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Design & Elektronik Magazine D&E 2016-10_0_001.pdf;S: 1;Format:(210.00 x 297.00 mm);28. Sep 2016 15:41:27 10 2016 Oktober € 7,50 www.elektroniknet.de _0EWAO_DigiKey_DE6_Eck.pdf;S: 1;Format:(60.00 x50.00 mm);03. May 2016 14:56:48 Mess- & Prüftechnik Vorberichte electronica Mobilfunk-HF-Endstufen messen: IGBT-Power für Männerspielzeug: Triggern auf RFFE-Befehle Interview mit Dr. Martin Schulz, Infineon Industrie 4.0 & IoT Titelstory Interview mit NXPs VP Rüdiger Stroh: Connected Cars: »Auf Standards warten, bringt nichts« Lösungen für das Auto der Zukunft 999 fr ST Projekt DE2016-10.indd 1 12.01.17 15:51 ❚ Ultra-low-power microcontrollers in practice test ❙ Benchmark – ULPBench debunked Which microcontroller is really energy-efficient and suitable for ultra-low-power applications? The ULPBench benchmark developed by the EEBMC consortium is meant to shed light on the matter. Unfortunately, realistic conditions are often missed out. In a unique project of its kind, DESIGN&ELEKTRONIK looked at things again. Result: The ULP story must, in part at least, be newly written. BY FRANK RIEMENSCHNEIDER Figure 1: Test setup for power measurement. Instead of the EnergyMonitor developed by Texas Instruments for the EEMBC this uses a USB 6353 from National Instruments. LPBench takes a two-prong approach. ware runs on the MCU, i.e. the device under age the power consumption also drops, and Firstly there are different tests with test (DUT). The source texts of the ULPBench higher ULPBench values can be expected. Ucommon workloads for comprehen- core profile software are included in EEMBC The second problem of ULPBench is its sive measurement of microcontroller ef- delivery (directories: benchmarks, workloads, fixation on a best case ambient temperature, ficiency, and portable across 8-bit, 16-bit TES, platforms). as a rule 25°C, in which producers determine and 32-bit microcontrollers (MCUs). With their values and in which the EEMBC also cer- the focus on real-world applications, the tifies them. But when you think that a smart low-power modes of the examined MCUs are Fixed on 3.0 V and 25°C meter, for example, generates temperatures used, and the effects of active and low-power between 50 and 60°C, and some industrial operation are analyzed. Secondly there is the The first problem with ULPBench is its applications maybe 80 or 85°C, the ULP- socalled EEMBC EnergyMonitor, consisting of fixation on a supply voltage of 3.0 V, although Bench value presented on the EEMBC website an energy monitor board and ULPBench soft- most ULP controllers can be operated down can only be accepted with restrictions. ware. The functionality of this EnergyMonitor to 1.8 V. It does not take much imagination is such that the ULPBench core profile soft- to picture that with a dropping supply volt- ❙ 2 | 2016 999 fr ST Projekt DE2016-10.indd 2 12.01.17 15:51 ❙ Ultra-low-power microcontrollers in practice test ❚ Finding ULPBench between 3.0 and 1.8 V As a first step DESIGN&ELEKTRONIK de- termined ULPBench values for lower supply voltages. The heart of measurement hard- ware (Figure 1) was a USB 6353 from Na- tional Instruments, specified as follows: ■ 32 analog inputs; 1.25 MSample/s with one channel, 1.0 MSample/s multichan- nel; 16-bit resolution; ±10 V ■ Four analog outputs; 2.86 MSample/s; 16-bit resolution; ±10 V ■ 48 digital I/Os ■ Four 32-bit counters/timers for PWM, en- coder, frequency, event counter, etc The software was developed by means of NI‘s Signal Express [1], offering more than 850 functions for signal measurements, filters and time/frequency transforms. Being an event-controlled system, programs can be controlled by user interaction on a mouse, Figure 2: The test circuit for current consumption is adequately simple – the correlating vol- keyboard, etc. Extra to that, Signal Express tage is picked off a 30-Ω resistor. is compatible with all LabView add-ons for special applications or hardware integration. The simple contacts with the MCU board to be tested can be seen in Figure 2, the mea- surement workshop in Figure 3. The board is connected by the same two-wire interface as in the case of the EEMBC EnergyMonitor. Tests at 3.0 V showed a maximum de- viation of 5% from values measured with the EnergyMonitor, in concrete terms a ULPBench score of 158.9 for the MSP432 in DC/DC converter mode compared to 152.5 by the EnergyMonitor. For most of the con- trollers the difference was between 0.1 and 2%. These deviations do not detract from the objective of measuring the pattern of energy efficiency over supply voltage, and determining how far you can reduce supply voltage in the first place before a controller no longer works properly. The results Table 1 shows the ULPBench values measured for the following controllers: ■ STMicroelectronics: STM32L433, STM32L0 ■ Texas Instruments: MSP432 DC/DC, MSP432 LDO, MSP430FR5969 FRAM, MSP430FG4618 Flash ■ Silicon Labs: EFM32 Wonder Gecko, Giant Gecko, Pearl Gecko, Zero Gecko ■ Atmel: SAML21 rev A, rev B LPEFF On, rev B LPEFF Off ■ NXP: Kinetis KL27Z ■ Microchip: 16-bit PIC24FJ64GA202 Figure 3: ULPBench measurement workshop. | 2016 3 ❙ 999 fr ST Projekt DE2016-10.indd 3 12.01.17 15:51 ❚ Ultra-low-power microcontrollers in practice test ❙ VDD (V) 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 STM32L433 172.58 180.54 188.44 198.01 208.42 217.35 229.34 242.14 254.97 270.26 287.25 305.97 325.78 STM32L476 149.48 156.87 164.72 172.42 181.03 188.82 199.23 209.81 223.32 234.01 246.85 261.45 280.15 SAM21L21 Rev A 147.08 155.30 163.00 168.57 174.90 180.16 186.21 196.25 202.28 211.46 220.41 229.81 240.11 STM32L0 129.99 135.74 140.92 147.47 154.84 161.04 167.41 175.93 184.55 192.99 203.35 214.75 226.67 SAM21L21 Rev B 127.00 136.00 142.24 148.49 154.88 161.71 167.20 172.78 180.89 189.28 199.71 207.31 215.79 LPEFF Off MSP432 LDO 117.88 124.17 128.40 134.88 140.59 147.09 154.45 161.41 169.42 178.64 188.03 197.58 208.82 Kinetis KL27 79.77 83.27 84.30 87.97 92.30 96.41 100.43 104.78 108.82 113.94 119.97 126.09 133.56 MSP430FR5969 120.50 125.17 129.96 135.25 140.73 146.50 152.89 159.41 167.06 175.17 184.07 194.32 n.A. PIC24FJ64GA202 70.84 73.93 77.42 80.56 83.70 87.18 90.84 95.11 99.69 104.15 110.39 121.84 n.A. SAM21L21 Rev B 137.33 142.68 151.43 154.00 158.41 167.06 170.95 178.39 183.21 187.16 186.01 n.A. n.A. LPEFF On EFM32 ZeroGecko 98.01 103.63 108.65 113.99 118.49 124.19 129.99 136.51 142.59 149.79 157.06 n.A. n.A. EFM32GiantGecko 58.68 61.55 64.33 67.02 70.01 73.46 76.91 80.42 84.51 88.73 94.14 n.A. n.A. MSP430FG4618 32.00 34.00 36.00 37.60 40.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 50.00 53.00 57.50 n.A. n.A. Apollo 329.92 339.30 354.95 367.05 382.94 395.18 410.63 436.62 459.51 472.42 n.A. n.A. n.A. EFM32PearlGecko 106.25 110.44 112.29 113.51 114.85 115.82 115.63 119.31 122.33 127.06 n.A. n.A. n.A. EFM32 74.59 79.21 82.91 86.44 90.01 94.02 98.27 102.81 107.80 113.42 n.A. n.A. n.A. WonderGecko MSP432 DC/DC 153.99 161.97 166.60 171.85 178.00 183.00 190.11 193.05 199.68 n.A. n.A. n.A. n.A. Table 1: ULPBench results of investigated microcontrollers at a glance. Not all MCUs can be operated down to 1.8 V. »n.A.« means that ULPBench code is no longer executed correctly at this voltage. ■ Ambiq Micro: Apollo (Zero Gecko), Cortex-M3 (Giant Gecko) and it a day below 2.1 V already – presumably STM32L433 with ARM Cortex-M4 achieved Cortex-M4 (Pearl Gecko, Wonder Gecko). because of the identical TSMC 180 nm fab- the biggest increase of all ULPBench val- Not just scaling at reduced supply voltage, rication process. ues over voltage: From 172.58 at 3.0 V to the absolute values too plainly trail the ARM Modest results (in absolute terms), com- 325.78 at 1.8 V means in absolute terms competition. And things quit entirely below pared to the front of the field, are also reg- 153.2 points more and the highest scores 2 V, with Wonder and Giant Gecko calling istered by the NXP Kinetis KL27 with Cortex- under 2.1 V. STM32L0 with ARM Cortex-M0+ boosts from 129.99 to 226.67 points, mean- ing #4 in the low-voltage range. There was an interesting phenomenon to observe in the Atmel SAM21L21, likewise with an ARM Cortex-M0+ CPU: While a rev A chip comes in at scores between 147.08 and 240.11, that is no longer the case for rev B: To at all scale down to 1.8 V, a bit called LPEFF in the voltage regulator must be set to »0«.
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