A Abbau Strategies, 63–65 Ab Initio, 77–80, 83, 126, 127, 287, 288

Index

A BLYP, 287, 289–294, 296 Abbau strategies, 63–65 B3LYP, 93, 95–97, 102, 126, 137, 166, 240 Ab initio, 77–80, 83, 126, 127, 287, 288 Boron nitride, 173, 175–176, 183–188 Acepentalene, 93–95 Brillouin zone (BZ), 81, 288–290, 296 Adamantane, 5–7, 9–15, 20, 22, 85, 96–97, Broken fenestrane route, 61 122–125, 137, 172, 174, 199, 235 Brønsted acids, 59 Alumina templates, 209 Burke, K., 80, 289 Amber, 126, 131 Amorphous, 4, 36, 37, 335, 336 Amorphous carbon, 4, 37 C Annealing, 129, 137, 209 C17, 49–70, 93, 95–97, 99, 121–123, 125–129, Antiaromatic, 94, 240 131, 137, 173, 236, 300, 307, 308 Aperiodic structures, 314, 318, 336 C20, 76, 77, 79–81, 92, 94–98, 100, 108–112, Apical, 21, 22 124, 125, 131, 133–137, 173, 346–351, Archimedean solid, 3, 341 363–369 Armchair, 152, 153, 207–225, 232, 244 C24, 111, 114, 116, 117, 144, 163, 353, Armchair SWNT, 3 373–375 Ast, 145, 146 C28, 75–88, 97, 98, 100, 109–112, 124, 125, Aufbau strategy, 63–66 131, 134–137, 173, 174, 233, 235, Axial periodicity, 20 345–351, 370–372 C34, 16, 19, 82, 85, 96, 97, 99, 123–125, 127, 137, 236, 239, 349 B C60, 3, 4, 91, 107, 108, 111–117, 121, 149, Balaban, A.T., 4, 7–15, 18, 21, 276, 278–279, 150, 162, 163, 167, 231, 238–240, 244, 282 343, 353–356 Balaban-Schleyer, 1 C4 allotrope, 288, 294–296 Bandgap, 4, 30, 36, 84 Capra (Ca), 153, 344 Bco-C28, 81–87 Carbon nanotube, 3, 21, 29, 130, 142, 207–209, Benkeser reduction, 69 218, 224, 294 Benzenoid, 2, 3, 7–11, 15 Carbyne, 4 Benzoannellated centrohexaquinacenes, 49, Car-Parrinello MD (CPMD), 288–290, 296 63–70 Cartesian space, 59, 70 Benzoannellation, 49, 52, 56–59, 63, 70 Catafusene, 7–9 Benzocentrohexaquinane, 49, 63–68 Catagenesis, 13 Bipartite graph, 178, 179, 181, 182, 195, 197, Catamantane, 2, 9, 11–18, 20 198, 282 Centered icosahedron, 356 Birch reduction, 69 Centrohexaindane, 51–63, 65, 69, 128

M.V. Diudea and C.L. Nagy (eds.), Diamond and Related Nanostructures, 387 Carbon Materials: Chemistry and Physics 6, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6371-5, © Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2013 388 Index

Centrohexaquinacene, 54, 63, 64, 66, 67, Cuboctahedron, 175, 176, 183, 199, 204, 356 69, 70 Cutting procedure, 143, 195, 196 Centrohexaquinane, 53, 54, 56, 63–70, 93, CVD. See Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 122, 125, 128, 173 CVNET, 116, 161, 168, 172, 190, 238, Centropentaindane, 53, 61, 62 345, 363 Centropolycyclanes, 54, 63 Cyclodehydration, 50–52, 54–57, 59 Centropolycyclic structures, 49–70 Cyclodehydrogenation, 62 Centropolyindanes, 51–64, 69 Cyclopentane compounds, 51, 52, 63 Centrotetraindane, 59 Centrotriindane, 54, 55, 59, 61 Chamfering, 144–150, 343 D Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 29, 31, D5_anti, 100, 350 33–36, 42, 44, 122, 172, 208 6-D cube, 318 C17-hexaquinacene, 53 D5 diamond. See Diamond D5 C17-hexaquinane, 53 Decahedron, 110–112, 115, 236, 259, 268, Chirality, 16, 108, 153, 208–211, 217, 222, 270, 272, 319, 338, 340, 342–344, 346, 337, 345 347, 349, 353, 356, 361 Chiral SWNT, 3 Decamantane, 20 CJP. See Cluj-Product (CJP) Dehydrogenation, 62 Clar structure, 4 Dendrimer, 91, 92, 156, 157, 162, 224, 231, Clathrate, 75–88, 99, 122 232, 239, 244, 276, 336 Clathrate II, 98, 123, 173, 324, 349 Density functional theory (DFT), 80, 83, 85, Cluj fragment, 194 102, 103, 116, 126, 127, 129, 166, 167, Cluj-Ilmenau index, 143, 181, 199, 241 173, 287–289, 292–294 Cluj matrices, 194, 195 DFT. See Density functional theory (DFT) Cluj polynomial, 194–198, 201, 203 DFTB, 98, 102, 103, 111, 116, 117, 356 Cluj-Product (CJP), 196–198 DFTBC, 102, 111, 116, 117 Cluj-Sum (CJS), 196 DFT-D2, 288, 289, 293, 296 Codistant, 142, 143, 198, 240 DFT-D3, 288, 289 Co-graph(s), 142, 178–182, 198, 240 Diamantane, 9–13, 15, 21, 22, 102, 103, Colloidal particles, 336 123–125, 172, 174, 184, 199, 235 Condensed-phase, 287, 288 Diamond, 29, 52, 76, 91, 110, 121, 171, 193, Conia’s triketone, 56 230, 276, 288, 299, 311, 324, 337 Constitutional isomer, 16 Diamond D5, 4, 49–70, 91–103, 110, 121–137, Coronamantanes, 1–2, 13 172–175, 182–183, 236, 238, 239, 264, Coronoid, 7, 8 267, 321–331, 349–351 CPMD. See Car-Parrinello MD (CPMD) Diamond-like, 29–44, 76, 77, 84, 87, 122, 172, Crystallographic data, 98, 142, 161, 162, 200, 231, 244 237, 348 Diamond-like carbon (DLC), 29–44, 76, 87 Crystallography, 35, 91, 98, 123, 142, 144, Diamond multilayer graphite, 2 160–162, 168, 175, 193, 200, 233, 235, Diamondoid-modiﬁed DNA, 22 237, 241, 279–280, 312, 314, 336, 348 Diamondoids, 1–22, 76, 77, 80, 84–87, 122, Crystals, 2, 3, 22, 31, 34–37, 61, 65, 68, 76, 137, 182, 337 78, 80, 83, 87, 100, 102, 109, 122, Dibenzocentrohexaquinane, 63, 68 144–152, 154, 159, 160, 171–173, 190, Dibenzylideneacetone, 57 193, 194, 233, 235, 278–282, 284, 288, Diffraction diagram, 335 312, 335, 336 Diffraction pattern, 311, 312, 314–317, Cubane, 49, 77, 79, 80 336, 348 Cubane molecule, 77 1,2-Diketone chromophore, 61, 62, 65, 68 Cube (C), 5, 78, 98, 142, 144, 152, 176, 178, 6-Dimensional space, 336 179, 182, 187, 195, 198, 199, 252, 255, Dimerization, 127, 137 257, 268, 269, 281–283, 316, 318, 338, Direct synthesis, 231 340, 347 Dismantling approach, 66 Index 389

Dispersion corrections, 288, 289, 293, 296 163, 190, 193, 218, 224, 231, 236, 252, 4-D lattice, 314 263, 270, 302, 337, 346, 350 DLC. See Diamond-like carbon (DLC) Full space filling, 335–381 Dodecahedrane, 50, 67, 95 Fundamental configuration(s), 2, 58, 76, 77, 92 Dodecahedron, 110–112, 115, 236, 259, 268, 270, 272, 338, 340, 342–344, 346, 347, 349, 353, 356, 361 G Dodecamethoxy-centrohexaindane, 60 Gap, 4, 22, 30, 37, 83, 84, 95–97, 99, 108, 112, Double-capped, 3 114–116, 126, 135, 150, 162, 167, 210, 4-D polyhedron, 314 212–216, 219–223, 225, 238–240, 288, 4-D quasicrystals, 318 315, 316, 323, 326 D5 seeds, 49–70 Gauss-Bonnet theorem, 251, 338 D5_sin, 100, 101, 350 Gaussian 102, 109, 126, 148, 162, 166, 210, 3D-space, 151 222, 237 D-surface, 244 Gaussian curvature, 109, 141, 142, 337, 338 Dual, 9, 143, 175, 176, 183, 252, 338, Generalized crystallography, 312 340–342, 345, 353, 359 Genus, 152, 166, 236, 237, 255, 337–339, 349, Dualists, 7–11, 13–15, 17, 18, 20, 21 358, 360 Dyck tesselation, 142, 152–159, 168 Genus calculation, 337, 339, 348, 349, 351, 356, 357, 359, 362, 363 Glasses, 335, 336 E Golden-ratio number, 313, 317, 318, 336 Eclipsed, 4, 15, 76, 77, 83–87, 232, 233, Graph, 2, 53, 83, 92, 109, 122, 142, 177, 194, 246, 247 230, 251, 276, 300, 322, 337 Electron diffraction, 311, 312, 314–317, Graphene, 3, 4, 7, 9, 91, 121, 193, 231 335, 336 Grob fragmentation, 53 Electron localization function, 289 Embedding, 142, 152, 161, 168, 231–233, 238, 244, 277, 280–283, 300–302, 304–305, H 338 Hadamard multiplication, 194 Equidistant vertices, 182, 197, 198 Hartree-Fock (HF), 102, 103, 126, 142, 148, Equivalence classes, 282, 283, 359, 362, 162, 166, 237–239, 244, 288 363, 365 Helicene, 9 Ernzerhof, M., 80, 289 Hexagon, 11, 14, 20, 100, 109, 131, 142, 231, Euclidean space, 141, 163, 276, 277, 280, 233, 235, 240, 337, 342 300, 313 Hexakis(cyclohexa-2,4- Euler formula, 207, 251, 339 dieno)centrohexaquinacene, 69 Euler–Poincaré characteristic, 338, 340 Hexamantane, 11, 15, 20 Euler–Poincaré formula, 338 Hexaquinacene, 53 Exchange-correlation functionals, 288 Hexaquinane, 53, 126 HF. See Hartree-Fock (HF) HFCVD. See Hot filament chemical vapor F deposition (HFCVD) Fenestrane route, 58–61 Hierarchical filling, 314, 315, 317, 318 Fenestrindane, 56–59, 61 Higher-dimensional space, 305, 311–319 Fibonacci sequence, 336 High-performance liquid chromatography Filled multi-shell structures, 108, 111, 114, (HPLC), 18–21 117, 359, 360 High resolution transmission microscopy Fivefold symmetry, 102, 232, 235, 264, 313, (HRTEM), 311 314, 346, 349, 351, 352, 357 Hollow Diamonds, 77, 84–87 Fractal, 77, 312 HOMA, 238–239 Friedel–Crafts reaction, 61, 62, 65 Homeomorphic, 176, 278, 280, 338 Fullerenes, 3, 4, 9, 30, 76, 77, 80, 91, 94, 100, HOMO-LUMO, 95–97, 162, 167, 210, 107–112, 116, 117, 121, 131, 135, 137, 214–216, 220–223, 238, 239 390 Index

HOMO-LUMO gap, 95–97, 167, 216, 222, 239 L Honeycomb, 3, 9 Labyrinth graphs, 109, 338 Hot ﬁlament chemical vapor deposition Lattice, 2–7, 9, 13, 22, 31, 37, 76–87, 92, (HFCVD), 30, 31, 42–44 96, 99, 131, 137, 141, 142, 144, 145, HPLC. See High-performance liquid 147–159, 194, 199–200, 238, 244, 276, chromatography (HPLC) 279, 282–284, 291–294, 300, 306, 314, HRTEM. See High resolution transmission 317, 318, 335, 343–345 microscopy (HRTEM) Leapfrog, 112, 114, 115, 144–150, 222, 233, Hybrid functionals, 287 236, 342–344 Hyper-adamantane, 96–97, 174 Leapfrog transformation, 114–115, 233 Hyperdiamonds, 171–190, 324 Lewis acid catalyst, 59 Hyper-dodecahedra, 110 Linear aggregation, 111, 112, 354 Hypergraphene, 207–225 Linear array, 237, 357 Hyperhexagonal, 224 Linear space ﬁlling, 355 Hyper-pentagons, 235, 240, 346 Liquid crystal dendrimers, 336 Hyper-ring, 109, 131, 136, 137, 236, 240, 241, Lonsdaleite, 4, 76, 99–100, 102, 122, 131, 136, 346, 357 137, 172, 174–175, 182–185

I M Icosahedral Map/net operations, 111, 353, 360 diamond, 352, 353 Map operations, 92, 111, 116, 142, 144, 153, junctions, 108, 337 168, 236, 244, 336, 354, 359, 362 keplerate, 110, 347 Mechanism, 13, 22, 40, 209, 312 symmetry, 109, 312, 314, 336, 346, Medial Med, 340–341, 359 356–362 Metal, 39, 58, 172, 193, 231, 288, 336 Icosahedrite, 252, 261–268, 336 Metal alloys, 172, 336 Icosahedrons, 3, 236, 252, 255, 261, 262, 264, Meteoritic rocks, 76, 87 268, 313, 314, 336–338, 340, 351, 353, Mohs scale, 2 356, 359–361 Molecular dynamics, 78, 86, 99, 121–137, 209, Icosidodecahedra, 360 288 Icosidodecahedron, 356 Molecular sieves, 159, 160 In situ, 65, 114, 209 Monobenzocentrohexaquinane, 68 Indane derivatives, 59, 60 MP2 method, 288 1,3-Indanedione, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59 Mtn, 98, 122, 173, 349 Infrared, 4, 22, 37 Mtn network, 349 Intercalated, 231, 233, 235 Multi-cage, 92, 93, 95, 96, 114 Irregular, 11–16, 18 Multidimensional space, 316, 318 Isoarithmic, 8 Multi-shell cages, 107–117, 362 Isomer, 12, 15, 50, 55, 58, 66, 77, 80, 81, 87, Multi-tetrahedron, 361 95, 107, 127, 129, 137, 152 Multi-tori, 92, 122, 232, 235, 236, 240, 244, Isometric, 143, 178–179, 281–283 337, 339, 358 Multi-torus, 92, 122, 123, 236, 237, 339

J JSChem, 102, 238, 345 N Nanochannels, 209 Nanocone, 4, 9 K Nanocrystalline diamonds (NCD), 29, 33 Kekulé resonance structures, 8 Nanodiamond, 22 Kinetic, 57, 80, 84, 125, 126, 208, 289 Nano-era, 91, 121, 193 Klein tessellation, 142, 168 Nanoscience, 116, 149, 162, 167, 231, 238, 244 Index 391

Nanostructure, 33, 91, 108, 116, 127, 163, 204, P 296, 300, 337, 363 Paquette, L.A., 50, 53, 54, 56, 93, 95, 122, Nano-studio, 172, 190, 345, 359, 363 125–127, 275 Nanotori, 4, 303, 305 Partial cube, 178, 179, 182, 195, 198, Nanotube, 108, 109, 142, 207–225, 232, 305, 281–283 337, 338 Partitioned-formula, 2, 15, 18 caps, 209, 217, 218, 224 PBE. See Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) junctions, 108, 109, 142, 209, 224, 305, PECVD. See Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor 337, 338 deposition (PECVD) Nanoworld, 313, 316, 318 Penrose tiling, 314, 336, 358 NCD. See Nanocrystalline diamonds (NCD) Pentabenzocentrohexaquinane, 63–66 N-dimensional, 301, 312, 319, 339, 349 Pentagon, 3, 94, 95, 98, 107–109, 111, 131, N-dimensional space, 312, 319 233, 235, 313–317, 336, 345, 348, 349, Negative curvature, 209, 217, 231, 251–273, 353 337, 338 Pentagonal prism, 111, 353 Negative gaussian curvature, 109, 142, 337 Pentamantane, 10, 11, 20 Neopentane, 52–55 Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE), 80, Network, 29, 36, 37, 53, 96, 98–101, 122–125, 288–294, 296 142, 148, 150–154, 156–168, 171–177, Perdew, J.P., 80, 289 188–189, 199–201, 204, 207, 231–233, Perhydrographene, 15 238, 243, 244, 289, 290, 349 Perifusene, 7, 8 NICS. See Nucleus-independent chemical shift Perimantane, 11, 14, 15, 22 (NICS) 1-Periodic, 237, 241–244, 348, 350, 353, 356, Nonamantane, 17, 18, 20 358 Nonclassical fullerenes, 108 3-Periodic, 241, 350 Non-IPR fullerenes, 94, 107, 108, 112 Periodicity, 210, 222, 225, 237, 317, 318, 335, Nonperiodic lattices, 317 336, 362 Nonsymmetric matrix UCJ, 194 Periodicized gaussian functions, 289 Nucleation, 33–35 Periodic structures, 236 Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), Periodic systems, 288 93, 94, 102 Phenanthrene, 7, 9 Photoacetylation, 22 Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 42 O PIe polynomial, 203 Octahedral junctions, 337 PIv polynomial, 187, 188 Octahedron, 144, 150, 252, 255, 258, 262, 340, Plane waves, 80, 84, 289, 291 373–375 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition Octamantane, 20 (PECVD), 30, 32, 33, 35, 42–43 O’Keeffe, M., 78, 79, 82, 91, 109, 142, 173, Plasma etching, 44 194, 230, 233, 239, 337, 338 Platonic, 49, 199, 232, 252, 255, 338, 340, 347, Omega, 142–145, 148–155, 157–159, 349 163–166, 171–189, 194, 198–199, 204, Platonic solids, 232, 338, 340 238, 240–244 Pm-3m, 145, 154, 161, 166, 167, 233 Omega polynomial, 142–145, 148–155, POAV. See -orbital axis vector (POAV) 157–161, 163–166, 171–189, 198–199, Point symbol, 98, 100, 122, 142, 145, 154, 157, 203, 204, 238, 240–244 162, 166, 173, 175, 199, 200, 230, 231, Opposite edge strips, 143, 179, 198, 240 233, 235, 237, 348, 350, 353, 356, 358 Ops, 143, 157, 158, 179, 180, 198, 199, Polybenzene, 229–247, 357, 359 240, 241 Polygonal mapping, 341–342 Orientable surface, 338 Polyphosphoric acid (PPA), 55 Orthogonal cut, 143, 178, 179, 195, 198, 240 Polytopes, 316, 338, 339, 349 Orthophosphoric acid, 54, 57, 59 -orbital axis vector (POAV), 94, 102, 167, Ozonolysis, 65, 68 238, 239 392 Index

Positive curvature, 217, 218, 338 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 32, 35, PPA. See Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) 38, 41 Pressure, 3, 4, 30, 31, 33, 43, 76, 78, 81, 82, sc-C28, 75, 85, 86 122, 172 Schläfli formula, 111 Projection, 78, 252, 281, 282, 305, 313, 317, Schläfli symbols, 338 318, 336, 345 Schleyer, P.R., 11–13 Propellanes, 66 Schwarzites, 109, 141, 163, 235, 237 intermediates, 59 Selective truncation “TRS,” 110, 347 route, 59 Self-assembling, 31, 92, 110, 114, 232, P-surface, 142, 159, 163, 337 236, 349 P-type surface, 98, 142, 161–163, 231 Self-consistent charge-DFTB (SCC-DFTB), PVD. See Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 102, 116 Self-identity, 313 SEM. See Scanning electron microscopy Q (SEM) Quadrupling Q(M), 343 Semicubes, 178, 195, 198, 282 Quantum dynamics, 288 Septupling S(M), 233, 236, 343–345 Quasicrystals, 77, 100, 102, 109, 311–319, Silicon, 31, 34, 36, 39, 83 335–381 Single-periodic, 233–237 Quasi-lattice, 314 Sod, 144 Quasiperiodic, 318, 336 Solid-state, 78, 289 Solid-state physics, 287, 288 Space-filling, 335–381 R Space-filling structures, 110, 349 Radial aggregation, 111, 112, 354, 355 Space group, 80, 81, 83, 98, 122, 123, 142, Radial space filling, 110, 111, 113, 157, 161, 171–173, 230, 231, 238, 292, 350, 355 294 Raman, 86, 245, 247 Spectra, 18, 22, 35, 84, 95, 238, 244–247, 279, Rate, 34, 44 300, 301 Reactors, 39 Sphere, 251–273 Reciprocal space, 289, 337, 349 Sphere packing, 348 Regioselectivity, 21, 22 sp3 hybridized carbon, 130, 337 Regular pentagons, 315, 317 Spirocyclic compounds, 57 Regular tessellations, 338 Spirotriketones, 57 Relation opposite, 143, 178, 198, 240 Spongy, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100, 101, 108–111, Rhombic icosahedron, 359, 360 122, 142, 193, 230, 236, 240, 324, 325, Rhombic tiles, 314 335–381 Rhombohedra, 359 carbon, 92, 122, 142, 193, 236, 337 Rhr network, 176–177, 188–189 hyper-dodecahedron, 349 RMSD. See Root-mean-square deviations multi-shell structures, 108, 111, 114, 359, (RMSD) 360 Rodlike structures, 111, 115, 348, 352, 353 structure, 98, 110, 231, 240, 337–339, 346, Rod-shaped molecules, 21 349, 356, 359 Root-mean-square deviations (RMSD), 126, Staggered, 4, 9–12, 15, 76, 77, 84, 85 127, 129, 131 Stellation, 341, 342 Rotamer, 9–11 Stereo view, 6, 10, 11, 17, 18 Rotational symmetry, 218, 224, 336, 348 Stress, 39–42, 116 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, 65 Sumanene, 161–166 Supercell approach, 289, 291 Symmetry groups, 141, 265, 266, 272, 276, S 277, 326, 327, 335 Sadhana index, 180 Synthetic diamonds, 122, 172 Sadhana polynomial, 144, 148, 149, 180 Szeged polynomial, 197 Index 393

T Triple periodic, 98, 100, 124, 144–146, TCTD. See Tetrachlorothiophene-S,S-dioxide 232–233 (TCTD) Tripling, 342 Td-symmetry, 54 Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS), Tenfold rotational symmetry, 348 109, 141 Ternary diagrams, 37 Triptindane, 55, 56, 58, 59, 67 Tessellation, 108, 142, 232, 337–339, 342, Triptindane-9,10,11-trione, 56, 58 343, 345 Triquinacene, 61–63, 67 Tetrachlorothiophene-S,S-dioxide (TCTD), 58 Triquinacene derivatives, 67 Tetrahedral junctions, 337 Triquinacene route, 61, 62 Tetrahedron, 5, 31, 97, 115, 179, 232, 233, Truncated icosahedron, 3 255, 307, 308, 317, 338, 340, 345, 347, Truncated octahedron, 111, 144, 175, 353, 352, 353, 361, 374 373–375 Tetrahydroindeno[1,2-a]indenes, 50, 51 Truncated tetrahedron, 115, 353, 374 Tetrakis(tert-butyl)tetrahedrane, 50 Truncation Tr(M), 341 Tetramantane, 10, 13, 18, 20–22 T-symmetry, 54 Tetrapodal junction, 337 Theory of proportions, 313 Thermal conductivity, 2, 31, 288 U Thermodynamic, 2, 3, 13, 57, 210 Ulam conjecture, 349 Thin ﬁlms, 33 Undecamantane, 20 Tight-binding, 83, 85, 116, 209 Urotropine, 12 Tiling, 78, 81, 98, 122, 144, 262, 267, 312, U20 units, 347, 348 314, 319, 336, 344, 349, 353, 358, 400, 401 TopoCluj, 195, 323, 326 V Topo Group Cluj, 142, 147, 161, 199, 345 Vacuum, 126 Topology, 15, 52–54, 76–79, 84, 87, 92, Vanderbilt pseudopotentials, 289 100–102, 131, 135, 136, 141–168, 172, Vazeux, M., 53, 56, 93, 122, 125, 127, 275 173, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 194, 196, Vertex 197, 229–247, 276, 277, 280, 289, 300, centrality, 360 303, 304, 322, 323, 326, 336, 340, 341, proximity, 195, 198, 200 349, 359 Vibrational spectra, 95, 238, 244, 247 indices, 143, 180, 197, 322, 323, 326, 359 Voronoi’s dissections, 312 nonplanar hydrocarbons, 53–54 parallel, 179 Topos, 81, 142, 144, 157, 199, 200, 233, 348 W Torus, 92, 122, 123, 152, 235–237, 303, 304, Wiener index, 322 338, 339, 345, 346 Wolff–Kishner reduction, 65, 68 TPMS. See Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) Translational periodicity, 336 X Translational symmetry, 141, 279, 314, 336 X-ray diffraction, 13, 35, 312, 335 Triacontahedron, 318, 359 X-ray diffraction pattern, 312 Triamantane, 9–13, 15 Triangulation, 341, 342 Tribenzocentrohexaquinacene, 67 Z Tribenzocentrohexaquinane, 67 Zeolites, 92, 150, 159, 160, 231, 236, 337, 351 Tricyclisation, 66 Zigzag, 9, 13, 17, 21, 152, 153, 232, 233, 244, Tripentylene, 159–161 262, 263, 270, 272 Triphenylene, 7, 159–161 Zigzag SWNT, 3