Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture
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Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture Table of Contents Edited by Ross C. Gutteridge and H. Max Shelton Department of Agriculture The University of Queensland Queensland 4072, Australia Cover photographs: Background: Aerial view of twin-row leucaena planted in Central Queensland for cattle feed, by Col Middleton. Top: Sesbania grandiflora growing on bunds in irrigated terraces on Lombok, Indonesia for timber and cattle feed, by Ross Gutteridge. Middle: Young penned buffalo being fed on leaves of Gliricidia sepium and elephant grass on Bali, by Max Shelton. Bottom: Bundles of fuel wood from Leucaena leucocephala on Lombok, Indonesia, by lan Partridge. Published by the TROPICAL GRASSLAND SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA INC. Available in printed form (US$20) from:- The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia Inc. 1998 c/- CSIRO Cunningham Laboratory 306 Carmody Road St Lucia Queensland 4067 ISBN 0 9585677 1 9 Produced on Docutech and bound by USQ Printing Services, Toowoomba. New cover design by I.J. Partridge Originally published in 1994 by: CAB Intemational, Wallinford, Oxon OXIO 8DE, UK. North America: 845 North Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Asia: PO Box 1 1 872, 50760 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Caribbean: Gordon Street, Curepe, Trinidad and Tobago. 1 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Reprinted with permission, 1998. Titles of related interest from CAB International: Grassland Dynamics: An Ecosystem Simulation Model J.H.M. Thornley 1998 256 pages ISBN 0 85199 227 7 Temperate Forage Legumes J. Frame, J.F.L. Chariton and A.S. Laidlaw 1998 336 pages ISBN 0 85199 214 5 Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization Edited by J.S. Gladstones, C. Atkins and J. Hamblin 1998 544 pages ISBN 0 85199 224 2 Grass for Dairy Cattle Edited by J.H. Cherney and D.J.R. Cherney 1998 416 pages ISBN 0 85199 288 9 Forage Seed Production, Vol. 1: Temperate Species Edited by D.T. Fairey and J.G. Hampton 1998 432 pages ISBN 0 85199 190 4 Forage Seed Production, Vol. 2: Tropical and Subtropical Species Edited by D.S. Loch and J.E. Ferguson 1999 480 pages ISBN 0 85199 191 2 Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Grassiands Edited by S.C. Jarvis and B.F. Pain 1997 480 pages ISBN 0 85199 192 0 The Ecology and Mainagement of Gf@@ing Systems Edited by J. Hodges and A.W. lliius 1996 480 pages ISBN 0 85199 107 6 (Hbk) 1302 8 (Pbk) The Biology of Grasses G.P. Chapman 1996 288 pages ISBN 0 85199 111 4 Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Contributors Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Role of Forage Tree Legumes in Cropping and Grazing Systems Introduction 2 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Legumes in agriculture Tree legumes Tree legumes Tree Legumes as Forage for Animals Tree Legumes and the Environment Tree Legumes for Fuelwood Conclusions References Chapter 2: Origins and Characteristics of the Principal Forage Tree Legume Species 2.1 Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume Introduction Botanical Description and Genetic Variation Uses Climate and Soil Adaptation Establishment Toxicity Pests and Diseases Conclusions References 2.2 Gliricidia sepium - a Multipurpose Forage Tree Legume Introduction Taxonomy Ecology Distribution Uses Use of Gliricidia as a Forage Conclusions References 2.3 The Perennial Sesbania Species Introduction Origins and Botanical Description Environmental Adaptation Geographical Areas of Use Establishment Productivity and Management Nutritive Value Animal Production Fuelwood and Timber Soil Fertility Improvement Other Uses Conclusions References 2.4 Calliandra calothyrsus - a Multipurpose Tree Legume for Humid Locations Introduction Taxonomy Origin and Geographic Distribution 3 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Ecology Agronomy Uses Conclusions References 2.5 Albizia lebbeck - a Promising Forage Tree for Semiarid Regions Introduction Nomenclature Botanical Description Distribution and Ecology Productivity Silviculture Diseases and Pests Animal Production Value Other Uses Allied Species of Interest Conclusions References 2.6 Erythrina Species - Pantropical Multipurpose Tree Legumes Introduction Botanical Description Origins Environmental Adaptation Establishment and Cultivation Production and Management Utilisation of Erythrina Conclusions References 2.7 Other Species of Multipurpose Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Acacia angustissima, A. boliviana and A. villosa Acacia saligna - Golden Wreath Wattle Chamaecytisus palmensis, Tagasaste or Tree Lucerne Codariocalyx gyroides Desmanthus virgatus Faidherbia albida Flemingia macrophylla Prosopis Species References Chapter 3: Agronomy and Management of Tree Legumes 3.1 Diversity within Tropical Tree and Shrub Legumes Introduction Leucaena Gliricidia Calliandra Sesbania Desmodium and Codariocalyx 4 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Conclusion References 3.2 Environmental Adaptation of Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Climatic Adaptation Edaphic Adaptation Conclusions References 3.3 Establishment of Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Root Systems of Tree Legumes Factors Affecting Seedling Growth Rates Planting Methods References 3.4 Microbial Symbioses of Tree and Shrub Legumes Introduction Non-symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Mycorrhizae Conclusion References 3.5 Defoliation Management of Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Inherent Tolerance to Repeated Defoliation Defoliation and Growth Tree Size and Timing of Defoliation Future Research Conclusions References 3.6 Seed Production of Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Principles of Reproductive Development Practical Aspects of Seed Production Conclusions References Chapter 4: Animal Production from Tree Legumes 5 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... 4.1 The Nutritive Value of Tree Legumes Introduction A Definition of Nutritive Value Chemical Composition of Forage Tree Legumes Voluntary Intake and Digestibility of Tree Legume Foliage Limitations to Nutritive Value of Forage Trees as a Sole Feed References 4.2 Tree Legumes as Dietary Supplements for Ruminants Introduction What is a Supplement? Leguminous Trees as Supplements to Low Quality Forage The Comparative Value of Forage Tree Legumes Effects of Forage Tree Legumes on Animal Performance The Use of Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Grass Silages Conclusions References 4.3 Anti-nutritive and Toxic Factors in Forage Tree Legumes Introduction Screening Techniques for Plant Toxins Secondary Plant Compounds in Forage Tree Legumes Conclusions References 4.4 Management of Anti-nutritive Factors - with Special Reference to Leucaena Introduction Strategies for Managing Anti-nutritive Factors The Leucaena Story Natural Distribution of the DHP Degrading Bacteria Implications of the Leucaena Work References 4.5 The Role of Leucaena in Improving the Productivity of Grazing Cattle Introduction The Effect of Leucaena on Liveweight Gain The Role of Leucaena in Improving Milk Production The Effect of Leucaena on Reproduction in Cattle Grazing Management of Leucaena Conclusions References 4.6 The Role of Acacia aneura in Animal Production Introduction Value of Mulga Supplements for mulga New Directions Summary and Conclusions References 6 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Chapter 5: Multipurpose Use of Tree Legumes in Tropical Farming Systems 5.1 The Use of Tree Legumes for Fuelwood Production Introduction Fuelwood Properties Drying Fuelwood Managing Trees for Fuelwood Production Nutritional Considerations Control of Wildfires Conclusions References 5.2 Forage Tree Legumes in Alley Cropping Systems Introduction Alley Cropping Benefits of Alley Cropping Crop Performance Effect of Alley Cropping on Soil Properties Effect of Alley Cropping on Soil Erosion Effect of Alley Cropping on Weed Suppression Management of Alley Cropping Systems Conclusions References Chapter 6: Insects and Diseases of Tree Legumes 6.1 The Leucaena Psyllid Introduction Life Cycle Damage Techniques for Assessing Psyllid Numbers and Damage What Options are there for Combatting the Psyllid? References 6.2 Diseases of Tree Legumes Introduction Acacia Albizia Calliandra Erythrina Faidherbia albida Gliricidia sepium Leucaena Prosopis Sesbania Potential Control Strategies Future Research Needs References 6.3 Insect Pests of Forage Tree Legumes: Biology and Non-chemical Control Introduction 7 of 9 25/07/2007 16:46 Table of Contents http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.... Insect Pests of Forage Tree Legumes in the Tropics Non-insecticidal Techniques in Insect Control Conclusions References Chapter 7: Regional Studies Using Tree Legumes 7.1 Management of Mulga (Acacia aneura) Scrublands in Southwest Queensland Introduction Climate Soil Characteristics Vegetation Ecology Germination and Establishment Range Condition Management Management of the Whole Property as an Enterprise References 7.2 Acacia nilotica: a Tree Legume out of Control Introduction Taxonomy Distribution and Habitat Uses History of Invasion in Australia Ecology Phenology Seed Production Seed Dispersal Effect of Trees on Grass Production Acacia nilotica as a Browse Plant in Queensland