Alberta Sciences Plan University of Alberta Stan Boutin, Ph.D. Ducks Unlimited Canada NSERC Industrial Lawrence Flanagan, Research Chair in Ph.D. Alice Hontela, Ph.D. Integrated Landscape Ralph Cartar, Ph.D. Professor Canada Research Chair in Management Associate Professor University of Lethbridge Ecotoxicology University of Alberta University of Calgary Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Lee Foote, Ph.D. University of Lethbridge Alexander Braun, Ph.D. Andrew Derocher, Ph.D. Chair, North American Associate Professor Professor, Department of Sustainable Use Specialist University of Calgary Biological Sciences Group Brad C Jones University of Alberta International Union for M.Sc. Candidate Conservation of Nature and University of Alberta Natural Resources

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Naomi Krogman, Ph.D. Paul Paquet, Ph.D. Kevin Smith Greg Bole, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor Senior Remote Sensing Lecturer Environmental and University of Calgary and Analyst University of British Resource Sociology University of Saskatchewan Ducks Unlimited Canada Columbia University of Alberta

John Post, Ph.D. John Spence, Ph.D. Douglas Braun Leonid Kurepin, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Professor and Chair M.Sc. Candidate Post-doctoral Researcher Ecology and Evolutionary Department of Renewable Simon Fraser University University of Calgary Biology Resources University of Calgary University of Alberta Alan Brelsford Susan Kutz, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Associate Professor Mirwais Qaderi, Ph.D. Vincent St.Louis, Ph.D. University of British Veterinary Medicine Post-doctoral Fellow Professor Columbia University of Calgary University of Calgary University of Alberta

Fred Bunnell, Ph.D. Catherine La Farge Ali Quoreshi, Ph.D. Brad Stelfox, Ph.D. Honorary Professor Curator and Director of Principal Investigator Landscape Ecologist Unviersity of British Cryptogamic Herbarium Symbiotech Research Inc. Forem Technologies Columbia University of Alberta

David Mayne Reid, Ph.D. Gary Stewart Leif Burge, Ph.D. George Henri La Roi, Professor of Botany Ecologist (Retired) Chair, Geography and Ph.D. University of Calgary Ducks Unlimited Earth and Environmental Emeritus Professor of Plant Science Ecology Okanagan College Department of Biology Alain Richard Raymond J Turner, Ph.D. University of Alberta GIS Manager, Western Associate Professor Boreal Program University of Calgary Alan Burger, Ph.D. Ducks Unlimited Canada Associate Professor Andre Legris (Adjunct) Environmental Scientist Valerie Veenstra University of Victoria Spencer Environmental Kenneth Sanderson, Ecologist Management Ph.D. WorleyParsons Professor Robert Cannings, Ph.D. Department of Biological Curator of Entomology Ellen Macdonald, Ph.D. Sciences Marian Weber, Ph.D. Royal British Columbia Professor University of Calgary Research Scientist Museum University of Alberta Alberta Research Council

David Schindler, Ph.D. Richard Cannings Christa MacNevin Professor ■ Canada, British Instructor M.Sc. Candidate University of Alberta Columbia Coordinator, Bird Studies University of Calgary Canada University of British Fiona Schmiegelow, Lito Arocena, Ph.D. Columbia Daniel Mazerolle, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor Post-doctoral Fellow Associate Professor University of Northern University of Alberta University of Alberta British Columbia Michael Church, Ph.D. Professor and FRSC University of British Ed McCauley, Ph.D. Richard Schneider, Ph.D. Jeremy Ayotte Columbia Professor Conservation Director Wildlife Biologist University of Calgary Canadian Parks and Ministry of Environment Wilderness Society, John Clague, Ph.D. Edmonton Professor Karen McCullough, Ph.D. Lyn Baldwin, Ph.D. Simon Fraser University Academic Editor and Assistant Professor Adjunct Professor Martin Sharp, Ph.D. Thompson Rivers Arctic Institute of North Professor University David Clements, Ph.D. America Earth and Atmospheric Professor University of Calgary Sciences Trinity Western University University of Alberta Christopher Barnes, Ph.D. Melissa Moss Professor Emeritus Veronique Connolly Ecologist University of Victoria Biologist WorleyParsons Komex British Columbia Conservation Foundation

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Peter Constabel, Ph.D. Michael Gillingham, Ph.D. Terri Lacourse, Ph.D. Sarah Otto, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor NSERC Post-doctoral Professor University of Victoria University of Northern Fellow University of British British Columbia University of British Columbia Columbia Isabelle Cote, Ph.D. Professor Jacob Goheen, Ph.D. Wendy Palen, Ph.D. Simon Fraser University Assistant Professor David Lank, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of British Adjunct Professor and Simon Fraser University Columbia University Research Peter Davidson Associate British Columbia Program Simon Fraser University Katherine Parker, Ph.D. Manager Robert Guy, Ph.D. Professor Bird Studies Canada Professor and Head Faculty of Natural Department of Forest Trevor Lantz Resources and Sciences Ph.D. Candidate Environmental Studies Bradley Davis University of British University of British University of Northern M.Sc. Candidate Columbia Columbia British Columbia Simon Fraser University

Karen Hodges, Ph.D. Cornel Lencar Vera Pospelova, Ph.D. Thomas Dickinson, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Data Analyst, Masters in Assistant Professor Associate Professor of Conservation Biology Forestry University of Victoria Biology University of British University of British Jessica Purcell Thompson Rivers Columbia Okanagan Columbia Ph.D. Candidate University University of British Columbia Jonathan Hughes, Ph.D. Patrick Lilley Lawrence Dill, Ph.D. Instructor M.Sc. Candidate Professor University College of the Department of Botany and Barbara Ramovs Simon Fraser University Fraser Valley Biodiversity Research Instructor Centre University of British University of British Columbia Okanagan Michael Feller, Ph.D. Darren Irwin, Ph.D. Columbia Associate Professor Assistant Professor Forest Sciences University of British William Rees, Ph.D. Department Columbia Elaina MacIntyre Professor University of British Ph.D. Candidate University of British Columbia University of British Columbia Chris Johnson, Ph.D. Columbia Assistant Professor Gwenn Flowers, Ph.D. Ecosystem Science and John Reynolds, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Management Program Katrin Meissner, Ph.D. Professor Glaciology University of Northern Assistant Professor Simon Fraser University Assistant Professor, Earth British Columbia University of Victoria and Ocean Sciences Simon Fraser University Jordan Rosenfeld, Ph.D. John Karakatsoulis, Ph.D. Arne Mooers, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor Chair, Department of Assistant Professor Fisheries Centre Lauch Fraser, Ph.D. Natural Resource Science Department of Biological University of British Canada Research Chair in Thompson Rivers Sciences Columbia Community and Ecosystem University Simon Fraser University Ecology Associate Professor, Kristina Rothley, Ph.D. Department of Natural Bryce Kendrick, Ph.D. Sian Morgan Assistant Professor Resource Science Professor Ph.D. Candidate Simon Fraser University Thompson Rivers University of Victoria Fisheries Centre University University of British Columbia W. Schofield, Ph.D. Charles Krebs, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Art Fredeen, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor Botany Professor Department of Zoology Judith Myers, Ph.D. University of British University of Northern University of British Professor Emerita Columbia British Columbia Columbia University of British Columbia Hans Schreier, Ph.D. Benjamin Gilbert Professor Ph.D. Candidate Institute for Resources University of British University of British Columbia Columbia

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G.E.E. Scudder, Ph.D. Ron Ydenberg, Ph.D. Chris Malcolm, Ph.D. Dale Wrubleski, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Professor and Director Associate Professor Research Scientist University of British Centre for Wildlife Ecology Brandon University Ducks Unlimited Canada Columbia Simon Fraser University

John Markham, Ph.D. ■ Canada, New Brunswick Suzanne Simard, Ph.D. Pamela Zevit, R.P. Bio. Assistant Professor Associate Professor Principle University of Manitoba University of British Adamah Consultants Douglas Campbell, Ph.D. Columbia Canada Research Chair in Henry Murkin, Ph.D. Environmental Processes ■ Canada, Manitoba Director of Conservation Mount Allison University Chris Steeger Programs, National Director Ducks Unlimited Canada Pandion Ecological Michael Anderson, Ph.D. Rick Cunjak, Ph.D. Research Ltd. Director of Science and Professor Adaptation William Pruitt, Ph.D. University of New Ducks Unlimited Canada Professor Brunswick David Suzuki Department of Zoology Founder University of Manitoba David Suzuki Foundation Robert Anderson, Ph.D. Tony Diamond, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Assistant Professor Director University of British Biology Department David Punter, Ph.D. Atlantic Cooperative Columbia University of Winnipeg Professor Wildlife Ecology Research Department of Botany Network University of Manitoba Ilja Tromp-van Meerveld, David Barber, Ph.D. Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Tony Erskine, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Arctic System Science Roderick Riewe, Ph.D. Research Scientist Simon Fraser University Professor, Department of Professor of Zoology Emeritus Geography University of Manitoba Canadian Wildlife Service University of Manitoba Roy Turkington, Ph.D. Professor Gordon Robinson, Ph.D. Graham Forbes, Ph.D. Botany Department and Diana Bizecki Robson, Professor of Botany Associate Professor Biodiversity Research Ph.D. University of Manitoba University of New Centre Curator of Botany Brunswick University of British The Manitoba Museum Columbia Pamela Rutherford, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Katy Haralampides, Ph.D. Allison Dunn, Ph.D. Brandon University Associate Professor Nancy Turner, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow University of New Distinguished Professor University of Manitoba Brunswick University of Victoria Spencer Sealy, Ph.D. Professor Gordon Goldsborough, University of Manitoba Karen Kidd, Ph.D. Mark Vellend, Ph.D. Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Canada Research Chair in Associate Professor Chemical Contamination of Conservation Biology University of Manitoba Merlin Shoesmith, Ph.D. Food Webs Assistant Professor, External Liaison Officer University of New Departments of Botany and Clayton H. Riddell Faculty Brunswick Zoology David Greenwood, Ph.D. of Environment, Earth, and University of British Chair of Zoology and Resources Columbia Environmental Science University of Manitoba Colin P. Laroque, Ph.D. Coordinator Director and Professor Brandon University Mount Allison Markus Weiler, Ph.D. Stuart Slattery, Ph.D. Dendrochronology FRBC Chair in Forest Research Scientist Laboratory Hydrology Karla Guyn, Ph.D. Institute for Wetland and Mount Allison University Assistant Professor, Director, Conservation Waterfowl Research Deptartment of Forest Planning Ducks Unlimited Canada Resources Management Ducks Unlimited Canada Janice Lawrence, Ph.D. and Geography Associate Professor University of British Craig Willis, Ph.D. University of New Columbia David Howerter, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Brunswick Research Scientist Department of Biology Ducks Unlimited Canada University of Winnipeg Vett Lloyd, Ph.D. Professor Mount Allison University

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Rémy Rochette, Ph.D. John D. Jacobs, Ph.D. ■ Canada, Nova Scotia Ron MacKay, Ph.D. Professor Professor of Geography Assistant Professor University of New Memorial University of Mount Saint Vincent Brunswick, Saint John Newfoundland Robert Baldwin, Ph.D. University Research Scientist Two Countries/One Forest Gary Saunders, Ph.D. Faye Murrin, Ph.D. Ian McLaren, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair of Professor George Campbell Molecular Systematics and Memorial University of Colleen Barber, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Biodiversity Newfoundland Associate Professor Dalhousie University Professor, Department of Saint Mary's University Biology University of New ■ Canada, Northwest Greg Mitchell Brunswick Territories Jeanne Breckenridge M.Sc. Candidate Senior Laboratory Acadia University Instructor Marc-André Villard, Ph.D. Robert G. Bromley, Ph.D. Dalhousie University Associate Professor Senior Advisor Adele Mullie Université de Moncton Ecology North Research Associate Whole Arctic Consulting Matt Clarke Acadia University Wildlife Biologist Bradley Walters, Ph.D. AMEC Associate Professor Shannon Haszard Ron Russell, Ph.D. Mount Allison University Northwest Territories Associate Professor Manager Kate Dalley Saint Mary's University Ducks Unlimited Canada M.Sc. Candidate Fred Whoriskey, Ph.D. Acadia University Vice President Daniel Ruzzante, Ph.D. Research and Environment Catherine Lambert Associate Professor Atlantic Salmon Federation Wildlife Biologist Martin Gibling, Ph.D. Dalhousie University Gwich'in Renewable Professor Resource Board Dalhousie University ■ Canada, Newfoundland David B. Scott, Ph.D. and Labrador Professor and Director Nicole Lights Annamarie Hatcher, Ph.D. Centre for Environmental Environmental Assessment Assistant Professor and Marine Geology Rita E. Anderson, Ph.D. Specialist Integrative Science Dalhousie University Associate Professor Sahtu Renewable Cape Breton University Memorial University of Resources Board Newfoundland Ricardo Scrosati, Ph.D. Ian Jonsen, Ph.D. Associate Professor C.D. James Paci, Ph.D. Research Associate St. Francis Xavier Michael Collins, Ph.D. President, Deep Consulting Dalhousie University University Professor Inc. Memorial University of Roving Faculty Member, Newfoundland University of the Arctic Tina Leonard Dave Shutler, Ph.D. M.Sc. Candidate Associate Professor Acadia University Acadia University Roberta Frampton Richard Popko Benefiel Wildlife Technician Vice President Government Agency Marty Leonard, Ph.D. Phil Taylor, Ph.D. Grand Riverkeeper Professor Professor Labrador Inc. Dalhousie University Acadia University Amy Thompson Environmental Biologist Luise Hermanutz, Ph.D. Gwich'in Renewable Heike Lotze, Ph.D. Phil Taylor, Ph.D. Associate Professor Resource Board Canada Research Chair in Professor Memorial University of Marine Renewable Department of Biology Newfoundland Resources Acadia University Alasdair Veitch Assistant Professor, Supervisor, Wildlife Biology Department David Innes, Ph.D. Management, Sahtu Dalhousie University Joerg Tews, Ph.D. Professor Region Post-doctoral Fellow Memorial University of Government of the Biology Department Newfoundland Northwest Territories Jeremy Lundholm, Ph.D. Acadia University Assistant Professor Saint Mary's University Sandra Walde, Ph.D. Professor Dalhousie University

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Elizabeth Welsh David Barton, Ph.D. Linda Campbell, Ph.D. Mark Engstrom, Ph.D. Senior Instructor Professor Canada Research Chair in Vice President Collections Biology Department University of Waterloo Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Research Dalhousie University Assistant Professor, Senior Curator, Mammals Department of Biology Royal Ontario Museum Nelson Belzile, Ph.D. Queen's University Darroch Whitaker, Ph.D. Professor Post-doctoral Fellow Laurentian University Lenore Fahrig, Ph.D. Acadia University Matt Carlson Professor Science Coordinator Carleton University Nicholas Bernier, Ph.D. Canadian Boreal Initiative Martin Willison, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor University of Guelph Leesa Fawcett, Ph.D. Dalhousie University Karl Cottenie, Ph.D. Associate Professor Assistant Professor Faculty of Environmental Michael Berrill, Ph.D. University of Guelph Studies ■ Canada, Ontario Professor York University Trent University Andrew Couturier Peter Abrams, Ph.D. Important Bird Areas Brock Fenton, Ph.D. Professor, F.R.S.C. Michael Bidochka, Ph.D. Coordinator Professor and Chair University of Toronto Professor Bird Studies Canada Department of Biology Brock University University of Western Ontario Josef Ackerman, Ph.D. Stephen Cumbaa, Ph.D. Associate Dean Rudy Boonstra, Ph.D. Research Scientist University of Guelph Professor of Physiology Canadian Museum of Scott Findlay, Ph.D. and Zoology Nature Director Department of Life Institute of Environment Aneil Agrawal, Ph.D. Sciences University of Ottawa Canada Research Chair in University of Toronto at Brian Cumming, Ph.D. the Genetics of Scarborough Acting Director, Evolutionary Interactions Environmental Studies Sarah Finkelstein, Ph.D. University of Toronto Program Assistant Professor Uwe Brand, Ph.D. Professor, Biology and Department of Geography Professor and P.Geo. Environmental Studies University of Toronto Marilyn Anions Brock University Queen's University Botanical Research Associate George Finney, Ph.D. NatureServe Canada Irwin Brodo, Ph.D. Douglas Currie, Ph.D. President Lichenologist Emeritus and Associate Professor Bird Studies Canada Research Associate University of Toronto George Argus, Ph.D. Canadian Museum of Curator of Vascular Plants Nature Mark Forbes, Ph.D. Emeritus Howard Daugherty, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Canadian Museum of Professor Ecological Nature Adam Brown, Ph.D. York University Parasitology/Wildlife Professor Conservation University of Ottawa Carleton University Harold Atwood, Ph.D. Brian Dimock Professor of Physiology Laboratory and Field and Zoology Rorke Bryan, Ph.D. Manager, M.Sc. Danielle Fortin, Ph.D. University of Toronto Professor and Dean Trent University Professor Emeritus University of Ottawa Faculty of Forestry Zared Aziz University of Toronto Reuven Dukas, Ph.D. Associate Staff Professor Sophie Foster Division of Virology and McMaster University Ph.D. Candidate Molecular Immunology James Buttle, Ph.D. University of Toronto Children's Hospital of Professor Eastern Ontario Trent University Erica Dunn, Ph.D. Emeritus Scientist Michael Fox, Ph.D. Environment Canada Professor Spencer Barrett, Ph.D. Robin Cameron, Ph.D. Trent University Canada Research Chair in Associate Professor Evolutionary Genetics McMaster University Judith Eger, Ph.D. Professor, F.R.S. and Senior Curator F.R.S.C. Royal Ontario Museum University of Toronto

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Gail Fraser, Ph.D. Yeen Ten Hwang, Ph.D. Sheila Macfie, Ph.D. Lewis Molot, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Post-doctoral Research Professor of Biology Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Fellow University of Western York University Studies University of Western Ontario York University Ontario Faisal Moola, Ph.D. Jay Malcolm, Ph.D. Director of Science Mathieu Frenette Balz Kamber, Ph.D. Associate Professor David Suzuki Foundation Ph.D. Candidate Professor University of Toronto Department of Chemistry Laurentian University University of Ottawa Ted Mosquin, Ph.D. Andre L. Martel, Ph.D. Retired Professor and Jeremy Kerr, Ph.D. Research Scientist Research Scientist Tony Gaston, Ph.D. Associate Professor Canadian Museum of Adjunct Professor University of Ottawa Nature University of Ottawa Dennis Murray, Ph.D. Graeme Gibson Canada Research Chair in Joint Honorary President Doug King, Ph.D. David Martell, Ph.D. Terrestrial Ecology Rare Bird Club Professor Professor Trent University BirdLife International Geography and Faculty of Forestry Joseph Nocera, Ph.D. Environmental Studies, University of Toronto Post-doctoral Fellow Carleton University Queen's University Jean-Guy Godin, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Jerome Marty, Ph.D. Carleton University Peter Kotanen, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Erica Nol, Ph.D. Associate Professor University of Waterloo Professor University of Toronto Trent University John Gunn, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Kevin McCann, Ph.D. Stressed Aquatic Systems Gail Krantzberg, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Ryan Norris, Ph.D. Laurentian University Director and Professor Biodiversity Professor McMaster University University of Guelph University of Guelph

Michele Heath Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Ph.D. Sigrun Kullik, Ph.D. Dan McCarthy, Ph.D. Ian Olthof, Ph.D. Professor Emerita Research Associate Associate Professor Physical Scientist University of Toronto University of Guelph Brock University Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

Stephen J. Hecnar, Ph.D. Kevin Lamb, Ph.D. Harry McCaughey, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor and Chair Professor, Department of Tony Parkes, Ph.D. Lakehead University University of Waterloo Geography Associate Professor Principal Investigator, Nipissing University Canadian Carbon Program Kringen Henein, Ph.D. David Lean, Ph.D. Queen's University Lecturer in Ecology and Professor Richard Peltier, Ph.D. Environmental Science University of Ottawa University Professor of Carleton University Christine McClelland Physics Marine Biologist Director, Centre for Global Carolyn Leckie Canadian Museum of Change Science Verna J Higgins, Ph.D. Conservator Nature University of Toronto Professor Emeritus Canadian Museum of University of Toronto Nature Jon McCracken Scott Petrie, Ph.D. Ontario Program Manager Research Director Douglas Holdway, Ph.D. Denis Lepage, Ph.D. Bird Studies Canada Long Point Waterfowl and Canada Research Chair in Senior Scientist Wetlands Research Fund Aquatic Toxicology Bird Studies Canada Bird Studies Canada Professor of Ecotoxicology Stephanie Melles University of Ontario Ph.D. Candidate Institute of Technology David Lesbarreres, Ph.D. University of Toronto Richard Petrone, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Associate Professor Laurentian University Director, Cold Regions Shelley L. Hunt, Ph.D. Daniel Mennill, Ph.D. Research Centre Assistant Professor Professor Wilfrid Laurier University University of Guelph Elaine MacDonald, Ph.D. University of Windsor Senior Staff Scientist Sierra Legal Defence Fund

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Justin Podur, Ph.D. Sherry Schiff, Ph.D. William Taylor, Ph.D. Donna Giberson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Professor Professor Professor Faculty of Environmental University of Waterloo University of Waterloo Biology Department Studies University of Prince Edward York University Island Joseph D. Shorthouse, Peter Taylor, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor Jonathan Price, Ph.D. Chair and Professor York University Christian Lacroix, Ph.D. Professor Laurentian University Professor and Dean of University of Waterloo Science R. Greg Thorn, Ph.D. University of Prince Edward Paul Sibley, Ph.D. Associate Professor Island Greg Pyle, Ph.D. Professor University of Western Associate Professor and University of Guelph Ontario Chair ■ Canada, Québec Department of Biology Nipissing University Scott Slocombe, Ph.D. Steven Timmermans Professor Aquatic Surveys Scientist Marc Amyot, Ph.D. Wilfrid Laurier University Bird Studies Canada Associate Professor James Quinn, Ph.D. Université de Montréal Professor McMaster University Myron Smith, Ph.D. Charles Trick, Ph.D. Professor of Biology and Beryl Ivey Chair for Virginie-Arielle Angers Director of Biochemistry Ecosystem Health Ph.D. Candidate Justina Ray, Ph.D. Carleton University University of Western Université du Québec à Director and Conservation Ontario Montréal Scientist Wildlife Conservation Sandy Smith, Ph.D. Society Canada Associate Professor P. John Vierula, Ph.D. Marie-Lyne Arbour Faculty of Forestry Associate Professor M.Sc. Candidate University of Toronto Carleton University Université du Québec à Beren Robinson, Ph.D. Montréal Associate Professor Department of Integrative John Smol, Ph.D. John Weaver, Ph.D. Biology Canada Research Chair in Conservation Zoologist Dominique Arseneault, University of Guelph Environmental Change Wildlife Conservation Ph.D. Professor, Department of Society Canada Professor Biology Université du Québec à Jean-François Robitaille, Queen's University Rimouski Ph.D. Arthur Weis, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor Laurentian University Graeme Spiers, Ph.D. University of Toronto Maryse Barrette Director Ph.D. Candidate Centre for Environmental McGill University Howard Rundle, Ph.D. Monitoring Gillian Woolmer Assistant Professor Laurentian University Assistant Director University of Ottawa Wildlife Conservation Marc Bélisle, Ph.D. Society Canada Professor Kathy Stewart, Ph.D. Université de Sherbrooke Jeffery Saarela, Ph.D. Research Scientist Research Scientist Canadian Museum of Marguerite Xenopoulos, Canadian Museum of Nature Ph.D. Nicolas Bergeron Nature Assistant Professor Wildlife Biologist Trent University Université du Québec à Steve Stockton, Ph.D. Montréal Eric Sager, Ph.D. Biologist Research Associate Naturestock Environmental ■ Canada, Prince Edward Trent University Island Pinel-Alloul Bernadette, Ph.D. Bridget Stutchbury, Ph.D. Professor Gabor Sass, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Almut Beringer, Ph.D. Université de Montréal Post-doctoral Fellow Ecology and Conservation Associate Professor and University of Western Biology Director Ontario York University Environmental Studies and Dominique Berteaux, Sustainability Ph.D. University of Prince Edward Canada Research Chair in James Schaefer, Ph.D. Roger Suffling, Ph.D. Island Conservation of Northern Associate Professor Professor Ecosystems Trent University The School of Planning Université du Québec à University of Waterloo Rimouski

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Joël Bêty, Ph.D. Steve Cumming, Ph.D. Glen A. Fox Isabelle Laurion, Ph.D. Professor Canada Research Chair in Retired Scientist Professor Université du Québec à Boreal Ecosystems Canadian Wildlife Service Centre Eau, Terre et Rimouski Modelling Environnement Université Laval Institut National de la Patricia Gagnon Recherche Scientifique David Bird, Ph.D. Biologist (INRS) Professor Martin Damus Ducks Unlimited Canada McGill University Conservation Biologist Environment Canada Claude Lavoie, Ph.D. Andrew Gonzalez, Ph.D. Professor Daniel Boisclair, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Université Laval Professor Marcel Darveau, Ph.D. Biodiversity Université de Montréal Head, Boreal Research and McGill University Conservation, Québec Sonya Lévesque Ducks Unlimited Canada M.Sc. Candidate Marie-Claude Bonneville Alisa Guérette Montminy Université du Québec à Research Assistant M.Sc. Candidate Montréal McGill University Domingos Duarte de Université Laval Oliveira, Ph.D. Professor Kimberley Mathot Jacques Brisson, Ph.D. Université du Québec à Landis Hare, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Assistant Professor Montréal Professor Université du Québec à Université de Montréal Université du Québec Montréal

Paul del Giorgio, Ph.D. Richard Carignan, Ph.D. Professor Marie-Anne Hudson Eliot McIntire, Ph.D. Professeur titulaire Université du Québec à Ph.D. Candidate Canada Research Chair in Université de Montréal Montréal McGill University Conservation Biology Université Laval

Vincent Carignan, Ph.D. Emma Despland, Ph.D. Jean-Pierre Imbeau, Ph.D. Biologist Associate Professor Professor Sylvain Ménard Canadian Wildlife Service Concordia University Université du Québec en Ducks Unlimited Canada Environment Canada Abitibi-Témiscamingue

Melanie Desrochers Julie Morand-Ferron, Antonella Cattaneo, Ph.D. Protected Areas Director Judith Kirby Ph.D. Associate Professor Nature Québec Land Use Planner Researcher Université de Montréal Ducks Unlimited Canada Université du Québec à Montréal Julian Dodson, Ph.D. Colin Chapman, Ph.D. Professeur titulaire Geneviève Labrie, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair in Université Laval Post-doctoral Fellow Alison Munson, Ph.D. Primate Ecology and Université du Québec à Professor Conservation Montréal Université Laval Professor, Department of Marco Festa-Bianchet, Anthropology and McGill Ph.D. School of Environment Professeur titulaire Julie Lafond, Ph.D. Julie Naud McGill University Université de Sherbrooke Full Professor M.Sc. Candidate Université du Québec à Université Laval Montréal Lauren Chapman, Ph.D. Kathryn Flinn, Ph.D. Professor International Post-doctoral Jean-Pierre Ouellet, Ph.D. Department of Biology Scholar Maurice Lalonde, Ph.D. Professor McGill University McGill University Professeur Titulaire Université du Québec à Faculté de Foresterie Rimouski Université Laval Steve Côté, Ph.D. Daniel Fortin, Ph.D. Associate Professor Assistant Professor Judith Patterson, Ph.D. Université Laval Université Laval Johanne Lambert Associate Professor Professionnel Concordia University Université du Québec à Valerie Courtois Francois Fournier, Ph.D. Montréal Forestry Planner Biologist Stéphanie Pellerin, Ph.D. Innu Nation Canadian Wildlife Service Associate Professor Université de Montréal

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Changhui Peng, Ph.D. Tyler Rudolph Keith Hobson, Ph.D. Pamela Sinclair Canada Research Chair in Chercheur Adjunct Professor Bird Conservation Biologist Environmental Modelling Centre d'études de la forêt University of Saskatchewan Canadian Wildlife Service Professor, Department of Université du Québec à Biology Montréal Jeff Hudson, Ph.D. ■ United States, Alabama Université du Québec à Professor Montréal Nicolas Soumis, Ph.D. University of Saskatchewan Robert Boyd, Ph.D. Coordinnateur de Professor recherche Hervé Philippe, Ph.D. Jill Johnstone, Ph.D. Auburn University Université du Québec à Canada Research Chair in Assistant Professor Montréal Evolutionary Bioinformatics Department of Biology Nanette E. Chadwick, and Genomics University of Saskatchewan Ph.D. Professor, Department of Donald Thomas, Ph.D. Associate Professor Biochemistry Dean, Faculty of Science Philip McLoughlin, Ph.D. Auburn University Université de Montréal Université de Sherbrooke Research Associate University of Saskatchewan C. Smoot Major Alban Thomas Srikanth Podatharapu Instructor M.Sc. Candidate Director John Sheard, Ph.D. University of South Université du Québec à Montreal College of Professor Emeritus Alabama Montréal Management and Department of Biology Technology University of Saskatchewan Kelly Major, Ph.D. Jacinthe Tremblay Assistant Professor, Candidate à la maîtrise Karen Wiebe, Ph.D. Physiological Ecologist Monique Poulin, Ph.D. Université du Québec à Associate Professor University of South Professor Montréal Université Laval University of Saskatchewan Alabama

Udayalakshmi ■ Canada, Yukon L. Rissler, Ph.D. Vepakomma Yves Prairie, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Ph.D. Candidate Professor and Director of Biological Sciences Université du Québec à Robert Florkiewicz GRIL Research Center University of Alabama Université du Québec à Montréal Regional Biologist Montréal Government of Yukon Paul Stewart, Ph.D. Vincent Warwick, Ph.D. Eminent Scholar and Canada Research Chair in J. David Henry, Ph.D. Navin Ramankutty, Ph.D. Professor Aquatic Ecosystem Studies Conservation Ecologist Assistant Professor Troy University McGill University Université Laval Parks Canada Philip Wood, Ph.D. Sebastian Elizabeth Hofer Denis Réale, Ph.D. Professor of Genetics Weissenberger, Ph.D. Field Director Canada Research Chair in University of Alabama at Professor Kluane Ecological Behavioural Ecology Birmingham Université du Québec à Tele-Université, Universite Monitoring Project Montréal de Quebec a Montreal ■ United States, Alaska Jamie Kenyon Jeanine Rhemtulla, Ph.D. ■ Canada, Saskatchewan Conservation Programs Post-doctoral Fellow Specialist Travis Booms Ducks Unlimited Canada EPA Fellow McGill University Darwin Anderson, Ph.D. Institute of Arctic Biology Professor University of Alaska Department of Soil Science Amy Leach Line Rochefort, Ph.D. Fairbanks Professor University of Saskatchewan Manager of Yukon Université Laval Programs Ducks Unlimited Canada Richard Boone, Ph.D. Gary Bortolotti, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Professor of Biology Nigel Roulet, Ph.D. Biology and Wildlife University of Saskatchewan John Pattimore, Ph.D. James McGill Professor, University of Alaska Assessment Officer Department of Geography Fairbanks Yukon Environmental & Director, McGill School of Britt Hall, Ph.D. Socio-economic Environment Assistant Professor Assessment Board F. Stuart Chapin, Ph.D. McGill University University of Regina Professor of Ecology Institute of Arctic Biology Donald Reid, Ph.D. Richard Roy, Ph.D. U. Theodore Hammer, University of Alaska Conservation Zoologist Professor Ph.D. Fairbanks Wildlife Conservation Department of Biology Professor Emeritus Society Canada McGill University University of Saskatchewan

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Erin Cooper University of Alaska University of Alaska Paul Beier, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist Fairbanks Fairbanks Professor U.S. Forest Service Northern Arizona University Mark Lindberg, Ph.D. Kristin Smith Frederick Dean, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Executive Director Brad Boyle, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Wildlife Ecology Copper River Watershed Research Associate Department of Biology and Institute of Arctic Biology Project University of Arizona Wildlife University of Alaska Institute of Arctic Biology Fairbanks Winston Smith, Ph.D. Clait Braun, Ph.D. University of Alaska Research Wildlife Biologist Director Fairbanks Bret Luick, Ph.D. Pacific Northwest Research Grouse Inc. Associate Professor Station George Divoky, Ph.D. University of Alaska U.S. Forest Service Judith Bronstein, Ph.D. Research Associate Fairbanks Professor University of Alaska Rick Steiner University of Arizona Fairbanks Stephen MacLean, Ph.D. Professor Professor Emeritus University of Alaska Carol Chambers, Ph.D. Tamara Fields Institute of Arctic Biology Anchorage Professor Biologist, Environment and University of Alaska Northern Arizona University Natural Resources Institute Fairbanks Iain Stenhouse, Ph.D. Alaska Natural Heritage Director of Bird Program Neil Cobb, Ph.D. Steven Matsuoka Conservation University of Alaska Director Alaska Landbird Audobon Alaska Anchorage Merriam-Powell Center for Coordinator Environmental Research U.S. Fish and Wildlife Stephen Talbot, Ph.D. Jason Fode Service Botanist Wildlife Biologist Melanie Culver, Ph.D. Alaska Region, U.S. Fish U.S. Forest Service Assistant Professor Carol McIntyre, Ph.D. and Wildlife Service University of Arizona Wildlife Biologist Anna Goropashnaya, Denali National Park and Eric J. Taylor, Ph.D. Ph.D. Preserve Thomas Fleischner, Ph.D. Regional Refuge Biologist Post-doctoral Researcher Professor of Environmental U.S. Fish and Wildlife University of Alaska Studies Jonathan O'Donnell Service Fairbanks Prescott College Ph.D. Candidate University of Alaska Frank von Hippel, Ph.D. Dave Gustine Fairbanks Stephen Hart, Ph.D. Associate Professor Ph.D. Candidate Professor University of Alaska Institute of Arctic Biology Northern Arizona University Todd Rinaldi Anchorage University of Alaska Wildlife Biologist Fairbanks Alaska Department of Fish Kim McCreery, Ph.D. Marcelo Weksler, Ph.D. and Game Co-director Post-doctoral Fellow Colleen Handel, Ph.D. African Wild Dog Institute of Arctic Biology Research Wildlife Biologist Conservancy Deborah Rudis University of Alaska U.S. Geological Survey Wildlife Biologist Fairbanks Alaska Science Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Peter Reinthal, Ph.D. Service Director, Arizona Natural Jackson Whitman James G. King History Museum Nongame Regional Wildlife Biologist University of Arizona John Schoen, Ph.D. Coordinator U.S. Fish and Wildlife Senior Scientist Alaska Department of Fish Service (Retired) Audubon Alaska and Game Thomas D. Sisk, Ph.D. Professor David Klein, Ph.D. Northern Arizona University Stanley Senner, M.Sc. Mary F. Willson, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Vice President and Retired Professor Institute of Arctic Biology Executive Director University of Alaska University of Alaska Paul Torrence, Ph.D. Audubon Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Arizona University Susan Sharbaugh, Ph.D. Evie Witten Jean-Francois Lamarre Research Scientist Boreal Forest Program Technician Alaska Bird Observatory Director Prince William Sound Scott Wilbor The Nature Conservancy Science Center Conservation Biologist Tucson Audubon Society Derek Sikes, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of ■ United States, Arizona Gary Laursen, Ph.D. Entomology and Curator of Professor of Mycology ■ United States, Arkansas Insects

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Ragupathy Kannan, Ph.D. George Bentley, Ph.D. University of California David DeSante, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Assistant Professor Berkeley Executive Director University of Arkansas Fort University of California The Institute for Bird Smith Berkeley Populations Martin L. Cody, Ph.D. Emeritus Research Chris Kellner, Ph.D. Jeff Black, Ph.D. Professor Rodolfo Dirzo, Ph.D. Professor of Wildlife Professor, Wildlife Department of Ecology and Professor Science Department Evolutionary Biology Stanford University Arkansas Tech University Humboldt State University University of California Los Angeles Jim Dole, Ph.D. Daniel Scheiman, Ph.D. Brenda Blinn Professor of Biology Director of Bird Science Coordinator Philippe S. Cohen, Ph.D. California State University Conservation Western Shasta Resource Administrative Director Northridge Audubon Arkansas Conservation District Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve Paul Ehrlich, Ph.D. Stanford University ■ United States, California Rauri Bowie, Ph.D. Professor Assistant Professor and Stanford University Curator of Birds Stacey Combes, Ph.D. David Ackerly, Ph.D. University of California Miller Research Fellow Professor Norman Ellstrand, Ph.D. Berkeley University of California University of California Professor of Genetics Berkeley Berkeley University of California William Bretz, Ph.D. Riverside Manager of Natural Chris Conroy, Ph.D. Cort Anastasio Reserves Curator and Researcher Associate Professor Lynn Epstein, Ph.D. University of California Museum of Vertebrate University of California Professor Irvine Zoology Davis University of California University of California Davis Berkeley Cole Burton Dennis Baldocchi, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Professor of Doug Fischer, Ph.D. University of California David Crohn, Ph.D. Biometeorology Associate Researcher Berkeley Associate Professor University of California University of California Department of Berkeley Davis Environmental Sciences Ken Caldeira, Ph.D. University of California Researcher Bruce G. Baldwin, Ph.D. Riverside Jed Fuhrman, Ph.D. Department of Global Professor of Integrative Professor Ecology Biology University of Southern Carnegie Institution of Brian Cummings, Ph.D. Curator of the Jepson California Washington Assistant Professor Herbarium University of California University of California Irvine Marty Fujita, Ph.D. Berkeley F Lynn Carpenter, Ph.D. Founder Professor Food For Thought University of California Brian Cypher, Ph.D. Diane Beaulaurier Irvine Associate Director and Environmental Scientist Research Ecologist Sherrill Futrell California Environmental Endangered Species Researcher Protection Agency Carlos Carroll, Ph.D. Recovery Program University of California Research Ecologist California State University Davis Klamath Centre for Steven Beissinger, Ph.D. Stanislaus Conservation Research A. Starker Leopold Chair in Thomas Gardali Wildlife Biology Gretchen Daily, Ph.D. Director of Conservation University of California Lee Christianson, Ph.D. Professor Science Berkeley Emeritus Professor of Stanford University Point Reyes Bird Biological Sciences Observatory University of the Pacific Charles Bellamy, Ph.D. Kelly Decker, Ph.D. Senior Insect Senior Research Scientist T. Luke George, Ph.D. Biosystematist Carla Cicero, Ph.D. California State University Professor California Department of Curator and Researcher Monterey Bay (NASA Humboldt State University Food and Agriculture Museum of Vertebrate Cooperative) Zoology University of California Lynda Goff , Ph.D. Elizabeth Bent, Ph.D. Berkeley Amy Denton, Ph.D. Professor Post-doctoral Researcher Assistant Professor of University of California University of California Biology Santa Cruz Riverside McCrea Cobb California State University Ph.D. Candidate Channel Islands

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Charles R. Goldman, William Lidicker, Ph.D. Liba Pejchar, Ph.D. James Saracco, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Post-doctoral Fellow Research Ecologist Distinguished Professor of University of California Stanford University The Institute for Bird Limnology Berkeley Populations Department of Edwin Pister Environmental Science and Jenella Loye, Ph.D. Executive Secretary Bruce Scotton, M.D. Policy Director, Carroll-Loye Desert Fishes Council Professor University of California Biological Research University of California San Davis Research Assistant, Francisco Jeff Price, Ph.D. Department of Entomology Assistant Professor Daniel Guthrie, Ph.D. Field Station Department of Geological Cagan H. Sekercioglu, Professor of Biology University of California and Environmental Ph.D. Claremont McKenna Davis Sciences Senior Research Scientist College California State University Center for Conservation Stefania Mambelli, Ph.D. Biology Bradford Hawkins, Ph.D. Researcher Stanford University Fritz Reid, Ph.D. Professor University of California Director of Conservation University of California Berkeley Planning Aaron Smith Irvine Ducks Unlimited Remote Sensing Analyst Aaron Martin Ducks Unlimited Floyd Hayes, Ph.D. Fisheries Biologist II Christian Reiss, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Yurok Tribal Fisheries Research Scientist Laurence C. Smith, Ph.D. Biology Program U.S. Government Agency Professor Pacific Union College University of California Los Arthur Miller, Ph.D. Angeles Marcel Rejmanek, Ph.D. Ines Horovitz, Ph.D. Associate Director, Climate Professor Adjunct Assistant Professor Research Division University of California Raymond Smith, Ph.D. University of California Los Scripps Institution of Davis Professor Emeritus Angeles Oceanography University of California University of California San Santa Barbara Diego Terry Root, Ph.D. Christine Howell, Ph.D. Senior Fellow Senior Conservation Center for Environmental Michael Soulé, Ph.D. Scientist Harold Mooney, Ph.D. Science and Policy and the Professor Emeritus Point Reyes Bird Professor Institute for International University of California Observatory Department of Biological Studies Santa Cruz Sciences Stanford University Stanford University Danielle Kaschube Wayne Spencer, Ph.D. MAPS Coordinator John Rotenberry, Ph.D. Senior Conservation The Institute for Bird Kenneth Nagy, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Biologist Populations Professor University of California Conservation Biology University of California Los Riverside Institute Angeles Steven Kembel, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Dustin Rubenstein, Ph.D. Christopher Still, Ph.D. University of California Roger Nisbet, Ph.D. Miller Research Fellow Professor Berkeley Professor University of California University of California University of California Berkeley Santa Barbara Santa Barbara James Kirchner, Ph.D. Goldman Professor for the Emily Rubidge Gene R. Trapp, Ph.D. Physical Sciences Phil Nott, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Professor Emeritus University of California Program Director University of California California State University Berkeley The Institute for Bird Berkeley Sacramento Populations Walter Koenig, Ph.D. Anne Salomon, Ph.D. James Valentine, Ph.D. Research Zoologist and John Orrock, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Professor Emeritus Adjunct Professor Research Associate Marine Science Institute University of California University of California University of California University of California Berkeley Berkeley Santa Barbara Santa Barbara David Vieites, Ph.D. Alan Krakauer, Ph.D. James L Patton, Ph.D. David Saperia Post-doctoral Researcher Postdoctoral Research Professor Emeritus Assistant Professor Clinical University of California Associate Museum of Vertebrate Neurology Berkeley University of California Zoology Keck School of Medicine Davis University of California University of Souther Berkeley Sacha Vignieri, Ph.D. California President's Post-doctoral

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Fellow Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli Jenny Dickson Krissa Skogen University of California San Ph.D. Candidate Certified Wildlife Biologist Ph.D. Candidate Diego Colorado State University Connecticut University of Connecticut

Hartmut S. Walter, Ph.D. Patrick Magee, Ph.D. Heidi Dierssen, Ph.D. ■ United States, Delaware Professor Thronton Chair of Biology Professor Department of Geography Western State College of University of Connecticut Christopher Bennett University of California Los Colorado Natural Resource Angeles Chris Elphick, Ph.D. Management Specialist Patrick Martin, Ph.D. Assistant Professor State Agency Stuart Warter, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of Connecticut Professor of Biology Colorado State University Roland Roth, Ph.D. Emeritus Leo J. Hickey, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus California State University Walter Messier, Ph.D. Professor and Curator Entomology and Wildlife Long Beach Chief Technology Officer Yale University Ecology, U. of Delaware Evolutionary Genomics Christopher Woelk, Ph.D. Kent Holsinger, Ph.D. Ashley T. Sutton Assistant Research Daniel Milchunas, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Conservation Practitioner Scientist Research Scientist University of Connecticut The Nature Conservancy University of California San Colorado State University Diego Donald Les, Ph.D. ■ United States, Florida Tom Quinn, Ph.D. Professor ■ United States, Colorado Codirector, Rocky Mountain University of Connecticut Mary Jo Barkaszi Center for Conservation Director of Ecological Tim Armstrong, Ph.D. Genetics and Systematics Susan Letcher Programs Associate Professor of Department of Biological Ph.D. Candidate ECOES Inc. Biology Sciences University of Connecticut Adams State College University of Denver Robert Belden Aristeidis Parmakelis, Florida Panther Coordinator Chad Bishop Julie Rieder, Ph.D. Ph.D. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Researcher Research Associate III Post-doctoral Fellow Service Colorado Division of Colorado State University Yale University Wildlife Leslie Boby Lesley Smith, Ph.D. Raymond Pupedis, Ph.D. M.Sc. Candidate Danguole Bockus Research Scientist Senior Collections Manager University of Florida Ecologist University of Colorado Peabody Museum, U.S. National Park Service Entomology Rebecca Bolt Robert Striegl, Ph.D. Yale University Wildlife Ecologist Jeffrey Bolsinger Research Hydrologist Dynamac Corporation Research Associate U.S. Geological Survey Nanci Ross Colorado State University Ph.D. Candidate Reed Bowman, Ph.D. Kimberly Wickland, Ph.D. University of Connecticut Director, Avian Ecology Lab Patrick Bourgeron, Ph.D. Research Ecologist Archbold Biological Station Fellow of INSTAAR U.S. Geological Survey Margaret Rubega, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Associate Professor Boulder Alice Bradley ■ United States, Department of Ecology and Ph.D. Candidate and Connecticut Evolutionary Biology, Natural Resources Robert Cifelli, Ph.D. University of Connecticut Manager Research Scientist Robert Askins, Ph.D. Florida International Colorado State University Professor of Biology Mark Rudnicki, Ph.D. University Connecticut College Professor Mark Dornblaser University of Connecticut Jason Brancamp Chemist John Barclay, Ph.D. Scientist I U.S. Geological Survey Associate Professor and Carl Schlichting, Ph.D. PBSandJ, Inc. Director Professor Michael Gooseff, Ph.D. Wildlife Center University of Connecticut Timothy Collins, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of Connecticut Associate Professor Colorado School of Mines Eric Schultz, Ph.D. Florida International Robert K. Colwell, Ph.D. Associate Professor University David W. Jamieson, Ph.D. Board of Trustees University of Connecticut Professor Emeritus Distinguished Professor Mark Cook, Ph.D. Fort Lewis College University of Connecticut Senior Environmental Scientist

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Everglades Division, South St. Johns River Water Nuria Sancho John Carroll, Ph.D. Florida Water Management Management District Wildlife Biologist Professor District U.S. Government Agency University of Georgia Lorne Malo Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., Sr. Regulatory Scientist Stephen Spotte, Ph.D. David Coleman, Ph.D. Ph.D. St. Johns River Water Adjunct Scientist Research Professor Professor Emeritus Management District Mote Marine Laboratory Emeritus Florida Atlantic University University of Georgia Gary Meffe, Ph.D. Marilyn R. Stoll Alicia Deochan Editor-in-Chief Senior Biologist John Gittleman, Ph.D. Environmental Scientist Conservation Biology U.S. Fish and Wildlife Director and Professor Kimley-Horn and University of Florida Service Institute of Ecology Associates, Inc. University of Georgia Reed Noss, Ph.D. Markus Tellkamp, Ph.D. Greg Forcey, Ph.D. Professor Post-doctoral Research Laura Hartt Ecologist University of Central Florida Fellow Environmental Policy Pandion Systems University of Florida Specialist National Wildlife Federation Geoffrey Patton, Ph.D. Kim Garcia Health Scientist Eric Tillman Regulatory Scientist II U.S. Government Agency Wildlife Biologist David Moeller, Ph.D. St. Johns River Water U.S. Government Agency Assistant Professor Management District University of Georgia David Petti Senior Environmental Eric Triplett, Ph.D. Jennifer Gebelein, Ph.D. Scientist Professor and Chair JP Schmidt, Ph.D. Assistant Professor H.W. Lochner, Inc. Microbiology and Cell Associate Research Florida International Science Department Scientist University University of Florida University of Georgia Amber Pitt Ph.D. Candidate Paul Gray, Ph.D. University of Florida Jane Tutton Sara Schweitzer, Ph.D. Science Coordinator Fish amd Wildlife Biologist Professor, Wildlife Ecology Audubon of Florida U.S. Fish and Wildlife and Management Jane Provancha Service Warnell School of Forestry Senior Scientist, Manager and Natural Resources Gunda Griffin Dynamac International University of Georgia Regulatory Scientist II Audrey Washburn St. Johns River Water M.Sc. Candidate Kelly Reiss, Ph.D. Management District University of Florida J. Bruce Wallace, Ph.D. Lecturer Professor of Entomology University of Florida and Ecology Tonya Guadalupe Brett Williams University of Geogia Regulatory Scientist Conservation Ecologist Kevin Robertson, Ph.D. St. Johns River Water The Nature Conservancy Fire Ecology Research Management District ■ United States, Hawaii Scientist Tall Timbers Research, Inc. Ricardo Zambrano Garth Herring Wildlife Biologist David Duffy, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Florida Fish and Wildlife Professor Stephen Rockwood Florida Atlantic University Conservation Commission University of Hawaii Wetland Habitat Specialist State Agency Ann B. Hodgson, Ph.D. Maria Zondervan ■ United States, Idaho Gulf Coast Ecosystem Senior Land Resource Julissa Roncal, Ph.D. Science Coordinator Planner Project Plant Ecologist Jay Carlisle, Ph.D. Audubon of Florida St. Johns River Water Fairchild Tropical Botanic Research Director Management District Garden Idaho Bird Observatory Jerome Jackson, Ph.D. Boise State University Professor of Biology ■ United States, Georgia Michael Ross, Ph.D. Florida Gulf Coast Associate Professor Lloyd Kiff University Florida International John Barone, Ph.D. Coordinator University Assistant Professor of Global Raptor Information Alex Jahn Biology Network Ph.D. Candidate Columbus State University Sonali Saha, Ph.D. University of Florida Research Scientist Carl Marti, Ph.D. Archbold Biological Station David Bechler, Ph.D. Editor Steven J Miller Professor Studies in Avian Biology Supervising Environmental Valdosta State University Studies in Avian Biology Scientist

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Helen Neville, Ph.D. Shannon Hackett, Ph.D. ■ United States, Indiana Greg Farley, Ph.D. Research Scientist Associate Curator of Birds Professor of Biology Trout Unlimited The Field Museum Fort Hays State University Sparks Dale, Ph.D. Research Scientist John Ratti, Ph.D. Julian Kerbis, Ph.D. Indiana State University Loretta Johnson, Ph.D. Research Professor Associate Professor Professor Department of Fish and Roosevelt University Biology Department John Dunning, Ph.D. Wildlife Resources Kansas State University Associate Professor University of Idaho Michael LaBarbera, Ph.D. Purdue University Professor Christopher Rogers, Terrell Rich University of Chicago Ph.D. Elaina Tuttle, Ph.D. National Coordinator Associate Profesor Associate Professor Partners in Flight Wichita State University Thorsten Lumbsch, Ph.D. Indiana State University Curator Janice Simpkin, Ph.D. The Field Museum Val Smith, Ph.D. ■ United States, Iowa Professor Professor College of Southern Idaho University of Kansas Daniel Nickrent, Ph.D. John Downing, Ph.D. Professor Professor ■ United States, Illinois Southern Illinois University ■ United States, Kentucky Iowa State University Carbondale William S. Alverson, John Brunjes, Ph.D. Donald Farrar, Ph.D. Ph.D. Daniel Niven, Ph.D. Research Scientist Professor Emeritus Conservation Ecologist, Senior Scientist, Bird Kentucky Department of Iowa State University Botany Conservation Fish and Wildlife The Field Museum National Audobon Society Resources Thomas Harrington, Ph.D. Professor of Forest Charles Boyce, Ph.D. Thomas Schulenberg, Terry Derting, Ph.D. Pathology Assistant Professor Ph.D. Professor Iowa State University University of Chicago Conservation Ecologist Murray State University The Field Museum Diana Horton, Ph.D. Angelo Capparella, Ph.D. Alan Fryar, Ph.D. Associate Professor Associate Professor of Alexey Solodovnikov, Associate Professor University of Iowa Zoology Ph.D. University of Kentucky Illinois State University Post-doctoral Scientist The Field Museum Dennis Lavrov, Ph.D. Scott Gleeson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Mike Eichholz, Ph.D. Associate Professor Iowa State University Assistant Professor of Margaret Thayer, Ph.D. University of Kentucky Zoology Associate Curator Southern Illinois University The Field Museum Kirk Moloney, Ph.D. Joseph Guthrie Carbondale Associate Professor M.Sc. Candidate Iowa State University Leigh Van Valen, Ph.D. University of Kentucky Gidon Eshel, Ph.D. Professor of Ecology and Assistant Professor Evolution Jeffry Schabilion, Ph.D. Adam Smith Department of Geophysics University of Chicago Professor Avian Biologist University of Chicago University of Iowa Kentucky Department of George H. Waring, Ph.D. Fish and Wildlife Robin Foster, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of ■ United States, Kansas Resources Senior Ecologist Zoology Environmental and Southern Illinois University Howard Whiteman, Ph.D. Conservation Programs Carbondale Todd Aschenbach, Ph.D. Associate Professor The Field Museum Post-doctoral Research Associate Murray State University Jason Weckstein, Ph.D. University of Kansas Don Goerne Post-doctoral Fellow ■ United States, Louisiana President The Field Museum Illinois Audubon Society Elisa Bonaccorso Ph.D. Candidate Robb Brumfield, Ph.D. Frank Wilhelm, Ph.D. University of Kansas Curator Alejandro Grajal, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Louisiana State University Senior Vice President for Southern Illinois University Conservation, Education, Carbondale Dru Clarke Instructor and Training Thomas Dietz, Ph.D. Kansas State University Chicago Zoological Society Professor Emeritus David Willard, Ph.D. Louisiana State University Collection Manager The Field Museum

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Melanie Driscoll Biological Sciences Peter Vickery, Ph.D. Jeff Spendelow, Ph.D. Louisiana Important Bird University of Maine President Research Wildlife Biologist Areas Program Coordinator Center for Ecological U.S. Geological Survey National Audubon Society Research John S. Gunn, Ph.D. Director of Forest David Tilley, Ph.D. Lee Dyer, Ph.D. Stewardship Jeff Wells, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor Trust to Conserve Senior Scientist University of Maryland Tulane University Northeast Forestlands Boreal Songbird Initiative Monica Tomosy Jessica Eberhard , Ph.D. Daniel Harrison, Ph.D. Nathaniel T. Wheelwright, Chief, Bird Banding Lab Assistant Professor, Professor of Wildlife Ph.D. U.S. Geological Survey Research Ecology Professor Louisiana State University Coopering Professor of Bowdoin College Daniel Welsch, Ph.D. Forest Ecosystem Science Assistant Professor University of Maine Kyle Harms, Ph.D. Herb Wilson, Ph.D. Frostburg State University Assistant Professor Professor of Biology Louisiana State University Rebecca Holberton, Ph.D. Colby College ■ United States, Associate Professor of Massachusetts Biology Thomas Sherry, Ph.D. ■ United States, Maryland Lab of Avian Biology Professor University Maine Taber Allison, Ph.D. Tulane University Peter Albers, Ph.D. Vice President Research Wildlife Biologist Conservation Science Phil Hoose ■ United States, Maine U.S. Government Agency Massachusetts Audubon Senior Conservation Planner Nick Bennett The Nature Conservancy Andrew Baldwin, Ph.D. Jennifer Baltzer, Ph.D. Staff Scientist Associate Professor Post-doctoral Fellow Natural Resources Council University of Maryland Harvard University Malcolm Hunter, Ph.D. of Maine Libra Professor of Conservation Biology Gwen Brewer, Ph.D. Dorothy Boorse, Ph.D. Catherine Bevier, Ph.D. University of Maine Science Program Manager Associate Professor Associate Professor of Maryland Department of Gordon College Biology Natural Resources Alan Hutchinson Colby College Endangered Species Stephen Brown, Ph.D. Program Leader (Retired) Thomas Fisher, Ph.D. Director Louis Bevier Maine Department of Inland Professor Shorebird Conservation Research Associate Fisheries and Wildlife Center for Environmental Research Program Department of Biology Science Manomet Center for Colby College University of Maryland Conservation Sciences Lynne Lewis, Ph.D. Associate Professor Drew Bodaly, Ph.D. Bates College Gail Mackiernan Jill Bubier, Ph.D. Project Leader Research Director (Retired) Associate Professor Penobscot River Mercury University of Maryland Sea Mount Holyoke College Richard MacDonald Study Grant College Director Gulf of Maine Expedition Peter Busher, Ph.D. Ronald Butler, Ph.D. Institute Marla McIntosh, Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Professor of Ecology Professor of Plant Sciences Division of Natural Science Department of Natural University of Maryland Boston University Richard Podolsky, Ph.D. Sciences Principal University of Maine EMS, Inc. Ellen Paul Charles C. Chester, Ph.D. Farmington Executive Director Research Associate The Ornithological Council The Fletcher School Joshua Royte William Edelglass, Ph.D. Tufts University Conservation Planner Assistant Professor The Nature Conservancy Leo Shapiro, Ph.D. Colby College Research Assistant James Corven, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor of John W. Rudd, Ph.D. David Evers, Ph.D. University of Maryland Biology Chair, Penobscot River Executive Director Bristol Community College Mercury Study Biodiversity Research R and K Research Inc. Peter Sharpe Institute Professional Wetland David DesRochers Scientist Ph.D. Candidate Mary Schwanke, Ph.D. William Glanz, Ph.D. University of Maryland Tufts University Professor of Biology Associate Professor University of Maine Farmington

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David Foster, Ph.D. Katharine Parsons, Ph.D. Alexander Egan Doug White, Ph.D. Director Senior Scientist Biological Science Professor of Biology Harvard Forest Manomet Center for Technician Albion College Harvard University Conservation Sciences U.S. National Park Service ■ United States, Minnesota David Foster, Ph.D. Bruce Peterson, Ph.D. Stuart Gage, Ph.D. Professor Senior Scientist Professor Frank Barnwell, Ph.D. Harvard University Marine Biological Michigan State University Professor Laboratory University of Minnesota Ana Gabela Katy Goodwin Twin Cities M.Sc. Candidate Donald Progulske, Ph.D. Biological Science University of Professor Emeritus Technician Mark Davis, Ph.D. Massachusetts Amherst University of Isle Royale National Park Professor Massachusetts Amherst Macalester College Scott Goetz, Ph.D. Patrick Hanchin Senior Scientist J. Michael Reed, Ph.D. Senior Fisheries Biologist Daniel Engstrom, Ph.D. Woods Hole Research Professor Michigan Department of Director Center Tufts Univeristy Natural Resources St. Croix Watershed Research Station James Hanken, Ph.D. Michael Sorenson, Ph.D. Evan Kane, Ph.D. Science Museum of Director Associate Professor Research Associate Minnesota Museum of Comparative Boston University Bonanza Creek LTER Zoology Michigan State University Roger Everhart Harvard University Benjamin Taft Director Ph.D. Candidate E. Dale Kennedy, Ph.D. North Central Bird John Hobbie, Ph.D. University of Chair, Biology Department Observatory Senior Scholar Massachusetts Amherst Albion College Marine Biological William E Faber, Ph.D. Laboratory Joan Walsh Jay Lennon, Ph.D. Natural Resources Breeding Bird Atlas Project Assistant Professor Instructor David Hof Coordinator Michigan State University Central Lakes College Ph.D. Candidate Private consultant University of Knute Nadelhoffer, Ph.D. Lee Frelich, Ph.D. Massachusetts Amherst George Woodwell, Ph.D. Professor, Ecology and Director Founder, Director Emeritus, Evoluntionary Biology Center for Hardwood Allan Keith and Senior Scientist Director, University of Ecology Trustee Woods Hole Research Michigan Biological Station University of Minnesota Wilson Ornithological Center University of Michigan Society Beth Holbrook ■ United States, Michigan Michael P. Lombardo, Ph.D. Candidate David Lahti, Ph.D. Ph.D. University of Minnesota NIH Post-doctoral Fellow Professor of Biology Laura Bourgeau-Chavez University of Grand Valley State Research Scientist George Host, Ph.D. Massachusetts Amherst University Michigan Tech Research Senior Research Associate Institute University of Minnesota David Larson, Ph.D. Caleb Putnam Duluth Education Coordinator Michigan Important Bird Julie Craves Joppa Flats Education Areas Program Coordinator Supervisor of Avian Brock McMillan, Ph.D. Center Michigan Audubon Society Research Professor Massachusetts Audubon Rouge River Bird Minnesota State University Observatory Lori Sargent Duane McKenna, Ph.D. University of Michigan Wildlife Biiologist John Pastor, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Dearborn Michigan Department of Professor Harvard University Natural Resources University of Minnesota Tracy Dobson Duluth Dana Moseley Professor Gerald Smith, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Michigan State University Professor Emeritus of George Spangler, Ph.D. University of Zoology Professor Massachusetts Amherst University of Michigan Amy Clark Eagle University of Minnesota Wildlife Biologist Glenn Motzkin Michigan Department of Kevin Swanson Michael C. Swift, Ph.D. Plant Ecologist Natural Resources Wildlife Habitat Biologist Assistant Professor Harvard Forest Michigan Department of St. Olaf College Harvard University Natural Resources

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Harrison Tordoff, Ph.D. Joel Berger, Ph.D. Mark Hebblewhite, Ph.D. David Nellis, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Senior Conservation Assistant Professor Director University of Minnesota Scientist University of Montana Nellis Environmental Wildlife Conservation Society Peter Weishampel, Ph.D. Richard Hutto, Ph.D. Vladimir Pravosudov, Post-doctoral Associate Professor and Director Ph.D. Department of Soil, Water, Robert Bramblett, Ph.D. Avian Science Center Assistant Professor and Climate Research Professor University of Montana University of Nevada Reno University of Minnesota Montana State University Gayle Joslin James Sedinger, Ph.D. ■ United States, Carol Brewer, Ph.D. Past-President Professor of Wildlife Mississippi Professor Montana Chapter Ecology Division of Biological The Wildlife Society University of Nevada Reno Sciences Jeffrey Buler, Ph.D. University of Montana Research Scientist John Maron, Ph.D. ■ United States, New IAP World Services, Inc. Associate Professor Hampshire Daniel Casey University of Montana Northern Rockies Bird Gary Ervin, Ph.D. Leslie Adams, Ph.D. Conservation Region Assistant Professor of Bruce Robertson, Ph.D. Professor Coordinator Biological Sciences Visiting Professor Granite State College American Bird Mississippi State University University of Montana Conservancy Shane Bradt Richard M. Kaminski, M.A. Sanjayan, Ph.D. Geospatial Extension Windy Davis Ph.D. Research Faculty Specialist Graduate Research Professor of Wildlife University of Montana University of New Assistant Mississippi State University Hampshire Montana State University Gary Tabor ■ United States, Missouri Director North America Laura Burkle Thomas H. DeLuca, Ph.D. Program Ph.D. Candidate Senior Scientist Wildlife Conservation Dartmouth College Nicholas Barber The Wilderness Society Society Ph.D. Candidate University of Missouri St. Robert Cox, Ph.D. Richard Douglass, Ph.D. Louis ■ United States, Nebraska Post-doctoral Researcher Professor and Chair Dartmouth College Biological Sciences John Faaborg, Ph.D. Montana Tech of the Paul Johnsgard, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor University of Montana Foundation Professor Laura Deming University of Missouri Emeritus Senior Wildlife Biologist Columbia University of Nebraska New Hampshire Audubon Lisa Eby, Ph.D. Lincoln Assistant Professor of Peter Hoch, Ph.D. Aquatic Ecology Alicia Ellis Curator University of Montana Daniel Leger, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Missouri Botanical Garden Professor Dartmouth College University of Nebraska Stefan Ekernas Lincoln Peter H. Raven, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Carol R. Foss, Ph.D. President University of Montana Senior Integrative Ecologist Missouri Botanical Garden William Taddicken New Hampshire Audubon Assistant Director William Fraser, Ph.D. Rowe Sanctuary Joe Strain, P.E. President and Lead Pam Hunt, Ph.D. National Audubon Society Professional Engineer Investigator Senior Conservation Strain Engineering Polar Oceans Research Biologist Group Andrew Tyre, Ph.D. New Hampshire Audubon Assistant Professor Henk van der Werff, Ph.D. University of Nebraska Curator Suzanne Griffin Sharon Martinson Lincoln Missouri Botanical Garden Ph.D. Candidate Ph.D. Candidate University of Montana Dartmouth College ■ United States, Nevada ■ United States, Montana Jamin Grigg Mark McPeek, Ph.D. M.Sc. Candidate Elisabeth Ammon, Ph.D. Professor Eric Atkinson Department of Ecology Wildlife Biologist Dartmouth College Ecologist Montana State University Marmot's Edge Conservation Peter Brussard, Ph.D. David Merker Professor Human Ecologist University of Nevada Reno

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Dartmouth Hitchcock New Jersey Audubon David Parsons Michael V. L. Bennett Medical Center Society Carnivore Conservation Professor of Neuroscience Biologist Albert Einstein College of The Rewilding Institute Medicine Jay Pitocchelli, Ph.D. Lawrence Niles, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Chief Biologist Biology Department Conserve Wildlife Terry Riley, Ph.D. Walter Bock, Ph.D. Saint Anselm College Foundation Vice President Professor Theodore Roosevelt Columbia University Conservation Partnership Annette Schloss, Ph.D. Laura Obiso Research Scientist Director and Master Bander David Bonter, Ph.D. University of New Raccoon Ridge Bird Walter Whitford, Ph.D. Ornithologist Hampshire Observatory Professor Emeritus Cornell Laboratory of New Mexico State Ornithology University Erik Stange William H Thomas, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Director David Borton, Ph.D. Dartmouth College The New Jersey School of Hope Woodward Adjunct Associate Conservation Ph.D. Candidate Professor New Mexico State Rensselaer Polytechnic Rebecca Suomala University Institute Biologist David Wilcove, Ph.D. New Hampshire Audubon Professor of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and ■ United States, New York Kimberly Bostwick, Ph.D. Public Affairs Research Associate ■ United States, New Princeton University Cornell Laboratory of Jersey Kenneth Adams, Ph.D. Ornithology Professor of Ecology ■ United States, New Plattsburgh State University Thomas Almendinger Mexico Jesse Brunner, Ph.D. Natural Resource Specialist Post-doctoral associate Duke Farms Foundation Elizabeth Adkins-Regan, Institute of Ecosystem Jerry Barrow Ph.D. Studies Scientist Professor Joanna Burger, Ph.D. ARS Jornada Experimental Cornell University Professor Range Michael Burger, Ph.D. Rutgers University U.S. Department of Director of Bird Paul Allen Agriculture Conservation Assistant Director Elizabeth Ciuzio Audubon New York Information Science Restoration Ecologist Robert Dickerman, Ph.D. Cornell Laboratory of New Jersey Audubon Research Assistant Ornithology Charles D. Canham, Ph.D. Society Professor Emeritus Senior Scientist Museum of Southwestern Institute of Ecosystem Michael Andersen Andrew Dobson, Ph.D. Biology Studies Assistant Curator Professor University of New Mexico Macaulay Library Princeton University Cornell Laboratory of Russell Charif Donald Duszynski, Ph.D. Ornithology Research Biologist Jennifer Fox, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Cornell Laboratory of Assistant Professor of Director, Museum of Ornithology Kristin Arend Biology and Environmental Southwestern Biology Ph.D. Candidate Studies University of New Mexico Cornell University Miyoko Chu, Ph.D. Drew University Science Editor Rachel Jankowitz Cornell Laboratory of Guy Baldassarre, Ph.D. Philip Jeffrey, Ph.D. Habitat Specialist Ornithology Professor Staff Scientist NM Game and Fish State University of New Princeton University York College of Nancy Clum, Ph.D. Cara Joos Environmental Science and Curator Simon Levin, Ph.D. M.Sc. Candidate Forestry Wildlife Conservation Professor New Mexico State Society Princeton University University Barbara L. Bedford, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate Marina Cords, Ph.D. Clifford Miles Brian Miller, Ph.D. Cornell University Professor PHSS Executive Director Columbia University U.S. Department of Wind River Ranch Michael Bell, Ph.D. Agriculture Foundation Professor of Ecology and Joel Cracraft, Ph.D. Evolution Lamont Curator of Birds David Mizrahi, Ph.D. Bruce Milne, Ph.D. Stony Brook University American Museum of Vice President for Professor Natural History Research University of New Mexico

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Mark Deutschlander, Thomas Gavin, Ph.D. Marm Kilpatrick, Ph.D. Bird Atlas Ph.D. Associate Professor Senior Research Scientist Cornell University Assistant Professor Cornell Laboratory of Consortium for Hobart and William Smith Ornithology Conservation Medicine Janet Mihuc, Ph.D. Colleges Associate Professor Michale Glennon, Ph.D. Mari Kimura Paul Smith's College André Dhondt, Ph.D. Associate Conservation Ph.D. Candidate Edwin H. Morgens Scientist Cornell University Myron Mitchell, Ph.D. Professor of Ornithology Wildlife Conservation Distinguished Professor Department of Ecology and Society Jeremy Kirchman, Ph.D. State University of New Evolutionary Biology Curator York College of Cornell University Timothy Green, Ph.D. New York State Museum Environmental Science and Chairman Forestry Janis Dickinson, Ph.D. Foundation for Ecological Joanna Klima Associate Professor Research in the Northeast Ornithologist Shaibal Mitra, Ph.D. Cornell University Independent Ecological Assistant Professor David H. Hall, Ph.D. Research College of Staten Island Stephen Eaton, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Professor Albert Einstein College of Stephen Kress, Ph.D. Jason A. Mobley, Ph.D. St. Bonaventure University Medicine Vice President for Bird Acting Director of Conservation Education Susan Elbin, Ph.D. Charles Hall, Ph.D. National Audubon Society Cornell Laboratory of Director for the Professor Ornithology NYBioscape Initiative State University of New James Lassoie, Ph.D. Wildlife Trust York College of Professor Sara Morris, Ph.D. Environmental Science and Cornell University Professor of Biology Forestry Jesse Ellis Canisius College Ph.D. Candidate Daniel Lebbin Cornell University Ralph S. Hames, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Chris Norment, Ph.D. Research Associate Cornell University Professor Cornell University Timothy Fahey, Ph.D. Department of Professor Environmental Science and Jillian Liner Cornell University Kristina Hannam, Ph.D. Biology New York Important Bird Assistant Professor, State University of New Areas Program Coordinator Biology York at Brockport Andrew Farnsworth, Audubon New York State University of New Ph.D. York at Geneseo Post-doctoral Research David Pimentel, Ph.D. Dale Madison, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Ecology and Professor Cornell University Meena Haribal, Ph.D. Agricultural Science Binghamton University Research Associate Cornell University Cornell Laboratory of John Farrell, Ph.D. Ornithology Lawrence Master, Ph.D. Director Alan F. Poole, Ph.D. Chief Zoologist (Retired) Thousand Islands Editor The Nature Conservancy Biological Station Eduardo Iñigo-Elias, Birds of North America and NatureServe State University of New Ph.D. Online York College of Coordinator Cornell Laboratory of Environmental Science and Neotropical Bird Brendan McCabe Ornithology Forestry Conservation Program Instructor Cornell Laboratory of Genesee Community Michael Powers Ornithology College Daniel Fink, Ph.D. Research Biologist Research Statistician Cornell Laboratory of Cornell Laboratory of Andrew Joachim Carl McDaniel, Ph.D. Ornithology Ornithology Mammal Ecologist Professor Rensselaer Polytechnic Camila Ribas, Ph.D. Institute John Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. Christine Johnson, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher Louis Agassiz Fuertes Scientific Assistant American Museum of Director American Museum of Catherine McGlynn, Ph.D. Natural History Cornell Laboratory of Natural History Department of Ecology and Ornithology Evolution John Robinson, Ph.D. Stony Brook University Favreau Jorie, Ph.D. Senior Vice President Douglas J. Futuyma, Assistant Professor Director of International Ph.D. Paul Smith's College Kevin McGowan, Ph.D. Conservation Distinguished Professor Co-editor Wildlife Conservation Stony Brook University New York State Breeding Society

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Ken Rosenberg, Ph.D. Program North Carolina State Sciences Marine Director Wildlife Conservation University Laboratory Conservation Science Society Duke University Program John O'Brien, Ph.D. Cornell Laboratory of Sandra Vehrencamp, Professor ■ United States, North Ornithology Ph.D. University of North Carolina Dakota Professor Greensboro Liz Rowland Cornell University Carl Barrentine, D.A. Data Analyst Stuart Pimm, Ph.D. Associate Professor Cornell University Gerrit Vyn Doris Duke Professor Humanities and Biology Biologist Duke University University of North Dakota Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez Cornell Laboratory of Grand Forks Ph.D. Candidate Ornithology Stuart Pimm, Ph.D. Cornell University Doris Duke Professor of ■ United States, Ohio David Winkler, Ph.D. Conservation Ecology Eric Sanderson, Ph.D. Professor Nicholas School of the Richard Bradley, Ph.D. Associate Director Cornell University Environment and Earth Associate Professor Living Landscapes Sciences Ohio State University Program Duke University Maiken Winter, Ph.D. Wildlife Conservation Avian Ecologist Society Edward H. Burtt, Jr., Cornell Laboratory of Roger A Powell, Ph.D. Ph.D. Ornithology Professor Cincinnati Conference Edwin Scholes, Ph.D. North Carolina State Professor of Zoology Post-doctoral Fellow University Larry Wolf, Ph.D. Ohio Wesleyan University Department of Ornithology Professor of Biology American Museum of Syracuse University Seth Reice, Ph.D. Natural History Michael Cunningham, Associate Professor of Ph.D. Biology and Ecology ■ United States, North Associate Professor and Isabel Sena, Ph.D. University of North Carolina Carolina Associate Dean Professor Ohio State University at Sarah Lawrence College William Schlesinger, Lima Kyle Dexter Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate William Shields, Ph.D. Dean Duke University David Denlinger, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Nicholas School of the Distinguished University Syracuse University Environment and Earth Professor Thurman Grove, Ph.D. Sciences Ohio State University Professor Duke University Scott Silver, Ph.D. North Carolina State Curator of Animals University W Hardy Eshbaugh, Ph.D. Wildlife Conservation Maria Servedio, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Society Assistant Professor Department of Botany Robert B, Hazel University of North Carolina Miami University Professor Emeritus Wojtek Skulski, Ph.D. North Carolina State Senior Scientist Thomas Struhsaker, University Vikas Malik, Ph.D. University of Rochester Ph.D. Post-doctoral Associate Research Scientist Ohio State University William Kier, Ph.D. Duke University Roger Slothower, Ph.D. Professor and Associate Geographic Scientist Chairman Tom Rooney, Ph.D. Cornell Laboratory of John Terborgh, Ph.D. University of North Carolina Assistant Professor Ornithology Professor Department of Biological Duke University Sciences Thomas Mowbray, Ph.D. Melanie Stiassny, Ph.D. Wright State University Professor Curator and Professor John Terborgh, Ph.D. Salem College American Museum of Professor Tom Waite, Ph.D. Natural History and Duke University Associate Professor Columbia University Helmut Mueller, Ph.D. Ohio State University Professor Emeritus Louise M. Weber, Ph.D. University of North Carolina Rachel Vallender, Ph.D. Professor and Department Popko Wiersma, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Associate Chair Post-doctoral Student Cornell Laboratory of Donna Newman, Ph.D. Warren Wilson College Ohio State University Ornithology Post-doctoral Research Associate Ramunas Zydelis, Ph.D. College of Veterinary ■ United States, Oklahoma Amy Vedder, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher Medicine Vice President and Director Nicholas School of the Living Landscapes Environment and Earth

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Amy Buthod Karis McFarlane Steven Feldstein, Ph.D. Eric Post, Ph.D. Botanical Specialist Ph.D. Candidate Senior Scientist Professor Oklahoma Biological Oregon State University Pennsylvania State Penn State University Survey University Kari O'Connell, Ph.D. Arnold Rawson Vince Cavalieri Director Frank Gill, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus M.Sc. Candidate H.J. Andrews Experimental Past-President University of Pennsylvania. Oklahoma State University Forest American Ornithologists' Oregon State University Union Robert S. Mulvihill Jason Heinen Field Ornithology Projects M.Sc. Candidate James Strittholt, Ph.D. Laurie Goodrich Coordinator Oklahoma State University Executive Director Senior Monitoring Biologist Powdermill Avian Research Conservation Biology Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Center Institute Association Carnegie Museum of Tim O'Connell, Ph.D. Natural History Assistant Professor Oklahoma State University Elizabeth Sulzman, Ph.D. Margret Hatch, Ph.D. Associate Professor Assistant Professor of Gary J. San Julian, Ph.D. Oregon State University Biology Professor of WIldlife Michael Patten, Ph.D. Penn State Worthington Resources Assistant Professor Scranton Penn State University University of Oklahoma Richard Werner Research Entomologist U.S. Forest Service Mark Heald, Ph.D. Charles Williams, Ph.D. Mia Revels, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Swarthmore College Clarion University of Northeastern State ■ United States, Pennsylvania University Pennsylvania Stephen Kacir Research Specialist and Lisa Williams Ingo Schlupp, Ph.D. Mike Allen Lab Manager Wildlife Biologist Professor M.Sc. Candidate University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Game University of Oklahoma East Stroudsburg Commission University Daniel Klem, Jr., Ph.D. Lawrence J. Weider, Sarkis Acopian Professor of ■ United States, Puerto Ph.D. Dan Ardia, Ph.D. Ornithology and Rico Director and Professor Assistant Professor Conservation Biology University of Oklahoma Franklin and Marshall Muhlenberg College Biological Station College Veronica Anadon Caribbean Program Adrienne Leppold Coordinator ■ United States, Oregon Keith Bildstein, Ph.D. Head Bander and BirdLife International Sarkis Acopian Director of Research Assistant Conservation Science Catherine de Rivera, Powdermill Avian Research Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Grizelle Gonzalez, Ph.D. Ph.D. Center Resaerch Ecologist Assistant Professor Carnegie Museum of U.S. Forest Service Portland State University Walter Carson, Ph.D. Natural History Associate Professor University of Pittsburgh Veronica Mendez Michael Green, Ph.D. Carlos Ludica, Ph.D. Conservation Officer Wildlife Biologist Assistant Professor Sociedad Ornitológica U.S. Fish and Wildlife Mary Jo Casalena Susquehanna University Puertorriquena Service Wildlife Biologist II Pennsylvania Game James Marden, Ph.D. Commission Carmen Montero Noah Greenwald Professor Professor Conservation Biologist Pennsylvania State Sociedad Ornitológica Center for Biological John Cecil University Puertorriquena Diversity Director, Important Bird Areas Program Terry Master, Ph.D. National Audubon Society Raul Perez-Rivera Joan Hagar, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Professor Forest Ecologist East Stroudsburg University of Puerto Rico Biological Resource Robert Curry, Ph.D. University Discipline Associate Professor U.S. Geological Survey Villanova University Jorge E. Saliva, Ph.D. Jennifer Mortensen Wildlife Biologist M.Sc. Candidate U.S. Government Agency Cody Hale David R. DeWalle, Ph.D. Villanova University Graduate Research Professor of Forest Assistant Hydrology Adrianne Tossas, Ph.D. Oregon State University Penn State University Professor

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Department of Biology Steven Chipps, Ph.D. Department of Ecology and ■ United States, Utah University of Puerto Rico Associate Professor Evolutionary Biology Mayaguez South Dakota State University of Tennessee Frederick Adler, Ph.D. University Professor ■ United States, Rhode Ken Kriese, Ph.D. University of Utah Island Bridgette Flanders- Regional Biologist Wanner Ducks Unlimited Peter Adler, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist Christine Caron Assistant Professor U.S. Department of Interior Graduate Student Steve Lindberg, Ph.D. Utah State University University of Rhode Island Corporate Fellow Emeritus Kurt Forman Environmental Sciences Dana Dolsen, M.Sc. President Division Jameson Chace, Ph.D. Wildlife Planner South Dakota Wildlife Oak Ridge National Assistant Professor Utah Wildlife Resources Society Laboratory Salve Regina University John Mull, Ph.D. Daniel Hubbard, Ph.D. Brian Miller, Ph.D. Erika Edwards, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Professor of Wildlife and Professor Assistant Professor Weber State University Fisheries Sciences Middle Tennessee State Brown University South Dakota State University University ■ United States, Vermont Douglass Morse, Ph.D. Steve Murphree, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Carter Johnson, Ph.D. Professor of Biology William Barnard, Ph.D. Brown University Professor Belmont University Professor South Dakota State Norwich University Peter Paton, Ph.D. University Stephan Schoech, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Associate Professor William Bowden, Ph.D. Department of Natural ■ United States, Department of Biology Professor Resources Science Tennessee University of Memphis University of Vermont University of Rhode Island

David Aborn, Ph.D. ■ United States, Texas Robert Costanza, Ph.D. Stephen Porder, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor Assistant Professor of University of Tennessee at University of Vermont Ecology Keith Arnold, Ph.D. Chattanooga Brown University Professor Emeritus Texas A&M University Steve Faccio Kefyn Catley, Ph.D. Senior Conservation Steven Reinert Professor Biologist Data Manager Andrew Kasner, Ph.D. Vanderbilt University Vermont Institute of Natural Block Island Banding Director of Bird Science Station Conservation Jonathan Evans, Ph.D. Audubon Texas Professor Fritz Gerhardt, Ph.D. Linda Vanderveer University of the South Director of Conservation Graduate Student Lisa McDaniel, Ph.D. Science University of Rhode Island Assistant Professor NorthWoods Stewardship Sharron Francis, Ph.D. University of Texas Center Research Professor Southwestern Medical ■ United States, South School of Medicine Center Carolina Vanderbilt University Julie Hart Conservation Biologist Roger Schultz, Ph.D. Bill Hilton Jr. Vermont Institute of Natural Steven W. Hamilton, Associate Professor Executive Director Science Ph.D. University of Texas Hilton Pond Center for Professor and Interim Southwestern Medical Piedmont Natural History Director Center Laura Hill Department of Biology and Ph.D. Candidate David Tonkyn, Ph.D. Center for Field Biology University of Vermont Thomas Schwertner, Associate Professor Austin Peay State Ph.D. Clemson University University Program Leader Jurij Homziak, Ph.D. Texas Parks and Wildlife Associate Professor ■ United States, South David Haskell, Ph.D. Department Rubenstein School of Dakota Associate Professor and Natural Resources Chair University of Vermont Melinda Welton Department of Biology Research Associate Hugh Britten, Ph.D. University of the South Professor Gulf Coast Bird Dan Lambert University of South Dakota Observatory Research Associate Karen Hughes, Ph.D. Vermont Institute of Natural Professor Science

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Kent McFarland Claude Gascon, Ph.D. Timothy Pearson, Ph.D. Dee Boersma, Ph.D. Senior Research Biologist Senior Vice-President of Program Officer Wadsworth Endowed Chair Vermont Institute of Natural Regional Programs Division Winrock International in Conservation Science Science Conservation International Department of Biology University of Washington Alan Savitzky, Ph.D. Matthew Medler Carola Haas, Ph.D. Professor Science Coordinator Associate Professor Old Dominion University Greg Butcher, Ph.D. Boreal Songbird Initiative Fisheries and Wildlife Bird Conservation Director Sciences National Audubon Society Weston Sechrest, Ph.D. Virginia Tech Carlos Pinkham, Ph.D. Department of Biology Visiting Associate University of Virginia Erica Cline, Ph.D. Professor Mikaela Howie Assistant Professor Norwich University M.Sc. Candidate University of Washington Richard Smythe, Ph.D. College of William and Director of Wildlife, Water, Mary Rosalind Renfrew, Ph.D. Fish and Atmospheric Herbert Curl, Jr., Ph.D. Senior Conservation Sciences Research, U.S. Senior Scientist (Retired) Biologist Kim Innes, Ph.D. Forest Service (Retired) National Oceanic and Vermont Institute of Natural Assistant Professor Audubon Society of Atmospheric Administration Science University of Virginia Northern Virginia Peter Dunwiddie, Ph.D. Christopher Rimmer Deborah Lawrence, Ph.D. John L. Trapp Senior Ecologist Director of Conservation Associate Professor Wildlife Biologist The Nature Conservancy Biology University of Virginia U.S. Fish and Wildlife Vermont Institute of Natural Service (Retired) Anne Fiala Science Manuel Lerdau, Ph.D. Forest Ecology Research Professor of Environmental Bryan Watts, Ph.D. Associate Peter Stettenheim, Ph.D. Sciences Director Evergreen State College Retired Ornithologist Director of Blandy Center for Conservation Experimental Farm Biology Patrick Hulett University of Virginia College of William and Allan Strong, Ph.D. Fish Research Biologist Mary Assistant Professor Washington Department of University of Vermont Casey Lott Fish and Wildlife Coastal and Waterways David K. Weaver, Ph.D. Program Coordinator Wildlife Biologist (Retired) Stephen Trombulak, Stephen Lewis American Bird North American Wetlands Ph.D. Research Wildlife Biologist Conservancy Conservation Fund Professor State Agency U.S. Fish and Wildlife Middlebury College Service David Lutz Diann MacRae Ph.D. Candidate ■ United States, Virginia Director University of Virginia Jack Webster, Ph.D. Olympic Vulture Study Professor Robert Chipley, Ph.D. Virginia Tech David McRuer International Programs John Marzluff, Ph.D. Veterinary Resident in Officer Denman Professor of Wildlife Preventative Aimee Weldon American Bird Sustainable Resource Medicine Virginia Important Bird Conservancy Sciences Wildlife Center of Virginia Areas Program Coordinator University of Washington National Audubon Society Anne Condon Patrick Megonigal, Ph.D. M.Sc. Candidate Jonathan Moore, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor John Wiens, Ph.D. College of William and Post-doctoral Researcher George Mason University Chief Scientist Mary National Oceanic and The Nature Conservancy Atmospheric Administration DeForest Mellon, Jr., Fisheries Service Daniel Cristol, Ph.D. Ph.D. Jeff Wimsatt, Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor of Biology Associate Professor College of William and Gordon Orians, Ph.D. University of Virginia University of Virginia Mary Professor Emeritus University of Washington David Pashley, Ph.D. ■ United States, Chris Eberly Vice President of Washington Program Manager Mark Petrie, Ph.D. Conservation Programs Partners in Flight Director of Conservation American Bird Sharon Birks, Ph.D. Planning Conservancy Genetic Resources Ducks Unlimited Jose D Fuentes, Ph.D. Manager, Burke Museum Distinguished Professor University of Washington University of Virginia

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Ginger Rebstock, Ph.D. Noah Kahn Ben Bond-Lamberty, Anders Olson Research Associate Federal Lands Associate Ph.D. NSF Graduate Fellow Department of Biology Defenders of Wildlife Scientist University of Wisconsin University of Washington University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Steven C. Latta, Ph.D. Mark Scheuerell, Ph.D. Assistant Director Anna Pidgeon, Ph.D. Research Fisheries National Aviary Stephen Carpenter, Ph.D. Associate Scientist Biologist Professor University of Wisconsin National Oceanic and University of Wisconsin Madison William Laurance, Ph.D. Atmospheric Administration Madison President Fisheries Service Association for Tropical Volker Radeloff, Ph.D. Biology and Conservation Noel Cutright, Ph.D. Associate Professor Ursula Valdez Emeritus Scientist University of Wisconsin Conservation Biologist and We Energies Madison John Lill, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Assistant Professor Department of Biology George Washington Peter Dunn, Ph.D. Andrew Rothman University of Washington University Associate Professor President and Project Department of Biological Director ■ United States, Sciences Rainforest Biodiversity Peter Marra, Ph.D. Washington, D.C. University of Wisconsin Group Research Scientist Milwaukee Smithsonian Migratory Bird Thomas Bancroft, Ph.D. Center James Rusak , Ph.D. Vice President Christian Floyd, Ph.D. Research Scientist Research Department Assistant Professor University of Wisconsin Scott Sillett, Ph.D. The Wilderness Society University of Wisconsin Madison Research Wildlife Biologist Eau Claire Smithsonian Migratory Bird David Blockstein, Ph.D. Center Alexia Sabor Chairman Linda Graham, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate The Ornithological Council Professor Department of Forest Joseph Smith University of Wisconsin Ecology and Management Ph.D. Candidate Madison University of Wisconsin Rebecca Brooke Smithsonian Migratory Bird Madison Teaming with Wildlife Center Associate James Hurley, Ph.D. Association of Fish and Senior Scientist Nicanor Saliendra, Ph.D. Colin Studds Wildlife Agencies University of Wisconsin Research Plant Ph.D. Candidate Madison Physiologist Smithsonian Migratory Bird U.S. Forest Service Gabriela Chavarria, Ph.D. Center Chief Scientist Christopher Lepczyk, Natural Resources Defense Ph.D. David Sample ■ United States, West Council Honorary Fellow Natural Resources Virginia University of Wisconsin Research Scientist Madison Wisconsin Department of Gary Filerman, Ph.D. James Vanderhorst Natural Resources Professor and Chairman Community Ecologist Georgetown University Richard Lindroth, Ph.D. West Virginia Division of Professor Alexandra Syphard, Ph.D. Natural Resources University of Wisconsin Post-doctoral Fellow Russell Greenberg, Ph.D. Madison University of Wisconsin Director ■ United States, Wisconsin Madison Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center Charles A. Long, Ph.D. George Archibald Professor Emeritus Stanley Temple, Ph.D. Co-founder University of Wisconsin Beers-Bascom Professor in J. Christopher Haney, International Crane Stevens Point Conservation Ph.D. Foundation University of Wisconsin Director of Conservation Madison Science John J. Magnuson, Ph.D. Defenders of Wildlife John Berges, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Associate Professor Limnology Timothy Van Deelen, University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Ph.D. Marcy Heacker Milwaukee Madison Assistant Professor, Research Assistant Wildlife Ecology Smithsonian Institution University of Wisconsin David Mladenoff, Ph.D. James Berkelman, Ph.D. Madison Faculty Associate Beers-Bascom Professor in Kristofer Helgen, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin Conservation Post-doctoral Fellow Madison University of Wisconsin Jake Vander Zanden, Smithsonian Institution Madison Ph.D.

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Assistant Professor ■ Australia Raoul Mulder, Ph.D. ■ Belgium University of Wisconsin Assistant Professor Madison University of Melbourne Sandra Berry, Ph.D. Aaike De Wever, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate Researcher John Walker, Ph.D. Australian National Noel Preece, Ph.D. Ghent University Research Hydrologist University Principal Environmental U.S. Geological Survey Scientist Maurice Hoffmann, Ph.D. EcOz Environmental Corey Bradshaw, Ph.D. Professor Services Donald Waller, Ph.D. Senior Research Fellow Terrestrial Ecology Unit Professor Charles Darwin University Ghent University University of Wisconsin Lynda Prior, Ph.D. Madison Research Fellow Rosie Cooney, Ph.D. Luc Lens, Ph.D. Charles Darwin University Project Leader Professor and Director Linda Whittingham, Ph.D. University of New South Terrestrial Ecology Unit Associate Professor Wales Stephen Roxburgh, Ph.D. Ghent University Department of Biological Senior Research Fellow Sciences University of New South Romane Cristescu Koen Sabbe, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin Wales Ph.D. Candidate Lecturer Milwaukee University of New South Ghent University Wales Iain Suthers, Ph.D. ■ United States, Wyoming Associate Professor Pieter Vanormelingen, University of New South Joern Fischer, Ph.D. Ph.D. Wales Craig Benkman, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Research Department of Biology Professor Fellow Ghent University University of Wyoming Australian National Keith Walker, Ph.D. University Associate Professor ■ Bermuda University of Adelaide Brent E. Ewers, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Jacinta Green Andrew Dobson Botany Department Ph.D. Candidate David Watson, Ph.D. President University of Wyoming University of New South Associate Professor in Society for the Wales Ecology Conservation and Study of Charles Sturt University Stephen T. Jackson, Caribbean Birds Ph.D. Colin Groves, Ph.D. Professor and Director Professor ■ Austria Nicola O'Leary, Ph.D. Program in Ecology Australian National Education Officer University of Wyoming University Amalesh Dahr Bermuda National Trust Ph.D. Candidate James Lovvorn, Ph.D. Robert Hill, Ph.D. Institute of Silviculture ■ Brazil Professor Executive Dean of University of Natural University of Wyoming Sciences Resources and Applied Life University of Adelaide Sciences Maria Luisa Marinho de Noronha Adam Siepielski Professor Ph.D. Candidate Richard Kingsford, Ph.D. Hubert Keckeis, Ph.D. Instituto Municipal de University of Wyoming Professor of Environmental Professor Medicina Veterinária Jorge Science University of Vienna Vaitsman University of New South ■ Argentina Wales ■ Barbados Antonio Alves Tavares Víctor R. Cueto, Ph.D. Biodiversity Researcher Jennifer Lavers, Ph.D. Scientific Researcher Louis Chinnery, Ph.D. Universidade Federal do Research Scientist Universidad de Buenos Head Ceará University of Hobart Aires Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences ■ Chile Gary Luck, Ph.D. University of the West Javier Lopez de Lecturer Indies Casenave, Ph.D. Charles Sturt University Irma Vila-Pinto Auxiliary Professor Professor and Director Universidad de Buenos ■ Belarus Ecological Sciences Aires Brendan Mackey, Ph.D. Departament Professor Liubov Nagorskaya, Ph.D. University of Chile Australian National Gabriela Mataloni, Ph.D. Lead Research Scientist University Investigador Adjunto Institute of Zoology ■ Colombia Consejo Nacional de National Academy of Investigaciones Científicas Sciences of Belarus y Técnicas

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Mauricio Alvarez Professor ■ Ecuador Martin Lodenius, Ph.D. Coordinator Department of Cell Biology Adjunct Professor Biological Inventory and Comparative Zoology University of Helsinki Ian Davidson, Ph.D. Program University of Copenhagen Head of Americas Division Instituto Humboldt BirdLife International Audrey Mayer, Ph.D. Colombia Marcus Gilbert, Ph.D. Docent Assistant Professor Department of Biological ■ El Salvador Carlos Parra-O. University of Copenhagen and Environmental Assistant Professor Sciences Universidad Nacional de Oliver Komar, Ph.D. University of Helsinki Cornelis Colombia Director of Conservation Grimmelikhuijzen, Ph.D. Science Professor, Center Director, Juha Merilä, Ph.D. SalvaNATURA Alejandro Rico Guevara Chairman Professor Biologist University of Copenhagen University of Helsinki Universidad Nacional de ■ Estonia Colombia Mats H. G. Gustafsson, Mikko Mönkkönen, Ph.D. Ph.D. Ãœlle Sillasoo, Ph.D. Professor Paul Salaman, Ph.D. Associate Professor Research Fellow University of Jyväskylä International Program University of Aarhus Institute of Ecology Director Tallinn University Anne Ojala, Ph.D. American Bird Mads Hovmand, Ph.D. University Lecturer Conservancy Senior Scientist ■ Fiji Department of Ecological University of Copenhagen and Environmental ■ Costa Rica Sciences Craig Morley, Ph.D. University of Helsinki Ib Johnsen, Ph.D. Professor and Julio E. Sanchez Professor Conservation Biologist Biologist University of Copenhagen University of the South Otso Ovaskainen, Ph.D. Centro Científico Tropical Pacific Senior Scientist Helsinki University Thomas Læssøe, Ph.D. Maritza Guerrero Associate Professor ■ Finland Professor University of Copenhagen Hannu Pietiäinen, Ph.D. Instituto Tecnológico de University Lecturer Costa Rica Lauri Arvola, Ph.D. University of Helsinki Nina Lundholm, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor University of Helsinki Marlon Salazar Chacon University of Copenhagen Vitali Reif Biologist and Ph.D. Candidate Environmental Consultant Mar Cabeza, Ph.D. University of Oulu Peter Møller, Ph.D. for Costa Rica Post-doctoral Fellow Assistent Professor Tropical Science Center University of Helsinki University of Copenhagen Mike Starr, Ph.D. University Lecturer ■ Cuba Michelle de Chantal, Department of Forest Thomas Pape, Ph.D. Ph.D. Ecology Deputy Director Researcher University of Helsinki Antonio López Almirall, Natural History Museum of Finnish Forest Research Ph.D. Denmark Institute Curator of Herbarium and University of Helsinki Heikki Tervahattu, Ph.D. Head of the Group of Docent Kaj Sand-Jensen, Ph.D. Botany University of Helsinki Professor Cuban National Museum of Petri Hottola University of Copenhagen Natural History Director Finnish University Network Pentti Valipakka, Ph.D. for Tourism Studies Research Manager Andreas Schramm, Ph.D. ■ Denmark Southeast Finland Regional Associate Professor Environment Centre University of Aarhus Hanna Kokko, Ph.D. Finn Borchsenius, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor University of Helsinki Raimo Virkkala, Ph.D. Peter Staehr, Ph.D. University of Aarhus Senior Research Scientist Assistant Professor Finnish Environment University of Copenhagen Timo Kuuluvainen, Ph.D. Institute Jens Borum, Ph.D. University Lecturer Associate Professor University of Helsinki ■ Dominican Republic University of Copenhagen ■ France Raija Laiho, Ph.D. Jorge Brocca Giuseppe Cazzamali, Research Fellow, Academy Arnaud Béchet, Ph.D. Executive Director Ph.D. of Finland Researcher Sociedad Ornitologica de la Research Assistant University of Helsinki Tour du Valat Hispaniola

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Simon Benhamou, Ph.D. Experimental Ecology Snaebjorn Palsson, Ph.D. Yoram Yom-Tov, Ph.D. Permanent Researcher in University of Ulm Associate Professor Professor Biology University of Iceland Tel Aviv University Centre National de la Larisa Nazarova, Ph.D. Recherche Scientifique Scientist ■ Iran ■ Italy Research Unit Potsdam Michel Gauthier-Clerc, Alfred Wegener Institute for Behrooz Abtahi, Ph.D. Bruno Bertolini Ph.D. Polar and Marine Research Assistant Professor Professor Senior Research Scientist Shahid Beheshti University Dipartimento di Biologia Centre de Recherche Tour Ulrich Schliewen, Ph.D. Animale e dell'Uomo du Valat Curator Università di Roma, La Hossein Negarestan, Bavarian State Collection of Sapienza Ph.D. Marcel Lambrechts, Ph.D. Zoology Assistant Professor Researcher Iranian Fisheries Research Laura Bonesi, Ph.D. Centre National de la Mihai Valcu, Ph.D. Organization Lecturer in Wildlife Recherche Scientifique Post-doctoral Researcher Management Max Planck Institute for University of Trieste ■ Ireland Maryline Pioz, Ph.D. Ornithology

Carlo Utzeri University of Lyon George Sevastopulo, Ralf Wanker, Ph.D. Professor Ph.D. Lecturer Dipartimento di Biologia Professor Piotr Tucholka, Ph.D. University of Hamburg Animale e dell'Uomo Department of Geology Professor of Geophysics Università di Roma, La Trinity College Université Paris Sud - Sapienza ■ Greece Orsay ■ Israel ■ Japan Vassiliki Kati, Ph.D. ■ Germany Professor David Eilam, Ph.D. University of Ioannina Saburo Matsui, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Til Dieterich Emeritus Professor Former Academic Director Dipl. Biol. Graduate School of Gobal Sophia Kossida, D.Phil. of Segals' Garden for University of Greifswald Environmental Studies Head of Bioinformatics and Zoological Research Kyoto University Medical Informatics Tel Aviv University Carolin Haug Foundation for Biomedical Dipl.-Biol. Research ■ Latvia Eli Geffen, Ph.D. University of Ulm Academy of Athens Professor Tel Aviv University Kristine Abolina, Ph.D. Joachim Tobias Haug ■ Guatemala Docent Dipl.-Biol. University of Latvia Ilan Golani, Ph.D. University of Ulm Edgar Selvin Perez Professor of Zoology Coordinator Tel Aviv University Valdis Seglins Alejandro Isla, Ph.D. Migratory Bird Program Associate Professor Post-doctoral researcher Fundacion Defensores de University of Latvia Moshe Gophen, Ph.D. Leibniz-Institut für la Naturaleza Professor Meereswissenschaften Kinneret Limnological Andis Zilans ■ Iceland Laboratory Ph.D. Candidate Dietmar Keyser, Ph.D. University of Latvia Head of Laboratory Gisli Mar Gislason, Ph.D. Burt Kotler, Ph.D. Zoological Institute Professor Professor ■ Lithuania University of Hamburg Institute of Biology Ben-Gurion University University of Iceland Mindaugas Dagys, Ph.D. Stefan Kreft Arnon Lotem, Ph.D. Senior Researcher

Tómas Grétar Professor Institute of Ecology University of Applied Gunnarsson, Ph.D. Tel Aviv University Vilnius University Sciences Eberswalde Director Snæfellsnes Research Linda Olsvig-Whittaker, Pranas Mierauskas, Ph.D. Juan F. Masello, Ph.D. Centre Ph.D. Associate Professor Research Scientist University of Iceland Research Conservation Vilnius University Max Planck Institute for Biologist Ornithology Pall Hersteinsson, Ph.D. Israel Nature and Parks Liutauras Raudonikis Professor Authority (agency) Science Coordinator Christoph Meyer University of Iceland Institute of Ecology Ph.D. Candidate Vilnius University Department of

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Jurgita Sorokaite, Ph.D. Zoology National University of Paul Broady, Ph.D. Scientific Researcher Instituto de Biología Mongolia Senior Lecturer Institute of Ecology Universidad Nacional University of Canterbury Vilnius University Autónoma de México ■ Netherlands Carolyn Burns, Ph.D. ■ Luxembourg Enrique Gonzalez Professor, CBE, FRSNZ Elsmarie Beukenboom Instituto de Biología University of Otago Director Universidad Nacional Carlo Denis, Ph.D. STINAPA Bonaire Autónoma de México Senior Scientist Hazel Chapman, Ph.D. National Museum for Biological Sciences Wladimir Bleuten, Ph.D. Natural History in Sofia Gonzalez Guzman University of Canterbury Prof. dr. Luxembourg Utrecht University Universidad Nacional Lloyd Davis, Ph.D. Autónoma de México Eleonora Morga, Ph.D. Associate Professor Sandra Bouwhuis, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of Otago Ph.D. Candidate Université du Luxembourg Luis G Herrera, Ph.D. University of Groningen Professor Wayne Linklater, Ph.D. Universidad Nacional ■ Malta Senior Lecturer Biology Autónoma de México Michelle da Costa Gomez Victoria University of Manager, Christoffelpark Wellington Andre Raine, Ph.D. CARMABI Foundation Virginia León-Regagnon, Conservation Manager Ph.D. BirdLife Malta Laura Molles, Ph.D. Investigador Titular John de Freitas Lecturer Instituto de Biología CARMABI Foundation Lincoln University Helen Raine Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Steven de Jong, Ph.D. BirdLife Malta Hamish Spencer, Ph.D. Prof. dr. Professor Marcos Lira Malquivar Utrecht University University of Otago ■ Mexico Biologist Universidad Autonoma Adolphe Debrot, Ph.D. Metropolitana Unidad Colin Townsend, Ph.D. Sergio Aguilar Director Xochimilco Professor Director CARMABI Foundation University of Otago Parque Ecológico Macuiltépetl Constanza Monterrubio Leendert Pors Biologist ■ Norway Universidad Nacional Head, Educational Maria del Coro Arizmendi, Autónoma de México Department Ph.D. CARMABI Foundation Reidar Borgstrøm, Ph.D. Professor Professor Universidad Nacional Tila M. Pérez, Ph.D. Norwegian University of Jan Sevink, Ph.D. Autónoma de México Director Life Sciences Instituto de Biología Prof. dr. Universidad Nacional University of Amsterdam Gerardo Bocco, Ph.D. Autónoma de México Scott Brainerd, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Research Scientist Emiel van Loon, Ph.D. Geography Research Unit Norwegian Institute for Assistant Professor Universidad Nacional Irene Ruvalcaba Ortega Nature Research University of Amsterdam Autónoma de México Biologist Universidad Autónoma de Sigmund Hågvar, Ph.D. Nuevo León Michael Veith, Ph.D. Efrain Castillejos- Professor Professor Castellanos Norwegian University of Institute for Biodiversity and Biologist Jorge Schondube, Ph.D. Life Sciences Ecosystem Dynamics Pronatura Chiapas, A.C. Assistant Professor Universidad Nacional University of Amsterdam Autónoma de México Dag Hessen, Ph.D. Gerardo Ceballos, Ph.D. Professor Marinus J.A. Werger, Professor Department Biology Ph.D. Universidad Nacional Xicoténcatl Vega University of Oslo Prof. dr. Autónoma de México Director in Sinaloa Pronatura Noroeste, A.C. Utrecht University Paal Krokene, Ph.D. Salvador Contreras- Professor ■ New Zealand Balderas, Ph.D. ■ Mongolia Norwegian University of President Life Sciences Bioconservacíon, A.C. Bazartseren Boldgiv, Rosemary Barraclough, Ph.D. Ph.D. Hans Petter Leinaas, Post-doctoral Fellow Patricia Escalante, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Ph.D. Massey University Chair, Department of

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Professor Polish Academy of Dmitry Grodnitsky, Ph.D. José M. Cardiel Sanz, University of Oslo Sciences Professor Ph.D. Institute for Teachers' Professor Postgraduate Education Universidad Autónoma de Kaare A. Lye, Ph.D. Jörn Theuerkauf, Ph.D. Madrid Professor Research Scientist Norwegian University of Museum and Institute of Mikhail Kalyakin, Ph.D. Life Sciences Zoology Secretary in Science Carmen Casado, Ph.D. Polish Academy of Zoological Museum Professor Sciences Moscow Lomonosov State Universidad Autónoma de Mikael Ohlson, Ph.D. University Madrid Professor of Plant Ecology Norwegian University of Janusz Uchmanski, Ph.D. Life Sciences Director and Professor Juri Puzachenko, Ph.D. Juan Carlos Fernández- Polish Academy of Professor Ordóñez Sciences Institute of Ecology and Ornithology Coordinator Atle Ivar Olsen, Ph.D. Evolution Problems Summer Catalan University Associate Professor Russian Academy of Nesna University College Tomasz Wesolowski, Sciences Ph.D. Fernando Gonzalef, Ph.D. Professor Professor Nils Christian Stenseth, Department of Avian Tatiana Rogova University of Valencia Ph.D. Ecology Professor and Head Research Professor University of Wrocław General Ecology University of Oslo Jesus Herranz, Ph.D. Department Professor Kazan State University Roman Zurek, Ph.D. Universidad Autónoma de Per Wegge, Ph.D. Institute of Nature Madrid Professor Conservation Fatimat Tembotova Norwegian University of Polish Academy of Director and Professor Life Sciences Francisco Lara, Ph.D. Sciences Institute of Ecology of Profesor Titular Mountain Territories Universidad Autónoma de ■ Paraguay Russian Academy of ■ Portugal Madrid Sciences Jose Cartes João E. Rabaça, Ph.D. Ãngel Luque, Ph.D. Professor Alexey Toropov Assistant Professor, Titular Professor of Zoology National University of Director Department of Biology Universidad Autónoma de Asunción Siberian Ecological Agency Laboratory of Ornithology Madrid University of Évora, ■ Poland Portugal ■ South Africa Juan E. Malo, Ph.D. Profesor Titular Adam Boratyński, Ph.D. ■ Russia Alan Kemp, Ph.D. Universidad Autónoma de Institute of Dendrology Honourary Curator Madrid Polish Academy of Transvaal Museum Natalia Ananjeva, Ph.D. Sciences Vice Director Pablo Manzano Zoological Institute John Simaika Ph.D. Candidate Elzbieta Dumnicka, Ph.D. Russian Academy of Department of Universidad Autónoma de Institute of Nature Sciences Conservation and Madrid Conservation Entomology Polish Academy of University of Stellenbosch Alexander Dubynin Raquel Monclús, Ph.D. Sciences Director Assistant Siberian Environmental ■ Spain Universidad Autónoma de Lucyna Halupka, Ph.D. Center Madrid Assistant Professor Paloma Alcorlo Department of Avian Nikolai Formozov, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Juan Monros, Ph.D. Ecology Senior Researcher Universidad Autónoma de Professor University of Wrocław Moscow State University Madrid University of Valencia

Grzegorz Orlowski, Ph.D. Maria Gavrilo Javier Benayas, Ph.D. Juan Carlos Moreno-Saiz, Independent Biologist Research Scientist Vicerrector de Campus y Ph.D. Department of Avian Arctic and Antarctic Calidad Ambiental Professor Ecology Research Institute Universidad Autónoma de Universidad Autónoma de University of Wrocław Madrid Madrid Alekcey Gouschin, Ph.D. Kajetan Perzanowski, Chief Ichthyologist Antonio Camacho, Ph.D. Begoña Peco, Ph.D. Ph.D. Russian Federal Fisheries Professor of Ecology Professor Head of the Carpathian Agency University of Valencia Universidad Autónoma de Wildlife Research Station Madrid

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Jose Luis Rubio, Ph.D. Mats Jansson, Ph.D. Ecology Louise Allcock, Ph.D. Professor Professor Stockholm University Lecturer Universidad Autónoma de Umeå University Queen's University Belfast Madrid Tobias Vrede, Ph.D. Bengt Gunnar Jonsson, Research scientist David Bilton, Ph.D. Francisco J. Silva, Ph.D. Ph.D. Umeå University Lecturer in Ecology Professor Professor University of Plymouth University of Valencia Department of Natural ■ Switzerland Sciences Jeremy Bird Mid Sweden University José Carlos Simón Global Species Programme Matthias Brennwald, Benito Assistant Ph.D. Profesor Anders Jonsson, Ph.D. BirdLife International Project Manager Universidad Autónoma de Assistant Professor Swiss Federal Institute of Madrid Umeå University Aquatic Science and John Bowler, Ph.D. Technology Conservation Officer Francisco Suárez, Ph.D. Ingvar Kärnefelt, Ph.D. Royal Society for the Professor Professor of Ecology Protection of Birds Annemarie Brennwald Universidad Autónoma de Director of the Biological Scientific Coordinator Madrid Museum University of Zurich Richard Bradbury, Ph.D. Lund University Head of Environmental ■ Sweden Research Robert K. Furrer Leif Kullman, Ph.D. Royal Society for the Lecturer Professor Protection of Birds Hans Ackefors, Ph.D. ETH Zurich Umeå University Professor Stockholm University Annette Broderick, Ph.D. Luc Gigord, Ph.D. Fabio Lepori, Ph.D. Lecturer in Conservation Assistant Professor Post-doctoral researcher Biology Ingemar Ahlgren, Ph.D. University of Lausanne Umeå University University of Exeter Professor Uppsala University Jasmin Joshi, Ph.D. Åke Lindström, Ph.D. David Buckingham, Ph.D. Research Group Leader Professor Research Biologist Per Angelstam, Ph.D. Insitute of Environmental Lund University Royal Society for the Professor Sciences Protection of Birds Swedish University of University of Zurich Agriculture Sciences Bjorn Malmqvist, Ph.D. Professor Lennox Campbell, Ph.D. Nicolas Perrin, Ph.D. Umeå University Principal Research Christian Bigler, Ph.D. Professor in Ecology Manager Assistant Professor University of Lausanne Royal Society for the Umeå University Raimondas Mozuraitis, Protection of Birds Ph.D. Alexandre Roulin, Ph.D. Researcher Laura Cunningham, Ph.D. Professor Royal Institute of Fred Cooke, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher University of Lausanne Technology Past-President Climate Impacts Research American Ornithologists' Centre Thomas Sattler Union Umeå University Emil Nilsson, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Doctor University of Berne Uppsala university Charlie Cornwallis, Ph.D. Peter Eklöv, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Associate Professor Christoph Scheidegger, University of Oxford Uppsala University Urban Olsson, Ph.D. Ph.D. Associate Professor

University of Göteborg Sasha Dall, Ph.D. Frank Götmark, Ph.D. Swiss Federal Institute for Lecturer in Mathematical Professor Forest, Snow and Ecology University of Göteborg Richard Svanbäck, Ph.D. Landscape Research University of Exeter Assistant Professor Uppsala university Peter Hambäck, Ph.D. ■ Turkey Mark Eaton, Ph.D. Associate Professor Research Biologist Stockholm University Soren Svensson, Ph.D. Aysel Karafistan, Ph.D. Royal Society for the Professor Emeritus Professor Protection of Birds Lund University Dennis Hasselquist, Ph.D. Faculty of Fisheries Associate Professor Canakkale 18 Mart Steven Ewing, Ph.D. Department of Ecology Michael Tedengren, Ph.D. University Research Biologist Lund University Associate Professor Royal Society for the Department of Systems ■ United Kingdom Protection of Birds

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John Fanshawe, Ph.D. Rocio Perez-Barrales Museo Nacional de Historia Head of Strategic Researcher Natural Development University of Portsmouth BirdLife International ■ Uzbekistan Mark Rehfisch, Ph.D. Lincoln Fishpool, Ph.D. Head of Wetland and Bakhtiyor Mukhamadiev Global Important Bird Area Coastal Ecology Unit Scientific Affairs Specialist Coordinator British Trust for Ornithology U.S. Embassy in BirdLife International Uzbekistan Ngaio Richards Andrew Foggo, Ph.D. Ph.D. Candidate Senior Lecturer in Ecology Department of Forensic University of Plymouth Science Anglia Ruskin University

Miguel Franco, Ph.D. Lecturer Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, University of Plymouth Ph.D. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit James Gilardi, Ph.D. University of Oxford Director World Parrot Trust Innes Sim

Richard D. Gregory, Ph.D. Royal Society for the Head of Monitoring and Protection of Birds Indicators, Conservation Science Royal Society for the Dominic Standing, Ph.D. Protection of Birds Post-doctoral Research Fellow University of Aberdeen Simon Ho, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher University of Oxford Leigh Stephen, Ph.D.

Royal Society for the Vicky Jones, Ph.D. Protection of Birds Global Flyways Officer BirdLife International Emma Teuten, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow Rowena Langston, Ph.D. University of Plymouth

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Mark Thomas Species Protection Officer Royal Society for the John Mallord, Ph.D. Protection of Birds Research Biologist Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Paul Walton, Ph.D. Species and Habitats Policy Officer Robert May OM AC FRS, Royal Society for the Ph.D. Protection of Birds Professor Lord Zoology Department University of Oxford Alex Weir, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher University of Oxford Thomas Merckx, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Researcher Wildlife Conservation Teddy Wilkin, Ph.D. Research Unit Post-doctoral Researcher University of Oxford University of Oxford

Ken Norris, Ph.D. ■ Uruguay Professor University of Reading Juan P. Cuello Conservador de Ornitología

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i Bryant, D., et al.1997. The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge. Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute. ii Softwater Boreal lakes may contain 80% or more of the world's fresh, unfrozen water (Schindler, D.W. 1998. Sustaining aquatic ecosystems in Boreal regions. Conservation Ecology [online] 2(2): 18. Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art18). iii The Boreal region has been estimated to store 703 Pg of carbon, more than tropical and temperate forests combined (http://www.whrc.org/Borealnamerica/#overview_storage). iv Blancher, P. 2003. Importance of Canada's Boreal Forest to Landbirds. Canadian Boreal Initiative and Boreal Songbird Initiative. For more information see www.borealbirds.org. v The George River herd in Labrador and Quebec is the largest in the world with approximately 800,000 individuals. vi M. Anielski and S. Wilson. 2005. Counting Canada's Natural Capital: Assessing the Real Value of Canada's Boreal Ecosystems. Canadian Boreal Initiative and The Pembina Institute. Available online at: http://www.borealcanada.ca/reports_e.cfm. vii See http://www.iucn.org/congress/2004/members/submitted_motions.htm for full text of IUCN recommendation RECWCC3.101 “Advancing Boreal Forest Conservation”. viii National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 2005. Boreal Futures: Governance, Conservation and Development in Canada's Boreal. Available online at http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/programs/Current_Programs/Nature/ Boreal-Forest/Documents/Boreal-Futures/Boreal- Futures_Contents_E.htm. Lee, P. 2004. Boreal Canada: State of the Ecosystem, State of Industry, Emerging Issues and Projections. Report to the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Global Forest Watch Canada. Edmonton. 85 pp. ix Approximately 95% of the Commercial Forest Land (as reported by the Atlas of Canada – see below) is within the Commercial Forest Tenures (as identified by Global Forest Watch Canada – see below): Atlas of Canada. Map of Protected Areas and Commercial Forest Land. Available at: http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/theme_modules/ Borealforest/protcomm.jpg/image_view (Commercial Forest Land is defined by the Atlas of Canada as “accessed, timber-productive and on-reserved land within the Boreal forest.”) Lee P, Z Stanojevic, JD Gysbers. 2004. Canada's Commercial Forest Tenures,2003: Background and Summary Report. Edmonton, Alberta: Global Forest Watch Canada. 59 pp. x Sub-Committee on Boreal Forest of the Standing Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 1999. Competing Realities: The Boreal Forest at Risk. Government of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Available from the Internet, URL: http://www.parl.gc.ca/36/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/bore-e/rep-e/rep09jun99- e.htm.

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xi Examples of research predicting the degradation of Boreal ecosystems include: Schindler (1998, Sustaining aquatic ecosystems in Boreal regions, Conservation Ecology 2: 18. Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art18/) predicted continued declines in Boreal fisheries and water quality due to unsustainable management of Boreal aquatic systems. Weclaw and Hudson (2004, Simulation of conservation and management of woodland caribou, Ecological Modelling 177:75-94) concluded that woodland caribou have a high probability of disappearing within 40 years from a region in Boreal Alberta if industrial development continues at its current rate. xii 78% of Canada's Boreal forest lacks access by roads (Smith, W., and P. Lee (editors). 2000. Canada's Forests at a Crossroads: An Assessment in the Year 2000. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.) 63% of Canada's Boreal forest remains in blocks of intact forest at least 120,000 acres in size (Lee, Peter, Dmitry Aksenov, Lars Laestadius, Ruth Nogueron, and Wynet Smite. 2003. Canada's Large Intact Forest Landscapes. Global Forest Watch Canada, Edmonton, Alberta.). xiii Noss and Cooperrider. 1994. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. xiv Noss and Cooperrider's (Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity (Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1994)) review of conservation planning initiatives determined that between 25 and 75% protection was necessary to maintain ecological integrity. A more recent review of conservation planning initiatives (F. K. A. Schmiegelow, S. G. Cumming, S. Harrison, S. Leroux, K. Lisgo, R. Noss, and B. Olsen, Conservation Beyond Crisis Management: A Conservation-Matrix Model, BEACONs Discussion Paper No. 1, 2006. Available online at http://www.rr.ualberta.ca/research/beacons/resources.htm.) determined that the median protected area recommendation to achieve ecological objectives lay above 50%. Recent conservation planning exercises in the Canadian Boreal region are consistent with the findings of these reviews. In Labrador, for example, the inclusion of conservation biology principles during land-use planning of a largely intact Boreal region resulted in greater than 50% of the region being afforded protected designation, with the remainder designated for sustainable use (Innu Nation and Silva Ecosystem Consultants, Peer review summary: Multiple Spatial Scale Reserve Design for FMD 19). xv The southern Boreal region is here defined as the Boreal-specific ecozones (as opposed to Taiga-specific ecozones) as defined by the boundaries of the Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada. xvi Approximately two-thirds of the Boreal-specific ecozones have been allocated to logging companies: as calculated by over-laying the commercial forest tenures (GFWC). xvii Calculated by the amount of remaining forest landscape fragments over 10,000 ha in size, as determined by Landsat satellites (see below), that lie within the sourthern Boreal region (defined as the Boreal-specific ecozones, as opposed to Taiga-specific ecozones) as defined by the boundaries of the Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada).

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Lee P, JD Gysbers, and Stanojevic Z. 2006. Canada's Forest Landscape Fragments: A First Approximation (A Global Forest Watch Canada Report). Edmonton, Alberta: Global Forest Watch Canada. 97 pp. xviii Canadian Boreal Initiative. 2005. The Boreal in the Balance: Securing the Future of Canada's Boreal Region. A Status Report. Available online at: http://www.borealcanada.ca/reports_e.cfm. xix The Boreal Forest Conservation Framework can be viewed at http://www.borealcanada.ca/framework_e.cfm.